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which film is going to be the india's official entry to the oscar for this year 2017

List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film - wikipedia List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film Jump to : navigation , search Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Seven films starring Kamal Haasan were submitted , including a directorial effort . Five of Aamir Khan 's films , four as an actor and three as a producer , were submitted , including a directorial effort . Lagaan , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . India has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1957 , a year after the incorporation of the category . The award is given annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature - length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue . The `` Best Foreign Language Film '' category was not created until 1956 ; however , between 1947 and 1955 , the Academy presented a non-competitive Honorary Award for the best foreign language films released in the United States . The Film Federation of India ( FFI ) appoints a committee to choose one film among those released that year to be submitted as India 's official entry to the Academy for a nomination for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' the following year . The chosen films , along with their English subtitles , are sent to the Academy , where they are screened for the jury . The 1957 Hindi film Mother India was India 's first submission . The film made it to the final shortlist and was nominated alongside four other films in the category . It came close to winning the Academy Award but lost to Nights of Cabiria by a single vote . Since 1984 , India has not submitted a film on only one occasion ; in 2003 , the FFI controversially chose not make an entry as they felt no film would be in a position to compete with films from other nations . As of 2014 , only three Indian films -- Mother India ( 1957 ) , Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) and Lagaan ( 2001 ) -- have been nominated for the Academy Award for `` Best Foreign Language Film '' . In 2011 , the jury of the 58th National Film Awards made a recommendation that films winning Best Film at the annual National Film Awards should be the official entry . However , over the next three years , none of the `` Best Film '' winners was chosen as the official entry . For the 88th Academy Awards , Court , the `` Best Film '' winner at the 62nd National Film Awards , was submitted by India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Submissions 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Submissions ( edit ) India has sent more fifty films to the competition . Most of India 's submissions were Hindi films ( including Hindi - Urdu films ) , three of which received nominations . Tamil films were submitted by the committee on nine occasions . Three submissions were Marathi films , two were Bengali films , two Malayalam films , one Telugu film , and one Gujarati film . Bengali filmmaker Satyajit Ray has represented India three times in this competition , the most by any director . Tamil actor Kamal Haasan has most often represented the country as a performer , with seven films submitted -- including three consecutive films between 1985 and 1987 , one of which he directed himself . Aamir Khan has represented India four times as an actor , including once as a director and twice as a producer ; Lagaan ( 2001 ) , which he produced and starred in , received a nomination . Year ( Ceremony ) Film title used in nomination Original title Language Director ( s ) Result 1957 ( 30th ) Mother India Mother India ( मदर इंडिया ) Hindi - Urdu Khan , Mehboob Mehboob Khan Nominated 1958 ( 31st ) Madhumati Madhumati ( मधुमती ) Hindi - Urdu Roy , Bimal Bimal Roy Not Nominated 1959 ( 32nd ) World of Apu ! The World of Apu Apur sansār ( অপুর সংসার ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1962 ( 35th ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( साहिब बीबी और ग़ुलाम ) Hindi Urdu Alvi , Abrar Abrar Alvi Not Nominated 1963 ( 36th ) Metropolis Mahanagar ( মহানগর ) Bengali Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1965 ( 38th ) Guide ! The Guide Guide ( गाइड ) Hindi Anand , Vijay Vijay Anand Not Nominated 1966 ( 39th ) Amrapali Amrapali ( अम्रपल्ली ) Hindi Tandon , Lekh Lekh Tandon Not Nominated 1967 ( 40th ) Last Letter ! The Last Letter Aakhri Khat ( आखरी ख़त ) Hindi Anand , Chetan Chetan Anand Not Nominated 1968 ( 41st ) Elder Sister Majhli Didi ( मझली दीदी ) Hindi Mukherjee , Hrishikesh Hrishikesh Mukherjee Not Nominated 1969 ( 42nd ) Deiva Magan Deiva Magan ( தெய்வ மகன் ) Tamil Tirulokchandar , A.C. A.C. Tirulokchandar Not Nominated 1971 ( 44th ) Reshma Aur Shera Reshma Aur Shera ( रेशमा और शेरा ) Hindi Dutt , Sunil Sunil Dutt Not Nominated 1972 ( 45th ) Uphaar Uphaar ( उपहार ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated 1973 ( 46th ) Saudagar Saudagar ( सौदागर ) Hindi Roy , Sudhendu Sudhendu Roy Not Nominated ( 47th ) Hot Winds Garam Hawa ( गरम हवा ) Urdu Sathyu , M.S. M.S. Sathyu Not Nominated 1977 ( 50th ) Manthan Manthan ( मंथन ) Hindi Benegal , Shyam Shyam Benegal Not Nominated 1978 ( 51st ) Chess Players ! The Chess Players Shatranj Ke Khilari ( शतरंज के खिलाड़ी ) Hindi Urdu Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Not Nominated 1980 ( 53rd ) Payal Ki Jhankaar Payal Ki Jhankaar ( पायल की झंकार ) Hindi Bose Satyen Bose Not Nominated 1984 ( 57th ) Saaransh Saaransh ( सारांश ) Hindi Bhatt , Mahesh Mahesh Bhatt Not Nominated 1985 ( 58th ) Saagar Saagar ( सागर ) Hindi Sippy , Ramesh Ramesh Sippy Not Nominated 1986 ( 59th ) Swati Mutyam Swati Mutyam ( స్వాతి ముత్యం ) Telugu Viswanath , Kasinadhuni Kasinadhuni Viswanath Not Nominated ( 60th ) Nayakan Nayakan ( நாயகன் ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1988 ( 61st ) Salaam Bombay ! Salaam Bombay ! ( सलाम बॉम्बे ) Hindi Nair , Mira Mira Nair Nominated 1989 ( 62nd ) Parinda Parinda ( परिंदा ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 1990 ( 63rd ) Anjali Anjali ( அஞ்சலி ) Tamil Ratnam , Mani Mani Ratnam Not Nominated 1991 ( 64th ) Henna Henna ( हिना ) Hindi Urdu Kapoor , Randhir Randhir Kapoor Not Nominated 1992 ( 65th ) Thevar Magan Thevar Magan ( தேவர் மகன் ) Tamil , Bharathan Bharathan Not Nominated 1993 ( 66th ) Rudaali Rudaali ( रुदाली ) Hindi Lajmi , Kalpana Kalpana Lajmi Not Nominated 1994 ( 67th ) Bandit Queen Bandit Queen ( बैंडिट क्वीन ) Hindi Kapur , Shekhar Shekhar Kapur Not Nominated 1995 ( 68th ) Kuruthipunal Kuruthipunal ( குருதிப்புனல் ) Tamil Sreeram , P.C. P.C. Sreeram Not Nominated ( 69th ) Indian Indian ( இந்தியன் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1997 ( 70th ) Guru Guru ( ഗുരു ) Malayalam Anchal , Rajiv Rajiv Anchal Not Nominated 1998 ( 71st ) Jeans Jeans ( ஜீன்ஸ் ) Tamil Shankar , S. S. Shankar Not Nominated 1999 ( 72nd ) Earth Earth ( अर्थ ) Hindi Mehta , Deepa Deepa Mehta Not Nominated 2000 ( 73rd ) Hey Ram Hey Ram ( ஹே ராம் हे राम ) Tamil Hindi Haasan , Kamal Kamal Haasan Not Nominated 2001 ( 74th ) Lagaan Lagaan ( लगान ) Hindi English Gowariker , Ashutosh Ashutosh Gowariker Nominated 2002 ( 75th ) Devdas Devdas ( देवदास ) Hindi Bhansali , Sanjay Leela Sanjay Leela Bhansali Not Nominated ( 77th ) Breath ! The Breath Shwaas ( श्वास ) Marathi Sawant , Sandeep Sandeep Sawant Not Nominated 2005 ( 78th ) Riddle Paheli ( पहेली ) Hindi Palekar , Amol Amol Palekar Not Nominated 2006 ( 79th ) Rang De Basanti Rang De Basanti ( रंग दे बसंती ) Hindi Mehra , Rakeysh Omprakash Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Not Nominated 2007 ( 80th ) Eklavya : The Royal Guard Eklavya : The Royal Guard ( एकलव्य -- दी रॉयल गार्ड ) Hindi Chopra , Vidhu Vinod Vidhu Vinod Chopra Not Nominated 2008 ( 81st ) Like stars on Earth Taare Zameen Par ( तारे ज़मीन पर ) Hindi Khan , Aamir Aamir Khan Not Nominated 2009 ( 82nd ) Harishchandra 's Factory Harishchandrachi Factory ( हरिश्‍चंद्राची फॅक्टरी ) Marathi Mokashi , Paresh Paresh Mokashi Not Nominated ( 83rd ) Peepli Live Peepli Live ( लाइव ) Hindi Rizvi , Anusha Anusha Rizvi Not Nominated 2011 ( 84th ) Abu , Son of Adam Adaminte Makan Abu ( ആദാമിന്റെ മകൻ അബു ) Malayalam Ahamed , Salim Salim Ahamed Not Nominated 2012 ( 85th ) Barfi ! Barfi ! ( बर्फी ! ) Hindi Basu , Anurag Anurag Basu Not Nominated 2013 ( 86th ) The Good Road The Good Road Gujarati Correa , Gyan Gyan Correa Not Nominated 2014 ( 87th ) Liar 's Dice Liar 's Dice Hindi Mohandas , Geetu Geetu Mohandas Not Nominated 2015 ( 88th ) Court Court Marathi Tamhane , Chaitanya Chaitanya Tamhane Not Nominated 2016 ( 89th ) Interrogation Visaranai ( விசாரணை ) Tamil Vetrimaaran Not Nominated 2017 ( 90th ) Newton Newton Hindi Amit V Masurkar Not Nominated See also ( edit ) List of Academy Award winners and nominees from India List of Academy Award - winning foreign language films List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film List of countries by number of Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The film lost to the Italian film Nights of Cabiria by one vote . Jump up ^ The film , India 's second accepted nomination in 31 years , lost to the Danish film Pelle the Conqueror . Jump up ^ The film , being India 's last accepted nomination to date , lost to the Bosnian film No Man 's Land . Jump up ^ Morning Raga , an English - Telugu film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry by its producers ; neither film received the nomination . Jump up ^ Lage Raho Munna Bhai , a Hindi film released during the same year , was submitted as an independent entry ; neither film received the nomination . References ( edit ) General `` List of Indian Submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film '' . Film Federation of India . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Specific Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 2 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Thirteen : Special Rules for the Foreign Language Film Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Academy Awards -- Page 1 '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 13 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Malayalam film Adaminte Makan Abu is India 's Oscar entry '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy , Piyush ( 17 January 2008 ) . `` India 's Oscar drill '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express Limited . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 30th Academy Awards ( 1958 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Khanna , Priyanka ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` For Bollywood , Oscar is a big yawn again '' . Thaindian News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Oscar entry in this decade -- Shwaas ( 2004 ) '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Indian entry this year for Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . 28 September 2003 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for India '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Awards jury 's new plans for Oscars '' . CNN - IBN. 7 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Bharti ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Barfi ! to represent India at Oscars '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan 's Biography '' . Koimoi . Archived from the original on 3 May 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Pratibha ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` Hey Ram is my discovery of Gandhi : Kamal '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Aḵẖtar , Jāvīd ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 2002 ) . Talking Films : Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195664621 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . most of the writers working in this so - called Hindi cinema write in Urdu : Gulzar , or Rajinder Singh Bedi or Inder Raj Anand or Rahi Masoom Raza or Vahajat Mirza , who wrote dialogue for films like Mughal - e-Azam and Gunga Jumna and Mother India . So most dialogue - writers and most song - writers are from the Urdu discipline , even today . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards ( 1989 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Academy Awards ( 2002 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saxena , Kashika ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` India 's Oscar race : Losers weepers ? '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Road nominated as India 's entry for Oscars '' . The Hindu . 21 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Soman , Deepa ( 24 September 2014 ) . `` Geethu mohandas ' Liar 's Dice is India 's official entry to the Oscars ! '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Court is India 's official entry for Oscars '' . Indian Express . 23 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Visaranai ' falls out of the Oscar race '' . Times of India . 16 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Newton ' is India 's official entry to Oscars 2018 '' . Times of India . 22 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Official Academy Awards Database IMDb Academy Awards Page <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film submissions <Td_colspan="2"> Award winners and nominees ( by country ) Year 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Country Afghanistan Albania Algeria Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh Belarus Belgium Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Democratic Republic of Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Greenland Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Mauritania Malaysia Mexico Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Palestine Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Serbia Senegal Singapore Slovakia Slovenia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia <Td_colspan="2"> Award winners in other categories Nominees in other categories Acting nominations for foreign language performances <Th_colspan="2"> Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Henna ( 1991 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Rudaali ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Indian ( 1996 ) Guru ( 1997 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Earth ( 1999 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2004 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Eklavya - The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2011 ) Barfi ! ( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film&oldid=817183170 '' Categories : Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award submissions by country Lists of Indian films Hidden categories : Featured lists Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language film 2. Satyajit Ray's representation in the competition 3. Films submitted by Kamal Haasan and Aamir Khan 4. Nominations and wins for Indian films at the Academy Awards 5. Selection process for India's official entry to the Academy Awards

the day after we broke up korean drama

The day After We Broke up - wikipedia The day After We Broke up Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Day After We Broke Up ( Hangul : 헤어진 다음날 ; RR : Heeojin Daeumnal ) is a 2016 South Korean web series starring L and Yoon So - hee . It was released exclusively on Netflix . <Th_colspan="2"> The Day After We Broke Up <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as I Want to Protect You ~ One More Time ~ Genre Teen Romance Music Fantasy Starring Yoon So - hee Opening theme One More Time Country of origin South Korea No. of episodes 8 Production company ( s ) KBS2 KBS World ( Japan ) Netflix Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 3 Episodes 4 See also 5 References Plot ( edit ) Yoo Tan , the leader , and vocalist of an indie band called One More Time , which he started with his childhood friends . Tan 's been maintaining the band ever since for over ten years . The indie band flourished for a while , at one point boldly refusing to succumb to the establishment . But alas , Tan 's getting older , the popularity of his band is dwindling , and life is n't getting any easier financially , which is why he eventually signs with a label this late in the game . While enduring the difficult conditions inherent at a major music label , an unforeseeable event takes place and Tan gets swept up in it -- An unwanted time leap allows him to journey back in time to regain his girlfriend . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) L as Yoo Tan Yoon So - hee as Moon Da - in Supporting ( edit ) Kim Ji - young as Angel Demon Shin Ji - soo as Bo - yu Kim Ki - doo as Jin - kook Kang Nam - gil as Yoo Tan 's Dad Lee Tae - im as Kang Ye - seul Kim Chang - hwan as One More Time 's Drummer Go Kyu - pil as Client Episodes ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Netflix List of South Korean dramas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix - Watch TV Shows Online , Watch Movies Online '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Episode # <Td_colspan="2"> Musician Yoo Tan jumps off stage and declares his unending love for his girlfriend , Da - in . Seven years later , he seems to have a change of heart . <Td_colspan="2"> From the spam phone call to the meeting with an entertainment company representative , everything seems to be a repeat of yesterday for Tan . <Td_colspan="2"> After countless days of spending money , partying and gambling , Tan finally starts to wonder how his other band members and Da - in are doing . <Td_colspan="2"> Determined to change how the day ends , Tan tries to eliminate everything that can go wrong and decides to take Da - in away on an unplanned trip . 5 <Td_colspan="2"> Seven years ago on the day that Tan and Da - in met for the first time , Tan was busking with his band and Da - in became his first audience member . 6 <Td_colspan="2"> Da - in makes a deal with the death messenger . On their first anniversary , Tan takes Da - in to an expensive restaurant and prepares a special event . 7 <Td_colspan="2"> Tan decides to that taking his life first is the only solution to end his agony . The death messenger explains to him how he can stop the time slips . 8 <Td_colspan="2"> Again and again , Da - in gets heartbroken and prepares for a breakup . Regardless , Tan continues to compose and practice Da - in 's new song . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Day_After_We_Broke_Up&oldid=810285312 '' Categories : 2016 web series debuts Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Korean - language text Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 10 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Day After We Broke Up - South Korean web series 2. L and Yoon So-hee - main cast members 3. Time leap and journey back in time to regain girlfriend 4. Indie band and its struggles 5. Teen romance and music fantasy genre

where is the red marking on a black widow

Latrodectus - wikipedia Latrodectus Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Latrodectus <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Subphylum : Chelicerata Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Infraorder : Araneomorphae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Latrodectus Walckenaer , 1805 <Th_colspan="2"> Species <Td_colspan="2"> 31 described species , estimated 65 species living Latrodectus is a genus of spiders in the family Theridiidae , most of which are commonly known as widow spiders . The genus contains 31 recognized species distributed worldwide , including the North American black widows ( L. mactans , L. hesperus , and L. variolus ) , the button spiders of Africa , and the Australian redback spider . Species vary widely in size . In most cases , the females are dark - coloured and readily identifiable by reddish markings on the abdomen , which are often ( but not always ) hourglass - shaped . The venomous bite of these spiders is considered particularly dangerous because of the neurotoxin latrotoxin , which causes the condition latrodectism , both named after the genus . The female black widow has unusually large venom glands and its bite can be particularly harmful to humans . However , despite the genus ' notoriety , Latrodectus bites are rarely fatal . Only female bites are dangerous to humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Behavior 3 Taxonomy 3.1 Species 4 Distribution 5 Bite 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) Female widow spiders are typically dark brown or a shiny black in colour when they are full grown , usually exhibiting a red or orange hourglass on the ventral surface ( underside ) of the abdomen ; some may have a pair of red spots or have no marking at all . The male widow spiders often exhibit various red or red and white markings on the dorsal surface ( upper side ) of the abdomen , ranging from a single stripe to bars or spots . Females of a few species are paler brown and some have no bright markings . The bodies of black widow spiders range from 3 -- 10 millimetres ( 0.12 -- 0.39 in ) in size ; some females can measure 13 millimetres ( 0.51 in ) in their body length . Behavior ( edit ) An atypical black widow spider , with multiple red spots on her back , and vaguely yellow stripes on her legs . The prevalence of sexual cannibalism , a behavior in which the female eats the male after mating , has inspired the common name `` widow spiders '' . This behaviour may promote the survival odds of the offspring ; however , females of some species only rarely show this behaviour , and much of the documented evidence for sexual cannibalism has been observed in laboratory cages where the males could not escape . Male black widow spiders tend to select their mates by determining if the female has eaten already to avoid being eaten themselves . They are able to tell if the female has fed by sensing chemicals in the web . Like other members of the family Theridiidae , widow spiders construct a web of irregular , tangled , sticky silken fibres . Black widow spiders prefer to nest near the ground in dark and undisturbed areas , usually in small holes produced by animals , or around construction openings or wood piles . Indoor nests are in dark , undisturbed places as well such as under desks or furniture or in a basement . The spider very frequently hangs upside down near the centre of its web and waits for insects to blunder in and get stuck . Then , before the insect can extricate itself , the spider rushes over to bite it and wrap it in silk . To feed , it uses its fangs to inject digestive enzymes , liquefying the prey 's internal organs . Their prey consists of small insects such as flies , mosquitoes , grasshoppers , beetles , and caterpillars . If the spider perceives a threat , it quickly lets itself down to the ground on a safety line of silk . As with other web - weavers , these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend on vibrations reaching them through their webs to find trapped prey or warn them of larger threats . When a widow spider is trapped , it is unlikely to bite , preferring to play dead or flick silk at the potential threat ; bites are the result of continual harassment . While some species are more aggressive , most are not ; many injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched . The ultimate tensile strength and other physical properties of Latrodectus hesperus ( western black widow ) silk were found to be similar to the properties of silk from orb - weaving spiders that had been tested in other studies . The tensile strength for the three kinds of silk measured in the Blackledge study was about 1,000 MPa . The ultimate strength reported in a previous study for Nephila edulis was 1,290 ± 160 MPa . The tensile strength of spider silk is comparable to that of steel wire of the same thickness . However , as the density of steel is about six times that of silk , silk is correspondingly stronger than steel wire of the same weight . Spiders of the genus Steatoda ( also of the Theridiidae family ) are often mistaken for widow spiders , and are known as `` false widow spiders '' ; they are significantly less harmful to humans . Taxonomy ( edit ) Male L. elegans from Japan L. hesperus hair and markings L. hesperus profile Ventral side of a L. geometricus displaying the hourglass marking Dorsal side of a L. geometricus in Colorado , US L. hesperus with egg sac L. tredecimguttatus ( female swollen with eggs ) The genus Latrodectus was erected by Walckenaer in 1805 , for the species Latrodectus tredecimguttatus and Latrodectus mactans . Arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi revised the genus in 1959 , studying the female sexual organs and noting their similarity across described species . He concluded the colour variations were variable across the world and were not sufficient to warrant species status , and reclassified the redback and several other species as subspecies of the black widow spider . Levi also noted that study of the genus had been contentious ; in 1902 , both F.P Cambridge and Friedrich Dahl had revised the genus , with each criticising the other . Cambridge questioned Dahl 's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details , and the latter dismissed the former as an `` ignoramus '' . Species ( edit ) As of July 2017 , the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species : Latrodectus antheratus ( Badcock , 1932 ) -- Paraguay , Argentina Latrodectus apicalis Butler , 1877 -- Galapagos Is . Latrodectus bishopi Kaston , 1938 -- US Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall , 1865 -- Cape Verde Is. , Africa , Kuwait , Iran Latrodectus corallinus Abalos , 1980 -- Argentina Latrodectus curacaviensis ( Müller , 1776 ) -- Lesser Antilles , South America Latrodectus dahli Levi , 1959 -- Morocco to Central Asia Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo , 1960 -- Argentina Latrodectus elegans Thorell , 1898 -- India , Myanmar , China , Japan Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas , 1991 -- India , Sri Lanka Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch , 1841 -- Cosmopolitan Latrodectus hasselti Thorell , 1870 -- Southeast Asia to Australia , New Zealand Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie , 1935 -- North America , Israel Latrodectus hystrix Simon , 1890 -- Yemen , Socotra Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard - Cambridge , 1904 -- Namibia , South Africa Latrodectus karrooensis Smithers , 1944 -- South Africa Latrodectus katipo Powell , 1871 -- New Zealand Latrodectus lilianae Melic , 2000 -- Spain , Algeria Latrodectus mactans ( Fabricius , 1775 ) -- probably native to North America only ( introduced elsewhere ) Latrodectus menavodi Vinson , 1863 -- Madagascar , Comoro Is. , Aldabra Latrodectus mirabilis ( Holmberg , 1876 ) -- Argentina Latrodectus obscurior Dahl , 1902 -- Cape Verde Is. , Madagascar Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard - Cambridge , 1872 -- Cape Verde Is. , Libya to Central Asia Latrodectus quartus Abalos , 1980 -- Argentina Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl , 1902 -- Africa , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Iraq Latrodectus revivensis Shulov , 1948 -- Israel Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay , 1972 -- Southern Africa Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet , 1849 -- Chile Latrodectus tredecimguttatus ( Rossi , 1790 ) ( type species ) -- Mediterranean to China Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet , 1849 -- Chile , Argentina Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer , 1837 -- US , Canada Distribution ( edit ) Widow spiders can be found on every continent of the world except Antarctica . In North America , the black widows commonly known as southern ( Latrodectus mactans ) , western ( Latrodectus hesperus ) , and northern ( Latrodectus variolus ) can be found in the United States , as well as parts of southern Canada -- particularly in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia , as can the `` gray '' or `` brown widow spiders '' ( Latrodectus geometricus ) and the `` red widow spiders '' ( Latrodectus bishopi ) . The blue mud dauber ( Chalybion californicum ) is a wasp that is the primary predator of black widow spiders . The most prevalent species occurring in Australia is commonly called the redback ( Latrodectus hasselti ) . Bite ( edit ) Due to the presence of latrotoxin in their venom , black widow bites are potentially dangerous and may result in systemic effects ( latrodectism ) including severe muscle pain , abdominal cramps , hyperhidrosis , tachycardia , and muscle spasms . Symptoms usually last for 3 -- 7 days , but may persist for several weeks . Each year , about 2,200 people report being bitten by a black widow , but most recover within 24 hours with medical treatment ( male spiders produce the toxins to help with their own hunting , but they make such a diluted version that they are not harmful to most people ) . Also , many people who are bitten develop few symptoms since the spider may not inject its venom . Black widows are not especially aggressive spiders , and they rarely bite humans unless startled or otherwise threatened . Contrary to popular belief , most people who are bitten suffer no serious damage , let alone death . Fatal bites were reported in the early - 20th century mostly with Latrodectus tredecimguttatus , the Mediterranean black widow . Since the venom is not likely to be life - threatening , antivenom has been used as pain relief and not to save lives . However , a study demonstrated that standardized pain medication , when combined with either antivenom or a placebo , had similar improvements in pain and resolution of symptoms . See also ( edit ) List of spiders associated with cutaneous reactions References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gen. Latrodectus Walckenaer , 1805 '' , World Spider Catalog , Natural History Museum Bern , retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 ^ Jump up to : `` Species list for Latrodectus '' . World Spider Catalog . Natural History Museum Bern . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow Spiders '' . Orkin Pest Control . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Breene , R.G. ; Sweet , M.H. ( 1985 ) . `` Evidence of insemination of multiple females by the male Black Widow Spider , Latrodectus mactans ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Arachnology. 13 ( 3 ) : 331 -- 335 . Jump up ^ `` Male spiders let females eat them for kids ' sake : Study '' . livescience. 23 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , J. Chadwick ; Trubl , Patricia ; Blackmore , Valerie ; Miles , Lindsay ( August 2011 ) . `` Male black widows court well - fed females more than starved females : silken cues indicate sexual cannibalism risk '' . Animal Behaviour. 82 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 390 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2011.05. 018 . Jump up ^ Baruffaldi , Luciana ; Andrade , Maydianne C.B. ( April 2015 ) . `` Contact pheromones mediate male preference in black widow spiders : avoidance of hungry sexual cannibals ? '' . Animal Behaviour. 102 : 25 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2015.01. 007 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow Spider - Facts , Bite & Habitat Information '' . Animal Corner . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Black Widow Spiders '' . National Geographic . 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nelsen , David ; Kelln , Wayne ; Hayes , William . `` Poke but do n't pinch : risk assessment and venom metering in the western black widow spider , Latrodectus hesperus '' . Animal Behaviour. 89 : 107 -- 114 . doi : 10.1016 / j. anbehav. 2013.12. 019 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Blackledge , T.A. ; Swindeman , John E. ; Hayashi , Cheryl Y. ( 15 May 2005 ) . `` Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Experimental Biology . 208 ( 10 ) : 1937 -- 1949 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 01597 . Jump up ^ `` Astm a36 '' . OnlineMetals.com . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Elices , Manuel ; Guinea , Gustavo V. ; Pérez - Rigueiro , José ; Plaza , Gustavo R. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers '' . JOM. 57 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 66 . Bibcode : 2005JOM ... 57b ... 60E . doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 005 - 0218 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Walckenaer , C.A. ( 1805 ) , Tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus , genres , familles et races que renferme le genre Aranea de Linné , avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions , Paris : Dentu , pp. 81 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : Levi , Herbert W. ( 1959 ) . `` The Spider Genus Latrodectus ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) '' . Transactions of the American Microscopical Society . 78 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 43 . JSTOR 3223799 . doi : 10.2307 / 3223799 . Jump up ^ ( Preston - Malfham , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Drees , Bastiaan M. ; Jackman , John A. ( 1999 ) . `` Mud Daubers '' . Field Guide to Texas Insects . Gulf Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87719 - 263 - 3 . Archived from the original on 12 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ushkaryov , YA ; Rohou , A ; Sugita , S ( 2008 ) . `` alpha - Latrotoxin and its receptors '' . Handbook of experimental pharmacology . Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . 184 ( 184 ) : 171 -- 206 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 74804 - 5 . PMC 2519134 . PMID 18064415 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 74805 - 2_7 . Jump up ^ Peterson , ME ( November 2006 ) . `` Black widow spider envenomation '' . Clinical techniques in small animal practice . 21 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 90 . PMID 17265903 . doi : 10.1053 / j. ctsap. 2006.10. 003 . Jump up ^ Why Black Widow Spider Venom Is So Potent . By Jennifer Viegas , Discovery News January 6 , 2015 Jump up ^ Bettini , S ( 1964 ) . `` Epidemiology of latrodectism '' . Toxicon. 2 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 102 . PMID 14301291 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 64 ) 90009 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Isbister , Geoffrey K. ; Page , Colin B. ; Buckley , Nicholas A. ; Fatovich , Daniel M. ; Pascu , Ovidiu ; MacDonald , Stephen P.J. ; Calver , Leonie A. ; Brown , Simon G.A. ( 2014 ) . `` Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism : The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation ( RAVE - II ) Study '' . Annals of Emergency Medicine . 64 : 620 -- 8. e2 . PMID 24999282 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annemergmed. 2014.06. 006 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Further reading ( edit ) Insects and Spiders . New York : St. Remy Media Inc . / Discovery Books . 2000 . p. 35 . Freeman , Scott ( 2003 ) . Biological Science . Prentice - Hall . Hillyard , Paul ( 1994 ) . The Book of Spiders . New York : Random House , Inc . pp. 47 -- 50 . Hillyard , Paul ( 1994 ) . The Book of the Spiders . New York : Avon Books . pp. 22 -- 35 . Martin , Louise ( 1988 ) . Black Widow Spiders . Rourke Enterprises , Inc . pp. 18 -- 20 . Preston - Malfham , Ken ( 1998 ) . Spiders . Edison , New Jersey : Chartwell Books . p. 40 . `` Arthropod '' . Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . 2004 . Abalos , J.W. ( 1962 ) . `` The egg - sac in the Identification of Species of Latrodectus ( Black - Widow Spiders ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Levi , H.W. ; McCrone , J.D. ( 1964 ) . `` North American Widow Spiders of the Latrodectus curacaviensis Group '' . External links ( edit ) Media related to Latrodectus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Latrodectus at Wikispecies Tree of Life : Latrodectus Black Widow Spider : Large format photographs and information Description of crossing experiments between various Latrodectus species widow spider parasitoids on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Taxon identifiers Wd : Q385932 ADW : Latrodectus BugGuide : 1999 GBIF : 2157920 iNaturalist : 47370 ITIS : 848644 NCBI : 6923 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 007816 World Spider Catalog : 00702 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latrodectus&oldid=804408983 '' Categories : Latrodectus Spider genera Venomous spiders Cosmopolitan spiders Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Sranantongo Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Latrodectus - genus of spiders 2. Widow spiders - commonly known as black widows 3. Venomous bite - dangerous due to latrotoxin 4. Behavior - sexual cannibalism, web construction, prey capture 5. Distribution - found worldwide, except Antarctica

oasis stop crying your heart out song meaning

Stop Crying Your Heart Out - wikipedia Stop Crying Your Heart Out Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Oasis <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Heathen Chemistry B - side `` Thank You for the Good Times '' `` Shout It Out Loud '' Released 17 June 2002 Format CD single Recorded 2001 - 2002 Genre Britpop Length 5 : 02 Label Big Brother Songwriter ( s ) Noel Gallagher Producer ( s ) Oasis <Th_colspan="2"> Oasis singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Hindu Times '' ( 2002 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( 2002 ) `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' ( 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Hindu Times '' ( 2002 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( 2002 ) `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' ( 2002 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a song by the English rock band Oasis . The song was written by Noel Gallagher and produced by Oasis . It was released on 17 June 2002 as the second single from the band 's fifth studio album , Heathen Chemistry ( 2002 ) . Liam Gallagher is the lead vocalist on the track , with Noel on backing vocals . The ballad was heavily compared to the band 's past single `` Slide Away '' . While some praised Noel 's ability to lighten the mood of his target audience , others felt that the song was disappointing and forgettable . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart and reached a peak of number six on the UK Indie Chart . It peaked at number one in Italy , and reached the top - twenty in Belgium , Denmark , Finland and Norway . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies . British singer - songwriter Leona Lewis recorded a cover version for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . She performed her version on the sixth series finale of The X Factor , and it peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the UK R&B Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and lyrics 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Credits and personnel 5 Track listing 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Yearly charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Use in other media 8 Leona Lewis version 8.1 Background and recording 8.2 Composition and critical reception 8.3 Chart performance 8.4 Live performances 8.5 Credits and personnel 8.6 Yearly charts 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was written solely by Noel Gallagher , and was produced by Oasis . Noel and his brother Liam are the lead vocalists on the track . The song was recorded at Wheeler End Studios and Olympic Studios in England , and was mixed by Mark Stent . It was engineered by David Treahearn , Jan `` Stan '' Kybert and Paul `` P - Dub '' Walton . Several instrumentalists were used for the song 's melody , including Andy Bell as the bass player , Oasis drummer Alan White , Noel Gallagher and Gem Archer on guitar , and Mike Rowe on piano . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a motivational ballad which lasts for a duration of five minutes and five seconds . Its melodic structure bears strong resemblances to `` Slide Away '' , one of their songs from their debut studio album Definitely Maybe ( 1994 ) , while its hook is reminiscent of the chorus of their 1996 song `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' . Liam Gallagher `` croons '' the lines `` All of the stars / Are fading away / Just try not to worry / You 'll see them some day '' as an orchestra plays in the background . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was composed in the key of B minor using common time at 76 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) Jason Fox for NME felt that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was Oasis 's return to the `` long lost humanism '' of their 1996 single `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , because of Noel Gallagher 's ability to lighten the mood of his audience when they are in need . He further wrote that the listener is transported back when `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' was released . Simon Evans for musicOMH also compared the song to `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' , writing that they have the same `` defiance '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine for AllMusic was brief in his review of the song , simply writing that it is a `` pretty good power ballad '' . Evan Chakroff for Stylus Magazine wrote that the song was forgettable , adding that while writing his review of the album , he could not remember the melody of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . Victoria Segal for NME wrote a single review when it was released , and believed that it was difficult to take the song seriously . Segal wrote that it is a `` disappointing '' song that when `` looked at in the sober light of day , it 's nothing but a lachrymose slur through the Big Noel Book Of Emotional Cliches and some truly shameless piano , but you just know that come closing time , it could make a breeze block cry '' . BBC reviewer Chris Long stated he preferred previous single `` The Hindu Times '' but `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' delivered on the `` simple tunes , good strong riffs and textbook lyrics '' in which Gallagher specialized . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart on 29 June 2002 . The following week on 6 July , it fell two positions to number four , and again down to number 13 in its third week . It charted at number 23 and 28 in its fourth and fifth weeks , respectively . In 2009 , the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 71 on 14 November . It remained on the chart for a further week . In 2010 , it re-entered the chart for a third time at number 50 on 9 October . On the UK Indie Chart , the song leaped from number 192 to number 30 on 10 October 2009 . The following week it rose to number nine , but fell to number 26 the week after . On 14 November 2009 , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' rose from number 85 to number nine again . It feel to number 25 again the following week . On 26 December 2009 , it ascended from number 51 to a new peak of number six . On 2 January 2010 , it fell from number six to number 22 , but rose to number 18 the following week . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) on 12 July 2002 , denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies . In Europe , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted and peaked at number 41 on the Austrian Singles Chart on 7 July 2002 . It fell to number 45 in its second week , and to number 62 in its third . However , it ascended to number 56 in its fourth week . It psent a total of five consecutive weeks on the chart . In the Wallonia region of Belgium , the song peaked at number 13 on 3 August 2002 , remaining on the chart for three weeks , and re-entered the chart for one week at number 44 on 26 February 2011 . The song charted for one week on the Danish Singles Chart at number 17 on 28 June 2002 . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted at number 11 in on the Finnish Singles Chart and fell to number 17 the following week . It peaked at number 48 on the German Singles Chart and at number six on the Irish Singles Chart . In Italy , the song debuted at number one on 20 June 2002 . It fell to number five in its second week , and to number 17 in its third week . It spent a total of nine weeks on the chart . In the Netherlands , it spent a total of two weeks on the chart : it debuted at number 76 on 6 July 2002 and rose by three positions to number 73 the following week . `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' peaked at number 23 on the Swedish Singles Chart and peaked at number 48 on the Swiss Singles Chart . In 2012 , the song debuted and peaked at number 135 on the French Singles Chart for one week . Outside of Europe , the song peaked at number 48 on the Australian Singles Chart . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Recorded at Wheeler End and Olympic Studios , England . Personnel Songwriting -- Noel Gallagher Production -- Oasis Engineering -- David Treahearn , Jan `` Stan '' Kybert , Paul `` P - Dub '' Walton Bass -- Andy Bell Drums -- Alan White Piano -- Gem Archer Guitar -- Noel Gallagher Mixing -- Mark Stent Vocals -- Liam Gallagher , Noel Gallagher Credits adapted from the liner notes of Heathen Chemistry . Track Listing ( edit ) CD single / EP `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' -- 5 : 02 `` Thank You for the Good Times '' -- 4 : 32 `` Shout It Out Loud '' -- 4 : 20 DVD RKIDSDVD 24 `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' - 5 : 03 `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( demo ) - 5 : 09 10 Minutes of Noise and Confusion - pt two - 7 : 24 The demo version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is sung by Noel . The `` 10 Minutes ... '' documentary is the second part of a unique feature covering 48 hours on the road with Oasis during the Tour of Brotherly Love which took place in the US with the Black Crowes during May and June 2001 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Yearly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 48 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 41 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 17 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 11 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 48 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 73 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 48 UK Singles Chart ( Official Charts Company ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Indie Chart ( OOC ) 6 UK Singles Chart ( OOC ) 71 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK Indie Chart ( OOC ) 18 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 50 Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 44 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 135 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 ( ^ ) <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Use in other media ( edit ) The song was used as the ending theme for the 2004 film The Butterfly Effect and the Season 2 episode ' Red ' of Smallville . Also featured in `` Maid of Honor '' Leona Lewis version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Leona Lewis <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Echo Format Digital download Length 4 : 08 Label Sony Syco Producer ( s ) Steve Robson Leona Lewis <Th_colspan="2"> Echo track listing <Td_colspan="2"> `` Naked '' ( 9 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' ( 10 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( 11 ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a cover song recorded by British singer - songwriter Leona Lewis for her second studio album Echo ( 2009 ) . Originally written by Noel Gallagher of rock band Oasis , the song was produced by Lewis and Steve Robson . Lewis decided to cover the track as she is a fan of Oasis and rock bands in general , and she really liked the song 's sentiment . The strings were performed by London Session Orchestra , who were organised and arranged by Will Malone . The musical structure of the song is different from the conventional style which is normally used , as the song 's melody does not gain momentum until the end of the song instead of by the first chorus . Her version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Aside from comparisons to her previous singles `` Bleeding Love '' and her cover of Snow Patrol 's `` Run '' , reviewers felt as though she was too emotive and did not reflect the simplicity of the original . Although the arrangement of the song was criticised , Lewis 's vocal performance was highly praised . The song peaked at number 29 on the UK Singles Chart , number 11 on the UK R&B Chart and number 31 on the Irish Singles Chart . Lewis has performed the song live on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , MTV Unplugged and on the sixth series finale of The X Factor . Background and recording ( edit ) Lewis revealed that she decided to record a cover version of Oasis ' ( pictured ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' as she is a fan of the band . In an interview with Rick Edwards titled Under the Skin of Leona Lewis on 28 February 2010 for 4Music , Lewis revealed that she is a fan of Oasis and that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is a `` great song '' with a `` beautiful sentiment behind it '' . She continued to say herself and label boss Simon Cowell discussed the possibility of Lewis recording a discussed cover version . Lewis cited her reason for wishing to record her own version as being a `` massive '' fan of rock bands , and that she wanted to put a `` different spin on it '' . When asked the question of if she knew what Gallagher thought about her version , she replied saying that she had not spoken to them and that she did not know if they had listened to her version . Originally written solely by Gallagher , Lewis 's cover version was produced by Steve Robson . Both Robson and Lewis were the vocal producers on `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . It was engineered by Richard Flack , who was assisted in the process by vocal engineer Seth Waldmann . It was mixed by Jeremy Wheatly at Twenty - One Studios , located in London , England . A range of instrumentalists were bought in for the song ; Karl Brazil played the drums , while Luke Potashnick provided guitar . John Garrison played the bass and Robson the piano . The London Session Orchestra performed the strings on `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' and it was arranged by Will Malone , while the choir was organised and arranged by Lawrence Johnson . Background vocals were performed by Sara - Jane Skeet and Beverly Skeet . Composition and critical reception ( edit ) `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' appears as the tenth track on Echo and lasts for a duration of four minutes and eight seconds . However , it is not included on the North American version of the album . The structure of the song is not conventional in its style , as most songs have gained momentum by the first chorus . However , Lewis 's version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' remains down - tempo for the majority of the song . Andy Gill for The Independent noted that it does not possess the `` rapidly acquiring melodramatic heft and momentum by the first refrain '' . Lewis 's version of `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' garnered mostly negative reviews from music critics . Nick Levine for Digital Spy complimented her version , writing that it is `` as satisfying as a sponge pudding on a chilly winter evening '' . Michael Cragg for musicOMH wrote that `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' is another song to be given the `` Leona treatment '' , and compared it to her cover of Snow Patrol 's `` Run '' , which she recorded for her inclusion on her debut studio album , Spirit . He felt that her cover of Oasis 's song appeared to serve as a `` replacement '' for covering Snow Patrol . He continued to criticise the production and vocal performance of Lewis 's version , writing `` On this occasion the kitchen - sink style production -- stirring strings , acoustic strums , and inevitable appearance of a choir -- feels hollow , like being aurally attacked by a ( admittedly very impressive ) karaoke singer '' . As part of his review of Echo , Matthew Cole for Slant Magazine wrote that too much of the album is dominated by `` thoughtless '' ballads , which he highlighted in the form of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' and `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . While he noted that Lewis gives a `` technically unimpeachable '' vocal performance , he wrote that it does not compensate for the `` dull arrangement '' and lack of emotion in her delivery . Andy Gill for The Independent described her cover as `` sententious '' . Neil McCormick for The Telegraph was critical of her decision to cover the song , writing that she is too emotive for the `` direct and simple '' lyrics , and concluded by saying that her version does not compare to Gallagher 's `` raw - thorated sincerity '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Upon the release of Echo , `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' debuted at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart due to strong digital download sales on 28 November 2009 . Following Lewis 's performance on The X Factor finale , the song re-entered the singles chart at number 29 on 26 December 2009 , rising 101 chart positions from the previous week . On 4 September 2010 , the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart for a third time at number 63 . On 19 December 2009 , the song rose from number 41 to number 34 on the UK R&B Chart . The following week on 26 December , it ascended to number 11 . On 2 January 2010 , it fell to number 15 , and again to number 34 the next week . It remained inside the top 40 R&B chart for a further two weeks . The same week on the UK Download Chart , the song leaped from number 114 to number 27 for the chart issue dated 26 December 2009 . In Scotland , the song rose from number 74 to number 24 on 26 December 2009 . In the first week of 2010 , it feel to number 36 . In Ireland , the song debut and peaked at number 31 on 17 December 2009 . Over the following two weeks , it fell to number 33 , and again to number 48 before exiting the top 50 . Live performances ( edit ) On 3 December 2009 , Lewis performed her version on the BBC Radio 2 show Live Sessions with Ken Bruce , as part of a set list which also included `` Bleeding Love '' , `` Better In Time '' , `` Happy '' and `` I Got You '' . She performed an acoustic version of the song on MTV Unplugged in Germany . A reviewer for Neon Limelight felt that her acoustic performance lacked emotion and passion . The singer performed the song again on the sixth series finale of The X Factor in December 2009 . On 21 January 2010 , Lewis performed `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' and `` I Got You '' on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording Mixed at Twenty - One Studios , London . Personnel Songwriting -- Noel Gallagher Production -- Steve Robson Vocal production -- Steve Robson , Leona Lewis Engineering -- Richard Flack Vocal engineering -- Seth Waldmann Mixing -- Jeremy Wheatly Drums -- Karl Brazil Guitars -- Luke Potashnick Bass -- John Garrison Piano -- Steve Robson String arrangements -- Will Malone Strings -- London Session Orchestra Choir organising and arranging -- Lawrence Johnson Background vocals -- Sara - Jane Skeet and Beverly Skeet Credits adapted from the liner notes of Echo . Yearly charts ( edit ) Book : Echo Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 31 Scotland ( OCC ) 24 UK Download Chart ( OCC ) 27 UK R&B Chart ( OCC ) 11 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 29 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Scotland ( OCC ) 36 UK R&B Chart ( OCC ) 15 UK Singles Chart ( OCC ) 63 Notes ( edit ) A ^ According to Oasis 's official website , the lyrics are `` Cos all of the stars / Are fading away / Just try not to worry / You 'll see them some day '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biografías de artístas , videos de música , noticias , fotos '' ( Artists biographies , music videos , news , pictures ) ( in Spanish ) . VH1 Latin America . Viacom . Retrieved 26 May 2013 ... con un number one en los charts ingleses y hits que huelen a britpop vintage como ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' ... ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Noel ( 2002 ) . Heathen Chemistry ( Liner Notes ) ( Compact Disc ) . Oasis . London , England : Big Brother . ^ Jump up to : Segal , Victoria ( 11 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis : Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Moon , Tom ( 6 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis - Heathen Chemistry '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathen Chemistry - Oasis '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Petridis , Alex ( 21 June 2002 ) . `` Yawning glory '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , Jason ( 25 June 2002 ) . `` Oasis : Heathen Chemistry '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Sheet Music , Oasis ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' '' . Musicnotes.com . Peer International Music Publishing . 2002 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Evans , Simon ( 1 July 2002 ) . `` Oasis -- Heathen Chemistry '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Steven Thomas . `` Oasis - Heathen Chemistry '' . Allmusic . All Media Guide . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Chakroff , Evans ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Oasis Heathen Chemistry '' . Stylus Magazine . Todd Burns . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Long , Chris ( 17 June 2002 ) . `` Music - Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 29 June 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 29 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Artist Song Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 7 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 7 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 13 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 13 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 20 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 20 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 27 July 2002 '' . Official Charts Company . 27 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 10th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 17th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 17 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 24th October 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 24 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 14 November 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 21 November 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 2 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Independent Singles Archive - 9 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Oasis -- Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Enter Stop Crying Your Heart Out in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . austriancharts.at ( in German ) . Hung Medien. 7 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . ultratop.be/fr . Hung Medien. 3 August 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( song ) '' . danishcharts.com . Hung Medien. 28 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( song ) '' . finnishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . charts.de . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Chart Music Archive '' . Chart - Track. 20 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . italiancharts.com . Hung Medien. 20 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . dutchcharts.nl . Hung Medien. 6 July 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien. 27 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Song ) '' . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Chanson ) '' . lescharts.com ( in French ) . Hung Medien. 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . australian-charts.com . Hung Medien. 11 August 2002 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis -- Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . Allmusic . All Media Guide . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( Kenya ) . Apple . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oasis - Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' . norwegiancharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB , The Butterfly Effect , Soundtrack Listing '' . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Leona ( 28 February 2010 ) . `` Under the Skin of Leona Lewis '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Rick Edwards . London : 4 Music . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Echo ( inlay cover ) . Leona Lewis . Sony BMG , J Records , Syco. 2009 . B005GRTNXC . Jump up ^ `` ' Echo ' ( Deluxe Version ) -- Leona Lewis '' . iTunes Store ( Great Britain ) . Apple . 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Echo ' -- Leona Lewis '' . iTunes Store ( United States ) . Apple . 17 November 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Andy ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Album : Leona Lewis , Echo , ( Syco ) '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ; Balls , Nicki ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : ' Echo ' - Music Album Review '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cragg , Michael . `` Leona Lewis -- Echo '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Matthew ( 17 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : Echo '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Leona Lewis : Echo , CD review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chart : CL UK Update '' . zobbel.de . Official Charts Company . 28 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leona Lewis - Artist Song Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 26 December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 2 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 16 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 16 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Top 40 R&B Singles Archive - 23 January 2010 '' . Official Charts Company . 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 UK Single Downloads Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 26 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Top 40 Scottish Singles Archive - 26th December 2009 '' . Official Charts Company . 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 17 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 24 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Chart Archive - Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 31 December 2009 '' . Chart - Track . Irish Recorded Music Association . 31 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 - Events - Leona Lewis '' . BBC Online . BBC . Retrieved 21 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis - Video - Stop Crying Your Heart Out ( Acoustic ) '' ( video ) . MTV Germany . Viacom . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Leona Lewis Covers Oasis ' ' Stop Crying Your Heart Out ' During BBC / Radio 1 Live Lounge '' . Neon Limelight. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Ryan Adams To Radiohead , The 10 Best Oasis Cover Versions '' . NME . Jann Wenner. 23 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leona Lewis '' . Rap - Up . Devin lazerine . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heathen Chemistry : Release Information '' . Oasis Official Website . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Oasis `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' Official Music Video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Oasis <Td_colspan="2"> Liam Gallagher Noel Gallagher Paul `` Guigsy '' McGuigan Paul `` Bonehead '' Arthurs Tony McCarroll Alan White Gem Archer Andy Bell Zak Starkey Chris Sharrock Studio albums Definitely Maybe ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Be Here Now Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Heathen Chemistry Do n't Believe the Truth Dig Out Your Soul Live albums Familiar to Millions Live from The Roundhouse Compilations Definitely Maybe ( singles box ) Morning Glory ( singles box ) The Masterplan Stop the Clocks Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Be Here Now Acoustic Collection Extended plays Live Demonstration Boy with the Blues Singles `` Supersonic '' `` Shakermaker '' `` Live Forever '' `` Cigarettes & Alcohol '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Star '' `` Whatever '' `` Some Might Say '' `` Roll with It '' `` Morning Glory '' `` Wonderwall '' `` Do n't Look Back in Anger '' `` Champagne Supernova '' `` D'You Know What I Mean ? '' `` Stand by Me '' `` All Around the World '' `` Do n't Go Away '' `` Acquiesce '' `` Go Let It Out '' `` Who Feels Love ? '' `` Sunday Morning Call '' `` Where Did It All Go Wrong ? '' `` The Hindu Times '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Little by Little '' / `` She Is Love '' `` Songbird '' `` Lyla '' `` The Importance of Being Idle '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Lord Do n't Slow Me Down '' `` The Shock of the Lightning '' `` I 'm Outta Time '' `` Falling Down '' Other songs `` Slide Away '' `` Half the World Away '' `` Talk Tonight '' `` Acquiesce '' `` The Masterplan '' `` Stop the Clocks '' `` Boy with the Blues '' Video albums Live by the Sea ... There and Then Familiar to Millions Definitely Maybe Lord Do n't Slow Me Down Time Flies ... 1994 -- 2009 Tours Definitely Maybe Tour ( What 's the Story ) Morning Glory ? Tour Be Here Now Tour Standing on the Shoulder of Giants Tour The Tour of Brotherly Love Heathen Chemistry Tour Do n't Believe the Truth Tour Dig Out Your Soul Tour Related Articles Discography Awards Band members Songs Big Brother Recordings Bands Beady Eye Heavy Stereo Hurricane # 1 Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds Ride The Rain No Way Sis People Jay Darlington Tony Griffiths Terry Kirkbride Alan McGee Scott McLeod Owen Morris Dave Sardy Paul Stacey Steve White Albums and Songs The Dreams We Have as Children Standing on the Edge of the Noise `` Wibbling Rivalry '' `` Stop the Clocks '' <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category <Th_colspan="2"> Leona Lewis <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards and nominations Songs Spirit ( 2007 ) `` Bleeding Love '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Homeless '' `` Better in Time '' `` Take a Bow '' `` I Will Be '' `` Footprints in the Sand '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` Forgive Me '' `` Run '' Echo ( 2009 ) `` Happy '' `` I Got You '' `` Outta My Head '' `` My Hands '' `` Stop Crying Your Heart Out '' `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Hurt : The EP ( 2011 ) `` Hurt '' `` Iris '' `` Colorblind '' Glassheart ( 2012 ) `` Trouble '' `` Lovebird '' `` Glassheart '' `` Collide '' Christmas , with Love ( 2013 ) `` One More Sleep '' I Am ( 2015 ) `` Fire Under My Feet '' `` I Am '' `` Thunder '' Collaborations `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` ( We All Are ) Looking for Home '' Soundtracks `` I See You ( Theme from Avatar ) '' Live albums The Labyrinth Tour : Live from the O2 Concert tours The Labyrinth Glassheart Tour I Am Tour Related articles The X Factor series 3 finalists <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_Crying_Your_Heart_Out&oldid=800708009 '' Categories : 2002 singles Leona Lewis songs Number - one singles in Italy Oasis ( band ) songs Rock ballads 2000s ballads Songs written by Noel Gallagher Song recordings produced by Noel Gallagher Song recordings produced by Liam Gallagher Song recordings produced by Gem Archer Song recordings produced by Andy Bell ( musician ) 2002 songs Song recordings produced by Steve Robson Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Good articles Use British English from February 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Song articles with missing songwriters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 05 : 43 . About Wikipedia

1. Oasis - "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" 2. Britpop 3. Leona Lewis - cover version 4. Chart performance 5. Critical reception

when is south park fractured but whole release

South Park : the Fractured But Whole - Wikipedia South Park : the Fractured But Whole Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> South Park : The Fractured but Whole <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) Ubisoft San Francisco Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Trey Parker Chris Brion Jason V. Schroeder Producer ( s ) Eric Stough Adrien Beard Bruce Howell Elena - Diana Sfecia Designer ( s ) Ken Strickland Writer ( s ) Trey Parker Jolie Menzel Demian Linn Marc Fortier Composer ( s ) Jamie Dunlap Engine Snowdrop Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release WW : October 17 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a 2017 role - playing video game developed and published by Ubisoft , in collaboration with South Park Digital Studios . Based on the American adult animated television series South Park , it is the sequel to the 2014 video game South Park : The Stick of Truth . Set one day after the events of that game , the story again follows the New Kid , who has recently moved to the eponymous town , and becomes involved in an epic role - play involving two rival superhero factions vying to create their own superhero media franchises . Their game unwittingly uncovers a grand conspiracy to raise crime in the town , and unite all of the criminal organisations under a new kingpin . It was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One on October 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole is a role - playing video game that is viewed from a 2.5 D , third - person perspective . The game allows the player to select from ten different superhero classes : the nimble Speedster , the short - range , high damage Brutalist , the long range , moderate damage Blaster , the weather - based Elementalist , the offense - attracting Cyborg , the long - range , the status effecting Psychic , the stealthy Assassin , the gadget - using Gadgeteer , the healing Plantmancer , and the high - damage , swift Martial Artist . Powers from different classes can be used together , for example allowing the player to use the Blaster 's fire blasts , the Assassin 's knives , and the Martial Artist 's kicks . Not all classes are available at first , but instead , players , after choosing between Brutalist , Blaster , or Speedster , will be able to choose three more classes and select what abilities they use in combat . Unlike The Stick of Truth , the game allows the player to choose their gender of their character which will affect how other characters react to the player . The Fractured but Whole also features race customization , which is labeled as a difficulty level slider . The slider does n't affect combat difficulty , but rather how the player talks to other characters and the amount of money the player receives . The combat has changed since the last game , now taking the form of a grid system with players being able to move around the grid . Players take turns attacking , and when getting attacked , players can do a quick time event to reduce damage and fill a super meter . One non-player character , PC Principal , can teach the player the ability to recognize microaggressions , which allows the player a free attack in battle against an enemy that says a demeaning term for a demographic . The player is encouraged to explore the wider game world to find Yaoi art , or take selfies with the town residents to increase their followers on the the player character 's Coonstagram social media feed . It is necessary to amass a number of followers to complete certain story missions . Synopsis ( edit ) See also : List of South Park characters South Park : The Fractured but Whole is set in the fictional town South Park in the Colorado Rocky Mountains . Set the day after the events of South Park : The Stick of Truth , the player again controls the New Kid , a silent protagonist . The children abandon their fantasy role - playing game to instead become superheroes and create a superhero media franchise . Unable to agree on who will get their own movie or Netflix series , the heroes are split into two rival factions , each vying to be the first to create their own franchise : Coon and Friends and the Freedom Pals . Led by the racoon - clawed Coon ( Eric Cartman ) , Coon and Friends operates out of the Coon Cave in his basement . Among their number are The Human Kite ( Kyle Broflovski ) , Mosquito ( Clyde Donovan ) , the super fast Fastpass ( Jimmy Valmer ) , Super Craig ( Craig ) , and the New Kid . The Freedom Pals are led by the telekinetic Dr. Timothy ( Timmy Burch ) , and consist of Mysterion ( Kenny McCormick ) , Toolshed ( Stan Marsh ) , Wonder Tweek ( Tweek ) , and Tupperware ( Token Black ) . Other heroes include the hacker Call Girl ( Wendy Testaburger ) , and Captain Diabetes ( Scott Malkinson ) . The heroes ' journey brings them into conflict with various groups including the local elderly population , ninjas , the sixth graders , the Hooters - parodying Raisins girls , and the supervillain Professor Chaos ( Butters Stotch ) . The Fractured But Whole features various characters from the series ' history , including : Stan 's father Randy , Butter 's father Stephen , Kyle 's father Gerald , the school principal PC Principal , Moses , Seaman , the Memberberries , school counselor Mr Mackey , strippers Spontaneous Bootay and Classi , Big Gay Al , gun enthusiasts Ned and Jimbo , and a Kanye West - inspired Gay Fish . The game also featured Morgan Freeman as a taco shop owner . Locations from the show include the City Wok restaurant , the Peppermint Hippo strip club , Kenny 's House in the abandoned gentrified SoDoSoPa district , the classier Shi Tpa Town containing Skeeter 's Bar and Jimbo 's Guns , the Memberberry Farm , and the road to Canada , are featured in the game . Plot ( edit ) Cartman and the other children decide to play superheroes with the goal of launching a superhero media franchise by finding a missing cat for the $100 reward . The New Kid joins the game and Cartman provides them with a tragic backstory ; seeing their father have sex with their mother . The search uncovers a conspiracy led by a new kingpin who has united the police , the italian , chinese , and russian crime families , and the sixth graders to steal cats and use their urine to contaminate drugs and alcohol , making the townspeople act crazy and raising crime , which will be blamed on the mayor . Coon and Friends defeat the kingpin 's henchman , Professor Chaos , and Cartman surmises that the mastermind is Mitch Conner , a crude hand puppet drawn on Cartman 's left hand . The New Kid and Chaos are sent to infiltrate the Freedom Pals to gain more information , culminating in the two groups working together to take down the police department , who are helping Mitch become the new mayor so they can have less restrictions on fighting crime . Afterwards , the children all join Freedom Pals upon learning that they have developed a franchise plan that is more inclusive than Cartman 's . The next day , Mitch kidnaps the New Kid 's parents and destroys the Freedom Pals ' franchise plan . They capture Cartman , who insists that he has no control over Mitch , and reveals that the New Kid 's parents are being held at the genetic engineering lab . There , the Freedom Pals learn that Mitch has been funding the creation of a mutated army of cats and sixth graders , that Mitch unleashes on the children . Battling through the mutants , the New Kid finds their parents , and are forced to kill one of them to continue . At the exit , the Freedom Pals are ambushed by Mitch , and Kyle 's mutated cloned cousin , Kyle2 . The New Kid uses a powerful fart to defeat the clone , which accidentally transports the Freedom Pals one week into the future , where Mitch is the mayor . Cartman ( as ' The Coon ' ) with his hand puppet Mitch Conner With aid from Morgan Freeman , the New Kid learns to time travel with their farts : first to the future where Mitch has completed his master plan to make every day Christmas Day , causing drunken anarchy throughout the town ; they then travel to the past and confront Cartman before he can start the superhero game . Mitch reveals himself and punches the New Kid in the stomach , causing a fart that sends them back to the New Kid 's superhero origin . Cartman and the New Kid 's interference prevents the New Kid 's father from having sex with his mother , changing the past . Instead , his parents reveal the secret that they have withheld from the New Kid ; they have the superhuman ability to amass social media followers . The government kidnapped them to harness their powers , during which time they fell in love and had the New Kid . They escaped to protect their child and gave them medicine to suppress their powers , which also caused extreme flatulence . Knowing the truth , the New Kid time travels with Cartman to the day of Mitch 's inauguration . Cartman escapes a confrontation with the Freedom Pals and prepares to be sworn in as Mitch . The Freedom Pals use social media to publicly reveal Mitch 's plot , and accuse Cartman of raising crime so that the Coon would have more crime to fight , giving him the bigger franchise . Mitch confesses that he was traumatized by seeing his dad get `` fucked '' . Mitch 's mother appears on Cartman 's right hand and reveals that she was the one who had sex with his father . They fight and both `` die '' , ending Mitch 's plot , while the townspeople resolve to obtain clean drugs and alcohol from the next town over . After the credits , the New Kid returns home to find their changes to the past mean both parents are alive and , unburdened by the secret they were keeping , their relationship is happier . While the New Kid 's parents go upstairs to have sex , Professor Chaos confronts the New Kid with the truth that no matter how much they change the past , their father will always have fucked their mother . Chaos offers the New Kid a chance to take a darker path , as the screen fades to black . Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , South Park co-creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker stated they were open to making a sequel , depending on the reception for South Park : The Stick of Truth . A sequel , South Park : The Fractured but Whole , was announced in June 2015 . The game was developed by Ubisoft San Francisco , for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Microsoft Windows , replacing Obsidian Entertainment . The original title planned for the project was The Butthole of Time . However Matt Stone and Trey Parker were informed that the retailers would not place a product with the word `` butthole '' on their shelves . This caused Trey Parker to go back to his office and work for a few hours on how to sneak the phrase onto the game without upsetting retailers , and eventually settled on `` but whole '' . On September 22 , the developers announced that the game `` has gone gold '' , meaning the game 's production is now completed . A new trailer was also released featuring the Kanye West minigame . The game script is 360 pages along , which is twice the size of that of the previous game . Release ( edit ) Parker and Stone originally announced a release date of December 6 , 2016 , during Ubisoft 's press conference at E3 2016 on June 13 , 2016 . On September 15 , 2016 , Ubisoft announced on their blog that the game was delayed to the first quarter of 2017 because the development team wants to ensure that the game meets the high expectations of fans . It was also announced that those who pre-order the game will be able to download The Stick of Truth free of charge . On February 9 , 2017 , Ubisoft announced a further delay for the game , with its new release window Ubisoft 's 2018 fiscal year ( April 2017 -- March 2018 ) . PSN has refunded all South Park : The Fractured but Whole pre-orders . PSN also removed access to the South Park : The Stick of Truth for people who got it as a South Park : The Fractured but Whole pre-order bonus . In May 2017 , Ubisoft released a new trailer for the game , announcing the release date as October 17 , 2017 . Ubisoft stated they currently do n't have any plans for a Nintendo Switch release . Reception ( edit ) Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 81 / 100 ( PS4 ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 85 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8.5 / 10 EGM 9.0 / 10 Game Informer 8.75 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 86 / 100 Polygon 7 / 10 South Park : The Fractured But Whole received positive reviews from critics . Aggregating review website Metacritic provides a score of 81 out of 100 from 16 critics for the Microsoft Windows version , 80 out of 100 from 66 critics for the PlayStation 4 version , and 85 out of 100 from 29 critics for the Xbox One version . Brett Makedonski of Destructoid gave the game a score of 8.5 / 10 , saying that `` The Fractured but Whole is worthy of the highest compliment a game like this could get : It feels like a long , quality episode of South Park . It 's an improvement over The Stick of Truth in terms of combat mechanics , ridiculous plot escalation , and amount of content . It 's really all that a South Park lover could ask for . '' Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo said `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole is an absolutely hysterical game that combines truckloads of fan service with an RPG experience more realized than its predecessor . There may be a few technical hiccups along the way , but you 'll be hard - pressed to find a more complete experience that makes you laugh the way this one does . If you love South Park , this game is a must play . '' Game Informer awarded the game a 8.75 out of 10 with Kyle Hilliard summarizing that `` The Fractured but Whole is a welcome sequel , maintaining the standard of quality set by the previous game and , in a broader sense , all of Parker and Stone 's work . Every aspect is overloaded with both smart and immature jokes , the combat is an improvement , the game is bigger and longer , and the sneaky moments of sincerity make you recall the charm of childhood in surprising ways -- just like the show . '' Paul Tamburro of Game Revolution gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars , stating `` Ultimately , South Park : The Fractured But Whole is still a polished RPG that die - hard fans of the animated series will love . However , while its combat system has been greatly improved , its failure to provide the same belly laughs as The Stick of Truth , the lack of variety in its locations and its mundane puzzle - solving make for a disappointing follow - up . I enjoyed my time with The Fractured But Whole , and it 's clear that a great deal of effort went into its development , but after this I 'm not so sure that I 'd want to revisit South Park a third time . '' GameSpot 's Miguel Concepcion gave a positive review saying `` Fractured But Whole succeeds as an interactive South Park mini-series , while effectively emulating the show 's current style of adult - targeted entertainment and satirization of political correctness . In other words , it 's consistently amusing and provocative without the edginess the series used to be known for . Both the game 's combat and explorative strengths effectively bridge the many comical plot developments , which range from mildly amusing to downright hilarious . It 's an accomplishment that this game will wholly entertain devoted fans while delivering a heap of jokes that wo n't fly over the heads of casual viewers . '' Giving the game a overall score of 8 / 10 . Sam Prell from GamesRadar said in the review 's verdict that `` South Park balances ample fan service with gameplay that stands on its own merits and an engaging story . It wo n't make you a fan if you were n't one already , but it 's hard to imagine a better - realized adaptation . '' Awarding The Fractured but Whole 4.5 out of 5 stars . Dan Ryckert of Giant Bomb concluded that `` If you 're in the mood for a unique , lighthearted RPG ( and are at least somewhat receptive to South Park 's specific sense of humor ) you 'll find more than enough to like here . '' IGN reviewer Dan Stapleton gave South Park : The Fractured but Whole a 8.5 / 10 , stating `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole is another epic - length episode of the humor that 's kept fans of the show laughing for 20 years . '' 86 / 100 was the score given by PC Gamer 's Andy Kelly who said in the verdict on South Park : The Fractured but Whole , `` A slick RPG with superb tactical combat , a detailed world to explore , and a gleefully crude sense of humour . '' `` The Fractured But Whole 's breezy combat and puzzles provided a few days of entertainment , and the best moments of the game had me either laughing or , against all expectations , emotionally touched . I do n't particularly regret my time with the game , but it mostly made me think about how much better the creators of both South Park and The Fractured But Whole could do if they were given the opportunity and space to grow up a little . '' is what Philip Kollar said in his review on Polygon . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Ubisoft Osaka , Massive Entertainment , Ubisoft Annecy , Ubisoft Reflections , Blue Byte , and Ubisoft Quebec References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 吉村 , ミル ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` 実際 もっと 多い です 」 Ubisoft Osaka に 聞く 、 '' 280 万 円 求人 騒動 `` の 真相 と 、 日本 から グローバル な AAA タイトル を 目指す 今後 の 展望 '' . Famitsu . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Working With Trey And Matt -- The South Park : Fractured But Whole Workflow '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park Fractured But Whole Class Guide : Every Power and Which Classes You Should Choose '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prell , Sam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review : `` As Fun To Play As It Is To Laugh Along With '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole lets you play as a girl '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole 's difficulty slider changes the colour of your skin '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cryer , Hirun ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Guide - Beginner 's Guide , Combat Tips , Crafting , Character Classes Explained , Coonstagram '' . USGamer . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Eric ( June 21 , 2007 ) . `` Young offenders '' . New Statesman . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park Fractured but Whole review : Emphasis on the `` fractured '' `` . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` South Park The Fractured But Whole review : Bigger , longer and uncensored '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Marshall ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole presents a heroic , potty - mouthed Civil War '' . VG247 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brett ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review '' . Trusted Reviews . Time Inc . UK . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Defecation appreciation '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Michael ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park : The Fractured but Whole ' is a game that 's too eager to laugh at cruelty '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Aodhan ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park 's ' The Fractured But Whole ' review : An antidote for the endless wave of superhero movies '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eadicicco , Lisa ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Review : South Park The Fractured But Whole Is a Great Excuse to Revisit the Kids '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Alice ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole E3 Breakdown '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dwan , Hannah ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review round up - What the critics are saying '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edgar , Sean ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Is a Better South Park Episode than a Game '' . Paste . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review -- The Difficult Sequel '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole review -- Bigger , Longer & Uncut '' . Metro . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Ben ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` The new ' South Park ' game is hilarious , offensive , and absolutely worth your time '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Iain ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to acquire and unlock all Summons in South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Ryan ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` South Park Co-Creator On Stick of Truth Sequel Potential '' . IGN . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , Owen S. ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Obsidian ' super excited ' for South Park sequel , even if they 're not making it '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Got Its Title Because They Could n't Use ' Butthole ' '' . Kotaku . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.polygon.com/2017/9/22/16350524/south-park-the-fractured-but-whole-trailer-kanye-west-mother-only-one Jump up ^ http://gematsu.com/2017/09/south-park-fractured-whole-goes-gold Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed to 2017 '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details of the Free South Park The Stick of Truth offer '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole delayed again '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Luces , Mike ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Refunds ' South Park : The Fractured But Whole ' Preorders Due To Recent Delay , Dubious Release Date '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Release Date Confirmed , Again '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/UbisoftSupport/status/919656755889688577 ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makedonski , Brett ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Review : South Park : The Fractured but Whole '' . Destructoid . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured but Whole Review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole -- Bigger , Longer , And Improved '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tamburro , Paul ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review -- The Difficult Sequel '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Concepcion , Miguel ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryckert , Dan ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stapleton , Dan ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . IGN . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` South Park : The Fractured But Whole Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference GRadar was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Comedy portal Role - playing games portal South Park portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal <Th_colspan="2"> South Park Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Trey Parker and Matt Stone <Td_colspan="2"> Parker filmography Stone filmography Feature films Cannibal ! The Musical ( 1993 ) Orgazmo ( 1997 ) South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( 1999 ) Team America : World Police ( 2004 ) Television Time Warped ( 1995 ) South Park ( since 1997 ) That 's My Bush ! ( 2001 ) Music DVDA Chef Aid : The South Park Album South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut soundtrack `` Blame Canada '' Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Theatre The Book of Mormon ( since 2011 ) Video games South Park : The Stick of Truth ( 2014 ) South Park : The Fractured but Whole ( 2017 ) Characters Parker Stan Marsh Eric Cartman Randy Marsh Mr. Garrison Stone Kyle Broflovski Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Gerald Broflovski See also The Spirit of Christmas Your Studio and You Princess 6 Days to Air Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Park:_The_Fractured_but_Whole&oldid=808883353 '' Categories : 2017 video games PlayStation 4 games Superhero video games Time travel video games Ubisoft games Video game sequels Video games based on South Park Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring protagonists of selectable gender Windows games Xbox One games Cthulhu Mythos games Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 20 : 18 . 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1. South Park: The Fractured But Whole 2. Role-playing video game 3. Ubisoft San Francisco 4. Superhero factions 5. Positive reviews

when was the carbon tax introduced in australia

Carbon pricing in Australia - Wikipedia Carbon pricing in Australia Jump to : navigation , search The factual accuracy of parts of this article ( those related to most everything over than the historic as the relevant legislation has been repealed ) may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2014 ) Financial year Carbon Price * ( $ / tonne ) 2012 -- 13 23.00 2013 -- 14 24.15 1 July 2014 onwards revoked <Td_colspan="2"> Source : Clean Energy Regulator * per tonne of emitted CO A carbon pricing scheme in Australia , commonly dubbed by its critics as a `` carbon tax '' , was introduced by the Gillard Labor Government in 2011 as the Clean Energy Act 2011 which came into effect on 1 July 2012 . As a result of being in place for such a short time , and because the then Opposition leader Tony Abbott indicated he intended to repeal `` the carbon tax '' , regulated organisations responded in a rather tepid and informal manner , with very few investments in emissions reductions being made . The scheme was repealed on 17 July 2014 , backdated to 1 July 2014 . In its place the Abbott Government set up the Emission Reduction Fund in December 2014 . The carbon price was part of a broad energy reform package called the Clean Energy Futures Plan , which aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Australia by 5 % below 2000 levels by 2020 and 80 % below 2000 levels by 2050 . The plan set out to achieve these targets by encouraging Australia 's largest emitters to increase energy efficiency and invest in sustainable energy . The scheme was administered by the Clean Energy Regulator . Compensation to industry and households was funded by the revenue derived from the charge . The scheme required entities which emit over 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gases per year , and which were not in the transport or agriculture sectors , to obtain emissions permits , called carbon units . Carbon units were either purchased from the government or issued free as part of industry assistance measures . As part of the scheme , personal income tax was reduced for those earning less than $80,000 per year and the tax - free threshold was increased from $6,000 to $18,200 . Initially the price of a permit for one tonne of carbon was fixed at $23 for the 2012 -- 13 financial year , with unlimited permits being available from the government . The fixed price rose to $24.15 for 2013 -- 14 . The government had announced that the scheme was part of a transition to an emissions trading scheme in 2014 -- 15 , where the available permits will be limited in line with a pollution cap . The scheme primarily applied to electricity generators and industrial sectors . It did not apply to road transport and agriculture . The Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency stated that in June 2013 only 260 entities were subject to the scheme , of which approximately 185 were liable to pay for carbon units . Domestic aviation did not face the carbon price scheme per se , but was subject to an additional fuel excise levy of approximately 6 cents per litre . In February 2012 , the Sydney Morning Herald reported that Clean Energy Future carbon price scheme had not deterred new investment in the coal industry , as spending on exploration had increased by 62 % in 2010 - 2011 , more than any other mineral commodity . The government agency Geoscience Australia reported that investment in coal prospecting reached $520 million in 2010 - 2011 . Falls in carbon emissions were observed following implementation of this policy . It was noted that emissions from sectors subject to the pricing mechanism were 1.0 % lower and nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme , Australia 's carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation had fallen to a 10 - year low , with coal generation down 11 % from 2008 to 2009 . However , attribution of these trends to carbon pricing have been disputed , with Frontier Economics claiming trends are largely explained by factors unrelated to the carbon tax . Electricity demand had been falling and in 2012 was at the lowest level seen since 2006 in the National Electricity Market . Australia 's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mt CO equiv Sector Year 2012 Energy -- Electricity 190.8 Stationary energy excluding electricity 94.2 Transport 91.5 Fugitive emissions 42.3 Industrial processes 32.3 Agriculture 88.0 Waste 12.8 Total 551.9 <Td_colspan="2"> Excludes land use , land use change and forestry Source -- Australia 's National Greenhouse Inventory Dec 2012 Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Scope and covered emissions 3 Industry assistance programs 3.1 Jobs and Competitiveness Program 3.2 Coal Fired Generation Assistance 3.3 Steel Transformation Plan package 4 Effect of the carbon tax 4.1 Reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases 4.2 Continuing growth in greenhouse emissions 4.3 Alternative explanations of emissions reductions 4.4 Significant announcements which have , or may have , relevance to the carbon tax 4.5 Investments as a result of carbon tax 5 Political and industry response 6 Effects and impacts 6.1 Compensation 6.2 Emissions reduction 7 Repeal 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Economy - wide pricing of carbon is the centre piece of any policy designed to reduce emissions at the lowest possible costs . Ross Garnaut In October 2006 the Stern Review on the effect of climate change on the world 's economy was released for the British government . This report recommended a range of measures including ecotaxes to address the market failure represented by climate change with the least amount of economic and social disruption . In response to this report and subsequent pressure from the Kim Beazley led Labor opposition , in December 2006 the Howard Government established the Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading , chaired by Peter Shergold , to advise on the implementation of an emissions trading scheme ( ETS ) in Australia . In opposition , Kevin Rudd called for a cut to greenhouse gas emissions by 60 % before 2050 . Both the incumbent Howard Government and the Rudd Labor opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme ( ETS ) before the 2007 federal election . Following the release of the final Shergold report , the Howard government committed to introduce an ETS in June 2007 . Going into the 2007 federal election , the Labor opposition party presented itself as a `` pro-climate '' alternative to the Government , with Kevin Rudd , who had by then deposed Beazley as leader , famously describing climate change as `` the great moral challenge of our generation '' . Labor differentiated itself from the government by promising an ETS with an earlier start date of 2010 rather than the 2012 timeframe advocated by Howard . It also promised ratification of the Kyoto Protocol , investment in clean coal and renewable energy , and slightly more aggressive targets for renewable energy . Labor won the election on 24 November 2007 , and on 3 December 2007 the Rudd Government signed the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol at the 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference . By ratifying the Kyoto Protocol , Australia committed to keeping emissions to no more than 108 % of its 1990 emissions level by 2012 . Australia 's ratification came into effect on 11 March 2008 . The Rudd government began negotiating the passage of an ETS through the Parliament . The Opposition led by Brendan Nelson called for the vote on the government 's ETS be delayed until after the United Nations climate change summit in Copenhagen in December 2009 . Prime Minister Rudd said in response that it would be `` an act of absolute political cowardice , an absolute failure of leadership not to act on climate change until other nations had done so '' and the government pursued the early introduction of the Scheme . On 16 July 2008 , the Rudd Government released a green paper for its Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme ( CPRS ) ( also known as Australia 's ETS ) , outlining the intended design of the scheme . The CPRS was criticised by those who were both for and against action to mitigate climate change . Environmental lobby groups protested that the emissions reductions targets were too low , and that the level of assistance to polluters was too high . Industry and business lobby groups however argued for more permits and assistance to offset the economic impacts of the scheme on many enterprises , particularly given the context of the global financial crisis . Malcolm Turnbull became the new Liberal Opposition Leader on 18 September 2008 . On 30 September 2008 , the Garnaut Climate Change Review , commissioned in April 2007 by Rudd when he was leader of the Opposition , released its final report . Garnaut recommended a price between $20 and $30 per tonne of carbon dioxide ( CO ) equivalent with a rise of 4 % each year . A more detailed white paper on the CPRS was released on 15 December 2008 . Unable to secure the support of the Australian Greens for their preferred model , the government entered negotiations with Turnbull , and in the lead up to the Copenhagen Conference , presented an amended CPRS scheme , with the support of Turnbull . The Turnbull - led Opposition supported the CPRS scheme in principle , although at times over 2009 they indicated disagreement with various details including the timing of implementation of the scheme , timing of the vote on the relevant legislation and on the level of assistance to be provided to polluting industries . The Opposition was able to negotiate greater compensation for polluters affected by the scheme in November 2009 . Shortly before the Senate was due to vote on the carbon bills , on 1 December 2009 Tony Abbott replaced Turnbull as leader of the Liberal Party . Abbot immediately called a secret ballot on support for the ETS among coalition MPs , which was overwhelmingly rejected . The Coalition then withdrew their support for the carbon pricing policy and joined the Greens and Independents in voting against the relevant legislation in the Parliament of Australia on 2 December 2009 . As the Rudd government required the support of either the Coalition or the Greens to secure passage of the bill , it was defeated in the Senate . Abbott described Labor 's ETS plan as a ' Great big tax on everything ' . The Copenhagen Conference was unsuccessful in advancing international agreement . Abbott announced a new Coalition policy on carbon emission reduction in February 2010 , which committed the Coalition to a 5 % reduction in emissions by 2020 . Abbott proposed the creation of an ' emissions reduction fund ' to provide ' direct ' incentives to industry and farmers to reduce carbon emissions . In April 2010 , Rudd deferred attempts to advance the scheme to at least 2013 , opting not to present the legislation to the Senate a second time , creating a trigger for a double dissolution election . In June 2010 , Julia Gillard replaced Rudd as leader of the Labor Party and became Prime Minister . Factional leader and key Gillard supporter Bill Shorten said that the sudden announcement of change of policy on the ETS was a factor that had contributed to a collapse in support for Rudd 's leadership . Shortly afterwards Gillard called a federal election for 21 August 2010 . During the election campaign Gillard stated that she supported a price on carbon emissions and that she would prosecute the case for action for as long as she needed to win community support . However , she also indicated that she would not introduce carbon pricing until there was a sufficient consensus on the issue , and she specifically ruled out the introduction of a `` carbon tax '' . The result of the election left Australia with its first hung parliament in 70 years . To form a majority in the House of Representatives both of the major parties needed to acquire the support of cross-benchers , including the Greens . After two weeks of negotiations Gillard had enough support to gain a majority including the support of the Greens and their single MP in the House , Adam Bandt . Gillard , therefore , remained Prime Minister and Abbott remained in Opposition . One of the conditions for Greens support was that the formation of a cross-party parliamentary committee to determine policy on climate change . Gillard honoured that agreement and on 27 September 2010 the Multi-Party Climate Change Committee ( MPCCC ) was formed , its terms of reference including that it was to report to Cabinet on ways to introduce a carbon price . The MPCCC agreed on the introduction of a fixed carbon price commencing 1 July 2012 , transitioning to a flexible - price cap - and - trade ETS on 1 July 2015 . Initially the price of permits is fixed and the quantity unlimited i.e. there is no cap ; the scheme thus functions similarly , and is popularly referred to as a tax . In February 2011 , the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill , which the opposition claimed to be a broken election promise . The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if it was elected . The Gillard Government had asked the Productivity Commission to report on the steps taken by eight major economies to address climate change . In June 2011 , the report found that more than 1,000 climate policies were already enacted across the globe . It also supported a market - based carbon price as being the most cost - effective way to reduce emissions . The report 's findings were one of the major reasons that support for the carbon tax was provided by independent Tony Windsor . Windsor made it clear that he would not support the clean energy legislation if it included a carbon tax on transport fuels . He did not want to penalise people who lived in rural areas , where there was no public transport as an alternative to private vehicles . The Clean Energy Plan was released on 10 July 2011 . The Clean Energy Bill 2011 passed the House of Representatives in October 2011 and the Senate in November 2011 and was thus brought into law . On 1 July 2012 the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price scheme . To offset the impact of the tax on some sectors of society , the government reduced income tax ( by increasing the tax - free threshold ) and increased pensions and welfare payments slightly to cover expected price increases , as well as introducing compensation for some affected industries . On 17 July 2014 , a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes , the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector . On 17 July 2014 , the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate to abolish the carbon pricing scheme . In its place the government set up the Emission Reduction Fund , paid by taxpayers from consolidated revenue , which according to RepuTex , a markets consultancy , estimated the government 's main climate policy may only meet a third of the emissions reduction challenge if Australia is to cut 2000 levels by 5 % by 2020 . Scope and covered emissions ( edit ) The carbon price came into effect on 1 July 2012 and applied to direct emissions from a facility ( scope - 1 emissions ) , and not to indirect emissions ( scope - 2 emissions ) . The scheme only applied to facilities which emit more than 25,000 tonnes CO-e per year , and did not apply to agriculture or to transport fuels . The carbon price was set at AUD $23 per tonne of emitted CO-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils . Agricultural emissions were exempt due to difficulty in tracking emissions and the related complexity of administering such a scheme . Households and business use of light vehicles did not incur a carbon price . However , changes to the fuel tax regime were proposed to effectively impose a carbon tax on business liquid and gaseous fuel emissions . There were plans for heavy on - road vehicles to pay from 1 July 2014 . In effect , the scope of the scheme meant that only a small number of large electricity generators and larger industrial plants were subject to the carbon price scheme . The tax was payable by surrendering carbon units , which had been either purchased ( at $20 per tonne in 2012 -- 13 ) or acquired free under an industry assistance program . The pricing mechanism was expected to cover 60 % of Australia 's carbon emissions . 75 % of each company 's annual obligation were to be paid by 15 June each year with the remaining 25 % by the following 1 February . A list of companies which have paid carbon tax , and the amount which each had paid was published by the Clean Energy Regulator ( CER ) . This was called the Liable Entities Public Information Database or LEPID . The LEPID for 2012 -- 13 was updated on 12 July 2013 and the companies which were the fifteen largest payers of carbon tax in 2012 -- 13 are shown in the summary below ( related companies are grouped together where identifiable ) . <Td_colspan="3"> Australian 's Top 15 Payers of Carbon Tax in 2012 -- 13 ( account for 70 % of total carbon units lodged ) Company Activity Carbon units lodged in 2012 -- 13 ( million ) GDF Suez Electricity generation 25.8 AGL Electricity generation 19.1 Macquarie Generation Electricity generation 16.0 Delta Electricity Electricity generation 13.3 Energy Australia Electricity generation 11.9 Origin Energy Electricity generation 11.6 Stanwell Corporation Electricity generation 11.0 CS Energy Electricity generation 7.4 Woodside Energy LNG production 6.6 Verve Energy Electricity generation 5.5 NRG Gladstone Electricity generation 4.8 BlueScope Steel Iron & steelmaking 4.7 Alcoa Alumina refining 4.6 Alinta Energy Electricity generation 4.6 Millmerran Electricity generation 4.4 <Td_colspan="3"> Source -- LEPID 12 July 2013 The Climate Change Authority , a statutory agency , was created to advise the government on the setting of carbon pollution caps , to conduct periodic reviews of the carbon pricing process , and to report on progress towards meeting national targets . These pollution caps were to form the basis for the cap - and - trade structure to commence in 2015 . Industry assistance programs ( edit ) The Government ran several major ' Industry Assistance ' programs to reduce the impact of carbon tax for the 185 affected companies . These have the effect of significantly reducing the actual carbon tax raised . Jobs and Competitiveness Program ( edit ) The ' Jobs and Competitiveness Program ' was for the non-electricity sector and was targeted at the ' emissions - intensive trade - exposed ' activities -- that is , companies which emitted a lot of CO2 and were exposed to imports or who trade internationally . There was a list of 48 trade - exposed activities , including business such as steel making , alumina refining , cement making and similar activities . Depending on whether a company was ' highly ' or ' moderately ' emissions intensive , it received 94.5 % or 66 % of ' average industry carbon costs ' supplied as free carbon units . Overall in 2012 -- 13 under the ' Jobs and Competitiveness Program ' , there were 104 million free carbon units issued to 123 applicants , valued at approximately $2.4 billion . The fifteen largest recipients of free carbon units in 2012 -- 13 , with related companies grouped together where identifiable , were : <Td_colspan="3"> Top 15 Recipients of Free Carbon Units in 2012 -- 13 ( under Jobs & Competitiveness Program ) Company Activity Free carbon units in 2012 -- 13 ( million ) Rio Tinto Alumina , aluminium 19.6 Alcoa Alumina , aluminium 12.5 Tomago Aluminium Alumina , aluminium 8.8 BlueScope Steel Iron & steelmaking 7.5 Woodside Energy LNG production 5.5 BHP Billiton Nickel , copper , alumina 5.1 Adelaide Brighton Cement & lime 2.9 OneSteel Iron & steelmaking 2.9 Cement Australia Cement & lime 2.6 Orica Ammonium nitrate 2.6 BP Petroleum refining 2.2 Caltex Petroleum refining 2.2 Alcan Alumina refining 2.0 Boral Cement 1.9 Wesfarmers Industrial Gases 1.6 <Td_colspan="3"> Source -- Clean Energy Regulator To put this into context , the LEPID list indicated that the total amount of carbon units to be surrendered would be 283 million units for 2012 -- 13 . 37 % of these were awarded for free under the Jobs and Competitiveness Program . Coal fired generation assistance ( edit ) Under the ' Coal Fired Generation Assistance ' for coal - based electricity generating companies the Government gave out 42 million of free carbon units each year , valued at almost $5 billion . These were only issued to the generators with the highest amount of CO2 emission intensity , above 1.0 tonne of CO2 per MWh of energy . These were primarily the brown coal - fired generators in Victoria 's Latrobe Valley The free units were shared according to their size and the amount of CO2 produced compared to a more efficient black coal - fired power station . The list of companies which received the free units was published by the Clean Energy Regulator . Nine power stations qualified -- the big four brown coal plants in Victoria , and five other much smaller plants . The four big brown coal plants in Victoria received the majority share of free carbon units , around 37 million of the 42 million free carbon units in September each year . With an average emissions intensity of 1.3 , that effectively meant there was no carbon tax on the first 20 TWh ( or approximately 50 % ) they collectively produced each year . Steel Transformation Plan package ( edit ) The Steel Transformation Plan was a $500 million package for Australia 's two steelmakers . In 2012 , payments of $160 million were made , $200 M to BlueScope and $70 M to OneSteel . Effect of the carbon tax ( edit ) Reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases ( edit ) Because the Australian carbon tax does not apply to all fossil fuels usage , it only had an effect on some of the emitters of greenhouse gases . Among those emitters to which it applied , emissions were significantly lower after introduction of the tax . According to the Investor Group on Climate Change , emissions from companies subject to the tax went down 7 % with the introduction of the tax , and the tax was `` the major contributor '' to this reduction . Continuing growth in greenhouse emissions ( edit ) Australia 's total greenhouse gas emissions increased by 0.3 % in the first six months of the Carbon Tax to December 2012 to 276.5 Mt CO2 equiv , while Australia 's gross domestic product grew at a rate of 2.5 % per annum . Greenhouse emissions from stationary energy ( excluding electricity ) and transport grew by 4 % in the first six months of the carbon tax to December 2012 . However , there is a five - year trend for emissions from the electricity generation sector in Australia to decline . Electricity emissions peaked at 38 % of the national total in September quarter 2008 , coinciding with the start of the Global Financial Crisis . In December 2012 , electricity emissions were just 33 % of national emissions . The decline is due partly to an almost 6 % reduction in electricity demand in the National Electricity market since 2008 . This fall in electricity demand followed : Retail electricity prices rising by approximately 80 % over the past five years ; Reduced economic activity and closure of the Kurri Kurri aluminium smelter in mid-2012 ; and A burst in residential solar PV generation following generous State Government incentives , now all curtailed . Other factors contributing to the five - year fall in greenhouse emissions from the electricity sector are : An increase in wind generation supported by the Renewable Energy Target subsidies ; and Fuel switching from coal to gas . The Australian Government said in July 2013 that the carbon tax was a factor in reducing the emissions intensity in the National Electricity Market from 0.92 t of CO2 per MWh to 0.87 in the 11 months following its introduction . Since the carbon tax was introduced , wholesale electricity prices in the National Electricity market have increased significantly . The Energy Users Association of Australia in its June 2013 paper said that electricity generators have been able to pass through more than 100 % of the cost of the carbon tax . `` If the outcomes observed in the spot market persist then it can be unequivocally concluded that both fossil fuel generators and renewable generators will have gained as a result of emission pricing , at users ' expense . Surely this is not what was intended . '' Alternative explanations of emissions reductions ( edit ) Frontier Economics said the reduction in emissions from the electricity sector in the first year of the carbon tax was ' largely explained by factors unrelated to the carbon tax ' . The Energy Users Association of Australia ( EUAA ) said in June 2013 `` we suggest that it can not be said that pricing emissions has reduced emissions in stationary energy to any meaningful extent '' Significant announcements which have , or May have , relevance to the carbon tax ( edit ) AGL -- In relation to its purchase of the Loy Yang brown coal fired power station in 2012 , one of the single largest emitters of CO2 in Australia states `` On the supply side of the business , the most significant strategic development was the decision to buy the Loy Yang A power station ... The Board also recognised that coal fired generation would be required for decades to come if the demand from Australian households and businesses for electricity was to continue to be satisfied '' Adelaide Brighton ( Australia 's second largest cement producer ) `` .... AdelaideBrighton expects it will significantly mitigate the impact of the carbon tax over the next five years by : Enhancing its import flexibility ; Reducing reliance on domestic manufacture ; Increasing the use of alternative fuels and cementitious substitutes '' BlueScope ( Australia 's largest steelmaker ) `` When funds from the Steel Transformation Plan are taken into account , the Company does not expect to face a net carbon liability over the period '' . Investments as a result of carbon tax ( edit ) David Kassulke , the manager of AJ Bush & Sons , expressed grave concerns over the carbon tax during the lead up to its implementation . However , he now says the carbon tax has had a positive impact on the business . The company expects to cut carbon emissions from 85,000 to 30,000 tonnes per year with the construction of a new biogas plant in 2013 . `` The end result of the introduction of the new biogas technology will not only be a saving of millions of dollars in energy and carbon costs , but also an opportunity for the company to be positioned at the cutting edge of renewable energy technology in the rendering industry , Mr Kassulke said . '' `` The ( biogas technology ) investment is a good way to modernise and will dramatically reduce our emissions . '' `` It will mean that we will reduce our emissions to the point where we will no longer be a big polluter any more . '' `` What the imposition of the carbon tax has done is make industry take stock of what it is currently doing and has forced it to look at doing things in a better way . '' `` It means companies are now looking at ways to use less energy which equates to less cost and a subsequent reduction in the tax that is being levied. `` That has been the intention of the tax and clearly from that perspective it is working and working well . '' Political and industry response ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2014 ) The introduction of a carbon price in Australia was controversial . The day before the 2010 federal election , Prime Minister , Julia Gillard sent out a message regarding carbon pricing , stating `` I do n't rule out the possibility of legislating a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme , a market - based mechanism . '' However the article also articulated her position on that term of government . `` While any carbon price would not be triggered until after the 2013 election ... She would legislate the carbon price next term if sufficient consensus existed '' , and the federal opposition accused the government of breaking an election promise to not introduce a carbon tax . Julia Gillard responded to these accusations by saying that circumstances changed following the 2010 election . Then opposition leader Tony Abbott criticised the carbon pricing policy on economic grounds referring to it as `` toxic '' and likening it to an octopus embracing the whole of the economy . He pledged to repeal the tax after the 18 clean energy bills passed through the House of Representatives and stated that the next election would be a referendum on the `` carbon tax '' . The opposition ( and since the 2013 election the Abbott government ) proposed an alternative `` direct - action '' carbon emissions reduction scheme . Modelling produced by the Department of the Treasury indicated that this scheme would cost twice as much as the Clean Energy Futures Plan . Abbott was unable to find an Australian economist who supported his policy , although he did cite international economists who are supportive . Tony Abbott 's `` Direct Action Plan '' has been criticised because there is no disincentive to continue polluting at the same rate , meaning that emissions will increase rather than decrease by 2020 . In addition , `` under Direct Action it is the public , not polluters who pay . '' The Australian Renewable Energy Agency ( ARENA ) was established as part of the Clean Energy Fund , and commenced operations on 1 July 2012 . It consolidated existing renewable energy technology innovation programs . It had funds to provide financial assistance to research , develop , demonstrate , deploy and commercialise renewable energy in Australia and related technologies . The government - established but independent Clean Energy Finance Corporation ( CEFC ) commenced investment operations from 1 July 2013 , with a focus on investments in renewable energy , low - emissions and energy efficiency technology and the manufacturing companies that produce materials used in such technologies . The majority of big emitters in Australia supported a price on carbon as at July 2012 . However business groups and some big emitters , especially in the mining sector , were opposed to the pricing scheme . Research by Preston Teeter and Jorgen Sandberg at the University of Queensland revealed that liable organisations responded with very few investments in emissions reduction activities , largely due to the great deal of policy uncertainty surrounding the scheme . A protest at Hazelwood Power Station , the OECD 's most polluting power station , in September 2009 . One criticism of the carbon pricing scheme has been that Australia should not proceed with its introduction ahead of other countries . However , according to the Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency , Australia will be one of around 50 jurisdictions implementing similar schemes worldwide . The starting price of $23 per tonne has also been a point of contention . Emissions figures from the 2010 -- 11 financial year suggest the electricity generation sector may be due to pay around $3.9 billion . Loans have been made available so that electricity generators can purchase carbon permits . Macquarie Generation , a Government of New South Wales owned electricity generator , wrote down the value of its assets by about $1 billion as a result of the carbon tax . Power generators in the La Trobe Valley also face substantial write - downs . Modelling undertaken by the Virgin Australia airline calculated that the average increase per flight would be $3 . They responded by implementing a surcharge of between $1.00 and $5.00 to a one - way flight starting in July 2012 . Qantas is raising its ticket prices by between $1.50 and $5.50 . In a survey conducted by the Economic Society of Australia , 60 % of economists thought the carbon pricing proposal was sound economic policy , while 25 % disagreed . A number of public protests both in support of and against the carbon price ( or tax ) have been held in the run up to its introduction . These include the No Carbon Tax Climate Sceptics rallies and Say Yes demonstrations . Effects and impacts ( edit ) Further information : Mitigation of global warming in Australia The carbon pricing scheme was intended to improve energy efficiency , convert electricity generation from coal to alternatives and shift economic activity towards a low carbon economy . Its impact on business was forecast to be 0.1 -- 0.2 % lower than the business as usual scenario . The scheme aimed to prevent 160 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere by 2020 , as well as generating $24 billion over three years . In May 2012 , the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ( ACCC ) reported it was investigating about 100 cases where customers had possibly been misled into paying excessive price rises falsely claimed to be as a result of the carbon tax . By the middle of June , the commission was investigating about 200 cases . The consumer watchdog also set up a phone hotline and online form for complaints regarding excess pricing claimed to be due to the carbon tax . The ACCC had forecast that home construction costs would be at the lower end of the 0.7 % to 1.8 % range predicted by building companies . The Housing Industry Association estimated an average new house would experience a price increase of between 0.8 % and 1.7 % due to the carbon price . Housing construction was expected to be significantly impacted by the carbon tax because new homes require cement , bricks , aluminium , and glass , which are all typically energy - intensive materials . A forecast by the Centre for International Economics predicted the housing construction industry could decline by 12.6 % as a result of the carbon price . The coal industry was expected to be impacted due to the emissions produced as coal is mined , however a similar expense is not expected to be incurred by Australia 's coal exporting competitors . The Institute of Public Affairs claimed that the Australian coal industry would lose jobs to overseas competitors and mines will be closed . Despite the announcement of the scheme , spending on mineral exploration in the March quarter was the highest ever at $1.086 billion . The impact on the LNG industry in Australia was expected to be minor to moderate . No major projects were expected to be cancelled as a result of the introduction of the carbon pricing scheme . Dairy farmers will be impacted because of higher power costs for milk processing . Household bills were expected to rise by an average of around $5 per week . Energy retailer Synergy said the carbon price would result in a 7.1 % rise to power bills . Compensation ( edit ) Because carbon pricing would indirectly flow through to consumers , the Australian government implemented household assistance measures . The measures included changes to income tax : the tax - free threshold increased from $6,000 to $18,200 on 1 July 2012 , and was scheduled to rise to $19,400 from 1 July 2015 . The changes meant those earning less than $20,000 received a tax cut with those earning up to $5,000 receiving the greatest tax reduction . The changes were described as the biggest overhaul of taxation since the Goods and Services Tax was introduced in 2000 . Other steps included direct payments into bank accounts beginning in May 2012 . The payments , called the Clean Energy Advance , were targeted at low - and middle - income households . Some industries received direct compensation . As part of the Energy Security Fund , $1 billion was promised to highly emissions - intensive coal - fired generators . Most of that funding was intended for coal - fired power generators in Victoria . Research by the Grattan Institute suggested that no black coal mining or liquefied natural gas projects would be scrapped as a result of carbon pricing , regardless of industry compensation ; it further claimed that , if coupled with compensation , the carbon pricing regime would in fact leave the steel industry better off . Under the Carbon Farming Initiative , farmers and graziers would have been able to plant trees to earn carbon credits , which could have been on - sold to companies liable to pay a carbon price . The Clean Technology Investment Program was touted as helping the manufacturing sector to support investments in `` energy - efficient capital equipment and low emission technologies , processes and products '' . Companies in the food sector would also have been able to apply for grants to improve their energy efficiency . Emissions reduction ( edit ) Six months after the introduction of carbon pricing the Department of Climate Change and Renewable Energy reported a 9 % decrease in emissions from electricity generators . Nine months after the introduction of the pricing scheme , Australia 's emissions of carbon dioxide due to electricity generation fell to a 10 - year low , with coal generation down 6 % from 2008 to 2009 . Repeal ( edit ) Heading into the 2013 Australian federal election , the Liberal Party platform included the removal of the ' Carbon Tax ' , claiming that the election was in effect a referendum on carbon pricing in Australia . The incoming Liberal Government placed removing the carbon pricing scheme at the head of its legislative program . The carbon tax repeal legislation received Royal Assent on 17 July 2014 and the bills which were part of the package became law , with effect from 1 July 2014 . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Sustainable development portal Australia portal Global warming portal Climate change in Australia Energy development Economics of climate change mitigation List of climate change initiatives New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About the mechanism '' . Clean Energy Regulator. 14 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Teeter , Preston ; Sandberg , Jorgen ( 2016 ) . `` Constraining or Enabling Green Capability Development ? How Policy Uncertainty Affects Organizational Responses to Flexible Environmental Regulations '' . British Journal of Management . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8551.12188 . Jump up ^ Julia Gillard , Prime Minister ( 12 October 2011 ) . Parliamentary Debates ( Hansard ) . Commonwealth of Australia : House of Representatives . p. 11607 . Jump up ^ Department of Climate Change . `` Starting Emissions Trading on 1 July 2014 Policy Summary '' ( PDF ) . Australian Government . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Ker ; Adam Morton ( 20 February 2012 ) . `` Carbon tax fails to slow coal boom '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big fall in electricity sector emissions since carbon tax '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Quarterly Update of Australia 's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory , December Quarter 2012 ( PDF ) . The Department of Industry , Innovation , Climate Change , Science , Research and Tertiary Education . p. 2 . ISSN 2201 - 8883 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Australian co2 emissions hit 10 year low '' . Business Spectator Australia . 4 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Post hoc ergo propter hoc '' ( PDF ) . Frontier Economics . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overpowering '' ( PDF ) . Frontier Economics . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Update of Australia 's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory December Quarter 2012 '' . Australian Government . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key points : Update Paper 6 : Carbon pricing and reducing Australia 's emissions '' . Garnaut Climate Change Review . 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Aulich and Mark Evans , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Rudd government Australian Commonwealth administration 2007 -- 2010 . Acton , A.C.T. : ANU E Press . ISBN 9781921862076 . Retrieved 27 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Van Onselen ( 27 December 2008 ) . `` Rule of reckless vows '' . The Australian . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PM puts off emissions target '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emissions reduction target next year : PM '' . The Age . Melbourne . 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency -- Kyoto Protocol Jump up ^ `` The 7.30 Report '' . ABC . 28 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition to amend ETS ' to aid business ' '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Dennis ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` Tony Abbott to demand Liberal leadership spill '' . The Australian . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Coorey , Phillip ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Shock result as Abbott wins Liberal leadership by one vote ... ETS dead '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carbon pricing '' . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mclennan , David ( 2 February 2010 ) . `` Abbott announces emissions plan -- Local News -- News -- General '' . The Canberra Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillham , Alexis ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` Kevin Rudd delays plans for emissions trading scheme until 2013 '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Gillard Coup Q&A ABC TV '' . Abc.net.au. 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Kelly & Dennis Shanahan ( 20 August 2010 ) . `` Julia Gillard 's carbon price promise '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gillard cautious on climate change '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greens , Labor seal deal '' . 1 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Greg Combet & Jula Gillard ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Prime Minister establishes Climate Change Committee '' . Joint media release . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Multi-party climate change committee clean energy agreement ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Leslie , Tim ( 24 February 2011 ) . `` Gillard unveils Carbon Price Details '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Hudson , Phillip ( 26 February 2011 ) . `` Tony Abbott calls for election on carbon tax '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Opposition vows to repeal carbon tax '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Productivity Commission backs carbon pricing '' . BusinessDay . Fairfax Media . 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Thompson ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Productivity Commission backs Gillard on climate '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Phillip Coorey ( 28 February 2011 ) . `` Windsor says he 'll stop carbon plans if Greens go too far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax gets green light in Senate '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Matt ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Carbon tax bills pass lower house of federal Parliament '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter , Hannam . `` Carbon price helped curb emissions , ANU study finds '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Lisa . `` Carbon tax is gone : Repeal bills pass the Senate '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Emissions Reduction Fund Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , 05 / 05 / 2015 , Fall in greenhouse gas emissions biggest in 24 years Jump up ^ Sarah Collerton ( 14 February 2012 ) . `` Farming and the carbon tax : what 's in store ? '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transport fuels '' . Clean Energy Future . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Carbon-Pricing-Mechanism/Liable-Entities-Public-Information-Database/LEPID-for-2012-13-Financial-year/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Clean Energy Regulator -- Liable Entities Public Information Database '' . Jump up ^ `` Climate Change Authority '' . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.cleanenergyregulator.gov.au/Carbon-Pricing-Mechanism/Industry-Assistance/coal-fired-generators/Pages/default.aspx Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/07/carbon-taxed-companies-cut-emissions-by-7-in-past-year-investor-group-says Jump up ^ http://www.climatechange.gov.au/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-measurement-and-reporting/tracking-australias-greenhouse-gas-emissio-0/quarterly-update-australias-national-greenhouse-gas-inventory-december-2012 Jump up ^ http://www.cleanenergyfuture.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/one-year-on.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Impact of Emission Prices on Electricity Prices in the NEM '' . Energy Users Association of Australia ( EUAA ) . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.agl.com.au/~/media/AGL/About%20AGL/Documents/Media%20Center/ASX%20and%20Media%20Releases/2012/September/ASX%20-%20Annual%20Report%202012.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.adbri.com.au/pdfs/2012/september/ASXABLInvestorTourPresentation2728Sept2012.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.bluescope.com/media/290729/1hfy2013-half-yearlyreport-and-accounts_final.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.beaudeserttimes.com.au/beaudesert/215-carbon-tax-turnaround Jump up ^ `` Julia Gillard 's carbon price promise '' . The Australian . 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Abbott moves to censure Gillard '' . news.com.au. 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , I vowed no carbon tax -- Julia Gillard '' . news.com.au. 27 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joe ( 25 February 2011 ) . `` Julia Gillard fends off accusations she has broken a promise on climate tax '' . The Australian . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Vittorio . `` Tony Abbott Describes Carbon Tax as an Octopus Embracing Australian Economy '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ben Packham and Lanai Vasek ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Tony Abbott makes a ' blood pledge ' to repeal carbon tax after it passes lower house '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Phillip ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` MPs concerned that Tony Abbott 's carbon tax tactics have ' run out of puff ' '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Sid Maher ( 3 September 2011 ) . `` Tony Abbott 's direct action to cost double that of Labor 's carbon attack '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Thompson ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Think again on carbon tax , Abbott tells economists '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/20/coalition-climate-change-direct-action Jump up ^ `` Australian Renewable Energy Agency '' . Department of Energy , Resources and Tourism. 24 February 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Combet , Penny Wong and Craig Ferguson ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` Release of CEFC Expert Review '' . Joint media release . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ David Wroe ( 7 July 2012 ) . Majority of big emitters support new tax scheme . theage.com.au . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ James Grubel ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Australian PM campaigns to sell unpopular carbon tax '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ John Englart ( 14 June 2012 ) . Hazelwood closure urged under the solar panels of CERES in Brunswick . News Community Media . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Morton ( 9 June 2012 ) . `` Australia not alone on carbon pricing : Combet '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sid Maher ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Power firms face $4 bn carbon slug '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Liz Foschia ( 17 April 2012 ) . `` $1 b carbon tax write - down for NSW generator '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Matt O'Sullivan ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` Virgin lifts fares to cover carbon tax '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Economists slam Abbott 's carbon plans '' . theage.com.au . Melbourne : Fairfax Media . 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Carbon Pricing '' . Ecoal , Vol 75 . World Coal Association . August 2011 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Julian Turecek ( 5 May 2011 ) . `` Carbon tax wo n't kill the economy '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt cautions business over carbon tax '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Toy . `` The carbon crunch is only 21 days away '' . Sunday Herald Sun . News Limited . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Lindy Kerin ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Watchdog warns of carbon tax cons '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer watchdog probes carbon price hikes '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sid Maher ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Builders warned over carbon rip - offs as complaints mount '' . The Australian . News Limited . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Carbon Tax and the Residential Building Industry '' . Housing Industry Association . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Bidwell ( 8 June 2012 ) . `` Beware the building cost of carbon tax '' . The Courier Mail . News Limited . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hugh Tobin ( 15 June 2012 ) . `` Carbon Tax Will Cripple Australian Coal Industry : New Study '' ( PDF ) . Media Release . Institute of Public Affairs . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Vittorio Hernandez ( 18 June 2012 ) . `` Carbon Tax Blip : Australia Resource Exploration Spending Still Rises by 35 % '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kebede , Rebekah ( 11 July 2011 ) . `` Q + A-Australia's carbon tax and the LNG industry '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Kath Sullivan ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Dairy farmers want help in dealing with carbon tax '' . ABC Rural . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Samantha Maiden ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Prime Minister Julia Gillard pays out lump sum cash bonuses for families as carbon tax compo '' . The Sunday Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax to push up power bills by 9.1 pc '' . PerthNow . The Sunday Times . 9 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Alison Rehn ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` It 's official , Australia has a carbon tax '' . The Daily Telegraph . News Limited . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clancy Yeates ( 23 June 2012 ) . `` Carbon tax marks biggest overhaul since the GST '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who will get assistance ? '' . Clean Energy Future . Australian Government . July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition takes aim at household assistance ads '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Energy Advance '' . Department of Human Services . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Security Fund '' . Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Victorian power stations get carbon tax compensation '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Yahoo ! 7 . 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon Cullen ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Research finds carbon tax compensation unjustified '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Timothy McDonald ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` Farmers go green under carbon tax scheme '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clean Technology Investment Program '' . AusIndustry . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Carbon Tax And Commercial Electricity Customers '' . Energy Matters ( Australia ) . 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 9pc drop in emissions from power generators '' . ABC News . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ AAP ( 12 April 2012 ) . `` Australian CO2 emissions hit 10 - year low '' . Business Spectator . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . 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who danced with cheryl on dancing with stars

Cheryl Burke - wikipedia Cheryl Burke For the poet and performance artist , see Cheryl B . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Cheryl Burke <Td_colspan="2"> Burke in Beverly Hills , California in October 2009 Cheryl Stephanie Burke ( 1984 - 05 - 03 ) May 3 , 1984 ( age 34 ) San Francisco , California , U.S. Occupation Dancer , model , TV host Years active 1988 -- present Height 5 ft 4 in ( 1.63 m ) Website http://strictlycheryl.com Cheryl Stephanie Burke ( born May 3 , 1984 ) is an American dancer , model and TV host . She is best known for being one of the professional dancers on ABC 's Dancing with the Stars , where she was the first female professional to win the show and the first professional to win twice and consecutively . She has participated in 21 seasons thus far . She came in second on the NBC series I Can Do That . She replaced Abby Lee Miller on Dance Moms in 2017 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Dancing with the Stars 2.1 Performances 2.1. 1 Season 2 : Celebrity Partner Drew Lachey 2.1. 2 Season 3 : Celebrity Partner Emmitt Smith 2.1. 3 Season 4 : Celebrity Partner Ian Ziering 2.1. 4 Season 5 : Celebrity Partner Wayne Newton 2.1. 5 Season 6 : Celebrity Partner Cristián de la Fuente 2.1. 6 Season 7 : Celebrity Partner Maurice Greene 2.1. 7 Season 8 : Celebrity Partner Gilles Marini 2.1. 8 Season 9 : Celebrity Partner Tom DeLay 2.1. 9 Season 10 : Celebrity Partner Chad Ochocinco 2.1. 10 Season 11 : Celebrity Partner Rick Fox 2.1. 11 Season 12 : Celebrity Partner Chris Jericho 2.1. 12 Season 13 : Celebrity Partner Rob Kardashian 2.1. 13 Season 14 : Celebrity Partner William Levy 2.1. 14 Season 15 : Celebrity Partner Emmitt Smith 2.1. 15 Season 16 : Celebrity partner D.L. Hughley 2.1. 16 Season 17 : Celebrity partner Jack Osbourne 2.1. 17 Season 18 : Celebrity partner Drew Carey 2.1. 18 Season 19 : Celebrity partner Antonio Sabàto Jr . 2.1. 19 Season 23 : Celebrity partner Ryan Lochte 2.1. 20 Season 25 : Celebrity partner Terrell Owens 2.1. 21 Season 27 : Celebrity partner Juan Pablo Di Pace 3 Other television 4 Awards and honors 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Burke was born in San Francisco , California and grew up in Atherton , California . She is the daughter of Sherri ( Bautista ) and Stephen Burke . Her mother is of Filipino descent . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Burke won her first championship with 98 Degrees member Drew Lachey in the second season . She won her second championship with retired football star Emmitt Smith in the third season . Cheryl returned to the ballroom on March 19 , 2007 for Season 4 , partnered with actor Ian Ziering . She and Ziering were eliminated in the semi-finals on May 15 , 2007 . Burke said in an interview that Ziering was her least - favorite dance partner ever on DWTS , that she begged the show 's producers to eliminate her every week and that being around Ziering made her want to `` slit my wrists '' ; she later pointedly apologized for the reference to suicide without withdrawing anything she said about Ziering . Burke in 2008 Cheryl Burke participated in a 38 - city Dancing with the Stars tour from December 19 , 2006 to February 11 , 2007 . She also joined the second summer tour , which visited 24 cities between June 20 , 2007 in Austin , Texas and July 24 , 2007 in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Her celebrity partner for both tours was Drew Lachey . Burke competed on Season 5 . Her partner was Las Vegas entertainer Wayne Newton . They were the third couple eliminated from the competition on October 9 , 2007 . Burke participated with both Lachey & Newton in the Dancing with the Stars winter tour that kicked off December 18 , 2007 in Seattle , Washington . The tour wrapped in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania on February 10 , 2008 . Cheryl competed on Season 6 and was partnered with actor Cristián de la Fuente . They trained at Palm Beach , Florida 's `` Paramount Ballroom , '' which is owned by former U.S. Nine - Dance Champion Alec Lazo . They made it to the finals and on May 20 , 2008 , Cheryl and Cristián placed 3rd in the Season 6 competition . The dancer returned to the show for Season 7 with partner Maurice Greene . They were eliminated in Week 8 on November 11 , 2008 and came in 5th place . She returned to the show 's eighth season , in which she was paired with actor Gilles Marini . They were the runners - up for the season , losing to Shawn Johnson and Mark Ballas . On August 17 , 2009 , it was announced that Burke would compete on the ninth season of Dancing with the Stars with partner Tom DeLay ( former U.S. House of Representatives Majority Leader ) . On October 6 , 2009 , Cheryl and DeLay withdrew from the competition because DeLay had stress fractures in both feet . For Toy Story 3 , Burke choreographed the paso doble with Tony Dovolani and did a performance accompanied by the Gipsy Kings live . She also made a fitness video based on Latin dances with Maksim Chmerkovskiy as co-instructors . In season ten she was partnered with Chad Ochocinco . They were eliminated in the semi-finals and came in fourth place . Rick Fox was partnered with Burke in the show 's eleventh season . They were voted off in the seventh week of the competition and came in 6th place . For the twelfth Season , she was partnered with wrestler Chris Jericho . They were voted off in the sixth week of the competition . In the thirteenth season , Burke was partnered with reality star Rob Kardashian . They came in second place , losing to J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff . In the fourteenth season , Cheryl Burke was partnered with actor William Levy . The couple made it to the finals and finished in third place . In Season 15 , Burke returned with former partner and Season 3 Champion , Emmitt Smith for a chance to win another mirrorball trophy . They were eliminated in the semi-finals . For season 16 , Burke was partnered with comedian D.L. Hughley . Despite receiving low marks and harsh criticism from the judges , Hughley and Burke made it halfway through the competition . They were eliminated third in Week 5 of the competition . During Week 8 , she danced a Paso Doble with Jacoby Jones and Karina Smirnoff in the trio challenge . For season 17 , she was partnered with media personality Jack Osbourne . Osbourne 's struggle with multiple sclerosis was a source of inspiration to Burke . They made it to the finals and ended up receiving third place . For season 18 , she was paired with game show host and actor Drew Carey . They were eliminated on Week 6 and ended in 8th place . For season 19 , she was paired with soap star Antonio Sabàto Jr ... The couple was eliminated on Week 7 and finished in 8th place . After Season 19 , Burke chose to leave DWTS for some time after her contract expired to pursue other projects . On August 30 , 2016 , Burke was revealed to be returning to the show to compete on season 23 . She was partnered with Olympic swimmer Ryan Lochte . After a season off , Burke again returned for season 25 , her 20th season as a pro . She was paired with former NFL wide receiver Terrell Owens and finished in 6th place . After taking another season off , she returned once again for season 27 where she is paired with actor Juan Pablo Di Pace . Season Partner Place Drew Lachey 1st Emmitt Smith 1st Ian Ziering 4th 5 Wayne Newton 10th 6 Cristián de la Fuente 3rd 7 Maurice Greene 5th 8 Gilles Marini 2nd 9 Tom DeLay 13th 10 Chad Ochocinco 4th 11 Rick Fox 6th 12 Chris Jericho 7th 13 Rob Kardashian 2nd 14 William Levy 3rd 15 Emmitt Smith 4th 16 D.L. Hughley 9th 17 Jack Osbourne 3rd 18 Drew Carey 8th 19 Antonio Sabàto Jr . 8th 23 Ryan Lochte 7th 25 Terrell Owens 6th 27 Juan Pablo Di Pace TBD Performances ( edit ) Season 2 : Celebrity Partner Drew Lachey ( edit ) Average : 27.7 Placed : 1st Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` She Bangs '' 8 8 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Neutron Dance '' 9 9 9 Safe Jive / `` Crazy Little Thing Called Love '' 9 9 9 Safe Paso Doble / `` Thriller '' 9 9 10 Safe 5 Samba / `` Dirrty '' Salsa / `` Rhythm Is Gonna Get You '' 9 No 9 Scores 9 Given Safe 6 Tango / `` Shut Up '' Viennese Waltz / `` Fallin ' '' 10 No 10 Scores 10 Given Safe 7 Semi-finals Foxtrot / `` It Had to Be You '' Rumba / `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' 9 10 9 9 8 10 Safe 8 Finals Paso Doble / `` Thriller '' Freestyle / `` Save a Horse ( Ride a Cowboy ) '' Jive / `` Hound Dog '' 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 WON Season 3 : Celebrity Partner Emmitt Smith ( edit ) Average : 26.8 Placed : 1st Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Son of a Preacher Man '' 8 8 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Black Horse and the Cherry Tree '' 8 8 8 Safe Tango / `` Simply Irresistible '' 7 6 6 Safe Paso Doble / `` España cañí '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Samba / `` Cha Cha '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Jive / `` Lewis Boogie Blues '' Disco / `` Do n't Stop ' til You Get Enough '' 8 No 8 Scores 9 Given No Elimination 7 Waltz / `` Hushabye Mountain '' Mambo / `` Que Bueno Baila Usted '' 10 10 9 10 9 9 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Witchcraft '' Rumba / `` Spooky '' 8 9 8 10 9 10 Safe 9 Semi-finals Waltz / `` At This Moment '' Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Dance to the Music '' 9 10 10 10 10 10 Bottom Two 10 Finals Samba / `` Sir Duke '' Mambo / `` Que Bueno Baila Usted '' Freestyle / `` U Ca n't Touch This '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 WON Season 4 : Celebrity Partner Ian Ziering ( edit ) Average : 24.8 Placed : 4th Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Mony Mony '' 7 7 7 No elimination Quickstep / `` Do n't Get Me Wrong '' 7 8 7 Safe Jive / `` Hard Headed Woman '' 8 8 8 Safe Waltz / `` He Was Beautiful '' 7 9 8 Safe 5 Samba / `` Dance Like This '' 8 8 8 Safe 6 Paso Doble / `` Waiting for Tonight '' Swing / `` Rock This Town '' 8 No 8 Scores 8 Given Safe 7 Tango / `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Mambo / `` Gimme the Light '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Rumba / `` Imagine '' 8 8 7 8 7 9 Safe 9 Semi-finals Tango / `` Maneater '' Jive / `` All Shook Up '' 9 10 10 10 9 10 Eliminated Season 5 : Celebrity Partner Wayne Newton ( edit ) Average : 17.3 Placed : 10th Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` You 're the First , You 're the Last , You 're my Everything '' 6 7 6 Safe Quickstep / `` Viva Las Vegas '' 5 5 5 Bottom Two Tango / `` La Cumparsita '' 6 6 6 Eliminated Season 6 : Celebrity Partner Cristián de la Fuente ( edit ) Average : 25.2 Placed : 3rd Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Bang Bang '' 7 7 7 No Elimination Quickstep / `` Americano '' 7 6 7 Last To Be Called Safe Jive / `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' 8 8 9 Safe Paso Doble / `` La Virgen de la Macarena '' 9 8 9 Safe 5 Rumba / `` If You 're Not the One '' 7 8 8 Bottom Two 6 Foxtrot / `` Come Fly with Me '' Country Western / `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' 9 No 9 Scores 9 Given Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` I 'll Make Love to You '' Samba / `` Sobe Son '' 8 7 8 7 9 7 Safe 8 Tango / `` Beat It '' Mambo / `` Saca Tu Mujer '' 10 10 9 9 9 10 Safe 9 Semi-finals Viennese Waltz / `` Satellite '' Samba / `` Sweetheart From Venezuela '' 9 10 9 9 9 10 Last To Be Called Safe 10 Finals Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Dancing on the Ceiling '' Freestyle / `` Suavemente '' 8 9 9 8 9 9 Third Place Season 7 : celebrity partner Maurice Greene ( edit ) Average : 22.9 Placed : 5th Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Doing it to Death '' 6 6 6 Safe Mambo / `` I Do the Jerk '' 7 7 7 Safe Rumba / `` Mercy Mercy Me '' 7 6 6 Safe Jive / `` Rock Around the Clock '' 8 8 8 Safe Samba / `` That 's the Way ( I Like It ) '' 6 7 7 Safe 5 Salsa / `` Everything I Ca n't Have '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Viennese Waltz / `` Gravity '' `` Old School Hip Hop '' / `` It Takes Two '' 7 No 7 * Scores 7 Given Safe 7 Cha - cha - cha / `` Cupid Shuffle '' Paso Doble / `` Rocks '' 8 10 9 9 8 10 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' Paso Doble / `` Let It Rock '' 8 8 8 8 8 8 Eliminated Score was awarded by stand in judge Michael Flatley . Season 8 : Celebrity Partner Gilles Marini ( edit ) Average : 28.1 Placed : 2nd Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Addicted to Love '' 8 8 8 No elimination Quickstep / `` Kryptonite '' 9 9 9 Safe Samba / `` El Matador '' 9 9 9 Safe Argentine Tango / `` Assassin 's Tango '' 10 10 10 Safe 5 Paso Doble / `` Habanera '' 10 9 10 Safe 6 Jive / `` Dance , Dance '' 9 8 9 Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` I Go to Sleep '' 1960 's Group Dance / `` The Clapping Song '' 9 No 9 Scores 9 Given Safe 8 Lindy Hop / `` Go Daddy - O '' Tango / `` Womanizer '' 9 9 9 9 9 10 Safe 9 Foxtrot / `` Fever '' Rumba / `` Sexual Healing '' 10 9 9 9 10 9 Safe 10 Semi-finals Waltz / `` Come Away with Me '' Salsa / `` I Know You Want Me ( Calle Ocho ) '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 Safe 11 Finals Paso Doble / `` So What '' Freestyle / `` Flashdance ( What a Feeling ) '' Argentine Tango / `` Assassin 's Tango '' 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 Second Place Season 9 : celebrity partner Tom DeLay ( edit ) Average : 16.3 Placed : 13th Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Wild Thing '' 6 5 5 Safe Viennese Waltz Relay / `` I Am Your Man '' -- -- Safe Tango / `` Por una Cabeza '' 6 6 * 6 Safe Samba / `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' 6 5 Withdrew Score was awarded by stand in judge Baz Luhrmann . Season 10 : Celebrity Partner Chad Ochocinco ( edit ) Average : 22.2 Placed : 4th Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - Cha - Cha / `` It 's Just Begun '' 6 6 6 No Elimination Foxtrot / `` 100 Years '' 6 5 5 Safe Paso Doble / `` Cancion Del Mariachi '' 7 6 7 Safe Rumba / `` Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart '' 7 6 8 Technique Score Performance Score 8 7 8 Safe 5 Quickstep / `` The Bare Necessities '' 6 6 6 Safe 6 Argentine Tango / `` El Sonido De La Milonga '' Swing Marathon / `` In The Mood '' 8 Awarded 8 7 8 Points Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` Sparks '' 8 9 8 Safe 7 Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Telephone '' 9 9 9 Safe 8 Tango / `` Sweet Dreams '' 7 7 7 -- 8 60s ' Jive / `` Love Man 8 8 8 Last To Be Called Safe 9 semi-final Waltz / `` If You Do n't Know Me By Now '' 9 9 9 -- 9 semi-final Samba / `` Alejandro 8 8 9 Eliminated Season 11 : Celebrity Partner Rick Fox ( edit ) Average : 22.3 ( as of October 4 , 2010 ) Placed : 6th Week 4 -- Double Score Showdown -- Technique / Performance score Week # Dance / Song <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Viennese Waltz / `` Crazy '' 8 7 7 Safe Jive / `` Tush '' 7 7 7 Safe Samba / `` Whine Up '' 8 8 8 Safe Argentine Tango / `` Violentango '' 6 / 6 7 / 7 6 / 7 Safe 5 Rumba / `` Hills Street Blues '' Theme 8 8 8 Last To Be called safe 6 Tango / `` You Really Got Me '' Rock N ' Roll marathon / `` La Grange '' 8 Awarded 8 6 8 Points Safe 7 Team Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Workin ' Day and Night '' Quickstep / `` Hey Pachuco '' 8 10 / 9 8 9 8 9 Eliminated Season 12 : Celebrity Partner Chris Jericho ( edit ) Average : 22.3 Placed : 7th Week # Dance / Song / Musician ( s ) <Td_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' 7 6 6 No Elimination Quickstep / `` I Got Rhythm '' 8 7 8 Safe Rumba / `` Let It Be '' 7 7 7 Last To Be Called Safe Paso Doble / `` In the Hall of the Mountain King '' 8 7 8 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` America The Beautiful '' 9 8 9 Last To Be Called Safe 6 Tango / `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' 7 8 7 Eliminated Season 13 : Celebrity Partner Rob Kardashian ( edit ) Average : 25.1 Placed : 2nd Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Viennese Waltz / `` Lake Michigan '' 6 5 5 Safe Jive / `` Surfin ' Safari '' 7 7 7 Safe Foxtrot / `` Fly Me to the Moon '' 8 8 8 Safe Paso Doble / `` Theme from Superman '' 8 8 8 Last to be called Safe 5 Rumba / `` Hello '' 9 8 8 Safe 6 Cha - Cha - Cha / `` Walk Like a Man '' Group Broadway Dance / `` Big Spender '' & `` Money Money '' 8 No 7 Scores 7 Given Safe 7 Tango / `` Theme from The Addams Family '' 9 8 8 Safe Team Paso Doble / `` Bring Me to Life '' 9 8 9 8 Quickstep / `` Take on Me '' 9 9 9 Last to be called Safe Jive / `` Maneater '' 8 8 8 9 Samba / `` I Go to Rio '' 10 9 9 Safe Argentine Tango / `` Libertango '' 9 9 9 Cha - Cha - Cha Relay / `` I Like How It Feels '' Awarded 10 Points 10 Waltz / `` It Is You ( I Have Loved ) '' 9 9 9 Runner - Up Freestyle / `` Minnie the Moocher '' 10 10 10 Foxtrot / `` Fly Me To The Moon '' Awarded 26 Points Samba / `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' 10 10 10 Season 14 : Celebrity Partner William Levy ( edit ) Average : 27.5 Placed : 3rd Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha Cha Cha / `` International Love '' 8 8 8 No Elimination Quickstep / `` Nice Work If You Can Get It '' 9 7 9 Safe Salsa / `` La Vida es un Carnaval '' 9 9 10 Safe Jive / `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' 7 7 8 Safe 5 Argentine Tango / `` Buttons '' 10 9 10 Safe 6 Rumba / `` Being with You '' Motown Marathon 9 Awarded 8 9 10 Points Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` Ave Maria '' Team Paso Doble / `` O Fortuna '' 9 9 9 8 9 9 Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` Stray Cat Strut '' Paso Doble ( Trio Challenge ) / `` Diablo Rojo '' 10 9 10 9 10 9 Safe 9 Semi-finals Tango / `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Samba / `` Magalenha '' 9 10 9 10 10 10 Safe 10 Finals Cha Cha Cha / `` Raise Your Glass '' Freestyle / `` Objection ( Tango ) '' Salsa ( 24 - hour Challenge ) / Juventud de Presente 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 Third Place Season 15 : Celebrity Partner Emmitt Smith ( edit ) Average : 26.7 Placed : 4th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha Cha Cha / `` Chain of Fools '' 8 8.5 8 Safe Quickstep / `` A Cool Cat In Town '' 7.5 7.5 7.5 Safe Paso Doble / `` Canción Del Mariachi '' 8.5 8 8.5 Safe Bolero / `` Better in Time '' 9 9 / 9 9 Safe 5 Samba / `` Copacabana '' Team Freestyle ( Gilles ) / Gangnam Style 9.5 9 9.5 9 10 9 No Elimination 6 Country Week Foxtrot / `` Islands in the Stream '' Group Country Western / `` Save a Horse ( Ride a Cowboy ) '' & `` I Play Chicken with a Train '' 8.5 No 8.5 Scores 9.5 Given Safe 7 Fusion Dances Rumba & Samba / `` Fine By Me '' Swing Marathon / Do Your Thing 8.5 Awarded 9.5 7 9.5 Points No Elimination 8 Viennese Waltz / `` Love Letters '' Salsa ( Trio Challenge ) / `` Mr. Saxobeat '' 9.0 10 9.5 10 9.5 10 Safe 9 Semi-Finals Tango / `` Leave me Alone '' Lindy Hop / `` Secret Agent Man '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 Eliminated Season 16 : Celebrity partner D.L. Hughley ( edit ) Average : 16.6 Place : 9th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha Cha Cha / `` Low '' No Elimination Quickstep / `` It Do n't Mean a Thing '' 5 5 6 Safe Salsa / `` Get Up ( I Feel Like Being a ) Sex Machine '' 6 5 5 Safe Foxtrot / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' 7 7 7 Safe 5 Tango / Love Letter 6 6 6 Eliminated Season 17 : celebrity partner Jack Osbourne ( edit ) Average score : 26.1 Placed : 3rd Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Pack Up '' 8 8 7 No Elimination Rumba / `` Mad World '' 8 8 8 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` Hollywood Swinging '' 7 7 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Man Like That '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Waltz / `` I 'm Kissing You '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Paso Doble / `` Conquest '' Switch - Up Challenge / Various 8 Awarded 9 8 Points No Elimination 7 Jive / `` Going Up the Country '' Team Freestyle / `` The Fox ( What Does the Fox Say ? ) '' 10 10 8 10 9 10 Safe 8 Tango / `` The Beat Goes On '' Disco Dance - Off / `` Song for the Lonely '' 9 Awarded 9 9 Points Last to be called Safe 9 Viennese Waltz / `` Let Me Go '' Trio Samba / `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' 10 8 10 8 9 9 Safe 10 Semi-finals Jazz / `` Roxanne '' Argentine Tango / `` Roxanne '' ( acoustic version ) 8 10 8 / 9 9 / 9 8 10 Safe 11 Finals Jive / `` Going Up the Country '' Samba Relay / `` No Scrubs '' Freestyle / `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' Paso Doble & Salsa Fusion / `` Sexy People ( The Fiat Song ) '' 8 Awarded 10 9 8 10 9 8 Points 10 9 Third Place Season 18 : celebrity partner Drew Carey ( edit ) Average : 22.0 Place : 8th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' 7 7 7 No Elimination Jive / `` You Ca n't Sit Down '' 7 7 7 Safe Waltz / `` Fade into You '' 7 7 / 8 8 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` Sugarfoot '' 8 8 / 9 8 No Elimination 5 Quickstep / `` Friend Like Me '' 7 7 / 7 7 Safe 6 Tango / `` Super Freak '' 8 9 / 7 8 Eliminated Score by guest judge Robin Roberts . For this week only , as part of the `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Drew Carey did not perform with Burke and instead performed with Witney Carson . Burke performed with James Maslow . Score by guest judge Julianne Hough . Score by guest judge Donny Osmond . Score by guest judge Redfoo . Season 19 : celebrity partner Antonio Sabàto Jr ( edit ) Average : 28.6 Placed : 8th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="4"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Tonight ( I 'm Lovin ' You ) '' 6 6 6 7 Safe Rumba / `` Adorn '' 8 7 8 8 Safe Foxtrot / `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 7 7 7 8 Safe Samba / `` Love Will Never Do ( Without You ) '' 7 8 7 7 Safe 5 Bollywood / `` 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 Get on the Dance Floor '' 8 6 7 7 No Elimination 6 Salsa / `` Bailando '' 7 7 7 7 Safe 7 Viennese Waltz / `` I Put a Spell on You '' Team Freestyle / `` Time Warp '' 6 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman . The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Sabàto Jr. performed with Allison Holker instead of Burke . Burke performed with Alfonso Ribeiro . Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman . Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman . Season 23 : Celebrity partner Ryan Lochte ( edit ) Average : 28.9 Placed : 7th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="4"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Call Me Irresponsible '' 6 6 6 6 No Elimination Quickstep / `` The Muppet Show Theme '' 6 6 6 6 Last to be called safe Cha - cha - cha / `` If It Ai n't Love '' 6 7 6 6 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Jeux d'Eau '' 7 -- 7 8 Safe 5 Contemporary / `` A Song for You '' 8 -- 8 8 No Elimination 6 Salsa / `` La Negra Tiene Tumbao '' 7 8 8 7 Safe 7 Rumba / `` I Do n't Wanna Miss a Thing '' Team Freestyle / `` The Skye Boat Song '' 7 10 7 9 7 9 7 10 Safe 8 Tango / `` Howlin ' for You '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' 7 Awarded -- 8 Extra 8 Points Eliminated Score given by guest judge Pitbull . Season 25 : Celebrity partner Terrell Owens ( edit ) Average : 22.8 Place : 6th Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' 5 5 5 No Elimination Foxtrot / `` Pillowtalk Samba / `` Hot in Herre '' 7 6 6 6 7 7 Last to be called safe Safe Salsa / `` The Breaks '' 7 7 7 No Elimination Viennese Waltz / `` I Have Nothing '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Quickstep / `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' 9 8 8 Safe 6 Jive / `` Feel It Still '' 9 9 / 10 9 Last to be called safe 7 Tango / `` Super Freak '' Team Freestyle / `` Monster Mash '' 8 8 8 8 9 8 Last to be called safe 8 Charleston / `` Bad Boy Good Man '' Trio Rumba / `` Slow Hands '' 9 8 9 8 9 8 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Shania Twain . Season 27 : Celebrity partner Juan Pablo Di Pace ( edit ) Average : TBD Place : TBD Week # Dance / Song <Th_colspan="3"> Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Salsa / `` Dinero '' 7 7 8 Safe Quickstep / `` 42nd Street '' Foxtrot / `` Why Do n't You Do Right ? '' 9 9 8 8 9 9 Safe Samba / `` Ni Tú Ni Yo '' 10 10 10 Safe Trio Cha - cha - cha / `` Wavey '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` Gaston '' 10 9 10 No Elimination 6 Jive / `` Dead Man 's Party '' 10 10 10 Safe Other television ( edit ) Burke had a guest role on the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , in the episode `` Loosely Ballroom '' along with fellow Dancing professionals Louis van Amstel , Ashly DelGrosso , and Lacey Schwimmer . She portrayed Shannon , a nurse attending to the ensemble cast during a dance contest at the series setting , The Tipton Hotel . In the final round of the competition , Burke 's character volunteers to replace an ill competitor ( Carey ) . She and her partner , Esteban , go on to win the competition . She came in second on the first season of I Can Do That , losing to Nicole Scherzinger on the final three - person - super-group performance , having led the competition since week 2 . She replaced Abby Lee Miller on Dance Moms in 2017 . She took over the ALDC Elite competition team while on the show . Burke appeared on Hell 's Kitchen as a VIP guest diner in the ninth episode of Season 17 . Awards and honors ( edit ) 2005 World Cup Professional Rising Star Latin Champion 2005 San Francisco Latin Champion 2005 Ohio Star Ball Rising Star Latin Champion UK Championships 4th in U.S. in the `` Under 21s . '' Two - time Dancing with the Stars champion -- Season 2 with Drew Lachey , Season 3 with Emmitt Smith Prime Time Emmy 2006 , Outstanding Choreography On October 20 , 2007 , Cheryl won the Role Model Award at the 7th Annual Filipino / American Library Gala . On the 2008 Asian Excellence Awards , she won the Viewer 's Choice award for Favorite T.V. Personality . Personal Life ( edit ) In 2011 , Burke released her autobiography , Dancing Lessons . Included in it is a description of how she , at age 5 , was molested by a handyman helping her family , who repeatedly fondled her . She believed it was wrong but wanted to gain the affection of the person . The molester was sentenced to 22 years in prison and was released in 2008 . Burke said that she is fearful of the person . Burke has done numerous promotions outside of Dancing with the Stars which include Depend Silhouette briefs , Impress Nails and Sargento Cheese . Her partnership with these companies has raised a lot of money including 50 thousand dollars that Depend is donating to Dress for Success . She opened her first dance studio in April 2008 and created her own line of activewear the next year . In 2017 , People and Us Weekly reported Burke is dating Matthew Lawrence . The two first met in 2006 , when Lawrence 's brother , Joey was cast on DWTS . Burke and Lawrence previously dated from 2007 -- 2008 . The two became engaged after Lawrence proposed to Burke on May 3 , 2018 , her 34th birthday . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Wayne Newton and Cheryl Burke cut from ' Dancing with the Stars ' -- Reality TV World -- News , information , episode summaries , message boards , chat and games for unscripted television programs '' . Realitytvworld.com . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dancing With The Stars -- Season 5 Jump up ^ Lazodancesport.com Archived 2009 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Olshansky , Elliot . `` Tom DeLay withdraws from ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Entourage ' actress Debi Mazar booted '' New York Daily News October 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/exclusive-cheryl-burke-returning-dancing-stars-shes-really-excited-source-says-85981 Jump up ^ Murphy , Desiree ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Season 27 Cast Revealed -- Meet the Celebs and Their Pro Partners ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cheryl Burke on Joining Dance Moms amid Abby Lee Miller 's Contentious Exit : ' I Know How to Motivate These Girls ' '' . PEOPLE.com. 2017 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Today.msnbc.msn.com Jump up ^ http://www.accesshollywood.com/healthy-hollywood-try-it-on-tuesday-cheryl-burkes-confidence-building-tips_article_78436 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/cheryl-burke/bio/216506 Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Pro Cheryl Burke Is Dating Matthew Lawrence -- Again ! '' . PEOPLE.com. 2017 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/cheryl-burke-matthew-lawrence-take-romantic-vacation-after-reuniting-w494408 Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars ' Cheryl Burke Is Engaged to Matthew Lawrence : ' Here Comes the Bride ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheryl Burke . Official web site for Cheryl Burke Dance Official web site for Cheryl Burke Dancing with the Stars biography My Ox Is Broken Interview ( 2006 ) Cheryl Burke on IMDb Cheryl Burke interview <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements Preceded by Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo Dancing with the Stars ( US ) winner Season 2 ( Winter 2006 with Drew Lachey ) Season 3 ( Autumn 2006 with Emmitt Smith ) Succeeded by Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Preceded by Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( US ) runner up Season 8 ( Spring 2009 with Gilles Marini ) Season 13 ( Fall 2011 with Rob Kardashian ) Succeeded by Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas Preceded by Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts Ricki Lake & Derek Hough Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff Dancing with the Stars ( US ) third place contestant Season 6 ( Spring 2008 with Cristián de la Fuente ) Season 14 ( Spring 2012 with William Levy ) Season 17 ( Fall 2013 with Jack Osbourne ) Succeeded by Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas Preceded by Monique Coleman & Louis Van Amstel Joanna Krupa & Derek Hough Maria Menounos & Derek Hough Dancing with the Stars ( US ) semi-finalist Season 4 ( Spring 2007 with Ian Ziering ) Season 10 ( Spring 2010 with Chad Ochocinco ) Season 15 ( Fall 2012 with Emmitt Smith ) Succeeded by Jennie Garth & Derek Hough Brandy & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Alexandra Raisman & Mark Ballas Preceded by Mario & Karina Smirnoff Dancing with the Stars ( US ) quarter - finalist Season 7 ( Fall 2008 with Maurice Greene ) Succeeded by Lil ' Kim & Derek Hough <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes 27 Juniors Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0001 0737 8565 VIAF : 93952027 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheryl_Burke&oldid=866395326 '' Categories : 1984 births Living people American ballroom dancers People from Atherton , California Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) winners American female dancers Dancers from California American choreographers American people of Filipino descent Eurasian Americans Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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1. Cheryl Burke - American dancer, model, and TV host 2. Dancing with the Stars - popular TV show where Burke is a professional dancer 3. Multiple wins on Dancing with the Stars - first female professional to win the show and first professional to win twice and consecutively 4. Celebrity partners on Dancing with the Stars - includes Drew Lachey, Emmitt Smith, Wayne Newton, and more 5. Other television appearances and personal

what is the biggest mountain range in africa

List of highest mountain peaks of Africa - wikipedia List of highest mountain peaks of Africa Kilimanjaro from the air . This is a list of the highest mountains of Africa . It aims to include the 75 highest mountains with a prominence of at least 500 m . Some regions are still poorly described and the list is likely to be both incomplete and not completely accurate . This is especially true for the Ethiopian Highlands , where heights on maps and in the literature differ between each other by up to 500 m . All elevations have been checked or chosen to match the SRTM - based contour lines in the Google terrain maps . The highest African mountain is Kilimanjaro , which has three peaks , named Kibo , Mawenzi and Shira , of which Kibo is the tallest . Kibo and Mawenzi are listed separately below ; Shira is not tall enough to qualify for this list . Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Rank Mountain Height ( m ) Prominence ( m ) Range Country Parent mountain First ascent Kibo ( Uhuru Pk ) 5895 5885 Kilimanjaro Tanzania 03 ° 04 ′ 33 '' S 37 ° 21 ′ 09 '' E  /  3.07583 ° S 37.35250 ° E  / - 3.07583 ; 37.35250  ( 1 . Kibo ( Uhuru Pk ) ( 5895 m ) ) 1889 Mount Kenya ( Batian ) 5199 3825 Mount Kenya Kenya 00 ° 09 ′ 07 '' S 37 ° 18 ′ 30 '' E  /  0.15194 ° S 37.30833 ° E  / - 0.15194 ; 37.30833  ( 2 . Mt Kenya ( Batian ) ( 5199 m ) ) Kibo 1899 Mawenzi ( Hans Meyer Pk ) 5148 850 Kilimanjaro Tanzania 03 ° 05 ′ 33 '' S 37 ° 27 ′ 21 '' E  /  3.09250 ° S 37.45583 ° E  / - 3.09250 ; 37.45583  ( 3 . Mawenzi ( Hans Meyer Pk ) ( 5148 m ) ) Kibo 1912 Ngaliema / Mt Stanley ( Margherita Pk ) 5109 3951 Rwenzori DR Congo Uganda 00 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 29 ° 52 ′ 21 '' E  /  0.38556 ° N 29.87250 ° E  / 0.38556 ; 29.87250  ( 4 . Mt Stanley ( Margherita Pk ) ( 5109 m ) ) Kibo 1906 Mount Kenya ( Lenana ) 4985 130 Mount Kenya Kenya 00 ° 09 ′ 18 '' S 37 ° 19 ′ 03 '' E  /  0.15500 ° S 37.31750 ° E  / - 0.15500 ; 37.31750  ( Mt Kenya ( Lenana ) ( 4985 m ) ) Nelion 1899 Ngaliema / Mt Stanley ( Savoia Pk ) 4977 110 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 22 ′ 26 '' N 29 ° 52 ′ 34 '' E  /  0.37389 ° N 29.87611 ° E  / 0.37389 ; 29.87611  ( Mt Stanley ( Savoia Pk ) ( 4977 m ) ) Margherita 1906 Duwoni / Mt Speke ( Vittorio Emanuele Pk ) 4890 720 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 23 ′ 53 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 33 '' E  /  0.39806 ° N 29.89250 ° E  / 0.39806 ; 29.89250  ( 5 . Duwoni / Mt Speke ( 4890 m ) ) Stanley 1906 6 Kiyanja / Mt Baker ( Edward Pk ) 4844 507 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 21 ′ 40 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 34 '' E  /  0.36111 ° N 29.89278 ° E  / 0.36111 ; 29.89278  ( 6 . Kiyanja / Mt Baker ( 4844 m ) ) Stanley 1906 7 Mount Emin ( sv ) ( Umberto Pk ) 4798 495 Rwenzori DR Congo 00 ° 25 ′ 42 '' N 29 ° 54 ′ 00 '' E  /  0.42833 ° N 29.90000 ° E  / 0.42833 ; 29.90000  ( 7 . Mt Emin ( Umberto Pk ) ( 4798 m ) ) Speke 1906 8 Mount Gessi ( sv ) ( Iolanda Pk ) 4715 565 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 25 ′ 19 '' N 29 ° 55 ′ 06 '' E  /  0.42194 ° N 29.91833 ° E  / 0.42194 ; 29.91833  ( 8 . Mt Gessi ( Iolanda Pk ) ( 4715 m ) ) Emin 1906 Mount Luigi di Savoia ( de ) ( Sella Pk ) 4627 345 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 19 ′ 48 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 16 '' E  /  0.33000 ° N 29.88778 ° E  / 0.33000 ; 29.88778  ( Mt Luigi di Savoia ( Sella Pk ) ( 4627 m ) ) Baker 1906 9 Mount Meru ( Socialist Pk ) 4566 3170 Mount Meru Tanzania 03 ° 14 ′ 39 '' S 36 ° 45 ′ 00 '' E  /  3.24417 ° S 36.75000 ° E  / - 3.24417 ; 36.75000  ( 9 . Mt Meru ( Socialist Pk ) ( 4566 m ) ) Kibo 1904 10 Ras Dashen 4550 3997 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 14 ′ 12 '' N 38 ° 22 ′ 21 '' E  /  13.23667 ° N 38.37250 ° E  / 13.23667 ; 38.37250  ( 10 . Ras Dashen ( 4550 m ) ) Kenya 1841 11 Karisimbi 4507 3312 Virunga Mountains DR Congo Rwanda 01 ° 30 ′ 22 '' S 29 ° 27 ′ 01 '' E  /  1.50611 ° S 29.45028 ° E  / - 1.50611 ; 29.45028  ( 11 . Karisimbi ( 4507 m ) ) Stanley 1903 Ancua / Ankwa / Weynobar 4462 380 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 16 ′ 09 '' N 38 ° 24 ′ 44 '' E  /  13.26917 ° N 38.41222 ° E  / 13.26917 ; 38.41222  ( Ankwa / Weynobar ( 4462 m ) ) Ras Dashen 12 Kidis Yared 4453 730 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 18 ′ 01 '' N 38 ° 19 ′ 40 '' E  /  13.30028 ° N 38.32778 ° E  / 13.30028 ; 38.32778  ( 12 . Kidis Yared ( 4453 m ) ) Ras Dashen 13 Mikeno 4437 1190 Virunga Mountains DR Congo 01 ° 27 ′ 47 '' S 29 ° 25 ′ 11 '' E  /  1.46306 ° S 29.41972 ° E  / - 1.46306 ; 29.41972  ( 13 . Mikeno ( 4437 m ) ) Karisimbi 1927 14 Bwahit 4437 810 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 14 ′ 37 '' N 38 ° 13 ′ 03 '' E  /  13.24361 ° N 38.21750 ° E  / 13.24361 ; 38.21750  ( 14 . Bwahit ( 4437 m ) ) Kidis Yared 15 Portal Peaks ( Kihuma ) 4391 565 Rwenzori Uganda 00 ° 24 ′ 18 '' N 29 ° 57 ′ 30 '' E  /  0.40500 ° N 29.95833 ° E  / 0.40500 ; 29.95833  ( 15 . Portal Peaks ( Kihuma ) ( 4391 m ) ) Gessi 1945 16 Tullu Demtu 4377 2527 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06 ° 49 ′ 36 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 09 '' E  /  6.82667 ° N 39.81917 ° E  / 6.82667 ; 39.81917  ( 16 . Tullu Demtu ( 4377 m ) ) Ras Dashen 17 Mount Elgon ( Wagagai ) 4321 2458 Mount Elgon Uganda 01 ° 07 ′ 06 '' N 34 ° 31 ′ 35 '' E  /  1.11833 ° N 34.52639 ° E  / 1.11833 ; 34.52639  ( 17 . Mt Elgon ( Wagagai ) ( 4321 m ) ) Kenya 1911 Mount Elgon ( Sudek ) 4302 150 Mount Elgon Kenya Uganda 01 ° 05 ′ 59 '' N 34 ° 34 ′ 26 '' E  /  1.09972 ° N 34.57389 ° E  / 1.09972 ; 34.57389  ( Mt Elgon ( Sudek ) ( 4302 m ) ) Wagagai 1890 18 Amba Farit 4270 2061 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10 ° 57 ′ 02 '' N 39 ° 06 ′ 16 '' E  /  10.95056 ° N 39.10444 ° E  / 10.95056 ; 39.10444  ( 18 . Amba Farit ( 4270 m ) ) Bwahit 19 Abune Yosef / Guliba Amba 4260 1909 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12 ° 08 ′ 28 '' N 39 ° 11 ′ 01 '' E  /  12.14111 ° N 39.18361 ° E  / 12.14111 ; 39.18361  ( 19 . Abune Yosef / Guliba Amba ( 4260 m ) ) Ras Dashen Ioll / Yoll 4220 350 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 00 ′ 31 '' N 39 ° 05 ′ 46 '' E  /  11.00861 ° N 39.09611 ° E  / 11.00861 ; 39.09611  ( Ioll ( 4220 m ) ) Amba Farit 20 Bada 4195 1605 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 54 ′ 34 '' N 39 ° 23 ′ 35 '' E  /  7.90944 ° N 39.39306 ° E  / 7.90944 ; 39.39306  ( 20 . Bada ( 4195 m ) ) Tullu Demtu 21 Kaka / Kecha / Chiqe 4193 1215 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 21 ′ 50 '' N 39 ° 09 ′ 28 '' E  /  7.36389 ° N 39.15778 ° E  / 7.36389 ; 39.15778  ( 21 . Kaka / Chiqe ( 4193 m ) ) Bada 22 Jbel Toubkal 4167 3755 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 03 ′ 36 '' N 07 ° 54 ′ 54 '' W  /  31.06000 ° N 7.91500 ° W  / 31.06000 ; - 7.91500  ( 22 . Jbel Toubkal ( 4167 m ) ) Stanley 1923 23 Muhavura 4127 1530 Virunga Mountains Rwanda Uganda 01 ° 22 ′ 58 '' S 29 ° 40 ′ 40 '' E  /  1.38278 ° S 29.67778 ° E  / - 1.38278 ; 29.67778  ( 23 . Muhavura ( 4127 m ) ) Karisimbi 1898 24 Hey / Hay 4125 660 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 18 ′ 58 '' N 38 ° 27 ′ 05 '' E  /  13.31611 ° N 38.45139 ° E  / 13.31611 ; 38.45139  ( 24 . Hey ( 4125 m ) ) Weynobar 25 Guna 4120 1510 Guna Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 38 ° 14 ′ 13 '' E  /  11.70722 ° N 38.23694 ° E  / 11.70722 ; 38.23694  ( 25 . Guna ( 4120 m ) ) Abune Yosef 26 Choqa / Choke / Birhan 4100 2225 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 10 ° 42 ′ 51 '' N 37 ° 50 ′ 59 '' E  /  10.71417 ° N 37.84972 ° E  / 10.71417 ; 37.84972  ( 26 . Choqa / Birhan ( 4100 m ) ) Bwahit Ouanoukrim 4088 420 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 02 ′ 11 '' N 07 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W  /  31.03639 ° N 7.94694 ° W  / 31.03639 ; - 7.94694  ( Ouanoukrim ( 4088 m ) ) Toubkal 27 Chilalo 4071 610 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 54 ′ 55 '' N 39 ° 15 ′ 44 '' E  /  7.91528 ° N 39.26222 ° E  / 7.91528 ; 39.26222  ( 27 . Chilalo ( 4071 m ) ) Bada 28 Inatye 4070 500 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 38 ° 09 ′ 52 '' E  /  13.26056 ° N 38.16444 ° E  / 13.26056 ; 38.16444  ( 29 . Inatye ( 4070 m ) ) Bwahit 29 Ighil Mgoun 4068 1904 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 30 ′ 30 '' N 06 ° 26 ′ 38 '' W  /  31.50833 ° N 6.44389 ° W  / 31.50833 ; - 6.44389  ( 30 . Ighil Mgoun ( 4068 m ) ) Toubkal 28 Mount Cameroon 4045 3905 Cameroon line Cameroon 04 ° 13 ′ 00 '' N 09 ° 10 ′ 20 '' E  /  4.21667 ° N 9.17222 ° E  / 4.21667 ; 9.17222  ( 28 . Mt Cameroon ( 4045 m ) ) Stanley 1861 Weshema / Wasema ? 4030 420 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06 ° 58 ′ 15 '' N 39 ° 37 ′ 01 '' E  /  6.97083 ° N 39.61694 ° E  / 6.97083 ; 39.61694  ( Weshema ( 4030 m ) ) Tullu Demtu 31 Oldoinyo Lesatima 4001 2081 Aberdare Range Kenya 00 ° 18 ′ 40 '' S 36 ° 36 ′ 58 '' E  /  0.31111 ° S 36.61611 ° E  / - 0.31111 ; 36.61611  ( 31 . Oldoinyo Lesatima ( 4001 m ) ) Mt Kenya 32 Jebel n'Tarourt / Tifnout / Iferouane 3996 910 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 04 ′ 53 '' N 07 ° 45 ′ 52 '' W  /  31.08139 ° N 7.76444 ° W  / 31.08139 ; - 7.76444  ( 32 . Jebel n'Tarourt / Iferouane ( 3996 m ) ) Toubkal 33 Muggia 3950 500 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12 ° 04 ′ 25 '' N 39 ° 22 ′ 41 '' E  /  12.07361 ° N 39.37806 ° E  / 12.07361 ; 39.37806  ( 33 . Muggia ( 3950 m ) ) Abune Yosef 34 Dubbai 3941 1540 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12 ° 51 ′ 32 '' N 39 ° 29 ′ 52 '' E  /  12.85889 ° N 39.49778 ° E  / 12.85889 ; 39.49778  ( 34 . Dubbai ( 3941 m ) ) Abune Yosef Taska n'Zat 3912 460 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 09 ′ 49 '' N 07 ° 38 ′ 53 '' W  /  31.16361 ° N 7.64806 ° W  / 31.16361 ; - 7.64806  ( Taska n'Zat ( 3912 m ) ) Tarourt Aksouâl 3903 450 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 07 ′ 05 '' N 07 ° 51 ′ 30 '' W  /  31.11806 ° N 7.85833 ° W  / 31.11806 ; - 7.85833  ( Aksouâl ( 3903 m ) ) Toubkal 35 Mount Kinangop 3902 530 Aberdare Range Kenya 00 ° 37 ′ 37 '' S 36 ° 42 ′ 28 '' E  /  0.62694 ° S 36.70778 ° E  / - 0.62694 ; 36.70778  ( 35 . Mt Kinangop ( 3902 m ) ) Lesatima 36 Cimbia 3900 590 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10 ° 52 ′ 27 '' N 39 ° 16 ′ 05 '' E  /  10.87417 ° N 39.26806 ° E  / 10.87417 ; 39.26806  ( 36 . Cimbia ( 3900 m ) ) Amba Farit Anrhemer / Ingehmar 3892 380 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 09 ′ 05 '' N 07 ° 47 ′ 36 '' W  /  31.15139 ° N 7.79333 ° W  / 31.15139 ; - 7.79333  ( Anrhemer / Ingehmar ( 3892 m ) ) Aksoual 37 Ieciuol ? 3840 560 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 39 ° 28 ′ 10 '' E  /  10.88389 ° N 39.46944 ° E  / 10.88389 ; 39.46944  ( 37 . Ieciuol ? ( 3840 m ) ) Cimbia Kawa / Caua / Lajo 3830 475 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 13 ′ 02 '' N 39 ° 38 ′ 49 '' E  /  7.21722 ° N 39.64694 ° E  / 7.21722 ; 39.64694  ( Kawa / Lajo ( 3830 m ) ) Weshema Pt 3820 3820 450 Kollo Massif Ethiopia 10 ° 54 ′ 55 '' N 39 ° 20 ′ 15 '' E  /  10.91528 ° N 39.33750 ° E  / 10.91528 ; 39.33750  ( Pt 3820 ( 3820 m ) ) Cimbia 38 Jbel Tignousti 3819 930 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 29 ′ 52 '' N 06 ° 43 ′ 00 '' W  /  31.49778 ° N 6.71667 ° W  / 31.49778 ; - 6.71667  ( 38 . Jbel Tignousti ( 3819 m ) ) Mgoun 39 Filfo / Encuolo 3805 770 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 22 ′ 08 '' N 39 ° 21 ′ 19 '' E  /  7.36889 ° N 39.35528 ° E  / 7.36889 ; 39.35528  ( 39 . Filfo / Encuolo ( 3805 m ) ) Bada 40 Kosso Amba 3805 530 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 47 ′ 32 '' N 39 ° 26 ′ 14 '' E  /  11.79222 ° N 39.43722 ° E  / 11.79222 ; 39.43722  ( 40 . Kosso Amba ( 3805 m ) ) Pt 3950 Jbel Ghat 3781 470 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 31 ′ 17 '' N 06 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W  /  31.52139 ° N 6.74167 ° W  / 31.52139 ; - 6.74167  ( Jbel Ghat ( 3781 m ) ) Tignousti 41 Baylamtu / Gavsigivla 3777 1120 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12 ° 21 ′ 10 '' N 39 ° 03 ′ 48 '' E  /  12.35278 ° N 39.06333 ° E  / 12.35278 ; 39.06333  ( 41 . Baylamtu / Gavsigivla ( 3777 m ) ) Abune Yosef 42 Ouaougoulzat ( fr ) 3763 860 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 39 ′ 17 '' N 06 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W  /  31.65472 ° N 6.25556 ° W  / 31.65472 ; - 6.25556  ( 42 . Ouaougoulzat ( 3763 m ) ) Irhil MGoun 43 Somkaru 3760 530 Bale Mountains Ethiopia 06 ° 49 ′ 25 '' N 39 ° 16 ′ 56 '' E  /  6.82361 ° N 39.28222 ° E  / 6.82361 ; 39.28222  ( 43 . Somkaru ( 3760 m ) ) Tullu Demtu 44 Abieri 3750 780 Semien Mountains Ethiopia 13 ° 31 ′ 25 '' N 38 ° 21 ′ 22 '' E  /  13.52361 ° N 38.35611 ° E  / 13.52361 ; 38.35611  ( 44 . Abieri ( 3750 m ) ) Ras Dashen 45 Arin Ayachi 3747 1400 East High Atlas Morocco 32 ° 28 ′ 36 '' N 04 ° 55 ′ 37 '' W  /  32.47667 ° N 4.92694 ° W  / 32.47667 ; - 4.92694  ( 45 . Arin Ayachi ( 3747 m ) ) Ouaougoulzat 46 Teide 3718 3718 Tenerife Spain ( Canary Islands ) 28 ° 16 ′ 21 '' N 16 ° 38 ′ 32 '' W  /  28.27250 ° N 16.64222 ° W  / 28.27250 ; - 16.64222  ( 46 . Teide ( 3718 m ) ) Island high point 1582 47 Visoke / Bisoke 3711 585 Virunga Mountains DR Congo Rwanda 01 ° 27 ′ 29 '' S 29 ° 29 ′ 07 '' E  /  1.45806 ° S 29.48528 ° E  / - 1.45806 ; 29.48528  ( 47 . Visoke ( 3711 m ) ) Karisimbi 1908 48 Sarenga 3700 1160 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12 ° 40 ′ 12 '' N 39 ° 29 ′ 45 '' E  /  12.67000 ° N 39.49583 ° E  / 12.67000 ; 39.49583  ( 48 . Sarenga ( 3700 m ) ) Dubbai 49 Woti / Uoti 3700 1050 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 09 ° 43 ′ 36 '' N 39 ° 43 ′ 46 '' E  /  9.72667 ° N 39.72944 ° E  / 9.72667 ; 39.72944  ( 49 . Woti ( 3700 m ) ) Pt 3840 Pt 3700 ( Kulsa ? ) 3700 490 Arsi Mountains Ethiopia 07 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 39 ° 01 ′ 08 '' E  /  7.41028 ° N 39.01889 ° E  / 7.41028 ; 39.01889  ( Pt 3700 ( Kulsa ? ) ( 3700 m ) ) Kecha 50 Loolmalassin 3682 2040 Crater Highlands Tanzania 03 ° 02 ′ 56 '' S 35 ° 49 ′ 15 '' E  /  3.04889 ° S 35.82083 ° E  / - 3.04889 ; 35.82083  ( 50 . Loolmalassin ( 3682 m ) ) Meru 51 Biala ? 3680 870 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 12 ° 27 ′ 17 '' N 39 ° 00 ′ 12 '' E  /  12.45472 ° N 39.00333 ° E  / 12.45472 ; 39.00333  ( 51 . Biala ( 3680 m ) ) Baylamtu 52 Azurki / Azourki 3677 790 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 44 ′ 48 '' N 06 ° 15 ′ 40 '' W  /  31.74667 ° N 6.26111 ° W  / 31.74667 ; - 6.26111  ( 52 . Azurki ( 3677 m ) ) Ouaougoulzat 53 Pt 3645 3645 910 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 30 ′ 02 '' N 39 ° 32 ′ 11 '' E  /  11.50056 ° N 39.53639 ° E  / 11.50056 ; 39.53639  ( 53 . Pt 3645 ( 3645 m ) ) Koso Amba 54 Sabyinyo 3634 1010 Virunga Mountains Rwanda DR Congo Uganda 01 ° 23 ′ 15 '' S 29 ° 35 ′ 30 '' E  /  1.38750 ° S 29.59167 ° E  / - 1.38750 ; 29.59167  ( 54 . Sabyinyo ( 3634 m ) ) Karisimbi 1907 55 Mount Gurage / Guraghe 3620 1400 Gurage Mountains Ethiopia 08 ° 16 ′ 37 '' N 38 ° 21 ′ 55 '' E  /  8.27694 ° N 38.36528 ° E  / 8.27694 ; 38.36528  ( 55 . Mt Gurage ( 3620 m ) ) Uoti Angour 3616 444 Toubkal Atlas Morocco 31 ° 10 ′ 29 '' N 07 ° 49 ′ 31 '' W  /  31.17472 ° N 7.82528 ° W  / 31.17472 ; - 7.82528  ( Angour ( 3616 m ) ) Anrhemer 56 Jbel Igdat 3615 1609 West High Atlas Morocco 30 ° 57 ′ 39 '' N 08 ° 25 ′ 50 '' W  /  30.96083 ° N 8.43056 ° W  / 30.96083 ; - 8.43056  ( 56 . Jbel Igdat ( 3615 m ) ) Toubkal 1888 57 Jbel n'Anghomar 3609 1420 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 20 ′ 11 '' N 06 ° 59 ′ 51 '' W  /  31.33639 ° N 6.99750 ° W  / 31.33639 ; - 6.99750  ( 57 . Jbel n'Anghomar ( 3609 m ) ) Ighil MGoun Yegura / Amba Moka 3605 420 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 39 ° 27 ′ 39 '' E  /  11.49583 ° N 39.46083 ° E  / 11.49583 ; 39.46083  ( Yegura / Amba Moka ( 3605 m ) ) Pt 3645 58 Pt 3600 ( Kitir ? ) 3600 870 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10 ° 38 ′ 22 '' N 39 ° 41 ′ 53 '' E  /  10.63944 ° N 39.69806 ° E  / 10.63944 ; 39.69806  ( 58 . Pt 3600 ( Kitir ? ) ( 3600 m ) ) Uoti 59 Pt 3600 3600 610 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 38 ′ 40 '' N 39 ° 32 ′ 52 '' E  /  11.64444 ° N 39.54778 ° E  / 11.64444 ; 39.54778  ( 59 . Pt 3600 ( 3600 m ) ) Koso Amba 60 Bar Meda high point 3580 520 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10 ° 22 ′ 28 '' N 39 ° 48 ′ 15 '' E  /  10.37444 ° N 39.80417 ° E  / 10.37444 ; 39.80417  ( 60 . Bar Meda ( 3580 m ) ) Pt 3600 ( Kitir ? ) 61 Jbel Erdouz 3579 690 West High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 02 ′ 46 '' N 08 ° 24 ′ 25 '' W  /  31.04611 ° N 8.40694 ° W  / 31.04611 ; - 8.40694  ( 61 . Jbel Erdouz ( 3579 m ) ) Igdat 62 Mount Gugu 3570 940 Mount Gugu Ethiopia 08 ° 12 ′ 18 '' N 39 ° 58 ′ 00 '' E  /  8.20500 ° N 39.96667 ° E  / 8.20500 ; 39.96667  ( 62 . Mt Gugu ( 3570 m ) ) Bada 63 Gesh Megal ( ? ) 3570 520 Gurage Mountains Ethiopia 08 ° 23 ′ 16 '' N 38 ° 23 ′ 29 '' E  /  8.38778 ° N 38.39139 ° E  / 8.38778 ; 38.39139  ( 63 . Gesh Megal ( ? ) ( 3570 m ) ) Gurage 64 Gughe 3568 2013 Balta Mountains Ethiopia 06 ° 12 ′ 13 '' N 37 ° 23 ′ 21 '' E  /  6.20361 ° N 37.38917 ° E  / 6.20361 ; 37.38917  ( 64 . Gughe ( 3568 m ) ) Gurage 65 Megezez 3565 690 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 09 ° 17 ′ 11 '' N 39 ° 32 ′ 00 '' E  /  9.28639 ° N 39.53333 ° E  / 9.28639 ; 39.53333  ( 65 . Megezez ( 3565 m ) ) Uoti Pt 3555 3555 475 Lasta Massif Ethiopia 11 ° 33 ′ 29 '' N 39 ° 34 ′ 12 '' E  /  11.55806 ° N 39.57000 ° E  / 11.55806 ; 39.57000  ( Pt 3555 ( 3555 m ) ) Pt 3645 66 Jbel Tinergwet 3551 880 West High Atlas Morocco 30 ° 48 ′ 46 '' N 08 ° 49 ′ 41 '' W  /  30.81278 ° N 8.82806 ° W  / 30.81278 ; - 8.82806  ( 66 . Jbel Tinergwet ( 3551 m ) ) Igdat 67 Amba Alagi 3550 820 Tigray Mountains Ethiopia 12 ° 57 ′ 44 '' N 39 ° 34 ′ 13 '' E  /  12.96222 ° N 39.57028 ° E  / 12.96222 ; 39.57028  ( 67 . Amba Alagi ( 3550 m ) ) Dubbai 68 Chemnirot ( Kamelogon Pk ) 3530 1510 Cherangani Hills Kenya 01 ° 16 ′ 10 '' N 35 ° 29 ′ 50 '' E  /  1.26944 ° N 35.49722 ° E  / 1.26944 ; 35.49722  ( 68 . Chemnirot ( Kamelogon Pk ) ( 3530 m ) ) Elgon 69 Gara Guda / Kara Gada 3530 900 Salale Mountains Ethiopia 09 ° 48 ′ 31 '' N 38 ° 38 ′ 09 '' E  /  9.80861 ° N 38.63583 ° E  / 9.80861 ; 38.63583  ( 69 . Gara Guda ( 3530 m ) ) Megezez 70 Amonewas 3530 870 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 10 ° 58 ′ 13 '' N 38 ° 15 ′ 46 '' E  /  10.97028 ° N 38.26278 ° E  / 10.97028 ; 38.26278  ( 70 . Amonewas ( 3530 m ) ) Choke 71 Amedamit 3530 760 Choqa Mountains Ethiopia 11 ° 07 ′ 29 '' N 37 ° 21 ′ 23 '' E  /  11.12472 ° N 37.35639 ° E  / 11.12472 ; 37.35639  ( 71 . Amedamit ( 3530 m ) ) Choke 72 Igoudamene 3519 550 Central High Atlas Morocco 31 ° 35 ′ 08 '' N 06 ° 25 ′ 47 '' W  /  31.58556 ° N 6.42972 ° W  / 31.58556 ; - 6.42972  ( 72 . Igoudamene ( 3519 m ) ) Mgoun Abuye Meda 3505 230 Eastern Escarpment Ethiopia 10 ° 29 ′ 34 '' N 39 ° 45 ′ 37 '' E  /  10.49278 ° N 39.76028 ° E  / 10.49278 ; 39.76028  ( Abuye Meda ( 3505 m ) ) Bar Meda high point 73 Thabana Ntlenyana 3482 2390 Drakensberg Lesotho 29 ° 27 ′ 46 '' S 29 ° 15 ′ 59 '' E  /  29.46278 ° S 29.26639 ° E  / - 29.46278 ; 29.26639  ( 73 . Thabana Ntlenyana ( 3482 m ) ) 74 Mont Mohi ( fr ) 3480 1592 Mitumba Mountains DR Congo 02 ° 57 ′ 12 '' S 28 ° 47 ′ 04 '' E  /  2.95333 ° S 28.78444 ° E  / - 2.95333 ; 28.78444  ( 74 . Mont Mohi ( 3480 m ) ) Karisimbi Gahinga 3474 425 Virunga Mountains Uganda Rwanda 01 ° 23 ′ 12 '' S 29 ° 38 ′ 47 '' E  /  1.38667 ° S 29.64639 ° E  / - 1.38667 ; 29.64639  ( Gahinga ( 3474 m ) ) Muhavura 1906 75 Nyiragongo 3470 1440 Virunga Mountains DR Congo 01 ° 31 ′ 04 '' S 29 ° 15 ′ 13 '' E  /  1.51778 ° S 29.25361 ° E  / - 1.51778 ; 29.25361  ( 75 . Nyiragongo ( 3470 m ) ) Karisimbi 1894 See also ( edit ) Mountains portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Only mountains with a prominence of 500 m or more are ranked . Jump up ^ Many mountains are known by multiple names , each with multiple spellings Jump up ^ Most `` round '' heights for mountains in the Ethiopian Highlands are crude estimates from contour lines on Google terrain maps . Jump up ^ The prominence data were extracted from a combination of maps and Google terrain data . Values for mountains with prominences over 1,500 m were copied from this website . Jump up ^ Extracted from the Google terrain maps Jump up ^ Here defined as the first higher 500 - m - prominent mountain connected via the highest saddle . Jump up ^ These are the first documented ascents . Most mountains in this list are not technically difficult to climb , so that earlier local ascents are likely . ^ Jump up to : André Meyer , Exploration of the Albert National Park - Mission for volcanic studies , Brussels 1955 . Page 23 Jump up ^ Tullu Demtu and Batu are two hills 6 km apart on a high plateau in the Bale Mountains and separated by a ca . 4135 m high depression . According to SRTM data Batu appears the somewhat lower of the two ( ca . 4350 m ) Jump up ^ Once thought to be the highest peak of the High Atlas . Until recently estimated at 4,001 m Jump up ^ Often said to be 3,805 m high , but 3,880 contour lines are consistent with the 3,912 m height . Jump up ^ Brown favors a 3,842 m height , with 3,903 as alternative , but broad 3,860 m contour lines are consistent with the higher value Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,949 m , which is not supported by SRTM data Jump up ^ Peak heights given in the literature include 3581m , 3517m , 3505m and 3450m . SRTM contour lines suggest 3510 - 3540 m . Summit at 1 ° 16'20 '' N , 35 ° 31'07 '' E looks equally high . Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,664 m , which is not supported by SRTM data Jump up ^ Often given a height of 3,619 m , which is not supported by SRTM data Jump up ^ Often given a height of 4,000 m , which is not supported by SRTM data Jump up ^ Within the Itombwe Massif subrange Sources ( edit ) Jamish Brown , Climbing in the Atlas Mountains , The Alpine Journal , 2002 , pp. 81 -- 91 . Des Clark , Mountaineering in the Moroccan High Atlas , Cicerone , 2011 Bernhard Lindahl , Local History of Ethiopia , 2005 / 2008 ( for verification of names ) Lists and / or maps covering all peaks in the world with 1500 m+ prominence at Peaklist.org `` Africa Range3 High Points '' . Peakbagger.com . `` Africa 4000 - meter Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . ( an unverified list ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_mountain_peaks_of_Africa&oldid=863107260 '' Categories : Mountains of Africa Lists of mountains by prominence Lists of mountains by continent Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Interlanguage link template link number Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Kiswahili Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 19 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Highest mountain peaks of Africa 2. Kilimanjaro, the tallest mountain in Africa 3. Ethiopian Highlands and their varying heights 4. Prominence of at least 500m in African mountains 5. Mount Kenya and its peaks, Batian and Lenana

when was the 1st harry potter book published

Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . Harry Potter <Td_colspan="2"> The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films <Td_colspan="2"> The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which has become the second highest - grossing film series of all time as of August 2015 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 United Kingdom 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Harry Potter universe The central character in the series is Harry Potter , an English boy who lives with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers nicknamed Death Eaters at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne and based on a story by author J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is alchemy - related ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian and Vietnamese . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact For more details on this topic , see Harry Potter fandom . Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated the New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored a New York Times op - ed article calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 New York Times review of Deathly Hallows , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . The Daily Mail interviewed siblings of Harry Potter who stated , `` We could n't believe people visit his grave , but apparently they come from miles around to have their photo taken next to it . '' In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . Titles in the series of Harry Potter games Year Title <Th_colspan="3"> Platform ( s ) Acquired label ( s ) Console Computer Handheld Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation Greatest Hits Lego Creator : Harry Potter N / A Windows N / A N / A 2002 Lego Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets N / A Windows N / A N / A Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2003 Harry Potter Quidditch World Cup PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance NDS PSP PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Advance NDS PSP N / A 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP Mobile Game N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP N / A Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP 3DS PS Vita N / A Harry Potter for Kinect Xbox 360 N / A N / A N / A 2012 Book of Spells PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A 2013 Book of Potions PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books , beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , Rowling and John Tiffany . It has run at the Palace Theatre in London 's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016 . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway and Melborne . The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere , with a revised version following the next year . Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . United Kingdom In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . Warner Bros. Studio Tour London is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction , Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter , is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . References Jump up ^ Peter Svensson ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . 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( 13 February 2013 ) . `` New Harry Potter Covers by Kazu Kibuishi '' . www.wired.com . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , April ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` 5 Questions With ... Kazu Kibuishi ( Amulet series ) '' . www.reading.org . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Simon ( 18 July 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter casts spell at checkouts '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Potter book smashes sales records '' . BBC News . 18 July 2005 . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' tale is fastest - selling book in history '' . The New York Times . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter at Bloomsbury Publishing -- Adult and Children Covers '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Meg ( 1 May 2003 ) . `` ' Muggle ' Redux in the Oxford English Dictionary '' . School Library Journal . 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Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Booth , Jenny ( 1 November 2007 ) . `` J.K. Rowling publishes Harry Potter spin - off '' . London : Telegraph.com . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( 24 June 2000 ) . `` The Times Plans a Children 's Best - Seller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter breaks pre-order record '' . RTÉ.ie Entertainment . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fierman , Daniel ( 31 August 2005 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . When I buy the books for my grandchildren , I have them all gift wrapped but one ... that 's for me . And I have not been 12 for over 50 years . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter hits midnight frenzy '' . CNN . 15 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worksheet : Half - Blood Prince sets UK record '' . BBC News . 20 July 2005 . 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Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heilman , Elizabeth E. , ed. ( 2008 ) , Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter ( 2nd ed . ) , Routledge , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 89154 - 1 Jump up ^ To Read or Not to Read ; A question of national consequence ( PDF ) , National Endowment for the Arts , November 2007 Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( 11 July 2007 ) , `` Harry Potter has limited effect on reading habits '' , New York Times Jump up ^ Conn , J.J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . PMID 12472752 . Jump up ^ Fields , J.W. ( 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter , Benjamin Bloom , and the Sociological Imagination '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education . 19 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Jenny ( 25 July 2007 ) . `` Missing from ' Harry Potter '' -- a real moral struggle `` . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Griesinger , E. ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the `` deeper magic '' : narrating hope in children 's literature `` . Christianity and Literature. 51 ( 3 ) : 455 -- 480 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( 8 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter : Fraud '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hitchens , Christopher ( 12 August 2007 ) . `` The Boy Who Lived '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Private Harry Potter -- Worcestershire Regiment '' . www.worcestershireregiment.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The British Cemetery in Ramla '' . en.goramla.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grave of real - life British soldier Harry Potter killed 71 years ago becomes an official tourist attraction in Israel '' . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ C. Mutz , Diana ( 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Donald '' . Elections in Focus. 49 . Jump up ^ `` SScholastic Inc , J.K. Rowling and Time Warner Entertainment Company , L.P , Plaintiffs / Counterclaim Defendants , - against - Nancy Stouffer : United States District Court for the Southern District of New York '' . ICQ. 17 September 2002 . Retrieved 12 June 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( 2000 ) . `` Warner Brothers bullying ruins Field family Xmas '' . The Register . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fake Harry Potter novel hits China '' . BBC News . 4 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reading Harry Potter : critical essays -- Page 54 , Giselle Liza Anatol -- 2003 Jump up ^ Olsen , Ted . `` Opinion Roundup : Positive About Potter '' . Cesnur.org . Retrieved 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bonta , Steve ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Tolkien 's Timeless Tale '' . The New American . Vol. 18 no . 2 . Jump up ^ Liddle , Rod ( 21 July 2007 ) . `` Hogwarts is a winner because boys will be sexist neocon boys '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Eccleshare , J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , S.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' . Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Garner , D. ( 1 May 2008 ) . `` Ten Years Later , Harry Potter Vanishes From the Best - Seller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bolonik , K. ( 16 August 2000 ) . `` A list of their own '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , R. ( 21 July 2000 ) . `` Why ' Harry Potter ' Did a Harry Houdini '' . Time . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Books : Cover Stories At the Frankfurt Book Fair '' . The Independent . London . 10 October 1998 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . London . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures : Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goblet Helmer Confirmed '' . IGN. 11 August 2003 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` ' Phoenix ' Rising '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 28 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates Dark Horizons Interview , OOTP and HBP Production '' . Darkhorizons.com. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Spelling , Ian ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Yates Confirmed For Potter VI '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Sooner : Harry Potter Changes Release Date '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . Market Watch . 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Final ' Harry Potter ' book will be split into two movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last Day 12 June 2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Harry Potter '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Books vs films '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New ' Potter ' movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK ' loves ' Goblet of Fire movie '' . Newsround . BBC . 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Harry Potter Director David Yates '' . Comingsoon.net. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC News . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts : JK Rowling confirms there will be five films in Harry Potter spin - off series '' . Independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games '' . 21 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2006 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter gameplay Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wizard training for Muggles : Sony creates new Book of Spells game to keep Harry Potter fans happy '' . Daily Mail . 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Sony announces intriguing Wonderbook for PS3 -- Harry Potter author on board '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentine , James ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` It 's time for the compleat , omnipresent me '' . The Australian . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creator Bryan Fuller Hints at PUSHING DAISIES Broadway - Bound ' Revival ' '' . broadwayworld.com. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out '' . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Melbourne . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. Rowling 's personal website Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World <Th_colspan="2"> Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award <Td_colspan="2"> Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award <Td_colspan="2"> The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) Books View or order collections of articles Harry Potter <Td_colspan="2"> Portals Access related topics Harry Potter portal Children 's literature portal Speculative fiction portal <Td_colspan="2"> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata GND : 4629916 - 6 SUDOC : 080780571 BNF : cb137554124 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter&oldid=815556783 '' Categories : Harry Potter BILBY Award - winning works Coming - of - age fiction Curses in fiction Fantasy novel series Schools in fiction Family in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Book series introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 15 : 38 . 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who did andy murray beat in wimbledon finals

Andy Murray - wikipedia Andy Murray This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other people with the same name , see Andrew Murray ( disambiguation ) . Sir Andy Murray OBE <Td_colspan="2"> Murray in 2016 Full name Andrew Barron Murray Country ( sports ) Great Britain Residence London , England , UK ( 1987 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1987 ( age 30 ) Glasgow , Scotland , UK Height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Turned pro 2005 Plays Right - handed ( two - handed backhand ) Coach Jamie Delgado ( 2016 -- ) Ivan Lendl ( 2011 -- 2014 , 2016 -- ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Àlex Corretja ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Miles Maclagan ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Brad Gilbert ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Mark Petchey ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Prize money US $ 60,807,644 4th all - time leader in earnings Official website andymurray.com <Th_colspan="2"> Singles Career record 655 -- 184 ( 78.07 % ) Career titles 45 ( 14th in the Open Era ) Highest ranking No. 1 ( 7 November 2016 ) Current ranking No. 3 ( 25 September 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Slam Singles results Australian Open F ( 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) French Open F ( 2016 ) Wimbledon W ( 2013 , 2016 ) US Open W ( 2012 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other tournaments Tour Finals W ( 2016 ) Olympic Games W ( 2012 , 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Doubles Career record 67 -- 71 ( 48.55 % ) Career titles Highest ranking No. 51 ( 17 October 2011 ) Current ranking No. 557 ( 25 September 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Slam Doubles results Australian Open 1R ( 2006 ) French Open 2R ( 2006 ) Wimbledon 1R ( 2005 ) US Open 2R ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other doubles tournaments Olympic Games 2R ( 2008 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Mixed doubles Career record 7 -- 4 Career titles 0 <Th_colspan="2"> Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results Wimbledon 2R ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other mixed doubles tournaments Olympic Games F ( 2012 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team competitions Davis Cup W ( 2015 ) Hopman Cup F ( 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Medal record ( hide ) <Th_colspan="3"> Representing Great Britain <Th_colspan="3"> Tennis , Summer Olympics 2012 London Men 's Singles 2016 Rio de Janeiro Men 's Singles 2012 London Mixed Doubles <Td_colspan="2"> Last updated on : 25 September 2017 . Sir Andrew Barron Murray , OBE ( born 15 May 1987 ) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland currently ranked world no . 3 in men 's singles . Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three - time Grand Slam tournament winner , two - time Olympic champion , Davis Cup champion and the winner of the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals . Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the 2012 US Open final , becoming the first British player since 1977 , and the first British man since 1936 , to win a Grand Slam singles tournament . Murray is also the first British man to win more than one Wimbledon singles title since Fred Perry in 1935 . Murray is the men 's singles 2012 and 2016 Olympic gold medallist , making him the only tennis player , male or female , to have won two Olympic singles titles . He featured in Great Britain 's Davis Cup - winning team in 2015 , going 11 -- 0 in his matches ( 8 singles and 3 doubles ) as they secured their first Davis Cup title since 1936 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Career 2.1 Junior tennis 2.2 2005 : Turning professional 2.3 2006 : First title , British No. 1 2.4 2007 : Top 10 player 2.5 2008 : First Major final 2.6 2009 : Two Masters titles 2.7 2010 : Australian Open runner - up 2.8 2011 : Two Masters titles 2.9 2012 : Olympic gold and US champion 2.10 2013 : Wimbledon champion and surgery 2.11 2014 : 30th career title 2.12 2015 : Davis Cup champion 2.13 2016 : Wimbledon , Olympic gold and No. 1 2.14 2017 : Injuries 3 National representation 3.1 Davis Cup 3.1. 1 2005 3.1. 2 2006 3.1. 3 2007 3.1. 4 2008 3.1. 5 2009 3.1. 6 2010 3.1. 7 2011 3.1. 8 2012 3.1. 9 2013 3.1. 10 2014 3.1. 11 2015 3.1. 12 2016 3.2 Olympics 4 Rivalries 4.1 Murray vs. Djokovic 4.2 Murray vs. Federer 4.3 Murray vs. Nadal 4.4 Murray vs. Wawrinka 5 Playing style 6 Endorsements and equipment 7 Coaches 8 Charitable work 9 Image 9.1 National identity 9.2 Victory Salute 9.3 Other 10 Career statistics 10.1 Ranking 10.2 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline 10.3 Year -- End Championships 10.3. 1 Singles : 1 ( 1 title ) 10.4 Olympic Games 10.4. 1 Singles Finals : 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) 10.4. 2 Mixed doubles finals : 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) 10.5 Records and achievements 11 Awards and honours 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Early and personal Life ( edit ) Andy Murray was born in Glasgow , Scotland , the son of Judy Murray ( née Erskine ) and William Murray . His maternal grandfather , Roy Erskine , was a professional footballer in the late 1950s . Murray is a supporter of Hibernian Football Club , the team his grandfather represented . Murray 's elder brother , Jamie , is also a professional tennis player , playing on the doubles circuit . Murray was born with a bipartite patella , where the kneecap remains as two separate bones instead of fusing together in early childhood , but was not diagnosed until the age of 16 . He has been seen holding his knee due to the pain caused by the condition and has pulled out of events because of it . Murray began playing tennis at the age of three when his mother Judy took him to play on the local courts . He played in his first competitive tournament at age five and by the time he was eight he was competing with adults in the Central District Tennis League . Murray grew up in Dunblane and attended Dunblane Primary School . He and his brother were present during the 1996 Dunblane school massacre , when Thomas Hamilton killed 16 children and a teacher before shooting himself ; Murray took cover in a classroom . Murray says he was too young to understand what was happening and is reluctant to talk about it in interviews , but in his autobiography Hitting Back he states that he attended a youth group run by Hamilton , and that his mother gave Hamilton lifts in her car . Murray later attended Dunblane High School . Murray 's parents split up when he was 10 . He believes the impact this had on him could be the reason behind his competitive spirit . At 15 , he was asked to train with Rangers Football Club at their School of Excellence , but declined , opting to focus on his tennis career instead . He then decided to move to Barcelona , Spain . There he studied at the Schiller International School and trained on the clay courts of the Sánchez - Casal Academy , coached by Pato Alvarez . Murray described this time as `` a big sacrifice '' . His parents had to find £ 40,000 to pay for his 18 - month stay there . While in Spain , he trained with Emilio Sánchez , formerly the world No. 1 doubles player . In February 2013 , Murray bought Cromlix House for £ 1.8 million which opened as a 15 - room five - star hotel in April 2014 . Later that month Murray was awarded freedom of Stirling and received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Stirling in recognition of his services to tennis . Murray began dating Kim Sears , daughter of player - turned - coach Nigel Sears , in 2005 . Their engagement was announced in November 2014 , and they married on 11 April 2015 at Dunblane Cathedral in his home town . The couple have a daughter , born on 7 February 2016 . He identifies himself as a feminist . Career ( edit ) Junior tennis ( edit ) Leon Smith , Murray 's tennis coach from 11 to 17 , described Murray as `` unbelievably competitive '' , while Murray attributes his abilities to the motivation gained from losing to his older brother Jamie . In 1999 , at the age of 12 , Murray won his age group at the Orange Bowl , a prestigious event for junior players . He won it again at the age of 14 , and is one of only nine tennis players to win the Junior Orange Bowl championship twice in its 70 - year history , alongside the likes of Jimmy Connors , Jennifer Capriati , Monica Seles , and Yishai Oliel . In July 2003 , Murray started out on the Challenger and Futures circuit . In his first tournament , he reached the quarterfinals of the Manchester Challenger . In September , Murray won his first senior title by taking the Glasgow Futures event . He also reached the semifinals of the Edinburgh Futures event . For the first six months of 2004 , Murray had a knee injury and could n't play . In July 2004 , Murray played a Challenger event in Nottingham , where he lost to future Grand Slam finalist Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in the second round . Murray then went on to win Futures events in Xàtiva and Rome . In September 2004 , he won the Junior US Open and was selected for the Davis Cup World Group play - off match against Austria later that month ; however , he was not selected to play . Later that year , he won BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year . As a junior , Murray reached as high as No. 6 in the world in 2003 ( and No. 8 in doubles ) . In the 2004 - instated combined rankings , Murray reached No. 2 in the world . Junior Slam results : Australian Open : - French Open : SF ( 2005 ) Wimbledon : 3R ( 2004 ) US Open : W ( 2004 ) 2005 : turning professional ( edit ) Murray began 2005 ranked world No. 407 , but when he was in South America in January , he hurt his back and had to take three months off . In March , he became the youngest Briton to play in the Davis Cup . Murray turned professional in April and was given a wild card entry to a clay - court tournament in Barcelona , the Open SEAT , where he lost in three sets to Jan Hernych . In April , Murray parted acrimoniously from his coach Pato Alvarez , complaining about his negative attitude . Murray then reached the semifinals of the boys ' French Open , where he lost in straight sets to Marin Čilić . Mark Petchey agreed to coach Murray for four weeks until the end of Wimbledon , but it metamorphosed into a full - time position . Given a wild card to Queen 's , Murray progressed past Santiago Ventura in straight sets for his first ATP match win . Following a second - round win against Taylor Dent , he played former Australian Open champion Thomas Johansson in the third round , losing in three sets after cramping and twisting his ankle . Following his performance at Queen 's , Murray received a wild card for Wimbledon . Ranked No. 312 , Murray became the first Scot in the Open Era to reach the third round of the men 's singles tournament at Wimbledon . In the third round , Murray lost to 2002 Wimbledon finalist David Nalbandian due to cramping and fatigue , having led two sets to love . Following Wimbledon , Murray won Challenger events on the hard courts of Aptos and Binghamton , New York . He then experienced his first Masters event at Cincinnati , where he beat Taylor Dent , before losing in three sets to then world No. 4 , Marat Safin . With a wild card entry , Murray played Andrei Pavel in the opening round of the US Open , where he recovered from down two sets to one to win his first five - set match . However , he lost in the second round to Arnaud Clément in another five - set contest . Murray was again selected for the Davis Cup match against Switzerland . He was picked for the opening singles rubbers , losing in straight sets to Stanislas Wawrinka . Murray made his first ATP final at the Thailand Open where he faced world No. 1 Roger Federer . Murray lost in straight sets . Murray beat Tim Henman in their first meeting , at the Basel Swiss Indoors in the first round , and eventually reached the quarterfinals . In November , Murray captained Scotland at the inaugural Aberdeen Cup against England led by Greg Rusedski . This was an exhibition tournament and the only event where Murray played Rusedski , they never met on the Tour . Rusedski beat Murray in the first match , but Murray won the second . This was also the first time that Andy and his brother Jamie Murray played doubles as seniors . Scotland defeated England 41⁄2 -- 21⁄2 . He completed the year ranked No. 64 and was named the 2005 BBC Scotland Sports Personality of the Year . 2006 : first title , British No. 1 ( edit ) The 2006 season saw Murray compete on the full circuit for the first time and split with his coach Mark Petchey and team up with Brad Gilbert . On 27 February , Murray became the British No. 1 , ending Tim Henman 's seven - year run . Murray was now world No. 42 , Greg Rusedski No. 43 , and Tim Henman No. 49 . Rusedski regained his British No. 1 status on 15 May for eight weeks , after which Murray became No. 1 again on 10 July . Murray suffered a straight sets defeat at the Australian Open , to Argentine Juan Ignacio Chela in the first round and to Gaël Monfils at the French Open , in five sets . Murray did reach the fourth round for the first time at both Wimbledon ( beating 3rd seed Andy Roddick in the 3rd round ) and the US Open . Murray played in Davis Cup ties against Serbia , Israel and Ukraine . Murray missed the opening singles matches before losing the doubles as Britain lost their tie against Serbia . During the tie with Israel , Murray won his rubber and lost the doubles before pulling out with a neck injury before the reverse singles , as Britain lost the tie . Against Ukraine , Murray won both his singles rubbers , but lost the doubles , as Britain won the tie . At the Masters , Murray lost in the first round in Miami , Monte Carlo and Rome . Murray went out of the tournaments in Indian Wells and Hamburg in the second round . Murray reached his first Masters semifinal in Toronto at the Rogers Cup , losing to Richard Gasquet . At Cincinnati , Murray became only one of two players , alongside Rafael Nadal , to defeat Roger Federer in 2006 , breaking the Swiss star 's 55 match winning streak on hard courts . He lost two rounds later to Andy Roddick , but broke into the top 20 for the first time . In the final two Masters events in Madrid and Paris , Murray exited both tournaments at the last - 16 stage ending his season , with losses to Novak Djokovic and Dominik Hrbatý . When the tour reached San Jose , California ; Murray defeated a top ten player for the first time , Andy Roddick . Murray went on to claim the SAP Open title defeating world No. 11 Lleyton Hewitt . Murray was a finalist at the Legg Mason Tennis Classic . Playing doubles with his brother in Bangkok the pair reached the final . After the French Open , where Murray was injured again , he revealed that his bones had n't fully grown , causing him to suffer from cramps and back problems . In November , the Aberdeen Cup was held for the second time , with Murray leading the Scotland team and Greg Rusedski captaining England . Scotland won 61⁄2 -- 1 . 2007 : top 10 player ( edit ) Murray reached the fourth round of the Australian Open , where he lost a five - set match against world No. 2 , Rafael Nadal . Following the Miami Masters , where he reached the semifinals , Murray became the world No. 10 on 16 April . The British No. 1 sustained tendon damage during his first round match at the German Open in Hamburg . Murray was up 5 -- 1 when he hit a forehand from the back of the court and snapped the tendons in his wrist , leaving him out of action from 15 May until 7 August , thereby missing Wimbledon . During this rest period , Murray rose to world No. 8 , but by 7 August , he had dropped to no 14 . Murray suffered a third round loss at the US Open . At the Masters tournaments , Murray reached the semifinals of Indian Wells and Miami . At Rome and Cincinnati , Murray exited in the first round whilst going out in the second in Canada . In the final two masters tournaments , Murray exited in the third round in Madrid and he went out in the quarterfinals of Paris . Murray won titles in San Jose and St. Petersburg . He also reached the final of tournaments in Doha and Metz , finishing the season ranked 11th in the world . In November , Murray split with his coach Brad Gilbert and added a team of experts along with Miles Maclagan , his main coach . 2008 : first major final ( edit ) Murray at the 2008 US Open In 2008 , Murray suffered a first round loss at the Australian Open to eventual runner - up Jo - Wilfried Tsonga , and a third round loss at the French Open to Nicolás Almagro . Murray then made his first Grand Slam quarterfinal at Wimbledon before making his first final at the US Open . During the tournament in New York , Murray claimed his first win over Nadal . That victory meant that he 'd become the first player from Britain since Greg Rusedski in 1997 to reach a major final . In his first Grand Slam final Murray suffered a straight sets loss to Federer . At the Beijing Olympics , Murray suffered one of the worst defeats of his career , losing his first round singles match to world No. 77 Yen - hsun Lu of Taiwan in straight sets . That abject defeat was still on his mind in a BBC interview five years later -- despite an intervening Olympic gold medal and a head - to - head win -- when he met the same player ( now ranked 75 in the world ) in the 2nd round of Wimbledon 2013 . In the Masters tournaments Murray went out in round four in Indian Wells and the first round of Miami . In the clay Masters Murray made the third round of Monte Carlo and Hamburg and the second of Rome . On the American hard court swing Murray made the semifinals of Toronto before winning his first Masters shield in Cincinnati . He added another shield to his collection in Madrid ; before losing in the quarterfinals of Paris . Now at No. 4 in the world , Murray qualified for the first time for the Masters Cup . He played well in defeating an injured Federer but lost to Davydenko in the semifinals . Murray ended 2008 ranked fourth in the world . Murray also won tournaments in Doha , Marseille and St Petersburg . 2009 : two Masters titles ( edit ) Murray opened the 2009 season with a successful defence of his title at the Qatar Open in Doha , defeating Andy Roddick in straight sets . At the Australian Open , Murray made it to the fourth round , losing to Fernando Verdasco . Murray won his eleventh career title in Rotterdam , defeating No. 1 , Nadal in the three sets . Murray next went to Dubai but withdrew before the quarterfinals with a re-occurrence of a virus that had affected him at the Australian Open . The virus caused Murray to miss a Davis Cup tie in Glasgow . Murray then lost in the finals to Nadal at Indian Wells , but won a week later in Miami over Djokovic for another masters title . Murray made the quarterfinals of the 2009 French Open In the lead - up to the French Open , Murray beat world No. 9 , Nikolay Davydenko at the Monte Carlo Masters , the first time he had beaten a top ten player on clay , though he lost to Nadal in the semifinals . Murray was upset in round two of the Rome Masters by qualifier Juan Mónaco , and he reached the quarterfinals of the Madrid Masters , losing to Juan Martín del Potro . During this time Murray achieved the highest ever ranking of a British male in the Open Era when he became world No. 3 on 11 May 2009 . Murray reached the quarterfinals of the French Open , but was defeated by Fernando González in four sets . Murray won for the first time on grass at Queen 's and became the first British winner of the tournament since 1938 . In the final Murray defeated American James Blake . At Wimbledon , against Stanislas Wawrinka , Murray 's fourth round match was the first match to be played entirely under Wimbledon 's retractable roof , also enabling it to be the latest finishing match ever at Wimbledon . However Murray lost a tight semifinal to Andy Roddick . Murray returned to action in Montreal , defeating del Potro in three sets to take the title . After this victory , he overtook Nadal in the rankings and held the number two position until the start of the US Open . Murray followed the Masters win playing at the Cincinnati Masters , where he lost to Federer . At the US Open , Murray was hampered by a wrist injury and suffered a straight - sets loss to Čilić . Murray won both his singles matches , and lost at doubles in the Davis Cup against Poland , but was then forced to miss six weeks with a wrist injury . In November , Murray won at Valencia , but bowed out in round two of the Paris Masters . To end the season , Murray did not make it out of the round robin at the World Tour Finals in London . I can cry like Roger , it 's a shame I ca n't play like him . `` '' Andy Murray during his runner 's up speech at the 2010 Australian Open . 2010 : Australian Open runner - up ( edit ) Murray and Laura Robson represented Britain at the Hopman Cup . The pair progressed to the final , where they were beaten by Spain . At the Australian Open Murray beat Nadal and Čilić before losing in the final to world No. 1 Roger Federer . At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , Murray reached the quarterfinals , losing to Robin Söderling in straight sets . Murray next played at the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open , but lost his first match of the tournament to Mardy Fish , afterwards saying that his mind had n't been fully on tennis . At the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters , Murray suffered another first match loss , this time to Philipp Kohlschreiber . He entered the doubles competition with Ross Hutchins ; the duo lost to the Bryan Brothers on a champions tie - breaker . Murray reached the third round in the Rome Masters , and the quarterfinals at the Madrid Masters , losing both times to David Ferrer . Murray reached his second Grand Slam Final in Australia After playing an exhibition match , Murray started the French Open with three tough wins , before losing in straight sets to Tomáš Berdych in the fourth round . In London , Murray progressed to the third round , where he faced Mardy Fish . At 3 -- 3 in the final set with momentum going Murray 's way ( he had just come back from 3 -- 0 down ) , the match was called off for bad light , leaving Murray fuming . Coming back the next day , Murray was edged out by the eventual finalist in a tie - breaker for his second defeat by him in the year . At Wimbledon , Murray progressed to the semifinals , losing to Nadal in straight sets . On 27 July 2010 , Murray and his coach Maclagan split , and Murray replaced him with Àlex Corretja . Starting the US hard - court season with the 2010 Farmers Classic , Murray reached the final but lost against Sam Querrey in three sets . This was his first loss to Querrey in five career meetings . In Canada , Murray became the first player since Andre Agassi in 1995 to defend the Canadian Masters . Murray defeated Nadal and then Federer in straight sets , ending his eight - month title drought . At the Cincinnati Masters , Murray first complained about the speed of the court , and then in a quarterfinal match with Fish , Murray complained that the organisers refused to put the match on later in the day With temperatures reaching 33 ° C in the shade , Murray won the first set in a tie - breaker but began to feel ill . The doctor was called on court to actively cool Murray down . Murray said after the match that he had considered retiring . He lost the second set , but forced a final - set tie - breaker , before Fish won . After losing to Stanislas Wawrinka in the third round of the US Open , questions about Murray 's conditioning arose , as he called the trainer out twice during the match . His next event was the China Open in Beijing , where Murray reached the quarterfinals , losing to Ivan Ljubičić . Murray then won the Shanghai Rolex Masters dismissing Roger Federer in straight sets . He did not drop a single set throughout the event . Murray returned to Spain to defend his title at the Valencia Open 500 but lost in the second round to Juan Mónaco . However , in doubles , Murray partnered his brother Jamie Murray to the final , where they defeated Mahesh Bhupathi and Max Mirnyi . The victory was Murray 's first doubles title and the second time he had reached a final with his brother . Murray reached the quarterfinals at the BNP Paribas Masters losing to Gaël Monfils in three sets . Combined with his exit and Söderling 's taking the title , Murray found himself pushed down a spot in the rankings , to No. 5 from No. 4 . At the Tour finals in London , Murray went 2 -- 1 in round robin play before facing Nadal in the semifinal . They battled for over three hours , before Murray fell to the Spaniard in a final - set tie - breaker , bringing an end to his season . 2011 : two Masters titles ( edit ) Murray and Laura Robson lost in the round - robin stage 2011 Hopman Cup , losing all three ties even though Murray won all of his singles matches . Then Murray , along with other stars such as Federer , Nadal , and Djokovic , participated in the Rally for Relief event to help raise money for the flood victims in Queensland . Murray with his brother Jamie ( left ) at the 2011 Japan Open Seeded fifth in the 2011 Australian Open , Murray met former champion Novak Djokovic in the final and was defeated in straight sets . In Rotterdam , he was defeated by Marcos Baghdatis in the first round . Murray reached the semifinals of the doubles tournament with his brother Jamie . Murray lost to qualifiers in the first rounds at the Masters Series events in Indian Wells and Miami , after which he split with coach Àlex Corretja . Murray returned to form at the Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters , but lost to Nadal in the semifinals . Murray sustained an elbow injury before the match and subsequently withdrew from the 2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell due to the injury . Murray lost in the third round at the Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open , but made it to the semifinals of the Rome Masters , where he lost to Novak Djokovic . At the French Open , Murray won two tough early matches , before losing in his first semifinal at Roland Garros , against Rafael Nadal . Murray defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga to win his second Queen 's Club title . At Wimbledon , Murray lost in the semifinal to Nadal , despite taking the first set . At the Davis Cup tie between Great Britain and Luxembourg , Murray led the British team to victory . Murray was the two - time defending 2011 Rogers Cup champion , but lost in the second round to South African Kevin Anderson . However , the following week , he won the 2011 Western & Southern Open after Novak Djokovic retired due to injury . At the 2011 US Open , Murray battled from two sets down to win a five - set second - round encounter with Robin Haase , but lost in the semifinals to Rafael Nadal in four sets . Murray easily won the small 250 - class Thailand Open , and the following week he won his third title in four tournaments at the Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships . His opponent in the final was Rafael Nadal , whom he beat for the first time in the year in three sets . Murray then won the doubles with his brother Jamie Murray , becoming the first person in the 2011 season to capture both singles and doubles titles at the same tournament . Murray then successfully defended his Shanghai Masters crown with a straight - sets victory over David Ferrer in the final . At the ATP World Tour Finals , Murray lost to David Ferrer in straight sets and withdrew from the tournament after the loss with a groin pull . Murray ended the year as No. 4 in the world behind Djokovic , Nadal , and Federer . 2012 : Olympic gold and US champion ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Andy Murray tennis season With Ivan Lendl as his new full - time coach , Murray began the season by playing in the 2012 Brisbane International . He overcame a slow start in his first two matches to win his 22nd title by beating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the final . In doubles , he lost in the quarterfinals against second seeds Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Petzschner in a tight match . After an exhibition tournament , Murray made it to the semifinals of the 2012 Australian Open , where he was defeated by Djokovic in a four - hour - and 50 - minute match . At the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships , Murray defeated Djokovic in the semifinals , but lost in the final to Roger Federer . After an early defeat at the BNP Paribas Open , Murray made the finals of the Miami Masters , losing to Djokovic . Murray then had quarterfinal losses at the Monte Carlo Masters and Barcelona Open , and a third round loss at the Italian Open . Murray battled back spasms all through the French Open , and in the quarterfinals he was beaten by David Ferrer . Murray lost in the opening round of the Queen 's Club Championships to world No. 65 Nicolas Mahut . At Wimbledon , Murray set the record for the latest finish at the championships when he completed a four - set victory over Marcos Baghdatis at 23 : 02 BST . Murray beat Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinal in four sets to become the first male British player to reach the final of Wimbledon since Bunny Austin in 1938 . In the final , he faced Federer , but after taking the first set , he lost the match in four sets . Murray next competed at the London 2012 Summer Olympics in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles . He partnered his brother Jamie Murray in doubles and suffered a first - round exit to Austria ( Jürgen Melzer and Alexander Peya ) in three sets . In the mixed doubles , Murray was partnered by Laura Robson . They made it all the way to the finals where they lost to the Belarusian top seeds ( Victoria Azarenka and Max Mirnyi ) in three sets , settling for the silver medal . In singles , Murray lost only one set on his way to the finals where he met Federer , defeating him in straight sets , for the loss of just 7 games . By winning the Olympic gold medal , Murray became the first British man to win the Olympic singles gold medal in tennis since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 , and only the 7th man in the open era to win two medals at the same Olympic Games . Murray retired early in the Rogers Cup due to a knee injury , and was beaten by unseeded Jérémy Chardy at the Cincinnati Masters in straight sets . He next competed in the final major of the season at the US Open . He cruised through his opening two rounds in straight sets against Alex Bogomolov and Ivan Dodig , before facing a tough four - set battle with Feliciano López , where Murray had to win three tie - breakers . In the fourth round , he defeated the Canadian Milos Raonic in straight sets , and then in the quarterfinals , had to come from a set and two breaks down against Marin Čilić to prevail in four . In the semifinals , he defeated Tomáš Berdych in a long - fought match that lasted almost four hours , to reach his second consecutive Grand Slam final . Murray defeated Djokovic in five sets , becoming the first British man to win a Grand Slam final since Fred Perry in 1936 , and the first Scottish - born player to win a Grand Slam final since Harold Mahony in 1896 . The win would also set several records for Murray : it involved the longest tiebreak in US Open final history at 12 -- 10 in the first set , it made Murray the first man ever to win an Olympic gold medal and the US Open in the same year , and it tied with the 1988 US Open final ( in which Murray 's coach Lendl competed ) as the longest final in the tournament 's history . By defeating Djokovic in the final , Murray achieved his 100th Grand Slam match win of his career . The victory made Murray part of the `` Big Four '' according to many pundits , including Novak Djokovic . In his first tournament after the US Open , Murray reached the semifinals of the Rakuten Japan Open after entering as defending champion . He was beaten by Milos Raonic in a close three - set match . He was defending champion in the doubles with his brother Jamie . However , they were knocked out in the quarterfinals by top seeds Leander Paes and Radek Štěpánek . At the penultimate Masters 1000 tournament of the year in Shanghai , after receiving a bye into round two , Murray 's first match was due to be played against Florian Mayer . However , Mayer had to pull out due to injury , giving Murray a walkover into round three . After beating Alexandr Dolgopolov in the third round , he then overcame Radek Štěpánek in a three - set quarterfinal . Murray next faced Roger Federer in the semifinals , whom he defeated in straight sets to set up a second consecutive final against Djokovic , and his third consecutive Shanghai final . After failing to capitalise on five match points , Murray eventually lost in three sets , bringing to an end his 12 -- 0 winning streak at the competition . When Nadal pulled out of both the Paris Masters and the Year - End Championships , Murray finished the year at No. 3 in the world , after four years at No. 4 . This was the first time Murray had finished the year higher than No. 4 in the world . At the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Murray found himself voted third overall , ahead of Mo Farah . Murray won the World Breakthrough of the Year at the Laureus World Sports Awards . Murray was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to tennis . 2013 : Wimbledon champion and surgery ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Andy Murray tennis season Murray began his 2013 season by retaining his Brisbane International title , defeating Grigor Dimitrov in the final in straight sets . Trying to win his second Major in a row , he began the 2013 Australian Open well with a straight sets victory over Dutchman Robin Haase . He followed this up with straight set victories over João Sousa , practice partner Ričardas Berankis and French No. 14 seed Gilles Simon . In the quarterfinals he cruised past Jérémy Chardy in straight sets to set up a semifinal clash with Roger Federer . After exchanging sets , Murray eventually prevailed in 5 sets , recording his first Grand Slam tournament triumph over Federer . With this victory , each member of the ATP 's most dominant quartet of the previous four years ( Federer , Nadal , Djokovic and Murray ) had beaten the other three at the Majors . This victory set up Murray 's third consecutive Major final appearance , and second in a row against Djokovic . After taking the first set in a tiebreak , Murray was eventually defeated in four sets . His defeat in this final meant that Murray became only the second man in the Open Era to achieve three runner - up finishes at the Australian Open , the other being Stefan Edberg . At the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells , Murray lost at the quarterfinal stage to Juan Martín del Potro in three sets . At the Miami Masters , Murray made it through his first four matches without dropping a set , and after overcoming Richard Gasquet in the semifinals , faced David Ferrer in the final . After losing the first set , and facing match point in the decider at 5 -- 6 , Murray eventually took the match in a third set tiebreaker to win his second Miami Masters title , and leapfrog Roger Federer into second place in the rankings , ending a near - decade long time period in which neither Federer or Rafael Nadal were ranked in the top two . Murray briefly fell back to No. 3 in the world , following a third round defeat by Stanislas Wawrinka in Monte - Carlo , but reclaimed the No. 2 ranking as a result of Federer failing to defend his title at the Mutua Madrid Open . Later , Murray lost at the quarterfinal stage to Tomáš Berdych in straight sets . At the Rome Masters , Murray retired due to a hip injury during his second round match against Marcel Granollers on his 26th birthday . Murray had just battled back to tie the match at one set all after winning the second set on a tiebreak . This left Murray with only eleven days to be fit for the start of the French Open . Speaking at a press conference after the match , Murray said , `` As it is , I 'd be very surprised if I was playing in Paris . I need to make a plan as to what I do . I 'll chat with the guys tonight and make a plan for the next few days then make a decision on Paris after the next five days . '' He would go on to withdraw from Roland Garros later , citing a back injury . After a four - week break due to injury , Murray made his comeback at the 2013 Aegon Championships , where he was the top seed . After a rain delayed first day , Murray had to complete his second round match against Nicolas Mahut , and his subsequent match against Marinko Matosevic on the same day , both of which he won in straight sets . After beating Benjamin Becker in the quarterfinals , Murray next faced his first top ten opponent since losing to Tomáš Berdych in Madrid , taking on Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in the semifinals . After dropping the first set against the Frenchman , Murray eventually raised his level and won in three to set up a final against Marin Čilić of Croatia , his third consecutive final on grass courts . He came from behind again to beat Čilić in three sets to claim his third title at Queen 's Club . Murray holds the Wimbledon trophy following his victory in the 2013 men 's final Going into Wimbledon , Murray had not lost a match on grass since the previous year 's final , and was on a winning streak of 11 matches on grass . In the first two rounds , Murray faced Benjamin Becker and Yen - hsun Lu respectively , defeating both in straight sets . His third round match was against 32nd seed Tommy Robredo , and despite a tour comeback over the past year , Murray overcame the Spaniard in straight sets to set up a clash with Mikhail Youzhny , the highest seed left in Murray 's half following the unexpectedly early exits of Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal . Despite facing a fightback in the second set , Murray won in straight sets to make it through to his tenth consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinal , in which he was to play Fernando Verdasco , the first left - handed player Murray had faced since the 2012 US Open . For the seventh time in his career , Murray had to come back from a deficit of two sets to ultimately come through in five , setting up a semifinal clash with 24th seed Jerzy Janowicz , the Polish player who beat Murray in their previous encounter . After Murray failed to break Janowicz 's serve , the Pole took the opening set in the tiebreak , following a double fault from Murray . However Murray managed to up his level of play , and won the next three sets , making it through to his second consecutive Wimbledon final , and third consecutive major final against Novak Djokovic . Despite the Serb being the favourite to win the title throughout the Championships , Murray overcame Djokovic in a straight sets match that lasted over three hours , to become the first British winner of the men 's singles title since Fred Perry in 1936 , the first Scot of either sex to win a Wimbledon singles title since Harold Mahony in 1896 , and to extend his winning streak on grass to 18 matches . With the win , he also became only the second man in the open era after Rafael Nadal to hold the Olympic singles gold medal and Wimbledon title simultaneously . At the US Open , Murray entered a Grand Slam tournament as defending champion for the first time , and started strongly with a straight sets win against Michaël Llodra . He backed this up with wins over Leonardo Mayer , Florian Mayer and Denis Istomin to reach the quarterfinals at a major for the 11th straight tournament . In the last 8 , Murray faced Stanislas Wawrinka of Switzerland , but lost in straight sets , ending Murray 's streak of four consecutive major finals . Following his disappointing run of form on hard courts , Murray next joined the Great Britain Davis Cup team in their World Group Play - off tie on clay against Croatia , where he played in two singles and the doubles rubbers . After defeating 16 - year - old Borna Ćorić in straight sets , Murray teamed up with Colin Fleming to defeat Croatian number 1 Ivan Dodig and Mate Pavić in the doubles , and take a 2 -- 1 lead in the tie . Murray then sealed Britain 's return to the World Group by defeating Dodig in straight sets . Following the Davis Cup , Murray 's season was cut short by his decision to undergo surgery , in order to sort out the lower back problems that had caused him problems since the early stages of the previous season . After being forced to withdraw from the French Open in May , the injury flared up again during the US Open and later during the Davis Cup World Group Play - offs , Murray made the decision that surgery was the best way to sort the problem out for the long - term . Following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Murray was voted the 2013 BBC Sport Personality of the Year , after having been heavy favourite since the nominees were announced . 2014 : 30th career title ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Andy Murray tennis season Murray started his season at the Qatar Open in Doha . In the first round , he defeated Mousa Shanan Zayed in straight sets in 37 minutes without dropping a single game , but was defeated in three sets by world No. 40 Florian Mayer in the second round , despite being a set and a break up three games into the second set . He then played a warm - up match at the 2014 AAMI Classic in Kooyong against world No. 43 Lleyton Hewitt , losing in two close tiebreaks . He next headed to Melbourne for the 2014 Australian Open , where he drew the world No. 112 , Go Soeda of Japan . Despite worries that he was not match - fit , Murray got off to a strong start , dispatching the Japanese number 2 in under 90 minutes , losing just 5 games in the process . He next went on to defeat Vincent Millot and Feliciano López respectively in straight sets . In the fourth round , Murray dropped his first set of the tournament on his way to beating Stephane Robert in four sets to set up a meeting with long - standing rival Roger Federer in the quarterfinals . Despite saving two match points to take the third set , he ultimately went out in four , ending his streak of four consecutive Australian Open semifinals . As a result of losing before the final , Murray fell to No. 6 in the world , falling out of the top 5 for the first time since 2008 . He next headed to the United States to compete in the Davis Cup World Group first round with Great Britain , who went into the tie as outsiders . Murray won both of his ties against Donald Young and Sam Querrey respectively , helping Britain to their first Davis Cup quarterfinal since 1986 . Murray 's next tournament was the Rotterdam Open after receiving a late wild card , however he lost to Marin Čilić in straight sets in the quarterfinals . His following competition , the Mexican Open in Acapulco , ended in a semifinal defeat by Grigor Dimitrov in a thrilling three - setter that required two tiebreakers to decide the final two sets . At Indian Wells , Murray struggled in his first two matches against Lukáš Rosol and Jiří Veselý respectively , overcoming both in close three - set encounters to set up a fourth round clash with Canadian Milos Raonic , which he lost in three sets . Murray offered to play with 2012 Wimbledon Doubles champion Jonathan Marray , because Marray was unable to convince anyone to join him on court . For Murray and Marray 's first competitive match together , they won a doubles clash against Gaël Monfils and Juan Mónaco only to lose in the second round to the No 2 seeds Alexander Peya and Bruno Soares . In March , Murray split with coach Ivan Lendl , who had been widely praised for helping Murray achieve his goal of winning Grand Slam titles . At the 2014 Miami Masters , Murray defeated Matthew Ebden , Feliciano López and Jo Wilfried Tsonga but lost to Djokovic in the quarterfinals . In the Davis Cup quarterfinals against Italy , he beat Andreas Seppi in his first rubber , then teamed up with Colin Fleming to win the doubles rubber . Murray had only beaten one top ten player on clay , Nikolay Davydenko , back in 2009 , and so in his final singles match , was stunned by Fabio Fognini in straight sets , which took Great Britain to the deciding final rubber . However , in this match his compatriot , James Ward was defeated by Andreas Seppi , also in straight sets , knocking Murray and Great Britain out of the Davis Cup . Murray next competed at the Madrid Open and following his opening win , over Nicolas Almagro , he dedicated the victory to former player Elena Baltacha . He then lost to qualifier Santiago Giraldo in the following round . Murray then reached the quarterfinals of the Rome Masters where he lost to world No. 1 Rafael Nadal in a tight match in which he had been up a break in the final set . At the French Open , Murray defeated Andrey Golubev and Marinko Matosevic before edging out 28th seed Philipp Kohlschreiber 12 -- 10 in the final set . This was the first time Murray had ever gone beyond 7 -- 5 in a deciding set . He followed this up with a straight sets win over Fernando Verdasco and then recorded a five set victory over Frenchman Gaël Monfils in the quarterfinal , which saw Murray rise to world No. 5 and equal his best ever French Open by reaching the semifinals . However , he subsequently lost to Nadal in straight sets , winning only 6 games in the match . After losing the 2014 French Open semifinals to Nadal , Murray appointed former women 's world No. 1 , and two - times slam titlist , Amélie Mauresmo as his coach in a ' historic move ' which made Mauresmo the first woman to coach a top male tennis player . After strong grass court seasons in 2012 and 2013 , Murray was seeded third for the 2014 Wimbledon Championship , behind Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal , who were seeded first and second respectively . He began his title defence with straight sets wins over David Goffin and Blaž Rola , defeating the latter for the loss of just two games . Murray continued his good form , defeating Roberto Bautista Agut and Kevin Anderson , the 27th and 20th seeds , again in straight sets to reach his seventh consecutive Wimbledon quarterfinal . Murray 's defence then came to a halt as Grigor Dimitrov ended his 17 match winning - streak on the grass of Wimbledon ( this includes the 2012 Olympics ) with a straight sets win , meaning Murray failed to reach the semifinals for the first time since 2008 . After his defeat at the Championships , Murray dropped to 10th in the world , his lowest ranking since 2008 . Prior to the North American hard court swing , Murray announced he was extending his partnership with Amélie Mauresmo until the end of the US Open , but was ideally looking for a long - term deal . He also revealed he had only just returned to a full training schedule following his back surgery last September . Murray reached back - to - back quarterfinals at the Canadian Open and Cincinnati Masters , losing to eventual champions Jo Wilfried Tsonga , after being a break up in the decider , and Roger Federer , after being two breaks up in the second set , respectively . He made it to the quarterfinals of the 2014 US Open , losing to Novak Djokovic , after earning his first top ten win of the year in the previous round against Jo Wilfried Tsonga . This was the first season since 2009 where Murray failed to reach a grand slam final . As a consequence Murray fell outside of the top 10 ranking places for the first time since June 2008 . Murray took a wildcard into the inaugural Shenzhen Open in China , entering as the number 2 seed . Victories over Somdev Devvarman , Lukáš Lacko and Juan Mónaco saw Murray reach his first final of the season , breaking a drought of 14 months following his title at Wimbledon . In the final he faced Tommy Robredo of Spain , the second final between the two . After saving five championship points in the second set tie break , Murray went on to win the title in three sets , Robredo 's drop in fitness ultimately proving decisive . He then took his good form into Beijing , where he reached the semifinals before losing to Djokovic in straight sets , however he lost in the third round at the Shanghai Masters to David Ferrer despite being a set up . Following his early exit in Shanghai , Murray took a wildcard into the Vienna Open in an attempt to claim a place at the ATP World Tour Finals . He reached the final , where he once again faced Ferrer , and triumphed in three sets for his second title of the season , and the 30th of his career . Murray defeated Ferrer again in the semifinals of the Valencia Open to move into his third final in five weeks , and further strengthen his bid for a place at the season finale in London . In a repeat of the Shenzhen Open final , Murray again saved five championship points as he overcame Tommy Robredo in three sets . Murray then went on to reach the quarterfinals of the Paris Masters , where he was eliminated by Djokovic in what was his 23rd match in the space of only 37 days . However , his win over Dimitrov in the third round had already guaranteed him a spot at the ATP World Tour Finals . At the ATP World Tour Finals , Murray lost his opening round robin match to Kei Nishikori but won his second match against Milos Raonic . However , he lost his final group match against Federer in straight sets and only managed to win one game against him , marking his worst defeat since losing to Djokovic in the 2007 Miami Masters , eliminating him from the tournament . Following the conclusion of the season , Murray mutually agreed a split with long - term backroom staff , training partner Dani Vallverdu and fitness coach Jez Green . They had been with him for five and seven years respectively but were both reported to have been unhappy at the lack of consultation they had been given about the appointment of Mauresmo . Murray also took part in the inaugural season of the International Premier Tennis League , representing the Manila Mavericks , who had drafted him as an icon player in February . Murray took part in the first three matches of the tournament which were all played in Manila . 2015 : Davis Cup champion ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Andy Murray tennis season Murray began his year by winning an exhibition event in Abu Dhabi . He then played the Hopman Cup with Heather Watson and , despite winning all his singles matches in straight sets , they finished second in their group behind Poland . Murray at the 2015 Australian Open His first competitive tournament of the year was the Australian Open . He won his opening three matches in straight sets before defeating 11th seed Grigor Dimitrov to reach the quarterfinal . Wins over Nick Kyrgios and Tomáš Berdych followed as Murray reached his fourth final at the tournament ( three of which were against Djokovic ) and the eighth grand slam final of his career . He lost the final to Novak Djokovic in four sets , however his run to the final saw his return to the top four in the world rankings for the first time in 12 months . Murray next participated in the Rotterdam Open as the top seed , but he lost in the quarterfinals to Gilles Simon who ended a 12 match losing streak against Murray . Murray then played in the Dubai Championships but suffered another quarterfinal defeat to 18 - year - old Borna Ćorić and as a result , Murray slipped to No. 5 in the world rankings behind Rafael Nadal and Kei Nishikori . Afterwards , Murray played the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow against the United States . He won both his matches against Donald Young and John Isner , allowing Great Britain to progress to the quarterfinals for the second consecutive time with a 3 -- 2 lead over the United States . Murray then reached the semifinals of the 2015 Indian Wells , overtaking Tim Henman 's record of 496 career wins to have the most career wins for a British man in the Open Era . However , he suffered a 6th consecutive defeat to Djokovic in straight sets . Murray then reached the final of the 2015 Miami Open , recording his 500th career win along the way to become the first British player to have 500 or more wins in the Open Era . He went on to lose the final to Djokovic , this time in three sets . Murray added Jonas Björkman to his coaching staff in March initially on a five - week trail to help out in periods when Mauresmo was unavailable as she only agreed to work with him for 25 weeks . However , at the end of the Australian Open , Mauresmo had informed Murray that she was pregnant and he announced at the end of April , that Björkman would be his main coach for all of the grass court season and all of the US hard court swing , while Mauresmo would only be with the team for Wimbledon . Murray won his first ATP clay court title at the 2015 BMW Open . He defeated German Philipp Kohlschreiber in three close sets to become the first Briton since Buster Mottram in 1976 to win a tour level clay court event . The following week he reached his second final on clay , at the Madrid Open after recording only his second and third victories over top 10 opposition on clay , against Raonic and Nishikori . In the final , he defeated Rafael Nadal in straight sets for his first Madrid title on clay , and first ever clay court Masters 1000 title . The win was Murray 's first over Nadal , Federer or Djokovic since Wimbledon 2013 , and his first over Nadal on a clay court . Murray continued his winning streak at the Italian Open , beating Jeremy Chardy in straight sets in his opening match , but then withdrew due to fatigue after having played nine matches in the space of 10 days . Murray then reached his third semifinal at the French Open , but lost to Djokovic in five sets after threatening a comeback from two sets to love down , ending his 15 match winning streak on clay . Murray with new coach Jonas Björkman during practice at the 2015 Aegon Championships To start his grass court campaign , Murray went on to win a record tying fourth Queen 's Club title , defeating the big serving South African Kevin Anderson in straight sets in the final . At the third grand slam of the year , the 2015 Wimbledon Championships , Murray dropped only two sets on his way to setting up a semifinal clash with Roger Federer . Murray lost to the Swiss veteran in straight sets , gaining only one break point in the entire match . After Wimbledon , Murray returned to Queen 's Club , to play for Great Britain against France in their Davis Cup quarterfinal tie . Great Britain went 1 -- 0 down when James Ward lost to Gilles Simon in straight sets , however Murray levelled the tie with a victory against Jo - Wilfried Tsonga . Murray then teamed up with his brother Jamie to win the doubles rubber , coming back from a set down to defeat Tsonga and Nicolas Mahut in four sets , giving Britain a crucial 2 -- 1 lead going into the final day . He then faced Simon in the fourth rubber and after initially being a set and a break down , he suddenly found his form again towards the end of the second set and eventually won in four sets , winning 12 of the last 15 games in the process ( with Simon struggling from an ankle injury ) . With a 3 -- 1 lead over France , this resulted in Great Britain reaching their first Davis Cup semifinal since 1981 . Murray next participated at the Citi Open ( for the first time since 2006 ) , as the top seed and favourite to win the tournament . However , he suffered a defeat in his first match , losing to world No. 53 Teymuraz Gabashvili in a final set tiebreak , despite serving for the match . In doubles , he partnered Daniel Nestor , however they lost in the first round to the fourth seeds , Rohan Bopanna and Florin Mergea , also in three sets . He bounced back from this defeat by winning the Montreal Masters Rogers Cup , defeating Tsonga and Nishikori in the quarterfinals and semifinals respectively . He then prevailed in the final against Djokovic in three sets . This broke his eight - match , two - year losing streak against Djokovic , his last win against him being in the finals of Wimbledon in 2013 . Winning the title , he also surpassed Federer in terms of ranking , becoming the world No. 2 for the first time in over two years . In doubles , he partnered Leander Paes and they won their first match against Chardy and Anderson , but were then defeated by Murray 's brother Jamie and John Peers in two sets -- the first time the Murray brothers had competed against each other in a Tour - level match . In the second Master Series tournament of the US Hard Court season , the Cincinnati Masters , Murray defeated veteran Mardy Fish in the second round , and then beat both Grigor Dimitrov and Richard Gasquet in three - set matches , having to come from a set down on both occasions , while Dimitrov had served for the match in the deciding set . In the semifinal , he lost to defending champion Roger Federer in straight sets , and after Federer went on to win the tournament , this result saw Murray return to the No. 3 ranking and seeding for the US Open . At the US Open , Murray beat Nick Kyrgios in four sets before beating Adrian Mannarino in five sets after being two sets down , equaling Federer for winning eight matches from two sets to love down . He then beat Thomaz Bellucci in straight sets but suffered a defeat in the fourth round to Kevin Anderson in four sets . This ended Murray 's five - year run of 18 consecutive Grand Slam quarterfinals ( not counting his withdrawal from the 2013 French Open ) since his third round loss to Stan Wawrinka in the 2010 US Open . Playing against Australia in the semifinals of the Davis Cup World Group in Glasgow , Murray won both his singles rubbers in straight sets , against Thanasi Kokkinakis and Bernard Tomic . He also partnered his brother Jamie , and they won in five sets against the pairing of Sam Groth and Lleyton Hewitt , the results guiding Great Britain to the Davis Cup final for the first time since 1978 with a 3 -- 2 lead over Australia . After losing in the semifinals of the Shanghai Masters to Djokovic in straight sets , Murray reached the finals of the Paris Masters for the lost of just one set , with victories against Borna Ćorić , David Goffin and David Ferrer . After a three set win over Richard Gasquet , he joined Novak Djokovic , Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal as the only players to reach the semifinals ( or better ) at all nine of the ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournaments , and also ensured that he compiled his best match record in a single season . He then lost the final to Djokovic again in straight sets . As the world No. 2 , Murray participated in the ATP World Tour Finals in London , and was drawn into the Ilie Năstase group with David Ferrer , Rafael Nadal and Stan Wawrinka . He went out in the round - robin stage , after defeating Ferrer and losing to Nadal and Wawrinka . However , after Federer failed to win the tournament , he finished the season as world No. 2 for the first time . In the Davis Cup final , Murray 's victory over Ruben Bemelmans in straight sets pulled Great Britain level in the final after Kyle Edmund had lost the first singles rubber in five sets , played on indoor clay courts at Ghent . He then partnered his brother Jamie in a four - set victory over the pairing of Steve Darcis and David Goffin , before defeating Goffin again in the reverse singles on Sunday , thus ensuring a 3 -- 1 victory for Great Britain , their first Davis Cup title since 1936 and their tenth overall . Murray also became only the third person since the current Davis Cup format was introduced to win all eight of his singles rubbers in a Davis Cup season , after John McEnroe and Mats Wilander . 2016 : Wimbledon , Olympic gold and No. 1 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Andy Murray tennis season Murray began his 2016 season by playing in the Hopman Cup , pairing up with Heather Watson again . However , they finished second in their group after losing their tie to eventual champions Nick Kyrgios and Daria Gavrilova from Australia . Murray played his first competitive tournament of 2016 at the Australian Open where he was aiming to win his first title there after four runner - up finishes . He went on to reach his fifth Australian Open final with victories over Alexander Zverev , Sam Groth , João Sousa , Bernard Tomic , David Ferrer and Milos Raonic , dropping four sets along the way . However , in a rematch of the previous year final , he was unable to win his first title as he lost in the final to an in - form Novak Djokovic ( who won a record - equalling sixth title ) in straight sets . Subsequently , in February , Murray appointed Jamie Delgado as an assistant coach . Murray then played at 2016 Davis Cup defeating Taro Daniel in straight sets and Kei Nishikori in five sets . Murray then competed at the first Masters 1000 of the year at the 2016 Indian Wells Masters . He defeated Marcel Granollers in the second round in straight sets but had an early loss to Federico Delbonis in the third round . Murray then played at the 2016 Miami Open as the 2nd seed . He defeated Denis Istomin in the second round in straight sets but had another early loss , to 26th seed Grigor Dimitrov , despite taking the first set . Murray began his clay court season at the 2016 Monte - Carlo Rolex Masters as the 2nd seed . Murray struggled in his second round match against Pierre - Hugues Herbert but Murray came through in 3 sets . Murray struggled again in his third round match against 16th seed Benoît Paire as Murray was down a set and two breaks . Paire also served for the match in the third set but Murray still came through in 3 sets . Murray then defeated 10th seed Milos Raonic in straight sets in the quarterfinals . In the semifinals Murray lost to 5th seed and eventual champion Rafael Nadal despite winning the first set . Murray then played at the 2016 Mutua Madrid Open as the 2nd seed and the defending champion . Murray defeated qualifier Radek Štěpánek in three sets . He then proceeded to the semifinals after defeating 16th seed Gilles Simon and 8th seed Tomáš Berdych both in straight sets . In the semifinals Murray defeated Nadal in straight sets who Murray had lost to earlier in the year . In the final Murray lost to number 1 seed Novak Djokovic in three sets . This loss dropped Murray from second to third in the ATP Rankings . Shortly afterwards Mauresmo and Murray issued a joint statement announcing that they had `` mutually agreed '' to end their coaching partnership . Murray regained his number two ranking after he won the 2016 Internazionali BNL d'Italia for his 1st title of the season and 36th overall . He defeated Mikhail Kukushkin , Jérémy Chardy , 12th seed David Goffin , Lucas Pouille , and number 1 seed Djokovic all in straight sets . This was his first win over Djokovic on clay and became the first British player since Virginia Wade in 1971 to win the title and the first British man since George Patrick Hughes in 1931 . Murray then moved on to the French Open where he struggled in the opening rounds coming through two five - set matches against Štěpánek and French wildcard Mathias Bourgue . He came through in straight sets against big servers Ivo Karlović and John Isner to reach the quarterfinals where he beat home favourite Richard Gasquet in four sets to set up a semifinal clash against defending champion Stanislas Wawrinka . Murray defeated Wawrinka in four sets to become the first male British player since Bunny Austin in 1937 , to reach a French Open final . He was unable to win his maiden French Open final , losing to Djokovic in four sets . In 2016 , Murray won his second Wimbledon title , beating Milos Raonic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 ( 3 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 2 ) in the final In June 2016 , Ivan Lendl agreed to return to his former role as Murray 's coach . Murray started his grass season at the 2016 Aegon Championships as the 1st seed and the defending champion . Murray defeated Nicolas Mahut in straight sets despite facing a set point in the first set and three set points in the second set . He then defeated his countryman Aljaž Bedene in straight sets . He then had three set wins over Kyle Edmund , another countryman , and No. 5 seed Marin Čilić . In the final he was down a set and a break to 3rd seed Milos Raonic . Murray still managed to come back and win a record 5th Queen 's Club Championships and it was also his 2nd title in 2016 . Murray then played at the third major of the year at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships as the 2nd seed . Murray had straight set wins over Liam Broady , Lu Yen - hsun , John Millman , and Nick Kyrgios in the first four rounds . Murray then defeated 12th seed Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in five sets in the quarterfinal and 10th seed Tomáš Berdych in straight sets to reach his third straight major final . In the final on 10 July , Murray defeated Raonic in straight sets to win his second Wimbledon title and third Major title overall . His Wimbledon crown was his 3rd title of the season and 38th career Tour title . Murray next played at the Rio Olympic Games . He became the first player , male or female , to win two gold medals in the tennis singles events by defeating Juan Martín del Potro in the final , which lasted over four hours . The win was his 3rd consecutive title and 4th title of the season . Murray then entered the US Open and beat Lukas Rosol , Marcel Granollers , Paolo Lorenzi and Grigor Dimitrov in the first four rounds . However his run came to an end when he lost to sixth seed Kei Nishikori in five sets despite holding a two sets to one lead . His next activity was the 2016 Davis Cup semifinal in Glasgow against Argentina . He lost the opening rubber against Juan Martín del Potro in five sets . After Great Britain lost the second rubber as well , he teamed up with his brother Jamie to beat del Potro and Leonardo Mayer in the third rubber in four sets . He then won the fourth rubber against Guido Pella in straight sets , though Great Britain eventually lost the tie . Murray then won the China Open for his fifth title of 2016 and 40th career tour title . He defeated Andreas Seppi , Andrey Kuznetsov , Kyle Edmund , David Ferrer , and Grigor Dimitrov all in straight sets . Murray then backed this up with a tournament win at the Shanghai Rolex Masters defeating Steve Johnson , Lucas Pouille , David Goffin , Gilles Simon , and Roberto Bautista Agut all in straight sets to capture his 13th masters title and 3rd title in Shanghai . This marked his 6th title of 2016 and drew him even with former No. 1 Stefan Edberg at No. 15 on the Open Era titles list with 41 Tour titles each . Murray brought his win streak to 15 consecutive match wins by winning the Erste Bank Open for his seventh tour title of the 2016 season . His tournament started slowly with three - set wins over Martin Klizan and Gilles Simon in the first two rounds . However , a decisive win over John Isner in the quarterfinal and a walkover due to David Ferrer 's withdrawal with a leg injury saw Murray reach the final . There he defeated Jo - Wilfried Tsonga , for his third title in succession . The result saw Murray win seven titles in a single season for the first time in his career , and move to solo 15th on the all - time list of singles titles in the Open Era , breaking a tie with former world No. 1 Stefan Edberg . Murray entered the Paris Masters knowing that in the event of Djokovic not reaching the final , winning the title would be enough to see him crowned world No. 1 for the first time . After reaching the quarterfinals , courtesy of wins over Fernando Verdasco and Lucas Pouille , Murray faced Berdych for a place in the semifinals , winning in straight sets . Meanwhile , Djokovic lost to Marin Cilic , meaning that Murray would replace Djokovic at the top of the rankings should he reach the final . He was due to face Milos Raonic in the semifinals . However , Raonic withdrew prior to the start of the match , giving Murray a walkover . As a result , Murray became the first British man to reach world No. 1 since the introduction of the rankings in 1973 . Murray then defeated John Isner in the final in 3 sets to win his fourth consecutive tournament and first Paris Masters title . In November 2016 , Murray reached the final of the ATP World Tour Finals for the first time before winning against Novak Djokovic in two sets , thus reaching year - end No. 1 and in doing so , becoming the first player to win a Grand Slam , the ATP World Tour Finals , the men 's singles at the Olympic Games and a Masters 1000 titles in the same calendar year . The International Tennis Federation recognised Murray as their men 's 2016 ITF men 's world champion , the first time Murray has achieved this honour . 2017 : injuries ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Andy Murray tennis season Murray was knighted in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to tennis and charity . He opened the season with a loss in the semifinals of the Mubadala World Tennis Championship , to David Goffin , following which he won against Milos Raonic in the third - place play - off . Murray then reached the final of the Qatar Open , which he lost in the final to Novak Djokovic in three sets despite saving three championship points . At the Australian Open he lost in the fourth round against Mischa Zverev in four sets . Murray returned to action at the Dubai Duty Free Tennis Championships event in February . He won the tournament beating Fernando Verdasco in two sets , despite almost losing in the quarterfinals to Philipp Kohlschreiber where Murray had to save seven match points . The next week , Murray lost in the second round of the Indian Wells Masters to Vasek Pospisil . After missing a month due to an elbow injury , Murray returned to compete in the Monte - Carlo Masters in April , losing out in the third round to Albert Ramos - Vinolas . He then competed in Barcelona where he was beaten by Dominic Thiem in the semi-finals . Murray continued to struggle in his next two tournaments , losing to Borna Coric in the third round of Madrid , and to Fabio Fognini in second round of Rome , where he was defending champion . In both these defeats he failed to win a set . Murray returned to form at the 2017 French Open however . After tough four - set victories over Andrey Kuznetsov and Martin Kližan in the opening rounds , Murray defeated Juan Martín del Potro and Karen Khachanov in straight sets . In the quarter - finals he defeated Kei Nishikori in four sets , but lost in the semi-finals to Stan Wawrinka in 5 sets . As the five - time champion at Queens , he pledged his prize money to the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire . He was defeated in 2 sets by Jordan Thompson in the first round . Despite concerns over a lingering hip injury , Murray returned to Wimbledon as the defending champion and progressed to the third round with straight set wins against Alexander Bublik and Dustin Brown . He dropped his first set of the tournament to Fabio Fognini but proceeded to the fourth round in four sets . Murray continued to the quarter final with a straight set victory against Benoit Paire . However , he was defeated in the quarterfinal by Sam Querrey in five sets . The injury later forced him to miss the Canadian Open and the Cincinnati Masters , which led to him losing his no . 1 ranking to Rafael Nadal. . His injury then forced him to withdraw from the US Open two days before the start of the tournament , making it the first Grand Slam tournament he had missed since the 2013 French Open . National representation ( edit ) Davis Cup ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) Murray made his Davis Cup debut for Great Britain in the Europe / Africa Zone Group 1 2nd Round against Israel in 2005 at 17 years of age , the youngest ever player for Great Britain . He teamed up with fellow debutant David Sherwood and came out victorious in the crucial doubles rubber against the experienced Jonathan Erlich and Andy Ram , helping Britain advance 3 -- 2 . In September , Murray played his debut singles match for the Davis Cup in the World Group Play - off against Switzerland in Geneva on clay with Greg Rusedski , Alan Mackin and David Sherwood . Captain Jeremy Bates surprised everyone by naming Murray as the British No 1 and Alan Mackin as British No 2 . Under the Davis Cup rules , this meant that for Friday 's singles , Murray played the Swiss No 2 , Stan Wawrinka while Mackin played the Swiss No 1 , Roger Federer . Both of them lost their rubbers , giving Switzerland a 2 -- 0 lead . Under the rules , for Sunday 's reverse singles , Bates would have been able to substitute Mackin with Greg Rusedski , so that Rusedski would play Wawrinka , while Murray played Federer . However , Bates believed that Federer was virtually unbeatable because he was on a winning streak and had n't lost since June , and consequently Britain gambled on beating Wawrinka twice , with Murray playing Wawrinka when he was freshest . In the doubles , Murray / Rusedski played Federer and Yves Allegro , leaving Rusedski to play only once . The British tactics came to nought as Switzerland won the doubles rubber as well , gaining an unassailable 3 -- 0 lead after two days . Alan Mackin and David Sherwood were consequently nominated for the dead singles rubbers losing both of them , resulting in a clean sweep for Switzerland . 2006 ( edit ) For the Europe / Africa Zone Group I tie against Serbia and Montenegro , Murray had been suffering with a bacterial infection , so he was restricted to playing the doubles alongside Greg Rusedski , which they lost . With Arvind Parmar also losing in the singles , Great Britain were beaten 3 -- 2 . In the same week as the relegation 1st round play - off against Israel , Murray was officially entered for the ATP tournament in Indianapolis , sparking fears about his commitment . There was a controversial move by the Lawn Tennis Association to pay £ 500,000 towards the cost of Murray 's next coach , Brad Gilbert as a way of securing Murray 's long - term services for the Davis Cup team . In the event , Murray played , winning his first singles . However he lost the doubles with Jamie Delgado , during which Murray damaged his shoulder and neck . He was diagnosed with whiplash , causing him to sit out the final day 's singles , and eventually Great Britain were beaten 3 -- 2 to proceed to the relegation 2nd round play - off against Ukraine . With Murray and Greg Rusedski playing , Great Britain beat Ukraine 3 -- 2 , to stay in Group I . 2007 ( edit ) In the tie against the Netherlands , Murray and Tim Henman won the opening singles , then Jamie Murray and Greg Rusedski won the doubles to secure victory . Rusedski announced his retirement on the doubles court . In the run up to World Group play - off against Croatia , Tim Henman had announced he would retire after this match . Murray said `` I 'm not going to want to let the team down or let Tim down , I 'd feel terrible if I was the one that was responsible for losing Tim 's last tie . This means a lot to me and it 's definitely going to be the biggest Davis Cup match of my career . '' `` Everyone is going to want to win for Tim . I 'm hoping the way I play will show him what his career meant to my development and me . '' Great Britain beat Croatia 4 -- 1 to qualify for the World Group in 2008 . After the retirement of Tim Henman and Greg Rusedski , the Davis Cup team was now dependent on Murray having to win three matches , though Henman had told him how wearing and time consuming that can be . While the LTA was funding Brad Gilbert , Murray was obligated to play for his country , but in November , Murray finished with Brad Gilbert as his coach . 2008 ( edit ) Murray skipped the World Group 1st round tie against Argentina , over fears he could exacerbate a knee injury , leaving the British team in a hopeless situation -- they lost 4 -- 1 . Jamie was furious that Andy was letting them down and the Murrays would not speak to each other for two weeks . Seven months later , as the brothers prepared for the tie against Austria , Andy declared that he had healed the rift with Jamie . When Jamie Murray and Ross Hutchins were beaten in the doubles , John Lloyd suffered criticism for not playing Andy . Great Britain lost their World Group play - off to Austria 3 -- 2 and were relegated to Europe / Africa Zone Group I . 2009 ( edit ) Murray withdrew from the tie against Ukraine after failing to shake off a virus , and Great Britain lost 4 -- 1 . Murray suffered an injury to his left wrist at the US Open , and would have rested if his next event had not been the Davis Cup . At the Poland match , he won both his singles rubbers . For the doubles with Ross Hutchins , Murray began in the right - hand court , the side usually occupied by the less dominant partner , so as to afford more protection to his troublesome left wrist than when striking double - handed backhands from the left court. , though allowed his partner to resume his usual role in the second set . However , the pair succumbed to the world - class Polish duo , and Poland won 3 -- 2 ; Great Britain were relegated to Europe / Africa Zone Group II for the first time since 1996 . Murray had aggravated his wrist injury , so could n't play for another six weeks . Murray pulled out of the match against Lithuania , so younger players could gain more international experience , and to allow him to focus on trying to win Grand Slam titles . His absence was criticised by Davis Cup captain John Lloyd . The Lithuanian side entered the tie as underdogs ; fielding a team of teenagers , but Lithuania won 3 -- 2 . This was the first time that Great Britain had lost five ties in a row and was described as a humiliating Davis Cup defeat for Great Britain . It led to the resignation of John Lloyd as Davis Cup captain , with Britain now threatened with relegation to the lowest tier of the competition . 2011 ( edit ) Murray returned for the Europe / Africa Zone Group II tie versus Luxembourg . He beat Laurent Bram , a tennis coach , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , the last time a Briton had achieved this score line in Davis Cup was Alan Mills defeating Josef Offenheim in 1959 , also against Luxembourg . Andy and Jamie Murray teamed up for the first time in Davis Cup doubles for a straight sets win . In his second singles match , Andy then recorded a third straight sets victory , over world No. 81 Gilles Müller , with Great Britain eventually winning 4 -- 1 . Three of Hungary 's top four players were not available for the Great Britain vs Hungary tie , so Murray defeated Sebo Kiss , a law student without a ranking , in his first singles rubber . Earlier , James Ward overcame sickness to beat the Hungarian No 1 , then Colin Fleming and Ross Hutchins won the doubles , and Great Britain was promoted into Europe / Africa Zone Group I for the first time since 2009 . Afterwards , Murray criticised the tournament schedule and cast doubt on his availability for next year 's Davis Cup . 2012 ( edit ) Murray intended to play in the Europe / Africa Zone Group I tie against Slovakia , but was prevented by injury concerns after the Australian Open . In any event , Great Britain won 3 -- 2 . 2013 ( edit ) By 2013 , Great Britain 's other tennis players had earned the team a chance to return to the World Group . Murray was suffering a vulnerable back and intended to have surgery after the US Open . Murray revealed that the fear of being branded `` unpatriotic '' led him to delay the surgery until after the Davis Cup tie in Croatia in September , which jeopardised his place in the next Australian Open . With Croatia 's No 1 Marin Čilić absent for committing a doping offence , Murray won both his singles matches and the doubles with Colin Fleming , Great Britain eventually winning 4 -- 1 , for their first victory on clay since Ukraine in 2006 , and returning to the World Group for the first time since 2008 . 2014 ( edit ) At the World Group first round tie against the United States in San Diego , Murray defeated Donald Young and James Ward unexpectedly beat Sam Querrey on the first day . On the last day , Murray beat Sam Querrey to put Great Britain into the quarterfinals of the Davis Cup for the first time since 1986 . Britain 's only previous victory on American soil was 111 years ago . Murray had to recover from a virus to play in the Quarter Final tie against Italy in Naples after missing the Thursday draw ceremony . James Ward lost his rain delayed match , while Murray 's match against Andreas Seppi was halted on Friday evening due to fading light with the score at one set and 5 -- 5 to Murray . On Saturday morning , Murray finished his match , winning in three sets . Two hours later , Murray partnered Colin Fleming to win the doubles rubber . Murray had only beaten one top ten player on clay , Nikolay Davydenko , back in 2009 , and was upset by Fabio Fognini , world No. 13 , in straight sets , which took Great Britain to the deciding final rubber . However , James Ward was defeated by Andreas Seppi , also in straight sets , knocking Great Britain out of the Davis Cup . 2015 ( edit ) Murray helped lead Great Britain to the final of the World Group for the first time since 1978 , winning both his singles rubbers in the matches against the USA , France and Australia . In the final , Murray defeated Belgium 's David Goffin to win the Davis Cup for Great Britain , 79 years after the national team 's last win . 2016 ( edit ) Murray led Britain against Japan in the first World Group match in Birmingham , before sitting out the quarter final in Belgrade against Serbia which fell just after Wimbledon . <Th_colspan="9"> ( show ) All Davis Cup Matches : 37 -- 7 ( Singles : 30 -- 3 ; Doubles : 9 -- 5 ) <Td_colspan="9"> 2005 Europe / Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play - offs Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 2R 4 -- 6 Mar 2005 Israel 3 -- 2 Ramat HaSharon Hard Doubles ( with Sherwood ) Erlich & Ram 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 PO 23 -- 25 Sep 2005 Switzerland 0 -- 5 Geneva Clay ( i ) Singles 2 Stanislas Wawrinka 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 Doubles ( with Rusedski ) Allegro & Federer 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 <Td_colspan="9"> 2006 Davis Cup Europe / Africa Zone Group I Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 2R 7 -- 9 Apr 2006 Serbia and Montenegro 2 -- 3 Glasgow Carpet ( i ) Doubles ( with Rusedski ) Bozoljac & Zimonjic 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 1PO 21 -- 23 Jul 2006 Israel 2 -- 3 Eastbourne Grass Singles 2 Andy Ram 2 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Doubles ( with Delgado ) Erlich & Ram 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 2PO 22 -- 24 Sep 2006 Ukraine 3 -- 2 Odessa Clay Singles 2 Alexandr Dolgopolov 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Doubles ( with Delgado ) Stakhovsky & Tereshchuk 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 Singles 3 Sergiy Stakhovsky 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 <Td_colspan="9"> 2007 Europe / Africa Zone Group I / World Group Play - offs Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 2R 6 -- 8 Apr 2007 Netherlands 4 -- 1 Birmingham Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Raemon Sluiter 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 PO 21 -- 23 Sep 2007 Croatia 4 -- 1 London Grass Singles 1 Marin Čilić 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Singles 3 Roko Karanusic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 <Td_colspan="9"> 2008 Davis Cup World Group Play - offs Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score PO 19 -- 21 Sep 2008 Austria 2 -- 3 London Grass Singles 2 Alexander Peya 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 Singles 3 Jürgen Melzer 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 <Td_colspan="9"> 2009 Davis Cup Europe / Africa Zone Group I Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score PO 18 -- 20 Sep 2009 Poland 2 -- 3 Liverpool Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Michal Przysiezny 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Doubles ( with Hutchins ) Fyrstenberg & Matkowski 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 Singles 3 Jerzy Janowicz 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 <Td_colspan="9"> 2011 Davis Cup Europe / Africa Zone Group II Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 2R 8 -- 10 Jul 2011 Luxembourg 4 -- 1 Glasgow Hard ( i ) Singles 2 Laurent Bram 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 Doubles ( with Murray ) Bram & Vermeer 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 Singles 3 Gilles Müller 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 3R 16 -- 18 Sep 2011 Hungary 5 -- 0 Glasgow Hard ( i ) Singles 2 Sebo Kiss 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Singles 3 György Balázs 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 <Td_colspan="9"> 2013 Davis Cup World Group Play - offs Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score PO 13 -- 15 Sep 2013 Croatia 4 -- 1 Umag Clay Singles 1 Borna Ćorić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 Doubles ( with Fleming ) Dodig & Pavić 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 Singles 3 Ivan Dodig 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 <Td_colspan="9"> 2014 Davis Cup World Group Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 1R 31 Jan -- 2 Feb 2014 United States 3 -- 1 San Diego Clay Singles 1 Donald Young 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Singles 3 Sam Querrey 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 QF 4 -- 6 Apr 2014 Italy 2 -- 3 Napoli Clay Singles 2 Andreas Seppi 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 Doubles ( with Fleming ) Bolelli & Fognini 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 Singles 3 Fabio Fognini 3 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 <Td_colspan="9"> 2015 Davis Cup World Group Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 1R 6 -- 8 Mar 2015 United States 3 -- 1 Glasgow Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Donald Young 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Singles 3 John Isner 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 QF 17 -- 19 Jul 2015 France 3 -- 1 London Grass Singles 2 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Doubles ( with Murray ) Mahut & Tsonga 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Singles 3 Gilles Simon 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 SF 18 -- 20 Sep 2015 Australia 3 -- 2 Glasgow Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Thanasi Kokkinakis 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 Doubles ( with Murray ) Groth & Hewitt 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Singles 3 Bernard Tomic 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 27 -- 29 Nov 2015 Belgium 3 -- 1 Ghent Clay ( i ) Singles 2 Ruben Bemelmans 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Doubles ( with Murray ) Darcis & Goffin 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Singles 3 David Goffin 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 <Td_colspan="9"> 2016 Davis Cup World Group Round Date Opponents Tie score Venue Surface Match Opponent Rubber score 1R 4 -- 6 Mar 2016 Japan 3 -- 1 Birmingham Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Taro Daniel 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 Doubles ( with Murray ) Nishioka & Uchiyama 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 Singles 3 Kei Nishikori 7 -- 5 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 SF 16 -- 18 Sep 2016 Argentina 2 -- 3 Glasgow Hard ( i ) Singles 1 Juan Martín del Potro 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Doubles ( with Murray ) del Potro & Mayer 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 Singles 3 Guido Pella 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Olympics ( edit ) Murray represented Great Britain at his maiden Olympics in Beijing 2008 . He competed in the singles and doubles competitions . Despite being seeded sixth in the singles competition , he was eliminated in the first round by Chinese Taipei 's Yen - hsun Lu . Along with his brother Jamie , he advanced to the second round of the doubles competition with a win over the Canadian pairing of Daniel Nestor and Frédéric Niemeyer . The Murray brothers were eliminated in the second round by France 's Arnaud Clément and Michael Llodra . In February , Murray pulled out of the Davis Cup tie against Argentina , because of a knee injury , so Argentina thrashed the under - strength British team . Jamie Murray scathingly criticised Andy and they did not speak to each other for a fortnight . Their rift continued in the Olympic doubles , over a perceived lack of effort from Andy . At the London 2012 Olympics , Murray competed in the singles , doubles ( partnering his brother Jamie ) and mixed doubles ( partnering Laura Robson ) . In the singles , he won the Gold Medal , including straight - set victories over Novak Djokovic in the semifinals and Roger Federer in the final , four weeks after Federer had beaten him in on the same court in the Wimbledon final . He also won the silver medal in the mixed doubles , losing to the Belarusian pairing of Max Mirnyi and Victoria Azarenka . Murray was the Great Britain flag bearer during the opening ceremony for the 2016 Summer Olympics . He reached the gold medal match in the singles competition , whilst losing in the first and second rounds of the men 's doubles and mixed doubles competitions respectively . After a 4 - hour final , Murray defeated Juan Martín del Potro and successfully retained his title as Olympic champion , achieving a second Olympic gold medal -- a feat which no other singles player has achieved . Murray attributed the motivation of his win as coming from Mo Farah 's 10,000 m win . Rivalries ( edit ) See also : Big Four ( tennis ) Murray vs Djokovic ( edit ) Main article : Djokovic -- Murray rivalry Novak Djokovic and Murray have met 36 times with Djokovic leading 25 -- 11 . Djokovic leads 5 -- 1 on clay , 20 -- 8 on hard courts , and Murray leads 2 -- 0 on grass . The two are almost exactly the same age , with Murray being only a week older than Djokovic . They went to training camp together , and Murray won the first match they ever played as teenagers . The pair have met 17 times in finals , with Djokovic leading 11 -- 8 . Ten of the finals were at ATP Masters 1000 events , and they are tied at 5 -- 5 . They have met in seven Major finals : The 2011 Australian Open , the 2012 US Open , the 2013 Australian Open , the 2013 Wimbledon Championships , the 2015 Australian Open , the 2016 Australian Open , and the 2016 French Open . Djokovic has won in Australia four times and their single French open final , Murray emerged as the victor at the US Open and Wimbledon . The former of Murray 's victories was the longest ever final at the US Open , tying with the 1988 final played between Ivan Lendl and Mats Wilander at 4 hours and 53 minutes , while the latter was notable for being the first home triumph in men 's singles at Wimbledon since 1936 . They also played a nearly five - hour long semifinal match in the 2012 Australian Open , which Djokovic won 7 -- 5 in the fifth set after Murray led 2 sets to 1 . Murray and Djokovic met again in 2012 at the London 2012 Olympic Games , with Murray winning in straight sets . During the final of the 2012 Shanghai Masters , Murray held five championship points in the second set , however Djokovic saved each of them , forcing a deciding set . He eventually prevailed to win his first Shanghai Masters title , ending Murray 's 12 -- 0 winning streak at the event . The three set matches they played in Rome and Shanghai in 2011 and 2012 respectively were voted the ATP World Tour Match of the Year for each respective season . Due to the tight competition between 2008 and 2013 , many saw this as the emerging rivalry . Djokovic went on to dominate the rivalry after the 2013 Wimbledon final , winning 13 of their last 16 matches . In 2016 , Murray suffered his 4th loss ( his 5th total ) in the final of the Australian Open from Djokovic , then the Serbian defeated the British player in four sets in the Roland Garros final , where Djokovic won his first Roland Garros title and completed the Career Grand Slam . Murray and Djokovic met in the final at the year 's end final of the ATP World Tour Finals for the first time in their rivalry , where the winner would be granted the Year - end No. 1 status . Djokovic , dropped only one set en route to the final at the ATP World Tour Finals , but lost in straight sets to Murray , who finished the year at Number 1 and became the first British player to achieve this feat . Murray vs Federer ( edit ) Main article : Federer -- Murray rivalry Murray and Roger Federer have met 25 times with Federer leading 14 -- 11 . Federer leads 12 -- 10 on hard courts , 2 -- 1 on grass , and they have never met on clay . After Federer won the first professional match they played , Murray dominated the first half of the rivalry , winning 8 of their first 13 matches from 2005 until 2010 . The second half of the rivalry has been dominated by Federer , who since won 9 of their last 12 matches from 2010 , and has led their rivalry since the 2014 ATP World Tour Finals . Federer leads 5 -- 3 in finals , having won each of their Grand Slam Final meetings at the 2008 US Open and 2010 Australian Open , both of which Federer won in straight sets , and the 2012 Wimbledon Championships , where Murray took the first set , but ended up losing in 4 sets . Murray leads 6 -- 3 in ATP 1000 tournaments and 2 -- 0 in finals . They have met five times at the ATP World Tour Finals , with Murray winning in Shanghai in 2008 and Federer coming out victorious in London in 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , and in 2014 . In August 2012 , Murray met Federer in the final of the London 2012 Olympics at Wimbledon Centre Court , just four weeks after the 2012 Wimbledon Final , in which Federer had defeated Murray to win his record - tying 7th title at the All - England Club . Murray defeated Federer in straight sets to win the gold medal , denying Federer a Career Golden Slam . In 2013 Murray beat Federer for the first time in a Major in the semifinals of the Australian Open , prevailing in five sets after Federer had come back twice from a set down . Their last grand slam meeting was at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships semifinals , where a dominant Federer defeated Murray in straight sets , earning a place in his 10th Wimbledon final . Murray is one of only three players to have recorded 10 or more victories over Federer , the other two being Nadal and Djokovic . Their most recent meeting took place at the 2015 Cincinnati Masters semifinals , with Federer winning the match in two close sets , recording his fifth consecutive victory over Murray . Murray vs Nadal ( edit ) Murray has played against Rafael Nadal on 24 occasions since 2007 , with Nadal leading 17 -- 7 . Nadal leads 7 -- 2 on clay , 3 -- 0 on grass and 7 -- 5 on hard courts . The pair regularly meet at Grand Slam level , with nine out of their twenty - four meetings coming in slams , with Nadal leading 7 -- 2 ( 3 -- 0 at Wimbledon , 2 -- 0 at the French Open , 1 -- 1 at the Australian Open and 1 -- 1 at the US Open ) . Eight of these nine appearances have been at quarterfinal and semifinal level . They have never met in a Slam final , however , Murray leads 3 -- 1 in ATP finals , with Nadal winning at Indian Wells in 2009 and Murray winning in Rotterdam the same year , Tokyo in 2011 , and at Madrid in 2015 . Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifinals to Nadal in 2011 from the French Open to the US Open . Of the past 20 Grand Slam drawsheets , they have been drawn in the same half 16 times . The pair had not met for three years since the final of the 2011 Japan Open until the quarterfinals of the 2014 Rome Masters , although they were scheduled to meet in the semifinal of the 2012 Miami Masters before Nadal withdrew with injury . At the semifinal stage of the 2014 French Open , Nadal triumphed in a dominant straight sets win for the loss of just 6 games . In one of their most recent meetings , Murray beat Nadal for the first time on clay , and the first time in a Masters 1000 final , at the Madrid Open in 2015 . Murray fell to Nadal in the semi-finals of the 2016 Monte Carlo Masters , despite taking the first set . Three weeks later they met again at the semi-final stage of the 2016 Madrid Open , this time Murray winning the match in straight sets . Murray vs Wawrinka ( edit ) Murray and Stan Wawrinka have played 18 times with Murray leading 10 -- 8 . Murray leads 7 -- 4 on hard courts and 2 -- 0 on grass courts while Wawrinka leads 4 -- 1 on clay courts . They have also met six times in Grand Slam tournaments with each player winning three matches . They have contested some close matches and one of their most notable matches was in the 2009 Wimbledon fourth round which Murray won in five sets and was the first men 's match to be played under the Wimbledon roof , having the latest finish for a Wimbledon match at the time . Wawrinka also ended Murray 's title defense at the 2013 US Open quarterfinals with a comfortable straight sets victory . Other close matches the two have contested include the 2010 US Open which Wawrinka won in four sets . Murray won the 2008 Canada Open and 2011 Shanghai Masters . While Murray has led the majority of the rivalry , Wawrinka won their first two matches and beat Murray three consecutive times between 2013 and 2015 , winning all of them in straight sets , until Murray ended the losing streak at the 2016 French Open , beating the defending champion Wawrinka in four sets to reach his first ever French Open final and become the first British man to do so since 1937 . Their most recent match was played in the semifinal of the 2017 French Open , which Wawrinka won in five sets . Due to this match - up and since both players each have three Grand Slam titles , Wawrinka has been identified by some , including Djokovic , as a potential contender to turn the Big Four tennis quartet into a `` Big Five '' , although Wawrinka himself has downplayed those suggestions , stating that he is still far behind them . Playing style ( edit ) At the Boodles Challenge , Stoke Park , June 2012 Murray plays an all - court game with an emphasis on defensive baseline play , and professional tennis coach Paul Annacone stated that Murray `` may be the best counterpuncher on tour today . '' His strengths include groundstrokes with low error rate , the ability to anticipate and react , and his transition from defence to offence with speed , which enables him to hit winners from defensive positions . His playing style has been likened to that of Miloslav Mečíř . Murray also has one of the best two - handed backhands on the tour , with dynamic stroke execution while he primarily uses his forehand , which is more passive , and a sliced backhand to let opponents play into his defensive game before playing more offensively . Tim Henman has stated that Murray may now have the best lob in the game , succeeding Lleyton Hewitt . Murray 's tactics often involve passive exchanges from the baseline . He is capable of injecting sudden pace into his groundstrokes to surprise his opponents who are used to the slow rally . Murray is also one of the top returners in the game , often able to block back fast serves with his excellent reach and ability to anticipate . For this reason , Murray is rarely aced . Murray is known for being one of the most intelligent tacticians on the court , often constructing points . Other strengths in his game , although not huge parts of his game , include a well - disguised drop shot and his net game . As he plays predominantly from the baseline , he usually approaches the net to volley when finishing points more quickly . Murray is most proficient on a fast surface , like grass , where he has won eight singles titles including the Wimbledon Championships and the 2012 Olympic Gold Medal , although hard courts are his preferred surface . He has worked hard since 2008 on improving his clay court game , ultimately winning his first clay titles during 2015 at Munich and Madrid , as well as reaching his first French Open final during 2016 . While Murray 's serve is a major weapon for him , with his first serve reaching speeds of 130 mph or higher on some occasions and winning him many free points , it can become inconsistent when hit under pressure , especially with a more vulnerable and slower second serve . Since his 2011 season and Ivan Lendl 's coaching , Murray has played a more offensive game and has also worked to improve his second serve , forehand , consistency and mental game which have all been crucial to his further success . Endorsements and equipment ( edit ) In 2009 , German manufacturer Adidas and Murray signed a five - year - deal worth £ 30 million . This included wearing their range of tennis shoes . The contract with Adidas allowed Murray to keep his shirt sleeve sponsors Shiatzy Chen , Royal Bank of Scotland and Highland Spring . Before he was signed by Adidas in late 2009 , he wore Fred Perry apparel . At the end of their contract together Adidas decided not to re-sign with Murray , and he began a 4 - year partnership with athletic apparel company Under Armour in December 2014 , reportedly worth $25 million . Murray uses Head rackets , and regularly appears in advertisements for the brand . In June 2012 , the Swiss watch manufacturer Rado announced that Murray had signed a deal to wear their D - Star 200 model . Coaches ( edit ) Murray 's coaching staff has changed through the years and are as follows : Leon Smith ( 1998 -- 2004 ) , Pato Álvarez ( 2003 -- 2005 ) , Mark Petchey ( 2005 -- 2006 ) , Brad Gilbert ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , Miles Maclagan ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , Àlex Corretja ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , Ivan Lendl ( 2011 -- 2014 , 2016 -- ) , Amélie Mauresmo ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , Jonas Björkman ( 2015 ) , Jamie Delgado ( 2016 -- ) . Charitable work ( edit ) Murray is a founding member of the Malaria No More UK Leadership Council and helped launch the charity in 2009 with David Beckham . Footage from the launch at Wembley Stadium can be seen on YouTube and the charity 's website . Murray also made ' Nets Needed ' , a short public service announcement , for the charity to help raise awareness and funds to help in the fight against malaria . Murray has also taken part in several charity tennis events , including the Rally for Relief events that took place prior to the start of the 2011 Australian Open . In June 2013 , Murray teamed up with former British number 1 Tim Henman for a charity doubles match against Murray 's coach and eight - time grand slam champion Ivan Lendl , and world No. 6 Tomáš Berdych at the Queen 's Club in London . The event named Rally Against Cancer was organised to raise money for Royal Marsden Cancer Charity after his best friend and fellow British player Ross Hutchins was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma . The event took place following the final day of competitive play at the AEGON Championships , on Sunday 16 June . Subsequently , following his victory at the tournament , Murray donated his entire prize money pot to The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity . In June 2014 , following the death of Elena Baltacha , Murray featured in an event known as ' Rally for Bally ' . Murray played at Queen 's Club alongside Victoria Azarenka , Martina Hingis , Heather Watson and his brother Jamie . The event raised money for the Royal Marsden Cancer Charity and the Elena Baltacha Academy of Tennis . Children from Baltacha 's academy took to the court to play alongside Murray . As a result of his various charitable exploits , Murray was awarded the Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year award for 2014 . Image ( edit ) National identity ( edit ) Murray carrying the Union Flag during the Parade of Nations at the 2016 Olympics opening ceremony Murray identifies himself as Scottish and British . His national identity has often been commented on by the media . While making a cameo appearance on the comedy show Outnumbered , Murray was asked whether he was British or Scottish , to which he responded `` Depends whether I win or not . '' Much of the discussion about Murray 's national identity began prior to Wimbledon 2006 , when he was quoted as saying he would `` support whoever England is playing '' at the 2006 World Cup . English ex-tennis player Tim Henman confirmed that the remarks had been made in jest and were only in response to Murray being teased by journalist Des Kelly and Henman about Scotland 's failure to qualify . Murray initially refused to endorse either side of the debate in the 2014 referendum on Scottish independence , citing the abuse he had received after his comments in 2006 . Just before the referendum , Murray tweeted a message that was considered by the media to be supportive of independence . He received online abuse for expressing his opinion , including messages that were described as `` vile '' by Police Scotland ; one referred to the Dunblane massacre . A few days after the vote , in which a 55 % majority opposed Scottish independence , Murray said that he did not regret stating his view , but said that it was out of character and that he would concentrate on his tennis career in the future . Victory salute ( edit ) After defeating Nikolay Davydenko at Wimbledon 2012 , Murray pointed upwards with both hands and wagged them back and forth while looking to the sky . Murray declined to reveal the reason , and ever since , he has continued to celebrate his victories with this gesture . Murray marked his first Wimbledon title in 2013 with the same victory salute . Then in his book ' Seventy - Seven ; My Path to Wimbledon Glory ' , released in November 2013 , Murray said : `` The real reason is that around that time I had a few friends and family who had various issues affecting them ... I knew that they would be watching and I wanted to let them know I was thinking of them . '' After winning the Brisbane International in January 2013 , he dedicated the victory to his friend Ross Hutchins who had been diagnosed with cancer in December 2012 . Hutchins confirmed that Murray 's victory salute after this win was a sign to him . Other ( edit ) In 2006 , there was uproar after a match with Kenneth Carlsen . Having been given a warning for racket abuse , he went on in the post-match interview to state that he and Carlsen had `` played like women '' during the first set . Murray was booed for the remark , but explained later that the comment had been intended as a jocular response to what Svetlana Kuznetsova had said at the Hopman Cup . A few months later , Murray was fined for swearing at the umpire during a Davis Cup doubles rubber with the Serbia and Montenegro Davis Cup team . Murray refused to shake hands with the umpire at the end of the match . In 2007 , Murray suggested that tennis had a match - fixing problem , stating that everyone knows it goes on , in the wake of the investigation surrounding Nikolay Davydenko . Both Davydenko and Rafael Nadal questioned his comments , but Murray responded that his words had been taken out of context . In a June 2015 column written for the French sports newspaper L'Équipe Murray criticised what he described as a double standard applied by many in their attitudes towards Amélie Mauresmo in her role as Murray 's coach , highlighting how many observers attributed his poor performances during the early part of her tenure to her appointment , which Murray denied , before pointing out that his previous coaches had not been blamed by the media for other spells of poor form . He also lamented the lack of female coaches working in elite tennis , and concluded : `` Have I become a feminist ? Well , if being a feminist is about fighting so that a woman is treated like a man then yes , I suppose I have '' . Career statistics ( edit ) Main article : Andy Murray career statistics Ranking ( edit ) Andy Murray singles ranking history chart 2003 -- 2016 Grand Slam tournament performance timeline ( edit ) Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament , or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended . Tournament 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 SR W -- L Win % <Td_colspan="19"> Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open 1R 4R 1R 4R SF QF 4R 0 / 12 48 -- 12 80 % French Open 1R 3R QF 4R SF QF SF SF SF 0 / 10 39 -- 10 80 % Wimbledon 3R 4R QF SF SF SF QF SF QF 2 / 12 57 -- 10 85 % US Open 2R 4R 3R 4R 3R SF QF QF 4R QF 1 / 12 44 -- 11 80 % Win -- Loss 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 3 -- 2 6 -- 4 5 -- 2 12 -- 4 15 -- 4 16 -- 4 21 -- 4 22 -- 3 17 -- 2 17 -- 4 19 -- 4 23 -- 3 12 -- 3 3 / 46 188 -- 43 81 % Grand Slam finals : 11 ( 3 titles , 8 runner - ups ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Runner - up 2008 US Open Hard Roger Federer 2 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 Runner - up Australian Open Hard Roger Federer 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 Runner - up 2011 Australian Open ( 2 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 4 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 Runner - up 2012 Wimbledon Grass Roger Federer 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Winner 2012 US Open Hard Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 2 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 Runner - up 2013 Australian Open ( 3 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 Winner 2013 Wimbledon Grass Novak Djokovic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 Runner - up 2015 Australian Open ( 4 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 0 -- 6 Runner - up 2016 Australian Open ( 5 ) Hard Novak Djokovic 1 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 7 Runner - up 2016 French Open Clay Novak Djokovic 6 -- 3 , 1 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 Winner 2016 Wimbledon ( 2 ) Grass Milos Raonic 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 Year -- End Championships ( edit ) Singles : 1 ( 1 title ) ( edit ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Winner 2016 ATP World Tour Finals , London Hard ( i ) Novak Djokovic 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Olympic Games ( edit ) Singles Finals : 2 ( 2 -- 0 ) ( edit ) Result Year Tournament Surface Opponent Score Gold 2012 Summer Olympics ( London ) Grass Roger Federer 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Gold 2016 Summer Olympics ( Rio ) Hard Juan Martín del Potro 7 -- 5 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 Mixed doubles finals : 1 ( 0 -- 1 ) ( edit ) Result Year Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score Silver 2012 Summer Olympics ( London ) Grass Laura Robson Victoria Azarenka Max Mirnyi 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , ( 8 -- 10 ) Records and achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of career achievements by Andy Murray These records were attained in the Open Era . Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements . Records in italics are currently active streaks . ( show ) Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched 2008 US Open -- 2012 Wimbledon First four finals lost Ivan Lendl 2010 Australian Open -- 2016 Australian Open 5 runner - up finishes at a single Grand Slam Ivan Lendl Novak Djokovic 2008 US Open -- 2016 French Open Runner - up finishes at all four Majors Roger Federer Ivan Lendl 2012 US Open -- 2013 Australian Open Reached final of next consecutive Major after winning first title Stands alone 2012 Olympics -- 2012 US Open Winner of Olympic singles gold medal and US Open in same calendar year Stands alone ( show ) Grand Slam tournaments Time Span Records at each Grand Slam tournament Players matched Australian Open 2010 -- 2016 5 runner - up finishes overall Stands alone Australian Open 2010 -- 2011 2015 -- 2016 2 consecutive runner - up finishes Pat Cash Steve Denton Stefan Edberg Australian Open 2010 -- 2016 First five finals lost Stands alone Wimbledon 2012 Latest finish for a match ( 11 : 02 ) vs. Marcos Baghdatis Marcos Baghdatis US Open 2012 Longest final ( by duration ) vs. Novak Djokovic Ivan Lendl Mats Wilander Novak Djokovic US Open 2012 Longest tiebreak in a final ( by points -- 22 ) vs. Novak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( show ) Time span Record accomplished Players matched <Th_colspan="3"> Olympics 2012 -- 2016 2 consecutive Olympics singles gold medals Stands alone 2012 -- 2016 3 medals overall ( singles , doubles & mixed ) Fernando González Mike Bryan <Th_colspan="3"> Queens Club 2009 -- 2016 5 singles titles overall Stands alone 2013 , 2016 Won the Queen 's - Wimbledon double twice John McEnroe Pete Sampras Awards and honours ( edit ) BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year : 2004 Most Titles in an ATP World Tour Season : 6 in 2009 , 9 in 2016 US Open Series Champion : 2010 , 2015 Best ATP World Tour Match of the Year ( 3 ) : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Officer of the Order of the British Empire : 2013 Laureus `` World Breakthrough of the Year '' Award : 2013 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for Top Scot : 2013 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Award for Sport : 2013 BBC Sports Personality of the Year : 2013 , 2015 , 2016 Doctor of the University of Stirling : 2014 Freeman of Stirling : 2014 Freeman of Merton : 2014 Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year : 2014 ITF Player of the Year : 2016 Knight Bachelor : 2017 See also ( edit ) Tennis portal 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions Open Era tennis records -- men 's singles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray tweeted `` Huge day for Scotland today ! no campaign negativity last few days totally swayed my view on it . excited to see the outcome . lets do this ! '' Jump up ^ ATP World Tour Finals semifinal lost . Rafael Nadal 6 -- 7 ( 5 ) , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Rome semifinal lost . Novak Djokovic 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Shanghai final lost . Novak Djokovic 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 7 ( 11 ) , 3 -- 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MURRAY , Andrew . ukwhoswho.com . Who 's Who . 2015 ( online Oxford University Press ed . ) . A & C Black , an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scottish Roots : Scottish Family Tree History : Andy Murray '' . Scottishroots.com. 15 May 1987 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 2013 ) . Andy Murray Wimbledon Champion : The Full and Extraordinary Story . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4711 - 3275 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon Tennis Tournament official website '' . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player profile -- Andy Murray '' . Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tournoi de Roland - Garros official website '' . Roland Garros . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open official website '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings -- Singles -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers . `` Andy Murray wins Wimbledon by beating Milos Raonic '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Goffin Davis Cup Final 2015 '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane tastes regret along with its new favourite son '' . The Observer. 26 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Pope , Iain ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` Andy Murray 's message of hope for Hibs in Scottish Cup final as he gears up for French Open '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Orthopedics -- Patella disorders '' . Orthopedics.about.com . Archived from the original on 24 May 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to miss Argentina Davis Cup tie '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray 's first steps in tennis '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The making of Andy Murray '' . Independent . 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Faultless young Scot who is all set to take on the tennis world , The Scotsman , 14 September 2004 Jump up ^ Murray , Andy ( 2008 ) . Hitting Back . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84605 - 167 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Murray describes fight to cope with trauma of Dunblane school killings '' . The Guardian . 5 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Interview : Andy Murray '' . The Sunday Times . 4 June 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boy on the brink '' . The Guardian . London . 9 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pukas , Anna ; Carpenter , Julie ( 12 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray 's secret fear ... and 49 other facts you never knew about the tennis champion '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrison , David ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Murray : Parents ' divorce fuels my aggression '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2012 : All you need to know about Andy Murray and a bit more '' . The Guardian . London , UK . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rise and rise of Andy Murray , a story in six chapters '' . The Guardian . 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hotel bought by Wimbledon champion Andy Murray opens '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray '' . BBC News . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Andy Murray , the great romantic '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Murray gets engaged to Kim Sears '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray marries girlfriend Kim Sears in Dunblane '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray 's wife Kim Sears gives birth to baby girl '' . ESPN . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray and Kim Sears ' name their daughter Sophia Olivia ' '' . Daily Mirror. 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/2017/07/13/andy-murray-wimbledon-sexist-question/ Jump up ^ `` Junior Orange Bowl Past Champions '' ( PDF ) . Junior Orange Bowl . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Israeli wins revered junior tennis tournament '' . ynetnews . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Challenger '' . ATP World Tour . 20 July 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Glasgow GB Futures F10 '' . ITF Tennis. 28 September 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Edinburgh GB Futures F11 '' . ITF Tennis. 5 October 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Murray : ' I always believed I was going to make it ' '' . Independent . 21 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Nottingham Challenger '' . ATP World Tour . 11 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Xativa Spain Futures F17 '' . ITF Tennis. 8 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Rome Italy Futures F22 '' . ITF Tennis. 29 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane teenager takes US Open '' . BBC News . 13 September 2004 . Retrieved 17 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll '' . BBC . 9 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andy MURRAY '' . ITFTennis.com . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- Singles Rankings '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GB pair take stunning doubles win '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 5 March 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis Players -- Andy Murray '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Petchey : Serving Andy -- harsh truths at the start of an epic journey '' . Independent . 2 July 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray loses in French semi-final '' . BBC Sport. 3 June 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray given wildcard for Queen 's '' . BBC Sport. 2 June 2005 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- Draws '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Murray excels in defeating Dent '' . BBC Sport. 8 June 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Gallant Murray falls to Johansson '' . BBC Sport. 9 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Austin , Simon ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` Petchey makes Murray fitness vow '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray : Career highs and lows '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 25 June 2005 ) . `` Brave Murray falls to Nalbandian '' . BBC Sport . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brave Murray through in five sets '' . BBC Sport. 31 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Battling Murray crashes out in US '' . BBC Sport. 3 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Tie Details '' . daviscup.com. 25 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Federer outguns impressive Murray '' . BBC Sport. 2 October 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Murray holds nerve to beat Henman '' . BBC Sport. 26 October 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray keen on patriot games with Rusedski '' . The Guardian . 22 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray out to please Scots crowd '' . BBC Sport. 25 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray gains revenge on Rusedski '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 27 November 2005 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Scotland audiences serve ace result for Andrew Murray in Sports Personality poll '' . BBC . 9 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Murray splits from coach Petchey '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gilbert accepts Murray coach role '' . BBC Sport. 26 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray is new British number one '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 27 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Rankings 2006.05. 15 '' . ATP World Tour . 15 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Rankings 2006.07. 03 '' . ATP World Tour . 3 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray suffers tame loss to Chela '' . BBC Sport. 17 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Injured Murray beaten by Monfils '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tame Murray beaten by Baghdatis '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Davydenko swiftly ends Murray bid '' . BBC Sport. 5 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` GB struggling after doubles loss '' . BBC Sport. 8 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray fights back to level tie '' . BBC Sport. 21 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup doubles woe for Britain '' . BBC Sport. 22 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Delgado loss spells woe for Brits '' . BBC Sport. 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Battling Brits boost survival bid '' . BBC Sport. 22 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray & Delgado crash in doubles '' . BBC Sport. 23 September 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray win seals British survival '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray suffers early Miami exit '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 23 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray out as cramps strike again '' . BBC Sport. 18 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray out in Rome , Henman wins '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray bows out of Indian Wells '' . BBC Sport. 12 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray falls to defeat by Blake '' . BBC Sport. 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray falls to guile of Gasquet '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Brilliant Murray outplays Federer '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roddick defeats exhausted Murray '' . BBC Sport. 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray breaks into world top 20 '' . BBC Sport. 21 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid losses for Murray & Henman '' . BBC Sport. 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hrbaty win ends Murray 's season '' . BBC Sport. 2 November 2006 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray stuns Roddick in San Jose '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Murray claims maiden title '' . BBC Sport. 20 February 2006 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray loses in Washington final '' . BBC Sport. 6 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blake blasts to Bangkok victory '' . BBC Sport. 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray plays down injury worries '' . BBC Sport. 30 May 2006 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray to lead Scots in Aberdeen '' . BBC Sport. 23 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray defeats Rusedski to wrap up Scottish success '' . The Guardian . 27 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Valiant Murray succumbs to Nadal '' . BBC Sport. 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic thrashes Murray in Miami '' . BBC Sport. 31 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Murray -- Singles Rankings '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beaten Murray looks to Davis Cup '' . BBC Sport. 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Murray fights back to keep title '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Murray assembling team of experts '' . BBC Sport. 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who are Team Murray ? '' . BBC Sport. 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ; Hodges , Vicki ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Andy Murray knocked out of Australian Open '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 7 September 2008 ) . `` Murray stuns Nadal to reach final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Newbery , Piers ( 9 September 2008 ) . `` Superb Federer ends Murray dream '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray blames Olympic failure on ' unprofessional ' attitude '' . The Times . London . 14 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray wary after Beijing loss to Lu '' . 25 June 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Steve ( 20 October 2008 ) . `` Murray masters Madrid on his path to grander ambitions '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray knocks out ailing Federer '' . BBC Sport. 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Davydenko ends Murray 's Cup run '' . BBC Sport. 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray vs Roddick clash '' . BBC Sport. 10 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Says ' No Disaster ' in Australian Open Loss to Verdasco '' . Bloomberg. 26 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray v Nadal as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 15 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray a Davis Cup doubt after withdrawing from Dubai tournament with virus '' . The Times . 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray v Nadal as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 22 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy bounce back to defeat Great Britain in Davis Cup quarter - final '' . The Guardian . 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray to move third in rankings '' . BBC Sport. 3 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Classy Murray wins Queen 's title '' . BBC Sport. 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray wins late - night thriller '' . BBC Sport. 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray v Del Potro as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Overcomes Del Potro '' . Retrieved 11 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Open 2009 : Andy Murray refuses to blame injury for Marin Cilic defeat '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray in Davis Cup dilemma over wrist injury with GB level 1 -- 1 with Poland '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 18 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Murray eases back into title - winning ways at Valencia Open '' . The Guardian . 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray admits beating Mikhail Youzhny at Valencia Masters was easier than expected '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals at 02 '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 23 October 2011 ) . `` Murray left in tears by Federer 's fireworks '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray and Laura Robson beaten in Hopman Cup final '' . BBC Sport. 9 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Australian open results '' . Archived from the original on 13 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray clears clouded mental state for fresh start in Monte Carlo '' . Telegraph . 14 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray says he was outplayed by Tomas Berdych '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad light stops Andy Murray 's clash with Mardy Fish '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Champion Andy Murray defeated by Mardy Fish at Queen 's '' . BBC Sport. 11 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal ends Murray 's dream '' . Sky Sports . 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray looking ahead after sacking coach Maclagan '' . BBC Sport. 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Querrey beats Murray to win 4th crown '' . ATP. 1 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray beats rain and Federer to defend title '' . ATP. 15 August 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Jeremy Chardy at Cincinnati Masters '' . BBC Sport. 18 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to face Mardy Fish in midday heat again '' . BBC Sport. 20 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mardy Fish beats Andy Murray in Cincinnati '' . BBC Sport. 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray baffled by US Open loss to Stan Wawrinka '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Ljubicic beats Andy Murray in China Open '' . BBC Sport. 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Masters Federer To Claim Shanghai Title '' . ATP Tour . 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Juan Monaco at Valencia Open '' . BBC Sport. 3 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray brothers seize first ATP Tour title in Valencia '' . BBC Sport. 7 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Soderling 's win pushes Murray down to No 5 '' . The Independent . 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal battles past Andy Murray to reach O2 final '' . BBC Sport. 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sports stars pledge help for Queensland flood victims '' . BBC Sport. 13 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Marcos Baghdatis in Rotterdam '' . BBC Sport. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray parts with coach Alex Corretja '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Rafael Nadal beats Murray to reach Monte Carlo final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 19 April 2011 ) . `` Andy Murray out of Barcelona Open with elbow injury '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 22 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 ATP stats '' . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 28 May 2011 ) . `` French Open : Andy Murray beats Michael Berrer despite injury '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 31 May 2011 ) . `` French Open : Andy Murray reaches Paris quarter - finals '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 3 June 2011 ) . `` French Open : Rafael Nadal outclasses Andy Murray to reach final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 13 June 2011 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Jo - Wilfried Tsonga to win Queen 's '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 1 July 2011 ) . `` Wimbledon 2011 : Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in semis '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Overend , Jonathan ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` Andy Murray secures Great Britain Davis Cup victory '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Defending champ Murray takes early exit from Rogers Cup '' . Sports Illustrated . 8 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Noval Djokovic injured '' . Huffington Post . 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Overend , Jonathan ( 31 December 2011 ) . `` Andy Murray appoints Ivan Lendl as his new coach '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Briggs , Simon ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray cruises to Brisbane title and pays tribute to sense of humour and work ethic of new coach Ivan Lendl '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tennis Live match result Jump up ^ `` Murray toasts success '' British No. 1 wins exhibition encounter , skysports.com , 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Jon ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray defeated by Novak Djokovic in epic semi-final '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer edges Murray to win Dubai Championships '' . Fox News Channel . 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATP results '' . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` French Open 2012 : Andy Murray runs out of steam against David Ferrer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Simon ( 13 June 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray beaten by Nicolas Mahut in second round at Queens '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 30 June 2012 ) . `` Wimbledon 2012 : Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in thriller '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray is first Brit to make Wimbledon finals in 74 years '' . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federer Wins 7th Wimbledon '' . Wimbledon 2012 . 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy and Jamie Murray beaten in Olympic tennis doubles '' . BBC Sport. 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , David ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray wins men 's singles Olympics tennis gold '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic sets up Andy Murray US Open final '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray becomes first Scottish - born slam winner since Harold Mahony '' . STV. 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Murray 's Open win a first on multiple fronts '' . ESPN . 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Katy ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray 's US Open win , press review : ' The Big Three is the Big Four ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic : Murray deserves ' big - four ' tag '' . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win Shanghai Masters '' . BBC . 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Simon Cambers ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Novak Djokovic roars back to deny Andy Murray in epic Shanghai final '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- Nadal down and out of Paris and London '' . Yahoo Sport. 25 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Keogh , Frank ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Bradley Wiggins claims BBC award is his ' greatest achievement ' '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Laureus World Sports Awards : Jessica Ennis named Sportswoman of Year '' . London Evening Standard . 12 March 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year honours 2013 : the full list '' . The Guardian . London . 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No. 60367 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 2012 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray '' . BBC News . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ross Hutchins diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma '' . BBC Sport. 6 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Australian Open -- Men 's singles final preview '' . The Roar . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray v Novak Djokovic as it happened '' . BBC Sport. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Overend , Jonathan ( 16 March 2013 ) . `` Juan Martin del Potro beats Andy Murray in Indian Wells '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray up to No. 2 in world after hard slog against David Ferrer in Miami heat '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beaten by Tomas Berdych at Madrid Open '' . BBC Sport. 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Overend , Jonathan ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Overend , Jonathan ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray pulls out of French Open with back injury '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray withdraws from Roland Garros '' . ATP. 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray wins Aegon Championships at Queen 's '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Benjamin Becker at Wimbledon 2013 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Yen - Hsun Lu at Wimbledon 2013 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Tommy Robredo at Wimbledon 2013 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Mikhail Youzhny at Wimbledon 2013 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 3 July 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Fernando Verdasco at Wimbledon '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Jerzy Janowicz in Wimbledon semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Katy ( 7 July 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win Wimbledon -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2013 : Andy Murray beaten by Stanislas Wawrinka '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Back surgery set to end Murray 's season '' . espn.co.uk . ESPN . 19 September 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2013 '' . BBC Sport. 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nadal , Murray start season at Qatar Open '' . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray unable to stop Roger Federer who marches on to semi-final meeting with Rafael Nadal '' . The Independent . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` USA vs Great Britain '' . Davis Cup website . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2014 : Jonny Marray 's doubles trouble ends in win as he makes second round with John - Patrick Smith '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray and coach Ivan Lendl agree mutual split '' . BBC Sport. 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray Edges Nicolas Almagro In Madrid -- Tennis '' . ATP World Tour . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Russell ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Nicolas Almagro at Madrid Masters '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal beats Andy Murray in Italian Open quarter - final '' . BBC Sport. 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 1 June 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Philipp Kohlschreiber at French Open '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beaten by Rafael Nadal in French Open semi-final '' . BBC Sport. 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuller , Russell . `` Andy Murray appoints Amelie Mauresmo as coach '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Andy Murray appoints Amélie Mauresmo as his new coach ' , The Guardian ( London ) , 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Wimbledon : Andy Murray third seed behind Djokovic & Nadal ' , `` BBC Sport '' , 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2014 : Andy Murray beats David Goffin in round one '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Blaz Rola in Wimbledon second round '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Roberto Bautista Agut at Wimbledon '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson under Wimbledon roof '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Grigor Dimitrov in Wimbledon quarters '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray : World ranking drops to 10th -- lowest since 2008 '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ( 4 August 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray looking for long - term deal with coach Amelie Mauresmo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray : British number one able to train fully again '' . BBC Sport. 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Courtney ( 10 August 2014 ) . `` Jo - Wilfried Tsonga beats Roger Federer to win Rogers Cup '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Cup : Andy Murray beaten by Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in Toronto '' . BBC Sport. 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beaten by Roger Federer in Cincinnati '' . BBC Sport. 16 August 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbury , Piers ( 1 September 2014 ) . `` US Open : Andy Murray beats Tsonga to reach last eight '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray drops out of world 's top 10 '' . ESPN . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MURRAY SAVES 5 MATCH POINTS FOR SHENZHEN CROWN '' . ATP Website . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Djokovic downs Murray in Beijing '' . Yahoo sports . 4 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to David Ferrer at Shanghai Masters '' . BBC Sport. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis - Vienna Open men 's singles final result '' . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats David Ferrer to reach Valencia Open final '' . BBC Sport. 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray outlasts Robredo to win Valencia title '' . Yahoo News . 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Paris Masters '' . BBC Sport. 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Jacob ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to qualify for ATP Tour Finals '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 9 November 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray loses to Kei Nishikori in ATP Tour finals opener '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Milos Raonic in straight sets at ATP Tour Finals '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray knocked out of World Tour Finals by Roger Federer '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Andy Murray splits with long - time allies Dani Vallverdu and Jez Green '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray joins International Premier Tennis League '' . BBC Sport. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray teams up with Maria Sharapova on IPTL debut '' . BBC Sport. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray wins title after Novak Djokovic withdraws in Abu Dhabi '' . BBC Sport. 3 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hopman Cup : Great Britain too good for Australia as Andy Murray and Heather Watson score straight - sets wins over Marinko Matosevic and Casey Dellacqua '' . abc . 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 25 January 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Grigor Dimitrov to make Australian Open quarters '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Australian Open : Andy Murray beats Nick Kyrgios in last eight '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 29 January 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray in Australian Open final after beating Tomas Berdych '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 1 February 2015 ) . `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win fifth Australian Open title '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gareth Iwan ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray returns to top four '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Oddo , Chris ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Simon Snaps 12 - Match Losing Streak vs. Murray in Rotterdam '' . Tennis Now . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beaten in straight sets by teenager Borna Coric in Dubai '' . The Guardian . London . 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray slips behind Kei Nishikori in the latest world rankings '' . Sky Sports . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup : Andy Murray wins to wrap up GB victory over USA '' . BBC Sport. 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- Murray sets new milestone on way to Indian Wells semi-finals '' . Yahoo Sport. 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Novak Djokovic in Indian Wells semi-final '' . BBC Sport. 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Kevin Anderson to reach 500 career wins '' . BBC Sport. 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses Miami Open final to Novak Djokovic '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 5 April 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to hire Jonas Bjorkman -- when he 's finished with Sweden 's answer to ' Strictly Come Dancing ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cambers , Simon . `` Andy Murray adds to Bjorkman burden while Mauresmo prepares for birth '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Murray wins BMW Open for first clay - court title '' . tennis.com. 4 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ATP World Tour '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` ATP World Tour '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` ATP World Tour '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` ATP World Tour '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Rafael Nadal to win Madrid Masters final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Piers Newbery . `` French Open : Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to reach final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Piers Newbery . `` Andy Murray wins fourth Queen 's Club title with two wins in a day '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Jamie claims bragging rights '' . Sporting Life . 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beaten by Kevin Anderson in US Open fourth round '' . BBC Sport. 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats body and Bernard Tomic to put GB in Davis Cup final '' . The Guardian . London . 20 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray puts Great Britain into Davis Cup final '' . BBC Sport. 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Ends French Hopes , Battles Into Paris SFs '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` ATP World Tour Finals -- It 's Novak Djokovic and the rest '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` murray davis cup preview 2015 final -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray wins the Davis Cup for Great Britain '' . BBC Sport. 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Goffin to seal first Davis Cup for Great Britain in 79 years '' . The Guardian . London . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray & Heather Watson lose to Australia in Hopman Cup '' . BBC Sport. 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray should stick with Jamie Delgado , says Tim Henman '' . skysports.com. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to Grigor Dimitrov in Miami Open , Johanna Konta through '' . BBC Sport. 29 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( 9 May 2016 ) . `` Andy Murray and Amelie Mauresmo ' mutually agree ' to end partnership '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Novak Djokovic to win first Italian Open title '' . BBC Sport. 15 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Stan Wawrinka to reach his first French Open final '' . BBC Sport. 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Newbery , Piers ( 14 June 2016 ) . `` Andy Murray and Ivan Lendl reunited at Queen 's Club '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` Andy Murray beats Nick Kyrgios to set up Jo - Wilfried Tsonga quarter - final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2016 : Andy Murray beats Jo - Wilfried Tsonga to reach semis '' . 5 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Garber , Greg . `` First - time favorite Andy Murray comes through in Wimbledon final '' . ESPN . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray tops Juan Martin del Potro in four - hour four - setter to win second straight singles gold '' . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup 2016 : Juan Martin del Potro beats Andy Murray '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup 2016 : Andy & Jamie Murray win doubles to keep GB hopes alive '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 17 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup 2016 : Dan Evans & Leonardo Mayer face decider after Andy Murray wins '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Stuart ( 18 September 2016 ) . `` Argentine resist British fightback to reach Davis Cup final '' . daviscup.com . ITF Licensing . Archived from the original on 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to face Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in Erste Bank Open final after walkover '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray beats Jo - Wilfried Tsonga in Vienna to win the Erste Bank Open '' . BBC Sport. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Wins Shanghai , Draws Closer To Novak '' . ATP World Tour . 16 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Becomes 26th Player In History To Hold No. 1 In Emirates ATP Rankings '' . atpworldtour.com. 5 November 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Claims 14th Masters 1000 Crown In Paris -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . Jump up ^ `` Historic ATP Season Finale Hits New Heights In Dramatic Finish To 2016 Season -- ATP World Tour -- Tennis '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 61803 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 December 2016 . p . N2 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray loses to David Goffin in season opener '' . BBC Sport. 30 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Andy Murray ends 2016 with victory over Milos Raonic '' . BBC Sport. 31 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic Beats Andy Murray For Doha Title ATP World Tour Tennis '' . ATP World Tour . 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Guardian . 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GB relegated after Davis Cup loss '' . BBC Sport. 20 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray licks wounds as Poland beats erratic Great Britain in Davis Cup '' . Guardian . 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray 's bravery fails to save Britain from doubles defeat by Poland in Davis Cup '' . Telegraph . 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray withdraws from British Davis Cup tie '' . BBC Sport. 3 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray hits back at John Lloyd Davis Cup criticism '' . BBC Sport. 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On this day in sport : 7 March '' . Lithuania Tribune . 7 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain suffer humiliating Davis Cup defeat '' . BBC Sport. 7 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray 's former coach Leon Smith lined up to be Britain 's new Davis Cup captain '' . Telegraph . 8 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ruthless Andy Murray serves up a horror show for tortured Laurent Bram '' . Guardian . 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Murray brothers too strong for Luxembourg '' . Times . 9 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Murray goes from Nadal to Hungarian law student '' . Independent . 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Murray and Ward win as GB lead Hungary 2 -- 0 in Davis Cup '' . BBC Sport. 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray criticises ' messed up ' schedule despite Davis Cup success '' . Guardsian. 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to miss Davis Cup match with Slovakia '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray admits his Davis Cup heroics were fuelled by a fear of critics doubting his commitment '' . Telegraph . 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray to face teenager Borna Coric in Davis Cup opening singles '' . The Guardian . 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray & Colin Fleming give Great Britain Davis Cup lead '' . BBC Sport. 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Leon Smith and talisman Andy Murray are rewarded for their courage '' . Times . 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray guides Great Britain back to Davis Cup World Group '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Great Britain beat United States to reach Davis Cup quarter - finals '' . Guardian . 2 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray defies virus to play Great Britain 's first Davis Cup quarter - final for 28 year '' . Mirror. 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray and Colin Fleming win doubles to edge GB ahead of Italy '' . Guardian . 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup : Andy Murray puts Great Britain into final '' . BBC Sport. 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray crashes out to Lu Yen - Hsun -- Beijing Olympics 2008 '' . The Telegraph . 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brother 's left - field lessons boost Andy Murray '' . Times . 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray wins men 's singles Olympics tennis gold '' . BBC Sport. 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray & Laura Robson take silver in Olympics final '' . BBC Sport. 5 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : Andy Murray to be Team GB flag bearer '' . 3 August 2016 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Rio Olympics 2016 : Andy Murray to face Juan Martin del Potro in tennis final '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12111/10649116/andy-murrays-greatest-moments-revisited-after-winning-atp-world-tour-finals Jump up ^ `` Tennis -- ATP World Tour -- FedEx ATP Head 2 Head '' . ATP World Tour . Archived from the original on 15 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Novak & Andy : The Rivalry '' . ATP World Tour . 26 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2 Best ATP World Tour Matches of 2011 '' . ATP . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . 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Archived from the original on 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Andy Murray turned a second serve into a lethal weapon '' . London Evening Standard . 4 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Murray bemoans inconsistent serve after shock defeat '' . ESPN . 26 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The making of Andy Murray , a modern - day champion -- and the extra miles he has gone for Wimbledon glory '' . The Telegraph . 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray must return to Ivan Lendl 's aggressive style , claims Greg Rusedski '' . Sky Sports . 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2011 : Andy Murray 's consistency needs a trophy '' . The Telegraph . 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 4 November 2009 ) . `` Andy Murray 's fashion sense goes into overdrive with £ 30 m deal with adidas '' . The Times . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Murray ends Fred Perry sponsorship deal '' . The Independent . London . Reuters. 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray 's new deal with Under Armour slips out as tennis star fails to conceal t - shirt logo '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray signs £ 15m kit deal with US company Under Armour '' . The Guardian . 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray signs four - year clothing deal with Under Armour '' . Tennis.com. 30 December 2014 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HEAD -- the most successful racquet on the tennis tour in 2012 '' . HEAD . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rado reveals Andy Murray as latest ambassador '' . Watch Pro. 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Murray will leave Australian Open early if baby comes '' . Tennis.com. 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Splits With Coach Mauresmo '' . atpworldtour.com. 9 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray Supports Malaria No More UK and Comic Relief '' . ATP World Tour . Press Release . 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RALLY FOR RELIEF RAISES $1.8 M FOR QUEENSLAND FLOOD VICTIMS '' . ATP Staff . 16 January 2011 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray called Hutchins his best friend in his speech to the crowd after winning the 2013 AEGON Championships , just before the charity match . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` Andy Murray and Tim Henman double up in cancer research fundraiser '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rally Against Cancer '' . The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity . June 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . After generously donating his £ 73,000 prize money from the Aegon Championships , Andy Murray is now sporting The Royal Marsden Cancer Charity name on his sleeve throughout Wimbledon . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Rally for Bally : Andy Murray leads Elena Baltacha tributes '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Tennis World Unites At Rally For Bally '' . ATP World Tour . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Mark ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` Wimbledon : Andy Murray promises to focus '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Murray : Scottish , British , who cares ? Today he belongs to us all . The Guardian ( London ) ; retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Murray Gets Outnumbered -- Red Nose Day 2011 -- BBC Comic Relief Night . YouTube . Retrieved on 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Henman talks about Andy Murray , 9 September 2008 , YouTube clip of BBC Radio 5 Live interview . Jump up ^ `` Scottish independence : Andy Murray stays quiet on vote '' . BBC News . BBC . 9 March 2014 . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray on Scottish independence vote : ' Let 's do this ! ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray signals support for Scottish independence '' . Tennis.com. 18 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Scottish referendum : Andy Murray ' disappointed ' by indyref tweet fallout , BBC News ; accessed 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enigmatic Murray refuses to explain his sky pointing celebration '' . Times . 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon 2013 : Andy Murray makes history as he clinches Wimbledon triumph '' . Daily Record . 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Andy ( 2013 ) . Andy Murray : Seventy - Seven : My Road to Wimbledon Glory . Headline . ISBN 978 - 0 - 755 - 36596 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Match point : Murray victory salute decoded '' . The Times . 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Auckland to double his luck with Murray plea '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` Murray mars victory with verbal error '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Britain fined for Murray outburst '' . BBC Sport. 9 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Murray satisfied with ATP meeting '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Davydenko faces betting inquiry '' . BBC Sport. 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tennis ' aware of fixing threat ' '' . BBC Sport. 12 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Bolton , Doug ( 5 June 2015 ) . `` Andy Murray declares himself a feminist , after hitting back at sexist criticism of his coach Amélie Mauresmo '' . independent.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarey , Christopher ( 8 July 2012 ) . `` Federer Beats Murray , and Britain , for Seventh Wimbledon Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . The only other man in the Open era to lose his first four major finals is Ivan Lendl ... Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic beats Andy Murray to win sixth Australian Open title '' . BBC Sport. 31 January 2016 . ( Murray ) becomes only the second man -- behind his former coach Ivan Lendl at the US Open -- to lose five finals at the same Grand Slam since the open era began in 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open Men 's Final Open Thread : Novak Djokovic v Andy Murray '' . tennis-x.com . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Alleyne , Richard ( 11 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Murray 's US Open victory hailed as perfect end to perfect summer of sport '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Murray `` proud '' after semi-final win over Berdych `` . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin ( 30 June 2012 ) . `` Wimbledon 2012 : Andy Murray beats Marcos Baghdatis in latest finish '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Murray wins Open , first Slam '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Mike . `` Andy Murray becomes first player to win consecutive singles gold medals as Brit ace beats Juan Martin del Potro in thrilling Rio 2016 final '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail , 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin . `` No respite for drained Andy Murray after claiming historic Olympic tennis gold '' . theguardian.com . The Guardian London , 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dielhenn , James . `` Andy Murray wins Queen 's Club Championship for a record fifth time '' . skysports.com . Sky Sports UK . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historic 5th Title for Andy Murray at 130 Year Old Queens Club '' . queensclub.co.uk . Queens Club London . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Best Matches of the Year '' . atpworldtour.com. 7 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Best ATP World Tour match of the Year '' . atpworldtour.com. 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Best ATP World Tour match of the Year '' . atpworldtour.com. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2016 : Andy Murray wins for a record third time '' . BBC Sport. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Honorary degree and freedom of Stirling for Andy Murray '' . BBC News . BBC.com. 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Murray Given Freedom of Merton '' . Association of Tennis Professionals. 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Murray given Freedom of Merton '' . Merton Council . 20 June 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andy Murray . Official website Andy Murray at the Association of Tennis Professionals Andy Murray at the International Tennis Federation Andy Murray at the Davis Cup <Th_colspan="3"> Sporting positions Preceded by Novak Djokovic World No. 1 7 November 2016 -- 21 August 2017 Succeeded by Rafael Nadal Preceded by Sam Querrey Milos Raonic US Open Series Champion 2015 Succeeded by Mardy Fish Kei Nishikori <Th_colspan="3"> Awards Preceded by Kate Haywood BBC Young Sports Personality of the Year Succeeded by Harry Aikines - Aryeetey Preceded by Rory McIlroy Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year 2013 Succeeded by Marc Márquez Preceded by Bradley Wiggins Lewis Hamilton BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2013 2015 , 2016 Succeeded by Lewis Hamilton Incumbent Preceded by Roger Federer Arthur Ashe Humanitarian of the Year 2014 Succeeded by Bob Bryan & Mike Bryan Preceded by Novak Djokovic ATP Player of the Year 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Novak Djokovic ITF World Champion 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games Preceded by Chris Hoy Flagbearer for Great Britain Rio de Janeiro 2016 Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> Andy Murray Entourage Ivan Lendl ( coach 2012 -- 2014 and 2016 -- present ) Jamie Delgado ( coach 2016 -- present ) Jamie Murray ( brother and doubles partner ) Judy Murray ( mother and former coach 1990 -- 1998 ) Leon Smith ( former coach 1999 -- 2004 ) Pato Alvarez ( former coach 2003 -- 2005 ) Mark Petchey ( former coach 2005 -- 2006 ) Brad Gilbert ( former coach 2006 -- 2007 ) Miles Maclagan ( former coach 2007 -- 2010 ) Alex Corretja ( former coach 2010 -- 2011 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( former coach 2014 -- 2016 ) Jonas Björkman ( former coach 2015 ) Dani Vallverdu ( former hitting partner ) Career Achievements Statistics World No. 1 Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Roger Federer Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Big Four Seasons 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Notable matches 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final Australian Open Finals : 2010 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open Finals : 2016 Wimbledon 2013 2016 US Open Juniors : 2004 Seniors : 2012 Olympics 2012 2016 Indian Wells Finals : 2009 Miami 2009 2013 Monte Carlo Nil Roma 2016 Madrid 2015 Canada 2009 2015 Cincinnati 2008 2011 Madrid / Shanghai 2008 ( M ) 2011 2016 Paris 2016 World Tour Finals 2016 Davis Cup 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> Andy Murray Official Website <Th_colspan="2"> Big Four <Td_colspan="2"> Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray Rivalries Federer -- Nadal Djokovic -- Federer Djokovic -- Nadal Federer -- Murray Djokovic -- Murray Seasons Roger Federer 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rafael Nadal 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Novak Djokovic 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Andy Murray 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Roger Federer ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2006 2007 2009 2017 French Open 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 Wimbledon 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 2014 2015 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2015 Tour Finals 2003 2005 2006 2007 2011 2012 2014 2015 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 3 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 6 ) Canada ( 2 ) Cincinnati ( 7 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 2 ) Paris ( 1 ) Rafael Nadal ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2009 2012 2014 2017 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2006 2007 2008 2011 US Open 2011 2013 2017 Tour Finals 2013 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 3 ) Monte Carlo ( 10 ) Madrid / Hamburg ( 5 ) Rome ( 7 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 1 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 1 ) Novak Djokovic ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2008 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2012 2014 2015 2016 Wimbledon 2011 2013 2014 2015 US Open 2007 2011 2012 2013 2015 2016 Tour Finals 2008 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Masters titles Indian Wells ( 5 ) Miami ( 6 ) Monte Carlo ( 2 ) Madrid ( 2 ) Rome ( 4 ) Canada ( 4 ) Shanghai ( 3 ) Paris ( 4 ) Andy Murray ( Statistics and Achievements ) Australian Open 2011 2013 2015 2016 French Open 2016 Wimbledon 2012 2013 2016 US Open 2008 2012 Tour Finals 2016 Masters titles Miami ( 2 ) Madrid ( 1 ) Rome ( 1 ) Canada ( 3 ) Cincinnati ( 2 ) Shanghai / Madrid ( 4 ) Paris ( 1 ) Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2012 Wimbledon final 2012 US Open final 2013 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final <Th_colspan="2"> Articles and topics related to Andy Murray <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) world No. 1 singles players <Td_colspan="2"> Ilie Năstase ( 1973 / 1974 -- 40 w ) John Newcombe ( 1974 -- 8 w ) Jimmy Connors ( 1974 / 1983 -- 268 w ) Björn Borg ( 1977 / 1981 -- 109 w ) John McEnroe ( 1980 / 1985 -- 170 w ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 / 1990 -- 270 w ) Mats Wilander ( 1988 / 1989 -- 20 w ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 / 1992 -- 72 w ) Boris Becker ( 1991 -- 12 w ) Jim Courier ( 1992 / 1993 -- 58 w ) Pete Sampras ( 1993 / 2000 -- 286 w ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 / 2003 -- 101 w ) Thomas Muster ( 1996 -- 6 w ) Marcelo Ríos ( 1998 -- 6 w ) Carlos Moyá ( 1999 -- 2 w ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( 1999 -- 6 w ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 -- 1 w ) Marat Safin ( 2000 / 2001 -- 9 w ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2000 / 2001 -- 43 w ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2001 / 2003 -- 80 w ) Juan Carlos Ferrero ( 2003 -- 8 w ) Andy Roddick ( 2003 / 2004 -- 13 w ) Roger Federer ( 2004 / 2012 -- 302 w ) Rafael Nadal ( 2008 / 2017 -- 149 w ) Novak Djokovic ( 2011 / 2016 -- 223 w ) Andy Murray ( 2016 / 2017 -- 41 w ) <Td_colspan="2"> ATP singles rankings incepted on August 23 , 1973 ( year first held / year last held -- number of weeks ( w ) ) current No. 1 in bold , as of week of October 9 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Olympic Tennis Champions in men 's singles Demonstration 1968 : Manuel Santana ( ESP ) 1984 : Stefan Edberg ( SWE ) Indoor 1908 : Arthur Gore ( GBR ) 1912 : André Gobert ( FRA ) Outdoor 1896 : John Pius Boland ( GBR ) 1900 : Laurence Doherty ( GBR ) 1904 : Beals Wright ( USA ) 1908 : Major Ritchie ( GBR ) 1912 : Charles Winslow ( RSA ) 1920 : Louis Raymond ( RSA ) 1924 : Vincent Richards ( USA ) 1988 : Miloslav Mečíř ( TCH ) 1992 : Marc Rosset ( SUI ) 1996 : Andre Agassi ( USA ) 2000 : Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( RUS ) 2004 : Nicolás Massú ( CHI ) 2008 : Rafael Nadal ( ESP ) 2012 : Andy Murray ( GBR ) 2016 : Andy Murray ( GBR ) <Th_colspan="2"> Wimbledon ( Open Era ) gentlemen 's singles champions <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1968 ) Rod Laver ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) John Newcombe ( 1971 ) John Newcombe ( 1972 ) Stan Smith ( 1973 ) Jan Kodeš ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1976 ) Björn Borg ( 1977 ) Björn Borg ( 1978 ) Björn Borg ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Boris Becker ( 1986 ) Boris Becker ( 1987 ) Pat Cash ( 1988 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1991 ) Michael Stich ( 1992 ) Andre Agassi ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Richard Krajicek ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Pete Sampras ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Pete Sampras ( 2001 ) Goran Ivanišević ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2009 ) Roger Federer ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Roger Federer ( 2013 ) Andy Murray ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray ( 2017 ) Roger Federer <Th_colspan="2"> Year - end championships winners singles <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1970 ) Stan Smith ( 1971 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1974 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1975 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1976 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1977 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1978 ) John McEnroe ( 1979 ) Björn Borg ( 1980 ) Björn Borg ( 1981 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1982 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1983 ) John McEnroe ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Boris Becker ( 1989 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1990 ) Andre Agassi ( 1991 ) Pete Sampras ( 1992 ) Boris Becker ( 1993 ) Michael Stich ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras ( 1995 ) Boris Becker ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras ( 1998 ) Alex Corretja ( 1999 ) Pete Sampras ( 2000 ) Gustavo Kuerten ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2003 ) Roger Federer ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) David Nalbandian ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2009 ) Nikolay Davydenko ( 2010 ) Roger Federer ( 2011 ) Roger Federer ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2014 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Andy Murray <Th_colspan="2"> US Open men 's singles champions <Td_colspan="2"> ( 1968 ) Arthur Ashe ( 1969 ) Rod Laver ( 1970 ) Ken Rosewall ( 1971 ) Stan Smith ( 1972 ) Ilie Năstase ( 1973 ) John Newcombe ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1975 ) Manuel Orantes ( 1976 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1977 ) Guillermo Vilas ( 1978 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1979 ) John McEnroe ( 1980 ) John McEnroe ( 1981 ) John McEnroe ( 1982 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1983 ) Jimmy Connors ( 1984 ) John McEnroe ( 1985 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1986 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1987 ) Ivan Lendl ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander ( 1989 ) Boris Becker ( 1990 ) Pete Sampras ( 1991 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1992 ) Stefan Edberg ( 1993 ) Pete Sampras ( 1994 ) Andre Agassi ( 1995 ) Pete Sampras ( 1996 ) Pete Sampras ( 1997 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1998 ) Patrick Rafter ( 1999 ) Andre Agassi ( 2000 ) Marat Safin ( 2001 ) Lleyton Hewitt ( 2002 ) Pete Sampras ( 2003 ) Andy Roddick ( 2004 ) Roger Federer ( 2005 ) Roger Federer ( 2006 ) Roger Federer ( 2007 ) Roger Federer ( 2008 ) Roger Federer ( 2009 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 2010 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2012 ) Andy Murray ( 2013 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2014 ) Marin Čilić ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic ( 2016 ) Stan Wawrinka ( 2017 ) Rafael Nadal <Th_colspan="2"> US Open boys ' singles champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1973 Billy Martin 1974 Billy Martin 1975 Howard Schoenfield 1976 Ricardo Yzaga 1977 Van Winitsky 1978 Per Hjertquist 1979 Scott Davis 1980 Mike Falberg 1981 Thomas Högstedt 1982 Pat Cash 1983 Stefan Edberg 1984 Mark Kratzmann 1985 Tim Trigueiro 1986 Javier Sánchez 1987 David Wheaton 1988 Nicolás Pereira 1989 Jonathan Stark 1990 Andrea Gaudenzi 1991 Leander Paes 1992 Brian Dunn 1993 Marcelo Ríos 1994 Sjeng Schalken 1995 Nicolas Kiefer 1996 Daniel Elsner 1997 Arnaud Di Pasquale 1998 David Nalbandian 1999 Jarkko Nieminen 2000 Andy Roddick 2001 Gilles Müller 2002 Richard Gasquet 2003 Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2004 Andy Murray 2005 Ryan Sweeting 2006 Dušan Lojda 2007 Ričardas Berankis 2008 Grigor Dimitrov 2009 Bernard Tomic 2010 Jack Sock 2011 Oliver Golding 2012 Filip Peliwo 2013 Borna Ćorić 2014 Omar Jasika 2015 Taylor Fritz 2016 Félix Auger - Aliassime 2017 Wu Yibing <Th_colspan="2"> ATP Masters Series : Singles champions <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Indian Wells Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Michael Chang 1997 : Michael Chang 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Mark Philippoussis 2000 : Àlex Corretja 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Lleyton Hewitt 2003 : Lleyton Hewitt 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Ivan Ljubičić 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Miami Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Andre Agassi 1991 : Jim Courier 1992 : Michael Chang 1993 : Pete Sampras 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Thomas Muster 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Richard Krajicek 2000 : Pete Sampras 2001 : Andre Agassi 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Andre Agassi 2004 : Andy Roddick 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Nikolay Davydenko 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Roddick 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Andy Murray 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Roger Federer <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Monte - Carlo Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Andrei Chesnokov 1991 : Sergi Bruguera 1992 : Thomas Muster 1993 : Sergi Bruguera 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Marcelo Ríos 1998 : Carlos Moyá 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Cédric Pioline 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Guillermo Coria 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Stan Wawrinka 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Rafael Nadal 2017 : Rafael Nadal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Hamburg / Madrid Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Juan Aguilera 1991 : Karel Nováček 1992 : Stefan Edberg 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Andriy Medvedev 1995 : Andriy Medvedev 1996 : Roberto Carretero 1997 : Andriy Medvedev 1998 : Albert Costa 1999 : Marcelo Ríos 2000 : Gustavo Kuerten 2001 : Albert Portas 2002 : Roger Federer 2003 : Guillermo Coria 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Tommy Robredo 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Rafael Nadal 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Rafael Nadal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Rome Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Thomas Muster 1991 : Emilio Sánchez 1992 : Jim Courier 1993 : Jim Courier 1994 : Pete Sampras 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Thomas Muster 1997 : Àlex Corretja 1998 : Marcelo Ríos 1999 : Gustavo Kuerten 2000 : Magnus Norman 2001 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Félix Mantilla 2004 : Carlos Moyá 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Rafael Nadal 2007 : Rafael Nadal 2008 : Novak Djokovic 2009 : Rafael Nadal 2010 : Rafael Nadal 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Rafael Nadal 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Canada Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Michael Chang 1991 : Andrei Chesnokov 1992 : Andre Agassi 1993 : Mikael Pernfors 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Wayne Ferreira 1997 : Chris Woodruff 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Thomas Johansson 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Andrei Pavel 2002 : Guillermo Cañas 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Roger Federer 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : Novak Djokovic 2008 : Rafael Nadal 2009 : Andy Murray 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Novak Djokovic 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2015 : Andy Murray 2016 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Alexander Zverev Jr . <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cincinnati Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Pete Sampras 1993 : Michael Chang 1994 : Michael Chang 1995 : Andre Agassi 1996 : Andre Agassi 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Patrick Rafter 1999 : Pete Sampras 2000 : Thomas Enqvist 2001 : Gustavo Kuerten 2002 : Carlos Moyá 2003 : Andy Roddick 2004 : Andre Agassi 2005 : Roger Federer 2006 : Andy Roddick 2007 : Roger Federer 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Roger Federer 2010 : Roger Federer 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Roger Federer 2013 : Rafael Nadal 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Roger Federer 2016 : Marin Čilić 2017 : Grigor Dimitrov <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Stockholm / Essen / Stuttgart / Madrid / Shanghai Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Boris Becker 1991 : Boris Becker 1992 : Goran Ivanišević 1993 : Michael Stich 1994 : Boris Becker 1995 : Thomas Muster 1996 : Boris Becker 1997 : Petr Korda 1998 : Richard Krajicek 1999 : Thomas Enqvist 2000 : Wayne Ferreira 2001 : Tommy Haas 2002 : Andre Agassi 2003 : Juan Carlos Ferrero 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Rafael Nadal 2006 : Roger Federer 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Andy Murray 2009 : Nikolay Davydenko 2010 : Andy Murray 2011 : Andy Murray 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Roger Federer 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Paris Masters <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 : Stefan Edberg 1991 : Guy Forget 1992 : Boris Becker 1993 : Goran Ivanišević 1994 : Andre Agassi 1995 : Pete Sampras 1996 : Thomas Enqvist 1997 : Pete Sampras 1998 : Greg Rusedski 1999 : Andre Agassi 2000 : Marat Safin 2001 : Sébastien Grosjean 2002 : Marat Safin 2003 : Tim Henman 2004 : Marat Safin 2005 : Tomáš Berdych 2006 : Nikolay Davydenko 2007 : David Nalbandian 2008 : Jo - Wilfried Tsonga 2009 : Novak Djokovic 2010 : Robin Söderling 2011 : Roger Federer 2012 : David Ferrer 2013 : Novak Djokovic 2014 : Novak Djokovic 2015 : Novak Djokovic 2016 : Andy Murray <Th_colspan="2"> BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 Christopher Chataway 1955 Gordon Pirie 1956 Jim Laker 1957 Dai Rees 1958 Ian Black 1959 John Surtees 1960 David Broome 1961 Stirling Moss 1962 Anita Lonsbrough 1963 Dorothy Hyman 1964 Mary Rand 1965 Tom Simpson 1966 Bobby Moore 1967 Henry Cooper 1968 David Hemery 1969 Ann Jones 1970 Henry Cooper 1971 HRH The Princess Anne 1972 Mary Peters 1973 Jackie Stewart 1974 Brendan Foster 1975 David Steele 1976 John Curry 1977 Virginia Wade 1978 Steve Ovett 1979 Sebastian Coe 1980 Robin Cousins 1981 Ian Botham 1982 Daley Thompson 1983 Steve Cram 1984 Torvill and Dean ( Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean ) 1985 Barry McGuigan 1986 Nigel Mansell 1987 Fatima Whitbread 1988 Steve Davis 1989 Nick Faldo 1990 Paul Gascoigne 1991 Liz McColgan 1992 Nigel Mansell 1993 Linford Christie 1994 Damon Hill 1995 Jonathan Edwards 1996 Damon Hill 1997 Greg Rusedski 1998 Michael Owen 1999 Lennox Lewis 2000 Steve Redgrave 2001 David Beckham 2002 Paula Radcliffe 2003 Jonny Wilkinson 2004 Kelly Holmes 2005 Andrew Flintoff 2006 Zara Phillips 2007 Joe Calzaghe 2008 Chris Hoy 2009 Ryan Giggs 2010 Tony McCoy 2011 Mark Cavendish 2012 Bradley Wiggins 2013 Andy Murray 2014 Lewis Hamilton 2015 Andy Murray 2016 Andy Murray <Th_colspan="2"> Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 Sergio García 2001 Marat Safin 2002 Juan Pablo Montoya 2003 Yao Ming 2004 Michelle Wie 2005 Liu Xiang 2006 Rafael Nadal 2007 Amélie Mauresmo 2008 Lewis Hamilton 2009 Rebecca Adlington 2010 Jenson Button 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Andy Murray 2014 Marc Márquez 2015 Daniel Ricciardo 2016 Jordan Spieth 2017 Nico Rosberg <Th_colspan="2"> World rankings -- Top ten tennis players as of week of 9 October 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> ATP singles <Td_colspan="1"> ATP doubles <Td_colspan="1"> WTA singles <Td_colspan="1"> WTA doubles Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Andy Murray Alexander Zverev Marin Čilić Novak Djokovic Dominic Thiem Stan Wawrinka Grigor Dimitrov David Goffin Henri Kontinen John Peers Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Nicolas Mahut Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Pierre - Hugues Herbert Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Simona Halep Garbiñe Muguruza Karolína Plíšková Elina Svitolina Venus Williams Caroline Wozniacki Jeļena Ostapenko Svetlana Kuznetsova Caroline Garcia Johanna Konta Martina Hingis Chan Yung - jan Elena Vesnina Ekaterina Makarova Lucie Šafářová Bethanie Mattek - Sands Andrea Hlaváčková Peng Shuai Sania Mirza Lucie Hradecká <Th_colspan="2"> Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten European male singles tennis players as of 9 October 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Rafael Nadal ( 1 ) 2 . Roger Federer ( 2 ) 3 . Andy Murray ( 3 ) 4 . Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) 5 . Marin Čilić ( 5 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 6 . Novak Djokovic ( 6 ) 7 . Dominic Thiem ( 7 ) 8 . Stan Wawrinka ( 8 1 ) 9 . Grigor Dimitrov ( 9 1 ) 10 . David Goffin ( 10 1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Association of Tennis Professionals : Top ten British male singles tennis players as of 9 October 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> 1 . Andy Murray ( 3 ) 2 . Aljaž Bedene ( 48 2 ) 3 . Kyle Edmund ( 53 6 ) 4 . Cameron Norrie ( 111 25 ) 5 . Dan Evans ( 135 27 ) <Td_colspan="2"> 6 . Liam Broady ( 201 ) 7 . Brydan Klein ( 244 9 ) 8 . Jay Clarke ( 286 4 ) 9 . Edward Corrie ( 360 19 ) 10 . Alexander Ward ( 408 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Tennis in Scotland Governing body Tennis Scotland Notable male players Jamie Baker Leslie Balfour - Melville Patrick Bowes - Lyon James Burns John Clifton Ian Collins Colin Fleming George Kelly Herbert Lawford Harold Mahony Alan Mackin Miles MacLagan Ross Matheson Andy Murray Jamie Murray Robin Welsh Notable female players Elena Baltacha Judy Murray Karen Paterson Jocelyn Rae Winnie Shaw Tournaments Aberdeen Cup Edinburgh Cup WTA Doubles Championships Related articles Sport in Scotland Falkland Palace VIAF : 34418813 LCCN : nr2006013894 ISNI : 0000 0000 5302 0508 NDL : 001142998 NKC : jo2015870303 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Murray&oldid=804506131 '' Categories : Andy Murray 1987 births BBC Sports Personality of the Year winners British male tennis players Clan Murray Grand Slam ( tennis ) champions in men 's singles Hopman Cup competitors Laureus World Sports Awards winners Living people Male feminists Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Officers of the Order of the British Empire Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain Olympic medalists in tennis Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain Olympic tennis players of Great Britain Scottish expatriates in Spain Scottish feminists Scottish male tennis players Scottish Olympic medallists Sportspeople from Glasgow Sportspeople from Dunblane Sports players and officials awarded knighthoods Tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics US Open ( tennis ) champions US Open ( tennis ) junior champions Wimbledon champions Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics World No. 1 tennis players Knights Bachelor Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Good articles Use British English from July 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 13 : 29 . 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1. Andy Murray's tennis career 2. Grand Slam victories and Olympic titles 3. Davis Cup success and national representation 4. Rivalries with top players 5. Personal life and early background

who has been eliminated from bigg boss telugu today

Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss Telugu <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="4"> show Housemates Name Entered Exited Kaushal Day 0 Day 112 Geetha Day 0 Day 112 Tanish Day 0 Day 112 Deepti Day 0 Day 112 Samrat Day 0 Day 112 Roll Day 0 Day 105 Amit Day 0 Day 98 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Day 91 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 75 Day 14 Day 68 Day 84 Ganesh Day 0 Day 83 Pooja Day 43 Day 77 Deepthi Day 0 Day 70 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 <Td_colspan="4"> Winner <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up <Td_colspan="4"> 2nd Runner - up <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show and it is the second longest season for 112 days in Indian versions of Bigg Boss . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Backlots of Annapurna Studios 7 Acres , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . The season was extended by one week ( 112 days ) instead of the actual 105 days format of the show . Among the five finalists , Kaushal Manda emerged as the winner with highest number of public votes , followed by Geetha Madhuri as runner - up , Tanish Alladi , Deepti Nallamothu and Samrat Reddy as third , fourth and fifth respectively . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Controversies 3 Guests 4 Nominations table 4.1 Notes 5 Vote Count 6 Weekly summary 7 References 8 External links Housemates Left host Nani , Middle winner Kaushal Manda , right guest Venkatesh Original entrants The participants in the order they entered the house are : Celebrities Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian humanist , rationalist and human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor and actress Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social media star and actress Kaushal Manda - Actor and model Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor and cricketer Commoners Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Controversies Host Nani has been targeted for biased hosting . Later , host Nani responded to accusations of bias and replied that he is not biased and he treats every housemate equally . The audience expressed their annoyance with host Nani , Star Maa and producer Endemol Shine India about voting and evictions of the show . Guests Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pradeep 's Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Week 11 Anasuya Bharadwaj As a guest to Mehendi Task Taapsee Pannu , Aadhi Pinisetty and Ritika Singh To promote the film Neevevaro Host Nani On the occasion of Raksha Bandhan festival . Week 13 Goutham & Chandini To Promote the film Manu Sunil Varma & Allari Naresh To Promote the film Silly Fellows Week 14 All Housemates family members As a part of weeks luxury budget task One Joker and six unknown people To irritate housemates and stolen food from the house , While housemates are in freeze command by Bigg Boss Week 16 Sudheer Babu and Nabha Natesh To promote the film Nannu Dochukunduvate . Vangaveeti Santhosh ( Common Audience ) Winner of amazon wild card entry contest entered the house to meet and present some gifts to all housemates . All Evicted contestants except Nutan Naidu on day 110 As a guests to family party of Bigg Boss 2 . Beauticians on day 111 To give contestants a makeovers for the grand finale . Nominations table Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 <Th_colspan="3"> Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 16 Final Day 22 Day 28 <Th_colspan="2"> Day 78 Day 81 Day 99 Day 102 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish Roll <Td_colspan="3"> Deepti <Td_colspan="6"> No Captain Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal ( to save ) Syamala ( to evict ) Kaushal Deepti Amit Samrat ( to evict ) Roll ( to save ) Not eligible <Th_colspan="22"> Vote to : <Th_colspan="4"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> Save <Th_colspan="2"> Evict <Th_colspan="2"> none Save Evict Evict Save Eternally Nominate Save Evict <Th_colspan="4"> none <Th_colspan="22"> Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal Tanish Samrat Ganesh Samrat Amit Not eligible Samrat Tanish Geetha <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Winner Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Geetha Kaushal Tanish Nutan Kaushal Amit Kaushal Deepti Amit Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Runner - up Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain Pooja Deepti Kaushal Nutan Roll Not eligible Samrat Deepti Amit <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Third Place ( Day 112 ) Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible Deepti Amit Samrat <Td_colspan="3"> House Captain Nominated Amit Roll <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Fourth Place ( Day 112 ) Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Pooja Kaushal Kaushal Nutan Syamala Not eligible Not eligible Amit Deepti Nominated Immune <Td_colspan="2"> Fifth Place ( Day 112 ) Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh House Captain Nutan Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Amit Deepti Geetha <Td_colspan="2"> Nominated <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 105 ) Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Syamala Deepti Deepti Tanish Nutan Ganesh Kaushal Not eligible Nominated Deepti Geetha <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted ( Day 98 ) Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Syamala Amit Pooja Ganesh Nutan Tanish Not eligible Nominated <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted ( Day 91 ) Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible Deepti Hospitalized ( Day 68 ) Amit Samrat Kaushal Not eligible <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 84 ) Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Ganesh Kaushal Pooja Amit Kaushal Geetha Not eligible <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 83 ) Pooja <Td_colspan="7"> Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja Ganesh Syamala <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 77 ) Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepthi <Td_colspan="10"> Evicted ( Day 70 ) Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini <Td_colspan="15"> Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha <Td_colspan="18"> Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi <Td_colspan="20"> Evicted ( Day 7 ) <Th_colspan="22"> Notes - 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 , 17 , 18 , 19 - <Td_colspan="3"> 20 , 21 , 22 22 , 23 22 24 25 <Td_colspan="2"> - Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Pooja Geetha Roll Deepthi Nutan Syamala Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal <Td_colspan="3"> Kaushal Nutan Ganesh Samrat Amit Kaushal Syamala Deepti Amit Kaushal Amit Deepti Roll Geetha All Housemates Deepti Geetha Roll Kaushal Tanish <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat Kaushal Geetha Deepti Tanish Walked <Td_colspan="10"> none Nutan <Td_colspan="10"> none Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti <Td_colspan="2"> Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Deepthi Pooja <Td_colspan="3"> Ganesh Syamala Amit None Roll Kaushal Geetha Syamala & Nutan <Td_colspan="3"> Nutan Tanish Deepti <Td_colspan="2"> Samrat Notes indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Nominated housemate was saved from eviction by housemates or tasks . indicates that the Evicted housemate re-entered the house by winning a special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she was exempted from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face nominations . ^ Note 6 : The three housemates with the fewest votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not saved was evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will be saved while those who fail will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates as the least talked housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there was no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss played a song , where housemates had to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person to enters the tent was nominated . ^ Note 17 : Housemates had to pair up and mutually decide whether to save or nominate themselves . If paired housemates were unable to decide , then Captain Tanish and Amit decide which contestant to save . ^ Note 18 : Bigg Boss gave special power to nominate one saved housemate . Captain Tanish nominated Syamala . ^ Note 19 : Bigg Boss informed Nutan Naidu about his exit due to his critical shoulder injury requiring immediate medical attention during Captaincy task . Nutan Naidu entered the house after the treatment on Day 75 . ^ Note 20 : Bigg Boss suspended Deepti from Captaincy for not following house rules on Day 75 . On the request of the host , Nani , Bigg Boss re-appointed Deepti as Captain on Day 77 . ^ Note 21 : Housemates had to nominate 2 housemates and save 1 housemate . ^ Note 22 : By completing all five tasks as a killer in Week 12 luxury budget task Geetha Madhuri won special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season ( Kaushal ) . ^ Note 23 : Bigg Boss asked Kaushal , Geetha , Tanish and Roll to quietly save one of the directly nominated housemates . The housemate who got most save votes was saved from Week 13 nominations . Samrat was saved from nominations with 2 votes . ^ Note 24 : All housemates are nominated by Bigg Boss for not understanding the values of the ticket to finale task and captaincy tasks . ^ Note 25 : Samrat won the Race to Finale task and won immunity from this week 's Eviction . Vote Count Housemates Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 Week 16 Nominations Received to Evict Nominations Received to Save Eviction Faced Kaushal - 0 7 - - 6 - - <Td_colspan="2"> - Winner 29 10 Geetha Madhuri - 0 - - 0 - <Td_colspan="2"> - Runner - up 10 7 Tanish 0 0 0 - - - - 0 <Td_colspan="2"> - Third Place 9 5 Deepti Nallamothu 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - <Td_colspan="2"> - Fourth Place 11 5 11 Samrat 0 - 0 0 - - 0 - - Fifth Place 9 Roll Rida 0 0 - - - 0 - 0 <Td_colspan="2"> - Evicted 6 Amit Tiwari - 0 0 - - - 5 <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted 14 Syamala 0 0 0 <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted - - - <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted 5 Nutan Naidu <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted - - 0 0 6 <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted 12 0 Ganesh 5 10 0 - - <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted 27 8 Pooja Ramachandran <Td_colspan="6"> Not in House - - - <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted Deepthi Sunaina 7 0 0 - - <Td_colspan="7"> Evicted 9 Babu Gogineni 0 0 0 7 - - <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted 10 Nandini Not in House - 0 0 - <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted Tejaswi Madiwada <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted 10 Bhanu Sree 0 0 0 - <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted 0 Kireeti Damaraju 0 8 <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted 12 0 Sanjana Ane <Td_colspan="16"> Evicted 0 Weekly summary Week ( s ) Day ( s ) context Description Week Day 0 Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . Day 0 to Day 5 House Captain No Captain Day 2 , 3 , 4 Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy luxury items . Day 5 Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Day 0 In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Day 1 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Day 7 Exits Sanjana Anne . Week Day 8 Entrances Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 5 to Day 12 House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Day 9 , 10 , 11 Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan became the king , Deepti Nallamothu became the queen and Nandini was announced as the princess . They were assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they chose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates became villagers and were asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants entered the activity room to compete in a task to join the King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → The losing team 's leader will be locked in jail by the winning team 's leader . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland . Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announced Princess Team as the winner of round two and ordered Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team had to protect the jail key , which was placed in gym area , for eight hours to win the luxury budget task . King 's team had to steal the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Day 11 Result Won - Princess Team Day 12 Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in the garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to release their hold on the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates tried everything . None of them gave up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Day 11 In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Day 8 Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Day 14 Exits Nutan Naidu Week Day 12 to Day 19 House Captain Amit Tiwari Day 16 , 17 , 18 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became a sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality - check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and the quality - check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . The Quality - check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because the green team cheated by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality - check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Day 18 Result Won - Yellow Team Day 19 Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task , contenders had to eat as much biryani as they could before the buzzer sounded . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Day 19 In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Day 15 Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Day 21 Exits Kireeti Damaraju . Week Day 19 to Day 26 House Captain Roll Rida Day 23 , 24 Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became a hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers ' team and hostel - staff team . Wardens and security guards had to prevent lovers ' secret rendezvous , gift exchanges and entering the activity room . If boy met a girl and exchanged their gifts , the hostel staff lost points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu Sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . Day 26 Captaincy Task TBA Day 22 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on the wall by wearing boxing gloves . Day 22 Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Day 28 Exits Syamala Week 5 Day 26 to Day 33 House Captain Kaushal Day 30 , 31 , 32 Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team had to clean things in the house and they had to cook for all housemates . Chedu team tried to make the house dirty . Manchi team had to protect three lotus flowers and red apples to not lose points and chedu team had to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . The apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task Bigg Boss gave 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points were deducted due to tejaswi destroyed the cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 32 Result Won - Chedu Team Day 33 Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders had to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates ' doubts . After propagations , Bigg Boss conducted an election and all housemates had to drop their votes in ballot box arranged in the garden area . Geetha Madhuri won Week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Day 32 In Jail Bhanu Sree Day 29 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Day 35 Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 Day 33 to Day 40 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Days 37 , 38 , 39 Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task , housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll Rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in the Activity Room . The remaining housemates had to audition to be selected to be a character for the film . Rejected housemates became helping crew in the film and were not eligible for the next captaincy task . Day 40 Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish In Jail None Day 36 Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Day 42 Exits Tejaswi Week 7 Day 43 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered the Bigg Boss house as a wild card contestant . Day 40 to Day 46 House Captain Tanish Day 46 Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri won the Task and became House Captain for Week 8. This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain. , Day 47 Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task , housemates had to divide into three teams . Each team had three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from the pool to the standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and had to give it to their walking team member and the walking member will give it to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Day 43 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated , there is no eviction . Week 8 Day 53 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu re-entered the Bigg Boss house . Day 46 to Day 54 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Day 51 , 52 Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task , housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini and Kaushal . Day 1 : Team One were survivors and Team Two were pirates . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground after stepping onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . Day 54 Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate to contend for each song , total of five songs . And the DJ with the most housemates dancing to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House Captain of Week 9 . Day 52 In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and rescued Ganesh from jail ) Day 50 Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Day 56 Exits Nandini Rai Week 9 Day 54 to Day 61 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Day 58 , 59 Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task , housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team controls any 2 places in the house . Teammates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . The bedroom and kitchen were controlled by the girls team , while living room and bathroom were controlled by the boys team . To get more gold coins , team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with the most coins wins the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task , four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other pull them from the yellow mark ( Starting point ) to the red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and was awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport between the boys and girls teams . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from the pool and open the boxes . All boxes contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task the quiz master is Tanish and the score marker is Ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . Day 61 Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders have to select one color and start painting the white board . Whoever 's paint color is most visible on the board will become the next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became the House Captain of Week 10 . In Jail None Day 57 Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Day 63 Exits Babu Gogineni Week 10 Day 61 to Day 68 House Captain Tanish Day 65 , 66 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Call Center Housemates are divided into two teams - Call Center Executives and Customers Team Kaushal : Samrat , Syamala , Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu , Nuthan Naidu , Amit Tiwari Team Tanish : Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish , Pooja Ramachandran , Ganesh Call center executives have to patiently listen to their customers ' complaints and should respond politely and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Customers have to irritate the executives and make them disconnect the call to gain one point . Team One members are call center executives and Team Two members are customers on Day 1 . Roles are reversed on Day 2 . Kaushal team won the task with 10 points and they were awarded with 2400 Luxury Budget points to buy luxury items . Day 68 Captaincy Task Padagottu Nillabettu Contenders : Kaushal and Roll Rida . There are two types of blocks placed in the garden area . Contenders have to construct a pyramid using the blocks and have protect it until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to throw balls to destroy the pyramids . Roll Rida won this task and became Week 11 captain . In Jail None Day 64 Nominations Pooja Ramachandran Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Nutan Syamala Deepthi Sunaina Day 70 Exits Deepthi Sunaina Week 11 Day 68 to Day 75 House Captain Roll Rida Day 75 Captaincy Task Mee Captaincy Merey Konukondi Contenders : Deepti Nallamothu and Kaushal . Two weighing machines were placed for the contenders ( one each ) in the garden area . Every housemate had to weigh belongings and drop in the basket of the contender they support , giving their reasons for their support . The contender with the maximum weight emerges the winner . Syamala was the chancellor of the task . She had to announce the winner and put the winner 's weighed belongings in the storeroom . Deepti Nallamothu won the task and became a new captain of the house . Day Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Inti Pelli In Jail None Day 71 Nominations Pooja Tanish Deepti Kaushal Day 77 Exits Pooja Ramachandran Week 12 Day 76 House Captain No Captain Day 75 Day 77 to Day 81 Deepti Nallamothu Day 79 , 80 Luxury Budget Task Murder Mystery This is a luxury budget game . In this game , Bigg Boss asked to pick one box in the confession room by housemates secretly . Randomly it consists of a white pearl , a red pearl and a black pearl . The housemate who got a white pearl will become a public team people , the red pearl person becomes a killer , the black pearl persons become police and a detective man . Killer : Geetha Madhuri has to do some tasks given by Bigg Boss to kill a public member to win the task and to gain immunity for Week 13 . Public Team : Kaushal , Amit Tiwari , Nutan Naidu , Samrat , Syamala , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish . Public team have to protect their lives from the killer to win the task , If any housemate is murdered by the killer he / she should enter the graveyard arranged in the garden area . Police and Detective : Roll Rida is the police and Ganesh is the detective . Both have to find the killer to win the task . Housemates do n't know who is the killer and who are public members and everyone knows who is the police and the detective . Following tasks done by Geetha Madhuri to kill Public team members : - Geetha Madhuri should complete all five tasks to win immunity and a special power . Task 1 : She has to irritate one housemate and anger him . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Kaushal angry and killed him . Task 2 : She has to feed food to one housemate . Geetha Madhuri successfully made Samrat to eat bread by his hands and killed him . Task 3 : She has to write one housemate 's name on the mirror in the bathroom area . Geetha Madhuri successfully wrote Amit 's name and killed him . Task 4 : She has to dance with one housemate . Geetha Madhuri danced with Syamala and killed her . Task 5 : She has to spoil one housemate 's bed by using any food products . Geetha Madhuri successfully spoiled Deepti 's bed and killed her . As per Bigg Boss ' instructions , the police ( Roll Rida ) and Detective ( Ganesh ) had to name , investigate their 3 suspects in a witness box and then announce their final conclusion along with evidence . Roll Rida and Ganesh reported to Bigg Boss that Tanish is the killer and lost the task . All tasks were done secretly by Geetha Madhuri and she won immunity for Week 13 and special power to nominate one housemate throughout the season and they awarded with 2000 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 81 Captaincy Task Aalasipothe Anthame Contenders : Nutan Naidu , Tanish and Roll Rida . In this task there are three cycles placed in the garden area . Contenders have to cycle until the buzzer sounds . The remaining housemates have to support one and try to stop the remaining contenders cycling without touching the cycle. Tanish gave up after 8 hours of cycling . After the buzzer sounded , Bigg Boss announced that there are two contenders still cycling therefore there are no winner and no captain for Week 13 . In Jail None Day 78 Nominations Kaushal Samrat Nutan Naidu Amit Tiwari Ganesh Day 83 Exits Ganesh Day 84 Nutan Naidu Week 13 Day 81 to Day 89 House Captain No Captain Day 86 , 87 Luxury Budget Task Tollywood Marathon This is a 24 / 7 luxury budget task.In this task there are 8 solo songs and one boys group song and one girls group song and one house group song . Bigg Boss given some different solo song to each housemate . Bigg Boss plays a song any time , housemates have to remember their song whenever song plays housemate have to dance on the dance floor arranged in living area . If any housemate goes late on to the dance floor or if the housemate dances to the wrong song , they 'll lose luxury budget points . Continually Bigg Boss sends cakes on the occasion of Bigg Boss 's birthday . Housemates have to wish happy birthday to Bigg Boss and they have to eat cake every time he sends throughout the day 87 by continuing Tollywood Marathon task . Day 88 to Day 89 Special Task Ticket to Grand Finale This is a task which grants immunity for a housemate to become a finalist for the season . There is a car in the garden area and this task lasts for exactly 24 hours . Housemates have to enter the car when the start buzzer rings . The first 5 members who sit in the car will be contenders of this task . Housemates should not step out of the car until the buzzer sounds . There should be only 1 housemate in the car at the time of the end buzzer , if there more than 1 housemate in the car , will result in total lose of task no one will get immunity . Contenders : - Geetha Madhuri , Tanish , Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat and Syamala . At the end of the day there were 3 housemates in the car , therefore no one was eligible to get immunity and become a finalist . Bigg Boss announced that there will be no captaincy task and no captain for Week 14 for losing the Ticket to Finale task In Jail None Day 81 Nominations Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Amit Tiwari Samrat Syamala Day 91 Exits Syamala Week 14 Day 89 to Day 95 House Captain No Captain Day 92 Tasks Oppo F9 Pro Fully Charged In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Twilight Blue : Kaushal , Tanish , Roll Rida , and Samrat . Sun Rise Red : Geetha , Deepti , and Amit . There are two mobile phones on stands and two sets of boxes ( Each set consist of 100 boxes ) in the garden area . Both the teams have to find the charger from the boxes in the garden area after the buzzer sounded , and they can stop other teams effort in searching , and they have to charge only for 5 minutes in the gym area . Bigg Boss sounds a start buzzer to take selfies with using the features in the mobile phone , while others can spoil their selfies . Twilight Blue Team won the task with clear selfies and got a phone call from the public . Day 93 , 94 Luxury Budget Task Bigg Boss Remote Control This is an individual luxury budget task . All housemates have follow the orders passed by BIGG BOSS . List of orders given by Bigg Boss : Freeze - Housemate ( s ) have to freeze immediately . Rewind - Housemate ( s ) have to rewind immediately . Fast Forward - Housemate ( s ) have to do their work in fast motion . Release - Housemate ( s ) are released from all orders temporary . Housemate ( s ) have to dance to the Bigg Boss Telugu 2 theme music in the garden area . Housemates won 800 luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Day 95 Captaincy Task Thudhivaraku Contender : Deepti Nallamothu , Samrat , Amit , Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Tanish . Kaushal was a chancellor for this task . There were 6 glasses placed in the garden area with coloured water in each of it . Each housemate had to pick the glass and must not put the glass down until 5 buzzers . Upon each buzzer , one glass should be emptied . The housemates can either negotiate or use any other method to convince other housemate put the glass down . The housemates can hide any where in the house except washrooms . Bigg Boss announced that no one followed the given rules and making their own rules to play the task . There were no housemate with full or more than half the glass with coloured water , therefore there is no captain for week 15 . Day 95 In Jail Deepti Nallamothu ( Bigg Boss sent Deepti to jail for breaking house property ) Day 92 Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Deepti Nallamothu Day 98 Exits Amit Tiwari Week 15 Day 95 to Day 103 House Captain No Captain Day 100,101 , 102 Tasks Race To Finale This is the task which gives another opportunity to get immunity from eviction and to become a first finalist for the housemates . In this task there are two levels . The winners of level one will be qualified for level two . Level 1 : - Mee Esuka Jaagratha There are three sand containers in the garden area . Roll Rida , Geetha Madhuri , and Kaushal have to protect their respective sand container , while Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish , and Samrat have to empty or destroy their sand containers after start buzzer sounded . At the end buzzer the contestant with more amount of sand becomes eligible for the level two . The roles get reversed subsequently to decide the second qualifier for the level two . Roll Rida and Samrat qualified for level two . Level 2 : - Kodi Gudllu Jaagratha There are two egg bowls for one each . Samrat and Roll Rida have to protect their respective egg bowls to win the task . Remaining housemates can try to brake their eggs . Contenders can hide anywhere in house except washrooms . Samrat won the task and gained immunity from week 's eviction and became a first finalist of the season . Day 103 Luxury Budget Task Baanthi Jaagratha There were two tables in the garden area . one table consists of a tray of smiley ball on which luxury items names were written and on the other table had an empty tray . The housemates had to stand in a line adjacent to each other between the tables , pick the smiley balls with their mouth , pass on the ball mouth - to - mouth and drop them into the empty tray . Housemates collected 10 balls and they awarded with 10 luxury items . In Jail None Day 99 Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Kaushal Geetha Madhuri Roll Rida Samrat Day 105 Exits Roll Rida Week 16 Day 103 to Day 112 House Captain No Captain Day 107 Tasks Characters Swap Housemates got letters from the post box , which it contains one of the finalist name and they should behave like that housemate until . Bigg Boss will give some situations which occurred in past in the house for respective housemate to act like them . Day 106 Finalists During the final week the public vote for who they wanted to win Bigg Boss 2 . The finalists for the title were as following : Samrat Reddy Kaushal Manda Geetha Madhuri Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Alladi Finale Day 112 Winner Kaushal Manda Runner - Up Geetha Madhuri Third Place Tanish Alladi Fourth Place Deepti Nallamothu Fifth Place Samrat Reddy References Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani targeted for biased hosting '' . IB Times . 19 August 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Nani breaks silence on ' biased ' hosting comments '' . IB Times . 4 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eviction : Kaushal Army upset with Nani , Star Maa for eliminating Nuthan Naidu '' . IB Times3 September . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 12th week eviction : Is this reason for Nuthan Naidu 's elimination ? '' . IB Times . 3 September 2018 . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Anasuya Bharadwaj makes surprise entry in Nani hosted show '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhi Pinisetty , Taapsee Pannu , Ritika Singh promote Neevevaro on Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . Retrieved 25 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , actors Sunil and Allari Naresh graced the show to promote their film silly fellows '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 12 , 2018 : Housemates share emotional moments with families '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 24 , 2018 : Sudheer Babu , and his co-star Nabha Natesh entered into the house '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 25 , 2018 : Tanish flawlessly imitates Geetha '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Day 110 Highlights : Finalists set for a reunion '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale live updates : Finalists Geetha , Kaushal , Deepthi , Tanish , Samrat treated with beauty regimes '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 updates : Nutan Naidu sudden exit from the show due to a shoulder dislocation '' . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 contestants upset over Nutan Naidu 's comeback after shoulder injury '' . IB Times . 25 August 2018 . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 30 , 2018 : Geetha slaps Kaushal with a nomination for the rest of the season '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai entered the Bigg Boss house as a Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Deepthi Sunaina drops the Bigg Bomb on Tanish '' . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Pooja Ramachandran drops bigg bomb on Geetha Madhuri '' . Retrieved 27 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Geetha Madhuri wins ' murder ' task , gains immunity from elimination , but nominates Kaushal again '' . IB Times . Retrieved 1 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , August 31 , 2018 : Nutan Naidu misses the opportunity to be a captain '' . Times Of India . 1 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Ganesh eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , Kaushal gets saved '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Nani asks Nuthan Naidu to pack his bags , drops bomb on deepthi '' . IB Times . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 7 , 2018 : None wins the ' Ticket to finale ' ; Kaushal irks every housemate '' . Times Of India . 8 September 2018 . Retrieved 10 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live update : Shyamala evicted from Nani 's show , drops big bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 9 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 13 , 2018 : Bigg Boss punishes Deepti '' . Times Of India . 14 September 2018 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Amit Tiwari drops big bomb on Deepthi after eviction '' . IB Times . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 18 , 2018 : Roll Rida advances into level 2 of ' Race to Finale ' '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Next task in ' Race to Finale ' level 2 announced '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , September 20 , 2018 : Samrat Reddy becomes the first finalist of the season '' . Times of India . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Roll Rida gets eliminated from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 23 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 finale LIVE UPDATES : Kaushal Manda wins the show '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . External links Official Website at Hotstar <Th_colspan="3"> Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Québec Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Digital Spanish Asia - Pacific Arab States Australia China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Malayalam Indonesia Israel Celebrity Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania Celebrity Belgium Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Loft Story Secret Story Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Lithuania Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland United Kingdom Celebrity Ukraine Turkey Virtual Second Life <Th_colspan="2"> Bigg Boss Telugu Seasons Winners Siva Balaji Kaushal Manda Runner - up Aadarsh Geetha Madhuri Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2&oldid=866133563 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Bigg Boss seasons Bigg Boss Telugu Big Brother ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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1. Bigg Boss Telugu 2 2. Reality TV show 3. Housemates and contestants 4. Host Nani 5. Controversies and guest appearances

is new york a basketball or baseball city

Sports in the New York metropolitan area - wikipedia Sports in the New York metropolitan area Yankee Stadium in the Bronx , home of the New York Yankees and New York City FC . The New York City Marathon is the largest marathon in the world Sports in the New York metropolitan area have a long and distinguished history . New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League , the National Hockey League , the National Basketball Association , Major League Baseball , the National Women 's Hockey League , and Major League Soccer . New York City anchors one of only two metropolitan areas ( along with Los Angeles ) in the United States with more than one team in each of the country 's four most popular major professional sports leagues , with nine such franchises . Counting these along with its two teams in Major League Soccer , the New York metropolitan area is home to a total of eleven organizations competing in the five most prestigious professional sports leagues in the United States , and have been crowned champions of their respective leagues on a combined 53 occasions . In addition , Queens is host of tennis ' US Open , one of the four Grand Slam tournaments . The New York City Marathon is the world 's largest , and the 2004 -- 2006 runnings hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers , including 37,866 finishers in 2006 . The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile . Boxing is also a very prominent part of the city 's sporting scene , with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year . New York City was also the host of parts of the 1996 World Cup of Hockey and the 1998 Goodwill Games . The city also hosted the 1984 Summer Paralympics . Contents 1 Major league sports 1.1 Baseball 1.2 Basketball 1.3 American football 1.4 Ice hockey 1.5 Soccer 1.6 Major league teams 2 Stadiums 3 Other sports 3.1 Auto racing 3.2 Fencing 3.3 Horse racing 3.4 Golf 3.5 Lacrosse 3.6 Polo 3.7 Rugby league 3.8 Rugby union 3.9 Running 3.10 Tennis 3.11 Ultimate 3.12 Other sports 4 College sports 5 Sports culture 6 Rivalries 6.1 Boston 6.2 Philadelphia 7 Olympic bids 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Major League sports ( edit ) Fans gather in front of New York City Hall in October , 1986 to celebrate the New York Mets ' World Series championship There have been fourteen World Series baseball championship series between New York City teams , in matchups called Subway Series . New York is one of four metropolitan areas to have two baseball teams ( Chicago , Los Angeles and San Francisco being the others ) . The city 's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Yankees and the New York Mets . The city also was once home to the New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) and the Brooklyn Dodgers ( now the Los Angeles Dodgers ) . There are also two minor league baseball teams in the city , the Staten Island Yankees and Brooklyn Cyclones , with numerous independent minor league teams throughout the metro area . Football is the city 's most followed sport . The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and New York Jets . Both teams play in MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey near New York City . In 2014 , the stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII . The teams have an intra-city rivalry . Basketball is one of the most widely played recreation sports in the city , and professional basketball is also widely followed . The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the long - established New York Knicks and the Brooklyn Nets , who became the first sports team representing Brooklyn in over 50 years when they moved to the borough from New Jersey for the 2012 -- 13 NBA season . The city 's Women 's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty . The first national basketball championship for major colleges , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 , and its semifinal and final rounds remain in the city . Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many professional athletes play in the summer league . Because of the city 's strong historical connections with both professional and college basketball , the New York Knicks ' home arena , Madison Square Garden , is often called the `` Mecca of basketball . '' Ice hockey in New York is also widely popular and closely followed . The New York Rangers play in Manhattan in the National Hockey League , calling Madison Square Garden home . The New York Islanders , play in the Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The New Jersey Devils also play in the New York metro area , playing in Newark , New Jersey . The Islanders ' American Hockey League affiliate , the Bridgeport Sound Tigers , are based in southwest Connecticut . In soccer , New York is represented by three teams in the top divisions for men and women , including the New York Red Bulls and New York City FC of Major League Soccer , and Sky Blue FC of the National Women 's Soccer League . The Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in Harrison , New Jersey . New York City FC , a new team owned by Manchester City F.C. and the New York Yankees , joined MLS in 2015 . NYCFC have plans to build a soccer - specific stadium within the five boroughs of the city and for the team to also develop an intra-city rivalry with the Red Bulls . Regardless of where they actually play their home games , most of these teams carry the name of and represent the entire city or State of New York , except for the NBA 's Brooklyn Nets , who play in and specifically represent the New York City borough of Brooklyn , and the NHL 's New Jersey Devils , who haved play their home games in the State of New Jersey since their founding in the area via relocation and have always been in direct competition with New York - based rivals , whereas the New York Red Bulls ( MLS founding franchise once named New York / New Jersey MetroStars ) -- who have also always played in New Jersey -- were the only major professional soccer team representing the metropolitan area during their first 19 seasons . Baseball ( edit ) In New York , baseball is still regarded as the most popular sport , despite being overtaken by football in terms of perceived popularity ( but not attendance ) throughout the country , as based on TV ratings and consistent fan following for the entire season . New York is home to two Major League Baseball franchises . The New York Yankees of the American League have played in New York since 1903 . Known for iconic ballplayers such as Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Yogi Berra and countless others , they play in Yankee Stadium in the Bronx and have won the World Series twenty - seven times . The New York Mets have represented New York in the National League since 1962 . The Mets play in Citi Field in Flushing , Queens and have won five NL pennants and two World Series , thus making them one of the most decorated expansion teams in Major League Baseball . The `` Subway Series '' is the name used for all regular season and World Series meetings between the two teams . Before interleague play was introduced in 1997 , the only instance these two teams could have played each other would have been in the World Series . The Mets and Yankees played for the World Series in 2000 , with the Yankees winning the series 4 -- 1 . Citi Field , home of the New York Mets in Queens For many New York baseball fans , the most intense rivalry is between the Yankees and the Boston Red Sox , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports . When the Mets beat the Red Sox in the 1986 World Series , many Yankee fans attended the parade celebrating the Mets ' win , saying that `` anyone who beats Boston is worth coming down for . '' Another fierce rivalry for New York baseball fans is the one between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies . There have been 14 Subway Series World Series match - ups between the Yankees and their National League rivals ; the Mets ( once ) , and with the two teams that departed for California in the 1950s -- the Brooklyn Dodgers ( 7 times ) and New York Giants ( 6 times ) . New York City is also home to two minor league baseball teams that play in the short - season Class A New York -- Penn League . The Brooklyn Cyclones are a Mets affiliate , and the Staten Island Yankees are affiliated with the Yankees . Two independent baseball league teams also play in the New York metropolitan area . The Long Island Ducks of the independent Atlantic League have played in Bethpage Ballpark in Central Islip since 2000 . In 2011 , the Rockland Boulders of the independent Can - Am League began play at Palisades Credit Union Park in Pomona . New York has historically had many short - lived baseball clubs including the New York Mutuals , Brooklyn Atlantics , Brooklyn Enterprise , Excelsior of Brooklyn and Brooklyn Eckfords of the National Association of Baseball Players ; the New York Knickerbockers , one of the first baseball teams ; the New York Metropolitans and Brooklyn Gladiators of the American Association ( 19th century ) ; the New York Giants ( PL ) and Brooklyn Ward 's Wonders of the Players ' League ; the Brooklyn Tip - Tops of the Federal League ; the Brooklyn Bushwicks , Springfield Greys , Barton 's Nighthawks , Glendale Farmers , Mount Vernon Scarlets , Union City Reds , Carlton 's of the Bronx , and Bay Parkway , Bay Ridge , Cedarhurst , West New York , and Queens Club of The Metropolitan Baseball Association ; and the New York Highlanders and Brooklyn Bridegrooms , precursors to the Yankees and Dodgers . There were also two Newark Bears teams Newark Bears and Newark Bears ( International League ) . Negro league baseball teams also were present in New York , including the Brooklyn Royal Giants , Newark Stars , Lincoln Giants , Newark Browns , New York Black Yankees , New York Cubans , and the Newark Eagles . In 1858 in Corona , Queens , at the Fashion Race Course , the first games of baseball to charge admission took place . The games , which took place between the all - stars of Brooklyn , including players from the Brooklyn Atlantics , Excelsior of Brooklyn , Putnams and Eckford of Brooklyn , and the All Stars of New York ( Manhattan ) , including players from the New York Knickerbockers , Gothams ( predecessors of the San Francisco Giants ) , Eagles and Empire , are commonly believed to the first all - star baseball games . Two historical clubs , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants , were among the most storied clubs in professional baseball , and were home to such players as Jackie Robinson and Willie Mays . The two teams left for California -- the Dodgers for Los Angeles and the Giants for San Francisco -- in 1957 . The city currently has two Major League Baseball teams , the Mets ( who were formed in 1962 to replace the Dodgers and , to a lesser extent , the Giants ) , and the Yankees . Major League Baseball 's headquarters are located in New York City , at 245 Park Avenue in Manhattan . Basketball ( edit ) Madison Square Garden , home of the New York Knicks and New York Rangers in Manhattan The first national basketball championship for major colleges , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 , and its semifinal and final rounds remain at Madison Square Garden . The NIT has spawned a major early - season tournament known as the NIT Season Tip - Off ; the semifinal and final rounds of that event are also held at the Garden . At Madison Square Garden , New Yorkers can watch the New York Knicks play NBA basketball . Through the 2017 WNBA season , the New York Liberty also played at the Garden , but that team 's main home will change to the Westchester County Center in White Plains for 2018 and beyond . The Barclays Center in Brooklyn is home to the Brooklyn Nets NBA basketball team . The Nets began playing in Brooklyn in 2012 , the first major professional sports team to play in the historic borough in half a century . Before the merger of the defunct American Basketball Association with the NBA during the 1976 -- 77 season , the New York Nets , who shared the same home arena ( Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ) on Long Island with the NHL 's New York Islanders , were a two - time champion in the ABA and starred the famous Hall of Fame forward Julius Erving . During the first season of the merger ( 1976 -- 77 ) , the Nets continued to play on Long Island , although Erving 's contract had by then been sold to the Philadelphia 76ers . The Nets transferred to New Jersey then next season and became known as the New Jersey Nets , and later moved to Brooklyn prior to the 2012 -- 13 NBA season . Barclays Center , home of the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Islanders in Brooklyn The Knicks have won two NBA titles ( 1969 -- 70 and 1972 -- 73 ) . The 1970 title was particularly memorable , as there was a question before the pivotal Game 7 in Madison Square Garden as to whether star center Willis Reed of the Knicks , who had been injured in Game 5 and missed Game 6 , would be able to play . But after both teams had already begun their pre-game shooting practice and warm - ups , Reed suddenly appeared at the court in uniform before an astonished crowd at Madison Square Garden , and when the game began , he started at center and hit the first two baskets for the Knicks , inspiring his team to a 113 -- 99 victory . Reed 's inspiring appearance in Game 7 is usually considered among the most dramatic sequences in NBA history and ranks third in the NBA 60 Greatest Playoff Moments . Despite the Knicks ' comparative lack of championships , NBA lore has been enriched with the team 's many exciting playoff battles through the years with such fierce rivals as the Chicago Bulls , Indiana Pacers , Miami Heat , and Boston Celtics . The Long Island Nets , an NBA G League team , started playing at the Barclays Center in 2016 before moving to Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in 2017 . The Westchester Knicks started in 2014 at the Westchester County Center . Rucker Park in Harlem is a celebrated court where many NBA athletes play in the summer league . The NBA 's headquarters are located in New York City , at Fifth Avenue 's Olympic Tower . The New York Liberty are one of the original teams of the WNBA , which was formed in 1997 . The team 's main venue moved from Madison Square Garden to Westchester County Center after the 2017 season . During a massive renovation project at the arena between 2011 and 2013 , the Liberty temporarily played their home games at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey . From 1933 to 1935 , the Newark Bears team played . They changed their name to the Newark Mules . There was briefly a Long Island Ducks basketball team at the Long Island Arena in 1977 - 1978 . Long Island PrimeTime played at Louis Armstrong Gymnasium in Flushing from 2006 - 2007 . They were part of the United States Basketball League . American Football ( edit ) MetLife Stadium , home to both the New York Giants and the New York Jets Since 2010 both the New York Giants and the New York Jets play in MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey near New York City . In 2014 the stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII . The Giants and Jets were previously located in New York City ( both teams played in the Polo Grounds and Shea Stadium , and the Giants played in Yankee Stadium ) . Neither team plays in the city itself presently , as both teams are located in the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , playing in Giants Stadium for many years before moving to MetLife Stadium . The Giants , a keystone NFL franchise , were founded in 1925 , and exist today as one of the oldest presently active organizations in the NFL . Due to their long - spanning establishment and richer tradition of on - field success , as compared to the Jets , of the two teams , many consider the Giants to be the more popular . Founded in 1960 , the originally named New York Titans , later branded as the Jets in 1963 , were a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , joining the NFL as part of the AFL / NFL merger in 1970 . New York City also had many historical professional teams . The first professional team in New York was called both the New York Giants and Brooklyn Giants ( unrelated to the current New York Giants ) , and played in the predecessor to the NFL , the American Professional Football Association , in 1921 . In 1926 , the New York Yankees , Newark Bears ( AFL ) and Brooklyn Horsemen played in the American Football League , and on the same year , the Brooklyn Lions played in the National Football League before the Horsemen and Lions merged in November and folded at season 's end . The Lions ' NFL franchise rights were given to the Yankees , who competed in the NFL from 1927 to 1928 . When the Yankees folded , its rights were given to the existing barnstorming team Staten Island Stapletons , who played in the NFL until 1932 when it stopped league play and later folded as well . In 1930 , the NFL Brooklyn Dodgers began play at Ebbets Field . The team lasted until 1944 , calling themselves the Brooklyn Tigers that last season but going winless . In 1945 , the team was merged with the Boston Yanks and played one more home game in Brooklyn that season as the Yanks . Another team going by the name New York Yankees played in the second AFL in 1936 and 1937 . The league also had a Brooklyn Tigers club in 1936 , but the team never played in Brooklyn and folded after only seven games . A third incarnation of the Yankees played in the third AFL in 1940 under the Yankees name , and then in 1941 as the New York Americans . Another version of the New York Yankees was a short - lived member of the American Association In 1946 , the new All - America Football Conference had yet another set of Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Yankees teams . These clubs lasted until 1948 , after which they merged with each other . The renamed Brooklyn - New York Yankees folded after one season when the AAFC merged with the NFL . The New York Bulldogs were founded in 1949 , sharing the Polo Grounds with the New York Giants , and then being renamed as the New York Yanks and playing in the NFL in the 1950 and 1951 seasons . In 1952 , the team was relocated to Texas and renamed as the Dallas Texans . In 1974 , New York briefly hosted a team known as the New York Stars for the short - lived World Football League , but in mid-season the team was relocated to Charlotte and became the Charlotte Hornets . The short - lived United States Football League had a team in the New York area . The New Jersey Generals played at Giants Stadium in The Meadowlands from 1983 to 1985 . At one point , the team was owned by future President Donald Trump . The team folded with the rest of the league . In 1988 , the New York Knights played for one season as part of the Arena Football League , and then ceased operations . In 1997 , the AFL added two expansion franchises , the New York CityHawks , who played at Madison Square Garden , and the New Jersey Red Dogs , who played in East Rutherford , New Jersey . The CityHawks moved to Hartford , Connecticut and were renamed the New England Sea Wolves in 1999 , and then relocated to Toronto in 2001 , and renamed the Toronto Phantoms . The Red Dogs were renamed the New Jersey Gladiators in 2001 , then relocated and became the Las Vegas Gladiators in 2003 , before relocating again and being renamed the Cleveland Gladiators . When the Sea Wolves , who were owned by the Madison Square Garden Company and had their games televised in New York City on MSG Network , relocated to Toronto , the AFL 's Iowa Barnstormers relocated to Long Island and were renamed the New York Dragons . The Dragons played in New York until 2008 , when the league suspended operations ; no team from New York ( either the city or the state ) played in the league from its 2010 revival until the Albany Empire , based in the state 's capital , joined the AFL in 2018 . Shea Stadium and vicinity , with Manhattan in the background , 1981 The Jets are sometimes regarded as `` Long Island 's Team '' supported by the fact that until 2008 , the team trained in Hempstead at Hofstra University , and used to play at Shea Stadium ( former home of the New York Mets baseball team ) which is close to Nassau County . Statistically , the largest percentage of the Jets fanbase derives from Long Island , hence , the Jets generally receive more media coverage in that part of New York . Fans of both the Giants and Jets traditionally root for both the New York Yankees and the New York Mets as well as both the New York Knicks and the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA and also both the New York Rangers and the New York Islanders of the NHL . Along with New York 's two NFL teams , NYC is home to the New York Sharks. ( 3 ) The NY Sharks are NYC 's premier professional women 's tackle football team . Established in 1999 the Sharks are the longest - running and winningest team in women 's tackle football having won 3 conference titles ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 IWFL East ) , 6 division titles ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 IWFL ) and one championship title ( 2002 IWFL ) . The Sharks play at many fields and have no official home stadium . The season for women 's football is from April to June with playoffs and the championship game occurring from June to July . As of 2011 the Sharks are now with the WFA ( Women 's Football Alliance ( 4 ) ) along with the Bay Area Bandits , Boston Militia , Chicago Force , Dallas Diamonds , DC Divas , Kansas City Tribe , Pittsburgh Passion , and the San Diego Surge in an effort to bring together the best franchises of women 's football . In 2001 , the short - lived XFL experiment led to the New York / New Jersey Hitmen playing at Giants Stadium until the league folded . The NFL 's headquarters are located in New York City , at 345 Park Avenue in Manhattan . Ice Hockey ( edit ) The Nassau Coliseum in Uniondale , was home to the New York Islanders From 1972 -- 2015 , and the New York Nets from 1972 -- 1976 Ice hockey has a storied history and large following in the New York metropolitan area , which is unique in being the only metropolitan area and media market in the United States and Canada to feature three major league professional teams participating in the same sport . New York City is currently home to the New York Rangers , playing in Madison Square Garden in Manhattan , and the New York Islanders , playing in Barclays Center in Brooklyn . The New Jersey Devils play in Prudential Center in nearby Newark , New Jersey . All three teams are historically division rivals , having all been in the same division since the Devils moved to New Jersey from Denver in 1982 . Currently , they play in the Metropolitan Division . The Rangers , established in 1926 , are one of the Original Six -- a term given to the six NHL teams in existence before the league doubled its size in 1967 . The primary fan base for the Rangers is in the City 's five boroughs , Westchester County , much of Upstate New York , and parts of Connecticut , however they maintain a sizable following within parts of the market claimed by their two local rivals . The Islanders , established in 1972 , have played their home games in the Barclays Center in Brooklyn since the 2015 -- 16 NHL season and provide their fans with an intense rivalry with the Rangers . The Islanders ' primary fan base is in Nassau and Suffolk Counties on Long Island . The Islanders are planning to return to Nassau County by way of a new arena currently scheduled to open for the 2020 -- 21 season near the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont , New York , adjacent to Queens . In the interim , the Islanders will be playing approximately half of their regular season schedule at the newly - renovated Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in anticipation of the return to their traditional home jurisdiction . The Devils , established in 1982 , provide area hockey fans with yet another intense rivalry involving the Rangers largely stemming from geographic proximity , a manifestation of a long - standing rivalry between the states of New York and New Jersey , and six playoff meetings in which the Rangers have won four . Both teams have achieved famous results for their respective fan bases in these meetings , including the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals , ending in a dramatic double - overtime goal by the Rangers ' Stéphane Matteau during the 7th and deciding game . The Devils took a 3 - 2 series lead into Game 6 in New Jersey and jumped out to a 2 - 0 lead in the game . However , Mark Messier 's famous guarantee and hat - trick led the Rangers to victory and a seventh game . As time wound down in Game 7 , the Rangers were clinging to a 1 - 0 lead when New Jersey 's Valeri Zelepukin tied the game with 7.7 seconds left in regulation to silence the Garden crowd and send the game into overtime , where Matteau won it for the Rangers . Most recently , in the 2012 Eastern Conference Finals , the Rangers would be in a very similar scenario , but would ultimately fail to overcome the 3 - 2 series deficit after trailing 2 - 0 and forcing overtime in Game 6 across the Hudson River at Prudential Center in Newark on a series - winning goal only 1 : 03 into overtime by Adam Henrique . The Devils ' primary fan base resides throughout Northern and Central New Jersey . The Islanders and Rangers had a bitter rivalry in the 1970s and the 1980s , as the Islanders won four consecutive Stanley Cup titles ; the Rangers won their most recent NHL championship in the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals , the fourth Cup victory in that team 's history . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs , with the Islanders winning five of those matchups . Incidentally , as the Islanders and Devils have had little success simultaneously ( the Devils ' Stanley Cup success occurred in the mid-late 1990s and early 2000s ) throughout their respective histories and have faced off in the playoffs only once in the 1987 - 88 season in a series won by the Devils , this rivalry is perceived as an afterthought in the area particularly when compared to the Rangers ' rivalries with the Islanders and Devils . The Metropolitan Riveters , established in 2015 , are one of the four charter members of the National Women 's Hockey League . They play their homes games in the Barnabas Health Hockey House , at the Prudential Center in Newark beginning with the 2016 -- 17 NWHL season . In 2017 , the Riveters announced they were partnering with the New Jersey Devils becoming the first NWHL team to officially partner with an NHL team . In 2018 , the Riveters won their first Isobel Cup title . New York City also had a historical NHL team , the New York Americans ( also known as the Amerks , and in 1941 -- 42 , the Brooklyn Americans ) , who played between 1925 and 1942 . They were the first hockey team to play in the city , and for most of the life of the franchise shared Madison Square Garden with the Rangers . The franchise was never a big winner , and disbanded during World War II due to financial problems and a depleted roster . The World Hockey Association team called the New York Raiders and later the New York Golden Blades played at Madison Square Garden and Cherry Hill , New Jersey from 1972 until 1974 when they moved to San Diego . A few historical minor league hockey teams played in the New York area in the Eastern Hockey League . The New York Rovers started as a farm team of the Rangers in 1935 playing at Madison Square Garden . They moved to the Long Island Arena in 1959 and became the Long Island Ducks ( ice hockey ) until 1973 . The New York Bobcats are a USA Hockey - Sanctioned Tier III Junior Ice Hockey Team at Twin Rinks in Eisenhower Park from 2000 to the present . The New York Apple Core are a Tier III Junior A Ice Hockey Team in Brewster , New York . The NHL 's headquarters are also located in New York City , at the Exxon Building in Sixth Avenue . Soccer ( edit ) Professional soccer , as in the rest of the country , is rapidly growing in popularity in New York . The New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer ( originally known as the `` MetroStars '' until the team 's purchase by Austrian corporation Red Bull GmbH in 2006 ) have played in the metropolitan area since the league 's founding in 1996 . Since 2010 they have played at Red Bull Arena , a soccer - specific stadium in Harrison , New Jersey with a capacity of just over 25,000 . In 2013 , the Red Bulls won their first MLS Supporters ' Shield honor in the history of the club , and claimed the Supporters ' Shield again in 2015 . On May 21 , 2013 , MLS announced that the league 's 20th team would be New York City FC , jointly owned by the English club Manchester City F.C. and the baseball team , the New York Yankees . They began playing in MLS in 2015 at Yankee Stadium , in the Bronx . Its eventual home stadium is yet to be determined , although team and city officials have stressed that a location within the five boroughs of New York City will be identified for the construction of a soccer - specific stadium which would be the permanent home stadium for the team . The New York City area is also home to the New York Cosmos of the second - division North American Soccer League , whose first iteration was arguably the most popular American soccer team ever . Playing in the original North American Soccer League , the Cosmos were known for fielding some of the world 's greatest players including Pelé , Franz Beckenbauer , and Giorgio Chinaglia . After reviving the club in 2010 from its dormant state post-1985 , the New York Cosmos club returned to league play in 2013 . In 2013 , the club won their sixth NASL championship at Soccer Bowl 2013 . The team played its first four seasons at James M. Shuart Stadium at Hofstra University in Hempstead , New York before announcing a move to MCU Park in Brooklyn for 2017 . Sky Blue FC is one of the eight charter teams and nine current members of the National Women 's Soccer League , the third women 's professional league in the US . The team plays its home games in New Jersey at Yurcak Field on the campus of Rutgers University . Its first NWSL season in 2013 ended in a playoff loss to the Western New York Flash . The organization had previously been charter members of NWSL 's effective predecessor , Women 's Professional Soccer . The league started play in 2009 ; Sky Blue became the league 's inaugural champion despite finishing fourth in the league during the regular season , which meant that they had to play on the road in all three WPS playoff games . The New York Power previously played for the Women 's United Soccer Association at Mitchel Athletic Complex from 2000 to 2003 . The Long Island Fury are a Women 's Premier Soccer League Team started in 2005 at Mitchel Athletic Complex . Major League Soccer 's headquarters are located in New York City , at 420 Fifth Avenue . Major League teams ( edit ) Giants Jets Yankees NYCFC Mets Knicks Liberty Rangers Red Bulls Nets Islanders Devils RUNY Location of major league teams in New York metropolitan area The following New York metropolitan area sports teams play in one of the five major sports leagues in the United States , and are ranked by average attendance . Club League Venue Location Founded Titles Attendance Local Cable Network New York Giants NFL Football MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 1925 8 80,148 MSG Network New York Jets 1960 76,957 SportsNet New York New York Yankees MLB Baseball Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York 1901 27 40,488 YES Network New York City FC MLS Soccer 2013 0 29,016 New York Mets MLB Baseball Citi Field Queens , New York 1962 26,695 SportsNet New York New York Knicks NBA Basketball Madison Square Garden Manhattan , New York 1946 19,812 MSG Network New York Rangers NHL Hockey 1926 18,006 New York Red Bulls MLS Soccer Red Bull Arena Harrison , New Jersey 1995 0 19,421 Brooklyn Nets NBA Basketball Barclays Center Brooklyn , New York 1967 17,251 YES Network New York Islanders NHL Hockey 1972 14,740 MSG Plus New Jersey Devils Prudential Center Newark , New Jersey 15,257 New York Liberty WNBA Basketball Westchester County Center White Plains , New York 0 8,949 MSG Network Rugby United New York MLR Rugby union Gaelic Park Riverdale , Bronx , New York 2018 0 2,000 Jump up ^ The Islanders are planning to move to a new venue in Elmont , New York , tentatively known as Belmont Park Arena , in 2020 . Jump up ^ Attendance figures are for the team 's former venue of Madison Square Garden . The Liberty 's current primary home of Westchester County Center has a capacity of only 5,000 . Stadiums ( edit ) Yankee Stadium Ebbets Field Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium Madison Square Garden Nassau Coliseum Meadowlands Arena Location of former major league venues in New York metropolitan area Throughout the twentieth century , the city has had several historic sports venues : the original Yankee Stadium , home of the New York Yankees from 1923 to 2008 , before the team moved into their new stadium in 2009 ; Ebbets Field , home of the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1913 until 1957 , which was torn down in 1960 ; and the Polo Grounds in northern Harlem , which was the home of the New York Giants of Major League Baseball from 1911 to 1957 ( and the first home of the New York Mets ) before being demolished in 1964 . The Mets , who previously played at Shea Stadium , moved into the newly constructed Citi Field in 2009 . Also the current Madison Square Garden , atop Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan , is actually the fourth separate building to use that name ; the first two were near Madison Square , hence the name , and the third was at 50th Street and Eighth Avenue . The 2000s have seen almost a complete revamping of the area 's major sporting venues . This began in 2007 , when the Devils moved to Newark , New Jersey and opened the Prudential Center . In 2009 , both the Mets and Yankees opened new baseball stadiums adjacent to their old homes , with the Mets replacing Shea Stadium with Citi Field and the Yankees building a new Yankee Stadium . In 2010 , the Jets and Giants moved to a new shared facility called New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) and the Red Bulls opened their own soccer - specific stadium in Harrison , New Jersey called Red Bull Arena ( the three had previously shared Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey ) . In 2012 , the Nets moved from New Jersey to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn and became the Brooklyn Nets . The Islanders left Nassau County , and followed the Nets into Brooklyn in 2015 . Other sports - related renovations and construction work is as follows : Madison Square Garden , the home of the Knicks and Rangers , underwent a massive renovation from 2010 to 2013 which finished in time for the 2013 -- 14 NHL and NBA seasons . The $850 million transformation included a rebuilding of the seating bowl and concourses , new luxury suites , new LED scoreboard and ribbon boards , and two new spectator bridges that span 65 feet ( 20 m ) above the arena on each side of the playing surface . On August 15 , 2013 , the Nassau County government announced that Forest City Ratner had won the bid for the renovation of the Nassau Coliseum , which was vacated by the Islanders in 2015 , pending approval from the Nassau legislature and the Hempstead town government . Ratner 's proposal called for a reduction of the Coliseum 's seating capacity to 13,000 and an aesthetic revamp of the arena 's interior and concrete facade designed by SHoP Architects , the firm which designed the Barclays Center , which would cost the group approximately $89 million . As part of his bid , the Islanders would play 6 games per season in the arena , the Brooklyn Nets would play one exhibition game , and a minor league hockey team would call the arena home . Previously Major League Soccer was spearheading the search for a new soccer - specific stadium within city limits for use by the 20th MLS expansion team . After narrowing the locations down to six , amongst them being Pier 40 in Manhattan , Greenpoint in Brooklyn and the area near Citi Field in Queens , the league zeroed in on the dilapidated Fountain of Industry site in Flushing Meadows Corona Park , Queens in June 2012 . The site was also previously discussed as a possible location for the New York Jets to build a stadium after their West Side Stadium project fell through , but the Jets opted to remain in New Jersey instead . However , the Flushing site faced opposition from local communities regarding the usage of park space , as well as the New York Mets , who play nearby , and the project is possibly dead . The New York City FC expansion team has since taken over the stadium search , with the Bronx as a possible location for a stadium . The Islanders now plan to return to Nassau County in 2020 , when a new arena adjacent to the Belmont Park horse racing track in Elmont is scheduled to open . Other sports ( edit ) Many sports are associated with New York 's immigrant communities . Stickball , a street version of baseball , was popularized by youths in working - class Italian , German , and Irish neighborhoods in the 1930s . In recent years , several amateur cricket leagues have emerged with the arrival of immigrants from South Asia and the Caribbean . Auto racing ( edit ) The CART series held a race at the Meadowlands from 1984 to 1991 . ISC and NASCAR unsuccessfully attempted to build a speedway in Staten Island . Another possible Meadowlands speedway project ( Liberty Speedway ) was discussed but abandoned in the early 2000s . Plans called for a Formula One race known as the Grand Prix of America , to be held on the New Jersey side of the Hudson River , to be held starting in 2014 , but those plans have been indefinitely shelved . The race was to be held on the Port Imperial Street Circuit , a 3.2 - mile ( 5.1 km ) circuit to be built using existing streets in Weehawken and West New York around Weehawken Port Imperial . On September 21 , 2016 , the FIA , Formula E , and New York City government officials announced that the New York City ePrix would be held in July 2017 at the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal , with a track layout presented . The New York ePrix became the city 's first automobile race since 1896 . On July 15 -- 16 , 2017 , the Formula E race was held in Red Hook , Brooklyn . It is the first FIA - sanctioned race to be held in New York City . Sam Bird won both races . Fencing ( edit ) Competitive fencing is one of the five activities which have been featured in every modern Olympic Games , the other four being athletics , cycling , swimming , and gymnastics . In Midtown Manhattan , Manhattan Fencing Center offers competitive and recreational fencing activities in Foil and Saber , in Fencers Club all the three weapons ( épée , foil and saber ) are available , and New York Athletic Club offers épée and saber . Other fencing clubs in New York are Sheridan Fencing Academy ( Upper East Side ) , New York Fencing Academy ( Coney Island ) , South Brooklyn Fencing , Brooklyn Bridge Fencing Center , Brooklyn Fencing Center , Tim Morehouse Fencing Club ( Upper West Side ) . Horse racing ( edit ) Aqueduct Racetrack ( the Big A ) and Belmont Park feature horse racing all months of the year except August . Aqueduct is located within the city limits in Ozone Park , while Belmont is situated just outside the city , in Elmont , New York . Harness racing is offered at Yonkers Raceway north of the city and Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Golf ( edit ) The U.S. Open and The Barclays have been played at the Bethpage Black Course at Bethpage State Park along with the PGA Championship and Ryder Cup . There are golf facilities at the Rockaway Hunting Club , Piping Rock Club , Eisenhower Park , Westchester Country Club , Inwood Country Club , Sebonack Golf Club , Fresh Meadow Country Club , Trump National Golf Club Westchester , Quaker Ridge Golf Club , Pound Ridge Golf Club , Pelham Country Club , Garden City Golf Club , Hempstead Country Club , Cantiague Park , North Woodmere Park , Bay Park , Christopher Morley Park , Cherry Valley Golf Links , Cherry Valley Club in Garden City , Garden City Country Club , Dunwoodie , Salisbury Links , St. Andrews Golf Club , ColdStream Golf Club , Shinnecock Hills Golf Club , Sleepy Hollow Country Club , Meadow Brook Golf Club , Scarsdale Golf Club , Wheatley Hills Golf Club , Glen Oaks Golf Club , Seawane Country Club , and Plandome Country Club among others . Lacrosse ( edit ) The New York metropolitan area is also home to a Major League Lacrosse team called the New York Lizards , formerly the Long Island Lizards . The New Jersey Pride of the same league played in Piscataway , New Jersey but suspended operations after the 2008 season . The New York Titans also played in the New York area before moving to Orlando . The New York Saints were members of the National Lacrosse League at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum from 1987 to 2003 . They were previously the New Jersey Saints . Polo ( edit ) Polo has a long history in the New York area , especially on Long Island . The Meadowbrook Polo Club was originally located in East Meadow and Jericho , and is currently located in Old Westbury . The Rockaway Hunting Club and Piping Rock Club are other polo and golf courses on Long Island . Rugby League ( edit ) The City contributes actively with two semi professional rugby league football sides , New York Raiders , who play at Andrews Field , and the New York Knights , who play at Hudson River Park 's Pier 40 in Manhattan . The Raiders have yet to win a trophy while the Knights have won the Championship twice in 2002 and 2009 . New York City consistently produces players of international standard who play in the United States national rugby league team . Rugby union ( edit ) The city has two division one rugby union teams , the New York Athletic Club RFC , which was established in 1973 and the Old Blue , both who play in the Rugby Super League ( rugby union ) . The city has other amateur rugby union clubs as well , paying in the Metropolitan New York Rugby Football Union . The clubs have contributed to the national team , the Eagles , who have participated at the Rugby World Cup . Running ( edit ) The New York City Marathon is an annual marathon foot race run over a 42.2 km ( 26.2 mi ) course through the five boroughs of New York City . Next to the Boston Marathon , it is considered the preeminent long - distance annual running event in the United States . The race is produced by the New York Road Runners and has been run every year since 1970 . In recent years , it has also been sponsored by financial giant ING . It is held on the first Sunday of November and attracts professional competitors and amateurs from all over the world . Because of the popularity of the race , participation is limited to 35,000 entrants chosen by a lottery system , with preference given to previous participants . The Millrose Games is an annual indoor track and field meet held on the first Friday in February in Madison Square Garden since 1914 . The games were started when employees of the Wanamaker 's department store formed the Millrose Track Club to hold a meet . The featured event is the Wanamaker Mile . Tennis ( edit ) The U.S. Tennis Open is the fourth and final event of the Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held annually in late summer at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows Park in Queens . The main tournament consists of five championships : men 's and women 's singles , men 's and women 's doubles and mixed doubles , with additional tournaments for junior and wheelchair players . The National Tennis Center , open to the public whenever the USTA is not holding an event , features the world 's largest stadium built specifically for the sport , the 22,547 - seat Arthur Ashe Stadium . The New York Empire began play in World TeamTennis ( WTT ) in 2016 . Home matches were played at Forest Hills Stadium in Queens . Other teams have represented the New York City metropolitan area in WTT in the past . The New York Sets , who changed their name to New York Apples in 1977 , were a charter franchise of the league and played from 1974 to 1978 . The Sets originally played their home matches at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum before splitting their home schedule between the Coliseum and Madison Square Garden . By the 1978 season , many home matches were played in the Felt Forum with those featuring marquee opponents played in the Garden 's main arena . The franchise won the league championship in 1976 and 1977 , and featured star players Billie Jean King , Virginia Wade , Sandy Mayer and Phil Dent . The two title - winning teams were coached by Fred Stolle . Following the 1978 season , the Apples announced they were folding . Soon afterward , WTT suspended operations , and there were no 1979 or 1980 seasons . The New Jersey Stars joined WTT as an expansion franchise in 1987 , playing their home matches in Franklin Township , Somerset County , New Jersey . The team went 0 -- 14 in its inaugural season but , with a completely remade roster , reached the TeamTennis Final in 1988 . Home matches were moved to Chatham Borough , New Jersey in 1989 , when the team was led by Tracy Austin . The signing of Martina Navratilova in 1994 , produced immediate results on the court as the Stars won the league title in both 1994 and 1995 . However , the team was unable to build a fan base and relocated , as two - time defending WTT champions , to become the Delaware Smash for the 1996 season . The New York Hamptons were added as a WTT expansion franchise in 2000 , playing their home matches in East Quogue , New York . They moved to Amagansett in 2002 . In 2003 , Sportime NY became the team 's majority owner . Home matches were moved to Mamaroneck in Westchester County , and the team 's name was changed to the New York Sportimes . Led by Martina Hingis , the Sportimes won the 2005 WTT title . In 2009 , the Sportimes moved to New York City , playing their home matches on Randall 's Island . Before the 2011 season , the Sportimes merged with the New York Buzz , which had been based in the Capital District since 1995 . Following the merger , the team played some of its home matches on Randall 's Island and others in either Albany or Troy , New York . Following the 2013 season , the team was sold , and the new owner relocated it and renamed it the San Diego Aviators . Ironically , the Aviators won their first league title after relocation in New York City at Forest Hills Stadium , which was selected as the site for the 2016 WTT Final to welcome the expansion New York Empire to the league . Ultimate ( edit ) The New York Rumble is one of eight professional Ultimate teams that compete in Major League Ultimate . The team played in the MLU 's inaugural season in 2013 . Other sports ( edit ) The Suffolk Sting are a professional inline hockey team and part of the PIHA . They play at the Rapid Fire Arena on Long Island . The New York Arrows represented the New York area in the Major Soccer League ( MISL ) from 1978 to 1984 at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum The New Jersey Rockets played in the MISL with their home games in East Rutherford , New Jersey during the 1981 - 82 season . The Rockets filed for protection under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code late in the season and folded shortly thereafter . The New York Express played indoor soccer in the Major Indoor Soccer League at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in 1986 - 1987 . The Long Island Academy play at Competition Field at Adelphi University in the National Premier Soccer League as of 2006 . The Long Island Jawz played Roller Hockey at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in 1996 . The Long Island Rough Riders and Long Island Rough Riders ( UWS ) play soccer and women 's soccer since 1994 at Cy Donnelly Stadium in South Huntington , and formerly at Belson Stadium , Mitchel Athletic Complex , Michael Tully Field , Citibank Park and Stony Brook University Stadium . The Long Island Roller Rebels started in 2005 as a roller derby league featuring four teams : All Stars ( A team , Rock - A-Betty Bruisers ( B team ) , Ladies of Laceration , Wicked Wheelers and were aided by the Gotham Girls Roller Derby . They play in Old Bethpage . Gaelic games have been played in New York since the foundation of the Gaelic Athletic Association . New York is considered a GAA county and plays in the Connacht Senior Football Championship . The United States Australian Football League is the biggest League of Australian rules football in the United States and the New York team is called The New York Magpies it is affiliated with the Collingwood Football Club . The New York Excelsior is a team in the Overwatch League which began in 2017 . Squash is organized by the New York Squash which was formerly known as New York Metropolitan Squash Racquets Association which was founded in 1924 and incorporated in 1932 . This organization is a not for profit . There is a thriving field hockey competition in New York City , played predominantly by European and Commonwealth expats . The North East Field Hockey Association plays games at Columbia University , Hofstra University , DeWitt Clinton High School and Drew University . Teams from New York also regularly compete in indoor and outdoor tournaments around the country . New York is considered to be the `` world capital '' of one - wall handball . The New York Emperors Stickball League has nine stickball teams in New york City . College sports ( edit ) Although the New York area is home to numerous colleges , many of which have rich athletic histories , college sports is a somewhat less visible part of the regional sports landscape . The following NCAA Division I schools are located in the metropolitan area , as most broadly defined . The following details about the table should be noted : Schools are in New York state unless otherwise indicated . The `` Conference '' column includes each school 's primary affiliation . All affiliations listed here current as of the 2017 -- 18 school year . The `` Football '' column indicates the following : Whether a school sponsors the sport at varsity level . The level at which a school competes in that sport -- either in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) or the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) . If a school 's conference affiliation in football differs from its main affiliation , the football conference is also listed . Team School City Conference Football Army Black Knights United States Military Academy West Point Patriot League FBS ( independent ) Columbia Lions Columbia University New York City ( Manhattan ) Ivy League FCS Fairfield Stags Fairfield University Fairfield , Connecticut MAAC No Fairleigh Dickinson Knights Fairleigh Dickinson University Teaneck , New Jersey Northeast No Fordham Rams Fordham University New York City ( The Bronx ) Atlantic 10 FCS ( Patriot League ) Hofstra Pride Hofstra University Hempstead CAA No Iona Gaels Iona College New Rochelle MAAC No LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds Long Island University Brooklyn New York City ( Brooklyn ) Northeast No Manhattan Jaspers and Lady Jaspers Manhattan College New York City ( The Bronx ) MAAC No Monmouth Hawks Monmouth University West Long Branch , New Jersey MAAC FCS ( Big South ) NJIT Highlanders New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark , New Jersey ASUN No Princeton Tigers Princeton University Princeton , New Jersey Ivy League FCS Quinnipiac Bobcats Quinnipiac University Hamden , Connecticut MAAC No Rider Broncs Rider University Lawrenceville , New Jersey MAAC No Rutgers Scarlet Knights Rutgers University Piscataway , New Jersey Big Ten FBS Sacred Heart Pioneers Sacred Heart University Fairfield , Connecticut Northeast FCS St. Francis Brooklyn Terriers St. Francis College New York City ( Brooklyn ) Northeast No St. John 's Red Storm St. John 's University New York City ( Queens ) Big East No Saint Peter 's Peacocks and Peahens Saint Peter 's University Jersey City , New Jersey MAAC No Seton Hall Pirates Seton Hall University South Orange , New Jersey Big East No Stony Brook Seawolves Stony Brook University Stony Brook America East FCS ( CAA ) Wagner Seahawks Wagner College New York City ( Staten Island ) Northeast FCS Yale Bulldogs Yale University New Haven , Connecticut Ivy League FCS Jump up ^ More accurately , the Knights represent the university 's Metropolitan Campus , which straddles Teaneck and Hackensack . FDU 's Florham Campus , located in Madison , New Jersey , has a separate NCAA Division III athletic program . Jump up ^ LIU 's other campus , the Post campus in Brookville , has a separate NCAA Division II athletic program . Jump up ^ More accurately , the Scarlet Knights represent the school 's main campus , Rutgers University -- New Brunswick , which is divided between New Brunswick and Piscataway . Most of the athletic facilities are in Piscataway . The other two campuses of Rutgers , in Camden and Newark , have separate memberships in NCAA Division III . Sports culture ( edit ) Although in much of the rest of the country American football has surpassed baseball as the most popular professional sport , in New York baseball arguably still stirs the most passion and interest . A championship win by any major sports team is considered to be worthy of the highest celebration , including a ticker - tape parade for the victorious team . In the past , ticker - tape parades have been held for the Yankees , Mets , Giants and Rangers . New Yorkers , however , tend to rally around any of the local teams who win ( such as the 1994 Stanley Cup champions New York Rangers , or the 2007 New York Giants ) . Rivalries ( edit ) Due to their geographic locations , New York has intense sports rivalries with the cities of Boston and Philadelphia . Boston ( edit ) See also : Sports in Boston , Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry , Jets -- Patriots rivalry , and Celtics -- Knicks rivalry Decades before professional baseball became popular , New York and Boston claimed distinctive versions of bat - and - ball games . A variant of baseball known as The Massachusetts Game was played in New England in the 1850s , while New York teams played by the Knickerbocker Rules set up by Alexander Cartwright . The New York rules eventually became the basis for the modern sport of baseball . Teams in Boston and New York offer some of the best rivalries in their respective sports , none are more famous , however , then the longtime feud between the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox in Major League Baseball . The viciousness and fierceness of the rivalry has led to the New York -- Boston rivalry being evident between the New York Jets and the New England Patriots in the National Football League and the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association . The New York Rangers have been longtime rivals with the Boston Bruins also due to the fact that both teams are members of the National Hockey League 's Original Six franchises , but this has been eclipsed by the Metropolitan Division rivalries in recent years . The rivalry has also spread to other teams not in the same league , The 1986 World Series between the New York Mets and the Boston Red Sox is considered a classic especially the 6th game and the famous Bill Buckner error . The New York Giants and New England Patriots have played two classic Super Bowls : Super Bowl XLII which features the Helmet Catch and Super Bowl XLVI , There is also a rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the Brooklyn Nets . Philadelphia ( edit ) See also : Sports in Philadelphia , Mets -- Phillies rivalry , Eagles -- Giants rivalry , and Flyers -- Rangers rivalry In each of the four sports leagues , there is intra-division competition between teams from New York and Philadelphia , as seen in the rivalries between the New York Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies in Major League Baseball , the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles in the National Football League , and the New York Rangers and the Philadelphia Flyers in the National Hockey League . There is also a rivalry between the New York Knicks and the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association , although it is not as intense as the other three rivalries . There is another rivalry between the Brooklyn Nets and Philadelphia 76ers . The metropolitan area 's three NHL teams tend to be primary rivals with one another , although they each have their own rivalry with the Flyers . Unlike baseball and football , the local teams in the New York area are in the same division and are therefore in direct competition with one another . Olympic bids ( edit ) New York and Los Angeles submitted bids to the USOC for the 1984 Summer Olympics . The USOC voted to submit Los Angeles ' bid to the IOC , which was the only bid for those games . While Los Angeles secured the right to host the 1984 Summer Olympics , New York served as host of the 1984 Summer Paralympics . In 2005 , New York City bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics , but lost to London . It was the first time the USOC submitted a bid from New York City to the IOC . Upon the USOC reaching a new revenue - sharing agreement with the IOC in May 2012 , New York was mentioned as a potential candidate for the 2024 Summer Olympics , but the city declined to submit a bid to the USOC . Los Angeles was selected as the American candidate for the 2024 Olympics and ultimately secured the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics . See also ( edit ) New York City portal Sports portal Sports in Brooklyn Multiple major sports championship seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ World 's Largest Marathons , Association of International Marathons and Distance Races . Accessed June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://www.siena.edu/ ( PDF ) . Siena College Research Institute https://www.siena.edu/assets/files/news/Sports0316_Crosstabs.pdf . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ The NAIA men 's basketball tournament predates the NIT by one year , but it was established as a tournament for smaller schools , and the NAIA remains a governing body for smaller institutions . Jump up ^ `` Postseason Overview '' . National Invitation Tournament . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Madison Square Garden Still The Mecca For Young Ballers '' . CBS . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carmelo . `` My City , My Home '' . ThisisMelo.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amore , Dom ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Madison Square Garden A Special Place In UConn History '' . The Daily Courant . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( 2005 ) . Reversing the Curse . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 51748 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frommer , Harvey ; Frommer , Frederic J. ( 2004 ) . Red Sox vs. Yankees : The Great Rivalry . Sports Publishing , LLC . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 767 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bodley , Hal ( October 21 , 2004 ) . `` Sport 's ultimate rivalry ; Yanks - Red Sox epic battles go way back '' . USA Today . p. 3C . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Dan ( October 29 , 1986 ) . `` Ticker tape blizzard grips Gotham '' . United Press International . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Baseball Association '' . www.luckyshow.org . Jump up ^ The 1858 Fashion Race Course Baseball Match , Baseball Almanac , http://www.baseball-almanac.com/treasure/autont2006b.shtml Accessed August 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball New York United States '' . Copyright © 2012 , Hoover 's Inc. , All Rights Reserved . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seherr - Thoss of FirstService Williams negotiates 153,405 s / f lease ; Assisted by Jaccom , Freedman , Plehn and Plakopita '' . Nerej.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich ( August 16 , 2008 ) . `` Jets leave plenty of stories behind in Hempstead '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` Remembering the hit on Drew Bledose that led to the emergence of Tom Brady '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Islanders 2018 - 19 schedule '' -- via NHL.com . Jump up ^ `` RWJ Barnabas Health Hockey House '' . barnabashealthhockeyhouse.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Claire ( July 27 , 2008 ) . `` A Frosty Headquarters for the N.H.L. '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` About Red Bull Arena '' . Redbullarena.us . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Panizo , Franco . `` New York Red Bulls 5 , Chicago Fire 2 MLS Match Recap '' . Major League Soccer . Jump up ^ Lalas , Greg . `` Curse broken ! New York Red Bulls win the 2013 Supporters ' Shield '' . Major League Soccer . Jump up ^ `` New York Red Bulls win 2015 MLS Supporters ' Shield '' . Major League Soccer . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer : The rebirth of the New York Cosmos -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Joe ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Back Where They Belong : Cosmos Win Fifth Soccer Bowl , Sixth NASL Title '' . NY Sports Day . Jump up ^ Morris , Niel ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sixth Senna : New York Cosmos win NASL Soccer Bowl 2013 over Atlanta Silverbacks 1 - 0 '' . INDY Week . Jump up ^ Galarcep , Ives . `` Marco Senna 's stunning goal helped lead the New York Cosmos to the 2013 Soccer Bowl title , beating the Atlanta Silverbacks 1 - 0 to claim the NASL championship '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ Bell , Jack ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Cosmos to Play in N.A.S.L. in ' 13 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cosmos leaving Hofstra for MCU Park in Brooklyn '' . Newsday.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Soccer , L.L.C. Company Information '' . Hoovers , Inc . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Forest City 's New York unit wins contest to redevelop Nassau Coliseum '' . Crain 's Cleveland . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Fornabaio ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Despite relocation speculation , Sound Tigers remain committed to Bridgeport -- Connecticut Post '' . Ctpost.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calder , Rich ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` A new dream Coliseum '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratner , MSG picked as Coliseum finalists '' . The Island Now . July 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303640804577491090757743910 Pro Soccer Nearing Net in Flushing Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived October 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Major League Soccer wo n't be coming to Queens : Councilman '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bagli , Charles V. ( August 29 , 2013 ) . `` Soccer Club 's Latest Stadium Proposal Would Give the Yankees a New Neighbor '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cuomo , Islanders Make Belmont Official '' ( Press release ) . New York Islanders . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sas , Adrian ( Producer ) ( 2006 ) . It 's my Park : Cricket ( TV - Series ) . New York City : Nystv . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programs - Manhattan Fencing Center '' . Manhattan Fencing . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` New York Squash '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Baseball 's Fault Lines Show Stress In Arizona '' . The Washington Post . p . E11 . Jump up ^ Mucha , Peter ( January 5 , 2001 ) . `` A City 's Hopes Fly High on the Wings of Eagles '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . A1 . New York teams -- the Mets , Rangers , Giants and Knicks -- rank among Philadelphia 's most loathed rivals . Jump up ^ No Olympics No Problem by Andrew H. Levin . April 27 , 2007 . page 27 . Accessed July 24 , 2009 . Archived July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` IOC agrees revenue - sharing deal with USOC '' . Insidethegames.biz . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A New York City Olympic Games Considered '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports in New York City . New York City Sports Commission webpage . NYC : The Official Guide website New York City Sports Travel Guide <Th_colspan="3"> Sport teams based in the New York metropolitan area Australian rules football USAFL New York Magpies Baseball MLB New York Mets New York Yankees IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs NYPL Brooklyn Cyclones Hudson Valley Renegades Staten Island Yankees ALPB Bridgeport Bluefish Long Island Ducks Somerset Patriots CanAm New Jersey Jackals Rockland Boulders Sussex County Miners Basketball NBA Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks WNBA New York Liberty G League Long Island Nets Westchester Knicks ABA Jersey Express Entertainment Teams Harlem Wizards Football NFL New York Giants New York Jets NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA New York Sharks Hockey NHL New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers AHL Bridgeport Sound Tigers Lehigh Valley Phantoms NWHL Metropolitan Riveters Lacrosse MLL New York Lizards Rugby league USARL Brooklyn Kings New York Knights White Plains Wombats Rugby union MLR Rugby United New York USAR New York Athletic Club RFC Old Blue Soccer MLS New York City FC New York Red Bulls NASL New York Cosmos USL Bethlehem Steel FC New York Red Bulls II NWSL Sky Blue FC PDL F.A. 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New York Cosmos B Roller derby WFTDA Gotham Girls Roller Derby Jersey Shore Roller Girls Long Island Roller Rebels Suburbia Roller Derby MRDA New York Shock Exchange Team tennis WTT New York Empire College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Army Columbia Fairfield Fairleigh Dickinson Fordham Hofstra Iona Lehigh LIU Brooklyn Manhattan NJIT Princeton Quinnipiac Rider Rutgers Sacred Heart St. Francis Brooklyn St. John 's Saint Peter 's Seton Hall Stony Brook Wagner Yale College athletics ( NCAA Division III ) Rutgers -- Newark Ultimate AUDL New York Empire Gaelic games New York GAA : Gaelic football Hurling <Td_colspan="3"> Main article : Sports in New York City <Th_colspan="3"> Sports venues in the New York metropolitan area Active The Bronx Draddy Gymnasium Gaelic Park Rose Hill Gymnasium Van Cortlandt Park Yankee Stadium Brooklyn Aviator Sports & Events Center Barclays Center MCU Park Generoso Pope Athletic Complex Schwartz Athletic Center Steinberg Wellness Center Manhattan Chelsea Piers Columbia Soccer Stadium Icahn Stadium John McEnroe Tennis Academy Levien Gymnasium Madison Square Garden Wien Stadium Rucker Park Sportime Stadium Fort Washington Avenue Armory Queens Aqueduct Racetrack Belson Stadium Carnesecca Arena Citi Field Metropolitan Oval USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Louis Armstrong Gymnasium West Side Tennis Club Staten Island Richmond County Bank Ballpark Spiro Sports Center Staten Island Cricket Club Long Island Belmont Park Bethpage Ballpark Island Garden James M. 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Codey Arena CURE Insurance Arena FirstEnergy Park Freehold Raceway HighPoint.com Stadium Hinchliffe Stadium Jersey City Armory Louis Brown Athletic Center Mennen Arena Meadowlands Sports Complex Meadowlands Racetrack MetLife Stadium Monmouth Park Racetrack MSU Soccer Park at Pittser Field Old Bridge Township Raceway Park Princeton University Stadium Prudential Center Red Bull Arena Roberts Stadium Rothman Center TD Bank Ballpark Wall Township Speedway Yanitelli Center Yogi Berra Stadium Yurcak Field Westchester Fleming Field Yonkers Raceway Westchester County Center Rockland Palisades Credit Union Park Rockland Lake State Park Defunct 69th Regiment Armory Bloomingdale Park Boyle 's Thirty Acres Brighton Beach Race Course Bronx Coliseum Capitoline Grounds Commercial Field Coney Island Velodrome Eastern Park Ebbets Field Elysian Fields Freeport Municipal Stadium Dexter Park Downing Stadium Giants Stadium Gravesend Race Track Harrison Park Hilltop Park Island Garden ( Original ) Meadowlands Arena Jamaica Racetrack Jerome Park Racetrack Lewisohn Stadium Long Island Arena Louis Armstrong Stadium ( 1978 ) Madison Square Garden ( 1879 ) Madison Square Garden ( 1890 ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) Madison Square Garden Bowl Metropolitan Park Morris Park Racecourse Newark Schools Stadium Newark Velodrome Palmer Stadium Polo Grounds Ridgewood Park Roosevelt Raceway Roosevelt Stadium Ruppert Stadium Rutgers Stadium ( 1938 ) St. George Cricket Grounds Shea Stadium Sheepshead Bay Race Track Singer Bowl Suffolk Meadows Sunnyside Garden Arena Thompson Stadium Union Grounds Washington Park Yankee Stadium ( 1923 ) Proposed Belmont Park Arena Kingsbridge National Ice Center New York City FC Stadium Never built Proposed domed Brooklyn Dodgers stadium West Side Stadium Bergen Ballpark The Lighthouse Project New York Cosmos Stadium Port Imperial Street Circuit <Th_colspan="3"> New York City articles By topic History timeline Neighborhoods ethnic enclaves Architecture monuments skyscrapers People Media Economy companies Geography Flags Environment food and water Demographics history Boroughs The Bronx ( Bronx County ) Brooklyn ( Kings County ) Manhattan ( New York County ) Queens ( Queens County ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) Government Mayor Elections Council Borough presidents Community Districts Politics Emergency services Hospitals Fire Police crime law enforcement Emergency Management Transportation History Entities DOT former BOT Vision Zero Initiative Metropolitan Transportation Authority Subway Bus Staten Island Railway Long Island Rail Road Metro - North Railroad PATH Bridges and tunnels Streets Culture Arts Books Cuisine Dialect Museums Music Nicknames `` Sixth borough '' Sports Tourism gardens landmarks parks Education Dept. of Education Elementary schools High schools Colleges <Td_colspan="3"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area&oldid=854120522 '' Categories : Sports in New York City Sports in the New York metropolitan area Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 02 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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1. Sports in the New York metropolitan area 2. Major league sports in New York 3. Baseball in New York 4. Basketball in New York 5. American football in New York

how would this information benefit the credit card companies

Credit card - wikipedia Credit card Visa and MasterCard are the two most prominent payment processors for credit cards . Personal finance Credit Debt Mortgage Car loan Credit card Unsecured personal loan Rent - to - own Student loan Pawn Title loan Payday loan Refund anticipation loan Refinancing Debt consolidation Bankruptcy Employment contract Salary Wage Salary packaging Employee stock option Employee benefits Retirement Pension Defined benefit Defined contribution Social security Business plan Corporate action Personal budget Financial planner Financial adviser Stockbroker Financial independence Estate planning See also Bank Cooperative Credit union Part of a series on financial services Banking Types of banks ( show ) Advising Banq Central Commercial Community development Cooperative Credit union Custodian Depository Direct Export credit agency Investment Industrial Merchant Mutual savings National Offshore Participation Postal savings Private Public Retail Savings Savings and loan Universal Bank holding company Lists of banks Accounts Cards ( hide ) Accounts Christmas club Deposit Money - market Savings Time deposit ( Bond ) Transaction ( checking / current ) Cards ATM Credit Debit Funds transfer ( show ) Electronic bill payment Wire Cheque SWIFT Automated Clearing House Giro Terms ( show ) Automated teller machine Bank regulation Loan Money creation Bank secrecy Ethical banking Fractional - reserve banking Islamic banking Private banking Related topics ( show ) Financial market ( participants ) Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Financial law Financial regulation List of banks An example of the front in a typical credit card : Issuing Bank Logo EMV chip ( only on `` smart cards '' ) Hologram Card number Card Network Logo Expiration Date Card Holder Name Contactless Chip An example of the reverse side of a typical credit card : Magnetic Stripe Signature Strip Card Security Code A credit card is a payment card issued to users ( cardholders ) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder 's promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts so paid plus the other agreed charges . The card issuer ( usually a bank ) creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder , from which the cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance . In other words , credit cards combine payment services with extensions of credit . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry may limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , helping to ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and helping to maximize industry profits . Due to concerns about this , many legislatures have regulated credit card fees . A credit card is different from a charge card , which requires the balance to be repaid in full each month . In contrast , credit cards allow the consumers a continuing balance of debt , subject to interest being charged . A credit card also differs from a cash card , which can be used like currency by the owner of the card . A credit card differs from a charge card also in that a credit card typically involves a third - party entity that pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer , whereas a charge card simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date . Contents 1 Technical specifications 2 History 2.1 Edward Bellamy 's Looking Backward 2.2 Charge coins , medals , and so on 2.3 Early charge cards 2.3. 1 Charga - Plate 2.3. 2 Air Travel Card 2.3. 3 Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express 2.4 BankAmericard and Master Charge 2.5 Development outside North America 2.6 Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles 3 Usage 3.1 Advertising , solicitation , application and approval 3.2 Interest charges 3.3 Grace period 3.4 Parties involved 3.5 Transaction steps 3.6 Credit card register 4 Features 4.1 Consumers ' limited liability 5 Types 5.1 Business credit cards 5.2 Secured credit cards 5.3 Prepaid cards 5.4 Digital cards 6 Benefits and drawbacks 6.1 Benefits to cardholder 6.1. 1 Comparison of credit card benefits in the US 6.2 Detriments to cardholders 6.2. 1 High interest and bankruptcy 6.2. 2 Weakens self regulation 6.3 Detriments to society 6.3. 1 Inflated pricing for all consumers 6.4 Benefits to merchants 6.5 Costs to merchants 7 Security 7.1 Code 10 8 Costs 8.1 Interest expenses 8.2 Operating costs 8.3 Charge offs 8.4 Rewards 8.5 Fraud 9 Revenues 9.1 Interchange fee 9.2 Interest on outstanding balances 9.3 Fees charged to customers 10 Over limit charges 10.1 United States 10.2 United Kingdom 11 Neutral consumer resources 11.1 Canada 12 Controversy 12.1 Hidden costs 13 Credit cards in ATMs 14 Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs 15 Problems 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Technical specifications ( edit ) The size of most credit cards is 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm ( ​ 3 ⁄ × ​ 2 ⁄ inches ) and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88 -- 3.48 mm , conforming to the ISO / IEC 7810 ID - 1 standard , the same size as ATM cards and other payment cards , such as debit cards . Credit cards have a printed or embossed bank card number complying with the ISO / IEC 7812 numbering standard . The card number 's prefix , called the Bank Identification Number , is the sequence of digits at the beginning of the number that determine the bank to which a credit card number belongs . This is the first six digits for MasterCard and Visa cards . The next nine digits are the individual account number , and the final digit is a validity check code . Both of these standards are maintained and further developed by ISO / IEC JTC 1 / SC 17 / WG 1 . Credit cards have a magnetic stripe conforming to the ISO / IEC 7813 . Many modern credit cards have a computer chip embedded in them as a security feature . In addition to the main credit card number , credit cards also carry issue and expiration dates ( given to the nearest month ) , as well as extra codes such as issue numbers and security codes . Not all credit cards have the same sets of extra codes nor do they use the same number of digits . Credit card numbers were originally embossed to allow easy transfer of the number to charge slips . With the decline of paper slips , some credit cards are no longer embossed and in fact the card number is no longer in the front . History ( edit ) Edward Bellamy 's looking Backward ( edit ) The concept of using a card for purchases was described in 1887 by Edward Bellamy in his utopian novel Looking Backward . Bellamy used the term credit card eleven times in this novel , although this referred to a card for spending a citizen 's dividend from the government , rather than borrowing , making it more similar to a Debit card . Charge coins , medals , and so on ( edit ) Charge coins and other similar items were used from the late 19th century to the 1930s . They came in various shapes and sizes ; with materials made out of celluloid ( an early type of plastic ) , copper , aluminum , steel , and other types of whitish metals . Each charge coin usually had a little hole , enabling it to be put in a key ring , like a key . These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores , hotels , and so on . A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant 's name and logo . The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip , by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip . This sped the process of copying , previously done by handwriting . It also reduced the number of errors , by having a standardised form of numbers on the sales slip , instead of various kind of handwriting style . Because the customer 's name was not on the charge coin , almost anyone could use it . This sometimes led to a case of mistaken identity , either accidentally or intentionally , by acting on behalf of the charge account owner or out of malice to defraud both the charge account owner and the merchant . Beginning in the 1930s , merchants started to move from charge coins to the newer Charga - Plate . Early charge cards ( edit ) Charga - plate ( edit ) The Charga - Plate , developed in 1928 , was an early predecessor of the credit card and was used in the U.S. from the 1930s to the late 1950s . It was a 21⁄2 '' × 11⁄4 '' rectangle of sheet metal related to Addressograph and military dog tag systems . It was embossed with the customer 's name , city , and state . It held a small paper card on its back for a signature . In recording a purchase , the plate was laid into a recess in the imprinter , with a paper `` charge slip '' positioned on top of it . The record of the transaction included an impression of the embossed information , made by the imprinter pressing an inked ribbon against the charge slip . Charga - Plate was a trademark of Farrington Manufacturing Co . Charga - Plates were issued by large - scale merchants to their regular customers , much like department store credit cards of today . In some cases , the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers . When an authorized user made a purchase , a clerk retrieved the plate from the store 's files and then processed the purchase . Charga - Plates speeded back - office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store . Air Travel card ( edit ) In 1934 , American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card . They created a numbering scheme that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account . This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1 . With an Air Travel Card , passengers could `` buy now , and pay later '' for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines . By the 1940s , all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines . By 1941 about half of the airlines ' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement . The airlines had also started offering installment plans to lure new travelers into the air . In October 1948 , the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association . Early general purpose charge cards : Diners Club , Carte Blanche , and American Express ( edit ) The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara , founders of Diners Club , to consolidate multiple cards . The Diners Club , which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign , produced the first `` general purpose '' charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement . That was followed by Carte Blanche and in 1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network ( although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features ) . BankAmericard and Master charge ( edit ) Until 1958 , no one had been able to successfully establish a revolving credit financial system in which a card issued by a third - party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants , as opposed to merchant - issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants . There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks , but none of them were able to last very long . In September 1958 , Bank of America launched the BankAmericard in Fresno , California , which would become the first successful recognizably modern credit card . This card succeeded where others failed by breaking the chicken - and - egg cycle in which consumers did not want to use a card that few merchants would accept and merchants did not want to accept a card that few consumers used . Bank of America chose Fresno because 45 % of its residents used the bank , and by sending a card to 60,000 Fresno residents at once , the bank was able to convince merchants to accept the card . It was eventually licensed to other banks around the United States and then around the world , and in 1976 , shortly after women gained the right to apply for credit cards , all BankAmericard licensees united themselves under the common brand Visa . In 1966 , the ancestor of MasterCard was born when a group of banks established Master Charge to compete with BankAmericard ; it received a significant boost when Citibank merged its own Everything Card , launched in 1967 , into Master Charge in 1969 . Early credit cards in the U.S. , of which BankAmericard was the most prominent example , were mass - produced and mass mailed unsolicited to bank customers who were thought to be good credit risks . They have been mailed off to unemployables , drunks , narcotics addicts and to compulsive debtors , a process President Johnson 's Special Assistant Betty Furness found very like `` giving sugar to diabetics '' . These mass mailings were known as `` drops '' in banking terminology , and were outlawed in 1970 due to the financial chaos they caused . However , by the time the law came into effect , approximately 100 million credit cards had been dropped into the U.S. population . After 1970 , only credit card applications could be sent unsolicited in mass mailings . Before the computerization of credit card systems in America , using a credit card to pay at a merchant was significantly more complicated than it is today . Each time a consumer wanted to use a credit card , the merchant would have to call their bank , who in turn had to call the credit card company , which then had to have an employee manually look up the customer 's name and credit balance . This system was computerized in 1973 under the leadership of Dee Hock , the first CEO of Visa , allowing transaction time to decrease substantially to less than one minute . However , until always - connected payment terminals became ubiquitous at the beginning of the 21st century , it was common for a merchant to accept a charge , especially below a threshold value or from a known and trusted customer , without verifying it by phone . Books with lists of stolen card numbers were distributed to merchants who were supposed in any case to check cards against the list before accepting them , as well as verifying the signature on the charge slip against that on the card . Merchants who failed to take the time to follow the proper verification procedures were liable for fraudulent charges , but because of the cumbersome nature of the procedures , merchants would often simply skip some or all of them and assume the risk for smaller transactions . Development outside North America ( edit ) The fractured nature of the U.S. banking system under the Glass -- Steagall Act meant that credit cards became an effective way for those who were traveling around the country to move their credit to places where they could not directly use their banking facilities . There are now countless variations on the basic concept of revolving credit for individuals ( as issued by banks and honored by a network of financial institutions ) , including organization - branded credit cards , corporate - user credit cards , store cards and so on . In 1966 , Barclaycard in the United Kingdom launched the first credit card outside the United States . Although credit cards reached very high adoption levels in the US , Canada and the UK during the latter 20th century , many cultures were more cash - oriented or developed alternative forms of cashless payments , such as Carte bleue or the Eurocard ( Germany , France , Switzerland , and others ) . In these places , adoption of credit cards was initially much slower . Due to strict regulations regarding bank overdrafts , some countries , France in particular , were much quicker to develop and adopt chip - based credit cards which are seen as major anti-fraud credit devices . Debit cards and online banking ( using either ATMs or PCs ) are used more widely than credit cards in some countries . It took until the 1990s to reach anything like the percentage market penetration levels achieved in the US , Canada , and UK . In some countries , acceptance still remains low as the use of a credit card system depends on the banking system of each country ; while in others , a country sometimes had to develop its own credit card network , e.g. UK 's Barclaycard and Australia 's Bankcard . Japan remains a very cash - oriented society , with credit card adoption being limited mainly to the largest of merchants ; although stored value cards ( such as telephone cards ) are used as alternative currencies , the trend is toward RFID - based systems inside cards , cellphones , and other objects . Vintage , old , and unique credit cards as collectibles ( edit ) The design of the credit card itself has become a major selling point in recent years . The value of the card to the issuer is often related to the customer 's usage of the card , or to the customer 's financial worth . This has led to the rise of Co-Brand and Affinity cards , where the card design is related to the `` affinity '' ( a university or professional society , for example ) leading to higher card usage . In most cases a percentage of the value of the card is returned to the affinity group . A growing field of numismatics ( study of money ) , or more specifically exonumia ( study of money - like objects ) , credit card collectors seek to collect various embodiments of credit from the now familiar plastic cards to older paper merchant cards , and even metal tokens that were accepted as merchant credit cards . Early credit cards were made of celluloid plastic , then metal and fiber , then paper , and are now mostly polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) plastic . However the chip part of credit cards is not made from plastic but from metals . Usage ( edit ) A credit card issuing company , such as a bank or credit union , enters into agreements with merchants for them to accept their credit cards . Merchants often advertise which cards they accept by displaying acceptance marks -- generally derived from logos -- or this may be communicated in signage in the establishment or in company material ( e.g. , a restaurant 's menu may indicate which credit cards are accepted ) . Merchants may also communicate this orally , as in `` We take ( brands X , Y , and Z ) '' or `` We do n't take credit cards '' . Visa , MasterCard , American Express The credit card issuer issues a credit card to a customer at the time or after an account has been approved by the credit provider , which need not be the same entity as the card issuer . The cardholders can then use it to make purchases at merchants accepting that card . When a purchase is made , the cardholder agrees to pay the card issuer . The cardholder indicates consent to pay by signing a receipt with a record of the card details and indicating the amount to be paid or by entering a personal identification number ( PIN ) . Also , many merchants now accept verbal authorizations via telephone and electronic authorization using the Internet , known as a card not present transaction ( CNP ) . Electronic verification systems allow merchants to verify in a few seconds that the card is valid and the cardholder has sufficient credit to cover the purchase , allowing the verification to happen at time of purchase . The verification is performed using a credit card payment terminal or point - of - sale ( POS ) system with a communications link to the merchant 's acquiring bank . Data from the card is obtained from a magnetic stripe or chip on the card ; the latter system is called Chip and PIN in the United Kingdom and Ireland , and is implemented as an EMV card . For card not present transactions where the card is not shown ( e.g. , e-commerce , mail order , and telephone sales ) , merchants additionally verify that the customer is in physical possession of the card and is the authorized user by asking for additional information such as the security code printed on the back of the card , date of expiry , and billing address . Each month , the cardholder is sent a statement indicating the purchases made with the card , any outstanding fees , and the total amount owed . In the US , after receiving the statement , the cardholder may dispute any charges that he or she thinks are incorrect ( see 15 U.S.C. § 1643 , which limits cardholder liability for unauthorized use of a credit card to $50 ) . The Fair Credit Billing Act gives details of the US regulations . The cardholder must pay a defined minimum portion of the amount owed by a due date , or may choose to pay a higher amount . The credit issuer charges interest on the unpaid balance if the billed amount is not paid in full ( typically at a much higher rate than most other forms of debt ) . In addition , if the cardholder fails to make at least the minimum payment by the due date , the issuer may impose a late fee or other penalties . To help mitigate this , some financial institutions can arrange for automatic payments to be deducted from the cardholder 's bank account , thus avoiding such penalties altogether , as long as the cardholder has sufficient funds . Many banks now also offer the option of electronic statements , either in lieu of or in addition to physical statements , which can be viewed at any time by the cardholder via the issuer 's online banking website . Notification of the availability of a new statement is generally sent to the cardholder 's email address . If the card issuer has chosen to allow it , the cardholder may have other options for payment besides a physical check , such as an electronic transfer of funds from a checking account . Depending on the issuer , the cardholder may also be able to make multiple payments during a single statement period , possibly enabling him or her to utilize the credit limit on the card several times . Advertising , solicitation , application and approval ( edit ) Credit card advertising regulations in the US include the Schumer box disclosure requirements . A large fraction of junk mail consists of credit card offers created from lists provided by the major credit reporting agencies . In the United States , the three major US credit bureaus ( Equifax , TransUnion and Experian ) allow consumers to opt out from related credit card solicitation offers via its Opt Out Pre Screen program . Interest charges ( edit ) Credit card issuers usually waive interest charges if the balance is paid in full each month , but typically will charge full interest on the entire outstanding balance from the date of each purchase if the total balance is not paid . For example , if a user had a $1,000 transaction and repaid it in full within this grace period , there would be no interest charged . If , however , even $1.00 of the total amount remained unpaid , interest would be charged on the $1,000 from the date of purchase until the payment is received . The precise manner in which interest is charged is usually detailed in a cardholder agreement which may be summarized on the back of the monthly statement . The general calculation formula most financial institutions use to determine the amount of interest to be charged is ( APR / 100 x ADB ) / 365 x number of days revolved . Take the annual percentage rate ( APR ) and divide by 100 then multiply to the amount of the average daily balance ( ADB ) . Divide the result by 365 and then take this total and multiply by the total number of days the amount revolved before payment was made on the account . Financial institutions refer to interest charged back to the original time of the transaction and up to the time a payment was made , if not in full , as a residual retail finance charge ( RRFC ) . Thus after an amount has revolved and a payment has been made , the user of the card will still receive interest charges on their statement after paying the next statement in full ( in fact the statement may only have a charge for interest that collected up until the date the full balance was paid , i.e. when the balance stopped revolving ) . The credit card may simply serve as a form of revolving credit , or it may become a complicated financial instrument with multiple balance segments each at a different interest rate , possibly with a single umbrella credit limit , or with separate credit limits applicable to the various balance segments . Usually this compartmentalization is the result of special incentive offers from the issuing bank , to encourage balance transfers from cards of other issuers . In the event that several interest rates apply to various balance segments , payment allocation is generally at the discretion of the issuing bank , and payments will therefore usually be allocated towards the lowest rate balances until paid in full before any money is paid towards higher rate balances . Interest rates can vary considerably from card to card , and the interest rate on a particular card may jump dramatically if the card user is late with a payment on that card or any other credit instrument , or even if the issuing bank decides to raise its revenue . Grace period ( edit ) A credit card 's grace period is the time the cardholder has to pay the balance before interest is assessed on the outstanding balance . Grace periods may vary , but usually range from 20 to 55 days depending on the type of credit card and the issuing bank . Some policies allow for reinstatement after certain conditions are met . Usually , if a cardholder is late paying the balance , finance charges will be calculated and the grace period does not apply . Finance charges incurred depend on the grace period and balance ; with most credit cards there is no grace period if there is any outstanding balance from the previous billing cycle or statement ( i.e. interest is applied on both the previous balance and new transactions ) . However , there are some credit cards that will only apply finance charge on the previous or old balance , excluding new transactions . Parties involved ( edit ) Cardholder : The holder of the card used to make a purchase ; the consumer . Card - issuing bank : The financial institution or other organization that issued the credit card to the cardholder . This bank bills the consumer for repayment and bears the risk that the card is used fraudulently . American Express and Discover were previously the only card - issuing banks for their respective brands , but as of 2007 , this is no longer the case . Cards issued by banks to cardholders in a different country are known as offshore credit cards . Merchant : The individual or business accepting credit card payments for products or services sold to the cardholder . Acquiring bank : The financial institution accepting payment for the products or services on behalf of the merchant . Independent sales organization : Resellers ( to merchants ) of the services of the acquiring bank . Merchant account : This could refer to the acquiring bank or the independent sales organization , but in general is the organization that the merchant deals with . Credit Card association : An association of card - issuing banks such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , etc. that set transaction terms for merchants , card - issuing banks , and acquiring banks . Transaction network : The system that implements the mechanics of the electronic transactions . May be operated by an independent company , and one company may operate multiple networks . Affinity partner : Some institutions lend their names to an issuer to attract customers that have a strong relationship with that institution , and get paid a fee or a percentage of the balance for each card issued using their name . Examples of typical affinity partners are sports teams , universities , charities , professional organizations , and major retailers . Insurance providers : Insurers underwriting various insurance protections offered as credit card perks , for example , Car Rental Insurance , Purchase Security , Hotel Burglary Insurance , Travel Medical Protection etc . The flow of information and money between these parties -- always through the card associations -- is known as the interchange , and it consists of a few steps . Transaction steps ( edit ) Authorization : The cardholder presents the card as payment to the merchant and the merchant submits the transaction to the acquirer ( acquiring bank ) . The acquirer verifies the credit card number , the transaction type and the amount with the issuer ( card - issuing bank ) and reserves that amount of the cardholder 's credit limit for the merchant . An authorization will generate an approval code , which the merchant stores with the transaction . Batching : Authorized transactions are stored in `` batches '' , which are sent to the acquirer . Batches are typically submitted once per day at the end of the business day . If a transaction is not submitted in the batch , the authorization will stay valid for a period determined by the issuer , after which the held amount will be returned to the cardholder 's available credit ( see authorization hold ) . Some transactions may be submitted in the batch without prior authorizations ; these are either transactions falling under the merchant 's floor limit or ones where the authorization was unsuccessful but the merchant still attempts to force the transaction through . ( Such may be the case when the cardholder is not present but owes the merchant additional money , such as extending a hotel stay or car rental . ) Clearing and Settlement : The acquirer sends the batch transactions through the credit card association , which debits the issuers for payment and credits the acquirer . Essentially , the issuer pays the acquirer for the transaction . Funding : Once the acquirer has been paid , the acquirer pays the merchant . The merchant receives the amount totaling the funds in the batch minus either the `` discount rate '' , `` mid-qualified rate '' , or `` non-qualified rate '' which are tiers of fees the merchant pays the acquirer for processing the transactions . Chargebacks : A chargeback is an event in which money in a merchant account is held due to a dispute relating to the transaction . Chargebacks are typically initiated by the cardholder . In the event of a chargeback , the issuer returns the transaction to the acquirer for resolution . The acquirer then forwards the chargeback to the merchant , who must either accept the chargeback or contest it . Credit card register ( edit ) A credit card register is a transaction register used to ensure the increasing balance owed from using a credit card is enough below the credit limit to deal with authorization holds and payments not yet received by the bank and to easily look up past transactions for reconciliation and budgeting . The register is a personal record of banking transactions used for credit card purchases as they affect funds in the bank account or the available credit . In addition to check number and so forth the code column indicates the credit card . The balance column shows available funds after purchases . When the credit card payment is made the balance already reflects the funds were spent . In a credit card 's entry , the deposit column shows the available credit and the payment column shows total owed , their sum being equal to the credit limit . Each check written , debit card transaction , cash withdrawal , and credit card charge is entered manually into the paper register daily or several times per week . Credit card register also refers to one transaction record for each credit card . In this case the booklets readily enable the location of a card 's current available credit when ten or more cards are in use . Features ( edit ) As well as convenient credit , credit cards offer consumers an easy way to track expenses , which is necessary for both monitoring personal expenditures and the tracking of work - related expenses for taxation and reimbursement purposes . Credit cards are accepted in larger establishments in almost all countries , and are available with a variety of credit limits , repayment arrangements . Some have added perks ( such as insurance protection , rewards schemes in which points earned by purchasing goods with the card can be redeemed for further goods and services or cashback ) . Consumers ' limited liability ( edit ) Some countries , such as the United States , the United Kingdom , and France , limit the amount for which a consumer can be held liable in the event of fraudulent transactions with a lost or stolen credit card . Types ( edit ) Business credit cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card Business credit cards are specialized credit cards issued in the name of a registered business , and typically they can only be used for business purposes . Their use has grown in recent decades . In 1998 , for instance , 37 % of small businesses reported using a business credit card ; by 2009 , this number had grown to 64 % . Business credit cards offer a number of features specific to businesses . They frequently offer special rewards in areas such as shipping , office supplies , travel , and business technology . Most issuers use the applicant 's personal credit score when evaluating these applications . In addition , income from a variety of sources may be used to qualify , which means these cards may be available to businesses that are newly established . In addition , most major issuers of these cards do not report account activity to the owner 's personal credit unless there is a default . This may have the effect of protecting the owner 's personal credit from the activity of the business . Business credit cards are offered by almost all major card issuers -- like American Express , Visa , and MasterCard in addition to local banks and credit unions . Charge cards for businesses , however , are currently only offered by American Express . Secured credit cards ( edit ) A secured credit card is a type of credit card secured by a deposit account owned by the cardholder . Typically , the cardholder must deposit between 100 % and 200 % of the total amount of credit desired . Thus if the cardholder puts down $1,000 , they will be given credit in the range of $500 -- 1,000 . In some cases , credit card issuers will offer incentives even on their secured card portfolios . In these cases , the deposit required may be significantly less than the required credit limit , and can be as low as 10 % of the desired credit limit . This deposit is held in a special savings account . Credit card issuers offer this because they have noticed that delinquencies were notably reduced when the customer perceives something to lose if the balance is not repaid . The cardholder of a secured credit card is still expected to make regular payments , as with a regular credit card , but should they default on a payment , the card issuer has the option of recovering the cost of the purchases paid to the merchants out of the deposit . The advantage of the secured card for an individual with negative or no credit history is that most companies report regularly to the major credit bureaus . This allows building a positive credit history . Although the deposit is in the hands of the credit card issuer as security in the event of default by the consumer , the deposit will not be debited simply for missing one or two payments . Usually the deposit is only used as an offset when the account is closed , either at the request of the customer or due to severe delinquency ( 150 to 180 days ) . This means that an account which is less than 150 days delinquent will continue to accrue interest and fees , and could result in a balance which is much higher than the actual credit limit on the card . In these cases the total debt may far exceed the original deposit and the cardholder not only forfeits their deposit but is left with an additional debt . Most of these conditions are usually described in a cardholder agreement which the cardholder signs when their account is opened . Secured credit cards are an option to allow a person with a poor credit history or no credit history to have a credit card which might not otherwise be available . They are often offered as a means of rebuilding one 's credit . Fees and service charges for secured credit cards often exceed those charged for ordinary non-secured credit cards . For people in certain situations , ( for example , after charging off on other credit cards , or people with a long history of delinquency on various forms of debt ) , secured cards are almost always more expensive than unsecured credit cards . Sometimes a credit card will be secured by the equity in the borrower 's home . Prepaid cards ( edit ) See also : Stored - value card A `` prepaid credit card '' is not a true credit card , since no credit is offered by the card issuer : the cardholder spends money which has been `` stored '' via a prior deposit by the cardholder or someone else , such as a parent or employer . However , it carries a credit - card brand ( such as Discover , Visa , MasterCard , American Express , or JCB ) and can be used in similar ways just as though it were a credit card . Unlike debit cards , prepaid credit cards generally do not require a PIN . An exception are prepaid credit cards with an EMV chip . These cards do require a PIN if the payment is processed via Chip and PIN technology . After purchasing the card , the cardholder loads the account with any amount of money , up to the predetermined card limit and then uses the card to make purchases the same way as a typical credit card . Prepaid cards can be issued to minors ( above 13 ) since there is no credit line involved . The main advantage over secured credit cards ( see above section ) is that the cardholder is not required to come up with $500 or more to open an account . With prepaid credit cards purchasers are not charged any interest but are often charged a purchasing fee plus monthly fees after an arbitrary time period . Many other fees also usually apply to a prepaid card . Prepaid credit cards are sometimes marketed to teenagers for shopping online without having their parents complete the transaction . Teenagers can only use funds that are available on the card which helps promote financial management to reduce the risk of debt problems later in life . Prepaid cards can be used globally . The prepaid card is convenient for payees in developing countries like Brazil , Russia , India , and China , where international wire transfers and bank checks are time consuming , complicated and costly . Because of the many fees that apply to obtaining and using credit - card - branded prepaid cards , the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada describes them as `` an expensive way to spend your own money '' . The agency publishes a booklet entitled Pre-paid Cards which explains the advantages and disadvantages of this type of prepaid card . Digital cards ( edit ) A digital card is a digital cloud - hosted virtual representation of any kind of identification card or payment card , such as a credit card . Benefits and drawbacks ( edit ) Benefits to cardholder ( edit ) The main benefit to the cardholder is convenience . Compared to debit cards and checks , a credit card allows small short - term loans to be quickly made to a cardholder who need not calculate a balance remaining before every transaction , provided the total charges do not exceed the maximum credit line for the card . Different countries offer different levels of protection . In the UK , for example , the bank is jointly liable with the merchant for purchases of defective products over £ 100 . Many credit cards offer rewards and benefits packages , such as enhanced product warranties at no cost , free loss / damage coverage on new purchases , various insurance protections , for example , rental car insurance , common carrier accident protection , and travel medical insurance . Credit cards can also offer a loyalty program , where each purchase is rewarded with points , which may be redeemed for cash or products . Research has examined whether competition among card networks may potentially make payment rewards too generous , causing higher prices among merchants , thus actually impacting social welfare and its distribution , a situation potentially warranting public policy interventions . Comparison of credit card Benefits in the U.S. ( edit ) The table below contains a list of benefits offered in the United States for consumer credit cards . Benefits may vary in other countries or business credit cards . MasterCard Visa American Express Discover Return extension 60 days up to $250 90 days up to $250 90 days up to $300 90 days up to $500 Extended warranty 2 × original up to 1 year depends 1 additional year 6 years max 1 additional year 4 years max Price protection 60 days Varies 90 days up to $500 Loss / damage coverage 90 days depends 90 days up to $1,000 90 days up to $500 Rental car insurance Main article : Damage waiver 15 days : collision , theft , vandalism 15 days : collision , theft 30 days : collision , theft , vandalism 31 days : collision Detriments to cardholders ( edit ) High interest and Bankruptcy ( edit ) Low introductory credit card rates are limited to a fixed term , usually between 6 and 12 months , after which a higher rate is charged . As all credit cards charge fees and interest , some customers become so indebted to their credit card provider that they are driven to bankruptcy . Some credit cards often levy a rate of 20 to 30 percent after a payment is missed . In other cases , a fixed charge is levied without change to the interest rate . In some cases universal default may apply : the high default rate is applied to a card in good standing by missing a payment on an unrelated account from the same provider . This can lead to a snowball effect in which the consumer is drowned by unexpectedly high interest rates . Further , most card holder agreements enable the issuer to arbitrarily raise the interest rate for any reason they see fit . First Premier Bank at one point offered a credit card with a 79.9 % interest rate ; however , they discontinued this card in February 2011 because of persistent defaults . Complex fee structures in the credit card industry limit customers ' ability to comparison shop , help ensure that the industry is not price - competitive and help maximize industry profits . Research shows that a substantial fraction of consumers ( about 40 percent ) choose a sub-optimal credit card agreement , with some incurring hundreds of dollars of avoidable interest costs . Weakens self regulation ( edit ) Several studies have shown that consumers are likely to spend more money when they pay by credit card . Researchers suggest that when people pay using credit cards , they do not experience the abstract pain of payment . Furthermore , researchers have found that using credit cards can increase consumption of unhealthy food . Detriments to society ( edit ) Inflated pricing for all consumers ( edit ) Merchants that accept credit cards must pay interchange fees and discount fees on all credit - card transactions . In some cases merchants are barred by their credit agreements from passing these fees directly to credit card customers , or from setting a minimum transaction amount ( no longer prohibited in the United States , United Kingdom or Australia ) . The result is that merchants are induced to charge all customers ( including those who do not use credit cards ) higher prices to cover the fees on credit card transactions . The inducement can be strong because the merchant 's fee is a percentage of the sale price , which has a disproportionate effect on the profitability of businesses that have predominantly credit card transactions , unless compensated for by raising prices generally . In the United States in 2008 credit card companies collected a total of $48 billion in interchange fees , or an average of $427 per family , with an average fee rate of about 2 % per transaction . Benefits to merchants ( edit ) An example of street markets accepting credit cards . Most simply display the acceptance marks ( stylized logos , shown in the upper - left corner of the sign ) of all the cards they accept . For merchants , a credit card transaction is often more secure than other forms of payment , such as cheques , because the issuing bank commits to pay the merchant the moment the transaction is authorized , regardless of whether the consumer defaults on the credit card payment ( except for legitimate disputes , which are discussed below , and can result in charges back to the merchant ) . In most cases , cards are even more secure than cash , because they discourage theft by the merchant 's employees and reduce the amount of cash on the premises . Finally , credit cards reduce the back office expense of processing checks / cash and transporting them to the bank . Prior to credit cards , each merchant had to evaluate each customer 's credit history before extending credit . That task is now performed by the banks which assume the credit risk . Credit cards can also aid in securing a sale especially if the customer does not have enough cash on hand or in a checking account . Extra turnover is generated by the fact that the customer can purchase goods and services immediately and is less inhibited by the amount of cash in pocket and the immediate state of the customer 's bank balance . Much of merchants ' marketing is based on this immediacy . For each purchase , the bank charges the merchant a commission ( discount fee ) for this service and there may be a certain delay before the agreed payment is received by the merchant . The commission is often a percentage of the transaction amount , plus a fixed fee ( interchange rate ) . Costs to merchants ( edit ) Merchants are charged several fees for accepting credit cards . The merchant is usually charged a commission of around 1 to 4 percent of the value of each transaction paid for by credit card . The merchant may also pay a variable charge , called a merchant discount rate , for each transaction . In some instances of very low - value transactions , use of credit cards will significantly reduce the profit margin or cause the merchant to lose money on the transaction . Merchants with very low average transaction prices or very high average transaction prices are more averse to accepting credit cards . In some cases merchants may charge users a `` credit card supplement '' ( or surcharge ) , either a fixed amount or a percentage , for payment by credit card . This practice was prohibited by most credit card contracts in the United States until 2013 , when a major settlement between merchants and credit card companies allowed merchants to levy surcharges . Most retailers have not started using credit card surcharges , however , for fear of losing customers . Merchants in the United States have been fighting what they consider to be unfairly high fees charged by credit card companies in a series of lawsuits that started in 2005 . Merchants charged that the two main credit card processing companies , MasterCard and Visa , used their monopoly power to levy excessive fees in a class - action lawsuit involving the National Retail Federation and major retailers such as Wal - Mart . In December 2013 , a federal judge approved a $5.7 billion settlement in the case that offered payouts to merchants who had paid credit card fees , the largest antitrust settlement in U.S. history . Some large retailers , such as Wal - Mart and Amazon , chose to not participate in this settlement , however , and have continued their legal fight against the credit card companies . Merchants are also required to lease or purchase processing equipment , in some cases this equipment is provided free of charge by the processor . Merchants must also satisfy data security compliance standards which are highly technical and complicated . In many cases , there is a delay of several days before funds are deposited into a merchant 's bank account . Because credit card fee structures are very complicated , smaller merchants are at a disadvantage to analyze and predict fees . Finally , merchants assume the risk of chargebacks by consumers . Security ( edit ) Main article : Credit card fraud See also : Wireless identity theft Credit card security relies on the physical security of the plastic card as well as the privacy of the credit card number . Therefore , whenever a person other than the card owner has access to the card or its number , security is potentially compromised . Once , merchants would often accept credit card numbers without additional verification for mail order purchases . It 's now common practice to only ship to confirmed addresses as a security measure to minimise fraudulent purchases . Some merchants will accept a credit card number for in - store purchases , whereupon access to the number allows easy fraud , but many require the card itself to be present , and require a signature ( for magnetic stripe cards ) . A lost or stolen card can be cancelled , and if this is done quickly , will greatly limit the fraud that can take place in this way . European banks can require a cardholder 's security PIN be entered for in - person purchases with the card . The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI DSS ) is the security standard issued by the Payment Card Industry Security Standards Council ( PCI SSC ) . This data security standard is used by acquiring banks to impose cardholder data security measures upon their merchants . The goal of the credit card companies is not to eliminate fraud , but to `` reduce it to manageable levels '' . This implies that fraud prevention measures will be used only if their cost are lower than the potential gains from fraud reduction , whereas high - cost low - return measures will not be used -- as would be expected from organizations whose goal is profit maximisation . Internet fraud may be by claiming a chargeback which is not justified ( `` friendly fraud '' ) , or carried out by the use of credit card information which can be stolen in many ways , the simplest being copying information from retailers , either online or offline . Despite efforts to improve security for remote purchases using credit cards , security breaches are usually the result of poor practice by merchants . For example , a website that safely uses TLS to encrypt card data from a client may then email the data , unencrypted , from the webserver to the merchant ; or the merchant may store unencrypted details in a way that allows them to be accessed over the Internet or by a rogue employee ; unencrypted card details are always a security risk . Even encrypted data may be cracked . Controlled payment numbers ( also known as virtual credit cards or disposable credit cards ) are another option for protecting against credit card fraud where presentation of a physical card is not required , as in telephone and online purchasing . These are one - time use numbers that function as a payment card and are linked to the user 's real account , but do not reveal details , and can not be used for subsequent unauthorised transactions . They can be valid for a relatively short time , and limited to the actual amount of the purchase or a limit set by the user . Their use can be limited to one merchant . If the number given to the merchant is compromised , it will be rejected if an attempt is made to use it a second time . A similar system of controls can be used on physical cards . Technology provides the option for banks to support many other controls too that can be turned on and off and varied by the credit card owner in real time as circumstances change ( i.e. , they can change temporal , numerical , geographical and many other parameters on their primary and subsidiary cards ) . Apart from the obvious benefits of such controls : from a security perspective this means that a customer can have a Chip and PIN card secured for the real world , and limited for use in the home country . In this eventuality a thief stealing the details will be prevented from using these overseas in non chip and pin EMV countries . Similarly the real card can be restricted from use on - line so that stolen details will be declined if this tried . Then when card users shop online they can use virtual account numbers . In both circumstances an alert system can be built in notifying a user that a fraudulent attempt has been made which breaches their parameters , and can provide data on this in real time . Additionally , there are security features present on the physical card itself in order to prevent counterfeiting . For example , most modern credit cards have a watermark that will fluoresce under ultraviolet light . Most major credit cards have a hologram . A Visa card has a letter V superimposed over the regular Visa logo and a MasterCard has the letters MC across the front of the card . Older Visa cards have a bald eagle or dove across the front . In the aforementioned cases , the security features are only visible under ultraviolet light and are invisible in normal light . The United States Secret Service , Federal Bureau of Investigation , U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement , and U.S. Postal Inspection Service are responsible for prosecuting criminals who engage in credit card fraud in the United States . However , they do not have the resources to pursue all criminals , and in general they only prosecute cases exceeding $5,000 . Three improvements to card security have been introduced to the more common credit card networks , but none has proven to help reduce credit card fraud so far . First , the cards themselves are being replaced with similar - looking tamper - resistant smart cards which are intended to make forgery more difficult . The majority of smart card ( IC card ) based credit cards comply with the EMV ( Europay MasterCard Visa ) standard . Second , an additional 3 or 4 digit card security code ( CSC ) is now present on the back of most cards , for use in card not present transactions . Stakeholders at all levels in electronic payment have recognized the need to develop consistent global standards for security that account for and integrate both current and emerging security technologies . They have begun to address these needs through organisations such as PCI DSS and the Secure POS Vendor Alliance . Code 10 ( edit ) Code 10 calls are made when merchants are suspicious about accepting a credit card . The operator then asks the merchant a series of YES or NO questions to find out whether the merchant is suspicious of the card or the cardholder . The merchant may be asked to retain the card if it is safe to do so . The merchant may receive a reward for returning a confiscated card to the issuing bank , especially if an arrest is made . Costs ( edit ) Credit card issuers ( banks ) have several types of costs : Interest expenses ( edit ) Banks generally borrow the money they then lend to their customers . As they receive very low - interest loans from other firms , they may borrow as much as their customers require , while lending their capital to other borrowers at higher rates . If the card issuer charges 15 % on money lent to users , and it costs 5 % to borrow the money to lend , and the balance sits with the cardholder for a year , the issuer earns 10 % on the loan . This 10 % difference is the `` net interest spread '' and the 5 % is the `` interest expense '' . Operating costs ( edit ) This is the cost of running the credit card portfolio , including everything from paying the executives who run the company to printing the plastics , to mailing the statements , to running the computers that keep track of every cardholder 's balance , to taking the many phone calls which cardholders place to their issuer , to protecting the customers from fraud rings . Depending on the issuer , marketing programs are also a significant portion of expenses . Charge offs ( edit ) When a cardholder becomes severely delinquent on a debt ( often at the point of six months without payment ) , the creditor may declare the debt to be a charge - off . It will then be listed as such on the debtor 's credit bureau reports . ( Equifax , for instance , lists `` R9 '' in the `` status '' column to denote a charge - off . ) A charge - off is considered to be `` written off as uncollectable '' . To banks , bad debts and fraud are part of the cost of doing business . However , the debt is still legally valid , and the creditor can attempt to collect the full amount for the time periods permitted under state law , which is usually three to seven years . This includes contacts from internal collections staff , or more likely , an outside collection agency . If the amount is large ( generally over $1,500 -- 2,000 ) , there is the possibility of a lawsuit or arbitration . Rewards ( edit ) Many credit card customers receive rewards , such as frequent flyer points , gift certificates , or cash back as an incentive to use the card . Rewards are generally tied to purchasing an item or service on the card , which may or may not include balance transfers , cash advances , or other special uses . Depending on the type of card , rewards will generally cost the issuer between 0.25 % and 2.0 % of the spread . Networks such as Visa or MasterCard have increased their fees to allow issuers to fund their rewards system . Some issuers discourage redemption by forcing the cardholder to call customer service for rewards . On their servicing website , redeeming awards is usually a feature that is very well hidden by the issuers . With a fractured and competitive environment , rewards points cut dramatically into an issuer 's bottom line , and rewards points and related incentives must be carefully managed to ensure a profitable portfolio . Unlike unused gift cards , in whose case the breakage in certain US states goes to the state 's treasury , unredeemed credit card points are retained by the issuer . Fraud ( edit ) Main article : Credit card fraud In relative numbers the values lost in bank card fraud are minor , calculated in 2006 at 7 cents per 100 dollars worth of transactions ( 7 basis points ) . In 2004 , in the UK , the cost of fraud was over £ 500 million . When a card is stolen , or an unauthorized duplicate made , most card issuers will refund some or all of the charges that the customer has received for things they did not buy . These refunds will , in some cases , be at the expense of the merchant , especially in mail order cases where the merchant can not claim sight of the card . In several countries , merchants will lose the money if no ID card was asked for , therefore merchants usually require ID card in these countries . Credit card companies generally guarantee the merchant will be paid on legitimate transactions regardless of whether the consumer pays their credit card bill . Most banking services have their own credit card services that handle fraud cases and monitor for any possible attempt at fraud . Employees that are specialized in doing fraud monitoring and investigation are often placed in Risk Management , Fraud and Authorization , or Cards and Unsecured Business . Fraud monitoring emphasizes minimizing fraud losses while making an attempt to track down those responsible and contain the situation . Credit card fraud is a major white collar crime that has been around for many decades , even with the advent of the chip based card ( EMV ) that was put into practice in some countries to prevent cases such as these . Even with the implementation of such measures , credit card fraud continues to be a problem . Revenues ( edit ) Offsetting the costs are the following revenues : Interchange fee ( edit ) Main article : Interchange fee In addition to fees paid by the card holder , merchants must also pay interchange fees to the card - issuing bank and the card association . For a typical credit card issuer , interchange fee revenues may represent about a quarter of total revenues . These fees are typically from 1 to 6 percent of each sale , but will vary not only from merchant to merchant ( large merchants can negotiate lower rates ) , but also from card to card , with business cards and rewards cards generally costing the merchants more to process . The interchange fee that applies to a particular transaction is also affected by many other variables including : the type of merchant , the merchant 's total card sales volume , the merchant 's average transaction amount , whether the cards were physically present , how the information required for the transaction was received , the specific type of card , when the transaction was settled , and the authorized and settled transaction amounts . In some cases , merchants add a surcharge to the credit cards to cover the interchange fee , encouraging their customers to instead use cash , debit cards , or even cheques . Interest on outstanding balances ( edit ) Interest charges vary widely from card issuer to card issuer . Often , there are `` teaser '' rates in effect for initial periods of time ( as low as zero percent for , say , six months ) , whereas regular rates can be as high as 40 percent . In the U.S. there is no federal limit on the interest or late fees credit card issuers can charge ; the interest rates are set by the states , with some states such as South Dakota , having no ceiling on interest rates and fees , inviting some banks to establish their credit card operations there . Other states , for example Delaware , have very weak usury laws . The teaser rate no longer applies if the customer does not pay their bills on time , and is replaced by a penalty interest rate ( for example , 23.99 % ) that applies retroactively . Fees charged to customers ( edit ) The major fees are for : Late or overdue payments Charges that result in exceeding the credit limit on the card ( whether deliberately or by mistake ) , called overlimit fees Returned cheque fees or payment processing fees ( e.g. phone payment fee ) Cash advances and convenience cheques ( often 3 % of the amount ) Transactions in a foreign currency ( as much as 3 % of the amount ) . A few financial institutions do not charge a fee for this . Membership fees ( annual or monthly ) , sometimes a percentage of the credit limit . Exchange rate loading fees ( sometimes these might not be reported on the customer 's statement , even when applied ) . The variation of exchange rates applied by different credit cards can be very substantial , as much as 10 % according to a Lonely Planet report in 2009 . In the U.S. , the Credit CARD Act of 2009 specifies that credit card companies must send cardholders a notice 45 days before they can increase or change certain fees . This includes annual fees , cash advance fees , and late fees . Over limit charges ( edit ) Consumers who keep their account in good order by always staying within their credit limit , and always making at least the minimum monthly payment will see interest as the biggest expense from their card provider . Those who are not so careful and regularly surpass their credit limit or are late in making payments are exposed to multiple charges that were typically as high as £ 25 -- 35 until a ruling from the Office of Fair Trading that they would presume charges over £ 12 to be unfair which led the majority of card providers to reduce their fees to £ 12 . United States ( edit ) The Credit CARD Act of 2009 requires that consumers opt into over-limit charges . Some card issuers have therefore commenced solicitations requesting customers to opt into overlimit fees , presenting this as a benefit as it may avoid the possibility of a future transaction being declined . Other issuers have simply discontinued the practice of charging overlimit fees . Whether a customer opts into the overlimit fee or not , banks will in practice have discretion as to whether they choose to authorize transactions above the credit limit or not . Of course , any approved over limit transactions will only result in an overlimit fee for those customers who have opted into the fee . This legislation took effect on 22 February 2010 . Following this Act , the companies are now required by law to show on a customer 's bills how long it would take them to pay off the balance . United Kingdom ( edit ) The higher fees originally charged were claimed to be designed to recoup the card operator 's overall business costs and to try to ensure that the credit card business as a whole generated a profit , rather than simply recovering the cost to the provider of the limit breach , which has been estimated as typically between £ 3 -- £ 4 . Profiting from a customer 's mistakes is arguably not permitted under UK common law , if the charges constitute penalties for breach of contract , or under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 . Subsequent rulings in respect of personal current accounts suggest that the argument that these charges are penalties for breach of contract is weak , and given the Office of Fair Trading 's ruling it seems unlikely that any further test case will take place . Whilst the law remains in the balance , many consumers have made claims against their credit card providers for the charges that they have incurred , plus interest that they would have earned had the money not been deducted from their account . It is likely that claims for amounts charged in excess of £ 12 will succeed , but claims for charges at the OFT 's £ 12 threshold level are more contentious . Neutral consumer resources ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) The Government of Canada maintains a database of the fees , features , interest rates and reward programs of nearly 200 credit cards available in Canada . This database is updated on a quarterly basis with information supplied by the credit card issuing companies . Information in the database is published every quarter on the website of the Financial Consumer Agency of Canada ( FCAC ) . Information in the database is published in two formats . It is available in PDF comparison tables that break down the information according to type of credit card , allowing the reader to compare the features of , for example , all the student credit cards in the database . The database also feeds into an interactive tool on the FCAC website . The interactive tool uses several interview - type questions to build a profile of the user 's credit card usage habits and needs , eliminating unsuitable choices based on the profile , so that the user is presented with a small number of credit cards and the ability to carry out detailed comparisons of features , reward programs , interest rates , etc . Controversy ( edit ) Credit card debt has increased steadily . Since the late 1990s , lawmakers , consumer advocacy groups , college officials and other higher education affiliates have become increasingly concerned about the rising use of credit cards among college students . The major credit card companies have been accused of targeting a younger audience , especially college students , many of whom are already in debt with college tuition fees and college loans and who typically are less experienced at managing their own finances . Credit card debt may also negatively affect their grades as they are likely to work more both part and full - time positions . Another controversial area is the universal default feature of many North American credit card contracts . When a cardholder is late paying a particular credit card issuer , that card 's interest rate can be raised , often considerably . With universal default , a customer 's other credit cards , for which the customer may be current on payments , may also have their rates and credit limit changed . The universal default feature allows creditors to periodically check cardholders ' credit portfolios to view trade , allowing these other institutions to decrease the credit limit or increase rates on cardholders who may be late with another credit card issuer . Being late on one credit card will potentially affect all the cardholder 's credit cards . Citibank voluntarily stopped this practice in March 2007 and Chase stopped the practice in November 2007 . The fact that credit card companies can change the interest rate on debts that were incurred when a different rate of interest was in place is similar to adjustable rate mortgages where interest rates on current debt may rise . However , in both cases , this is agreed to in advance , and is a trade off that allows a lower initial rate as well as the possibility of an even lower rate ( mortgages , if interest rates fall ) or perpetually keeping a below - market rate ( credit cards , if the user makes their debt payments on time ) . The universal default practice was encouraged by federal regulators , particularly those at the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , as a means of managing the changing risk profiles of cardholders . Another controversial area is the trailing interest issue . Trailing interest is the practice of charging interest on the entire bill no matter what percentage of it is paid . US Senator Carl Levin raised the issue of millions of Americans affected by hidden fees , compounding interest and cryptic terms . Their woes were heard in a Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations hearing which was chaired by Senator Levin , who said that he intends to keep the spotlight on credit card companies and that legislative action may be necessary to purge the industry . In 2009 , the C.A.R.D. Act was signed into law , enacting protections for many of the issues Levin had raised . In the United States , some have called for Congress to enact additional regulations on the industry to expand the disclosure box clearly disclosing rate hikes , use plain language , incorporate balance payoff disclosures , and also to outlaw universal default . At a congress hearing around 1 March 2007 , Citibank announced it would no longer practice this , effective immediately . Opponents of such regulation argue that customers must become more proactive and self - responsible in evaluating and negotiating terms with credit providers . Some of the nation 's influential top credit card issuers , which are among the top fifty corporate contributors to political campaigns , successfully opposed it . Hidden costs ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , merchants won the right through The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 to charge customers different prices according to the payment method . As of 2007 , the United Kingdom was one of the world 's most credit card - intensive countries , with 2.4 credit cards per consumer , according to the UK Payments Administration Ltd . In the United States until 1984 , federal law prohibited surcharges on card transactions . Although the federal Truth in Lending Act provisions that prohibited surcharges expired that year , a number of states have since enacted laws that continue to outlaw the practice ; California , Colorado , Connecticut , Florida , Kansas , Massachusetts , Maine , New York , Oklahoma , and Texas have laws against surcharges . As of 2006 , the United States probably had one of the world 's highest if not the top ratio of credit cards per capita , with 984 million bank - issued Visa and MasterCard credit card and debit card accounts alone for an adult population of roughly 220 million people . The credit card per US capita ratio was nearly 4 : 1 as of 2003 and as high as 5 : 1 as of 2006 . Credit cards in ATMs ( edit ) Many credit cards can also be used in an ATM to withdraw money against the credit limit extended to the card , but many card issuers charge interest on cash advances before they do so on purchases . The interest on cash advances is commonly charged from the date the withdrawal is made , rather than the monthly billing date . Many card issuers levy a commission for cash withdrawals , even if the ATM belongs to the same bank as the card issuer . Merchants do not offer cashback on credit card transactions because they would pay a percentage commission of the additional cash amount to their bank or merchant services provider , thereby making it uneconomical . Discover is a notable exception to the above . A customer with a Discover card may get up to $120 cash back if the merchant allows it . This amount is simply added to the card holder 's cost of the transaction and no extra fees are charged as the transaction is not considered a cash advance . Many credit card companies will also , when applying payments to a card , do so , for the matter at hand , at the end of a billing cycle , and apply those payments to everything before cash advances . For this reason , many consumers have large cash balances , which have no grace period and incur interest at a rate that is ( usually ) higher than the purchase rate , and will carry those balances for years , even if they pay off their statement balance each month . Credit cards as funding for entrepreneurs ( edit ) Credit cards are a risky way for entrepreneurs to acquire capital for their start ups when more conventional financing is unavailable . Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner used personal credit cards to start Cisco Systems . Larry Page and Sergey Brin 's start up of Google was financed by credit cards to buy the necessary computers and office equipment , more specifically `` a terabyte of hard disks '' . Similarly , filmmaker Robert Townsend financed part of Hollywood Shuffle using credit cards . Director Kevin Smith funded Clerks in part by maxing out several credit cards . Actor Richard Hatch also financed his production of Battlestar Galactica : The Second Coming partly through his credit cards . Famed hedge fund manager Bruce Kovner began his career ( and , later on , his firm Caxton Associates ) in financial markets by borrowing from his credit card . UK entrepreneur James Caan ( as seen on Dragons ' Den ) financed his first business using several credit cards . Problems ( edit ) Travellers from the U.S. had encountered problems abroad because many countries have introduced smart cards , but the U.S. had not . As of 2010 , the U.S. banking system had not updated the cards and associated readers in the U.S. , stating that the costs were prohibitive . As of 2015 , the smart cards had been introduced and put into use in the United States . Other problems with credit cards have involved mis - sold policies on top of the products , such as the additional mis - sold policies which is still causing problems for clients in the UK . See also ( edit ) ATM card Accountable fundraising Bank card number Card ( disambiguation ) Credit card associations American Express China UnionPay Diners Club Discover Card Entrust Bankcard Japan Credit Bureau MasterCard Visa Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Credit history Credit rating agency Credit reference agency Compulsive shopping Dynamic currency conversion , or DCC Electronic money Fair Credit Reporting Act Identity theft Interchange fee International Card Manufacturers Association Merchant account Payment card Point of sale Reimbursement Revolving account Stoozing Stored - value card References ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Steven M. Sheffrin ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Effect of BAPCPA on Credit Card Industry Profits and Prices '' . American Bankruptcy Law Journal . 83 . 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` Exploring Credit Card Benefits '' . Discoverer . Jump up ^ `` Return Protection Personal Visa USA '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Return Guarantee - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Extended Product Warranty -- Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Price Protection - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase Protection - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Car Rental Loss Damage Insurance - American Express '' . Retrieved 28 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Auto Rental Insurance - Credit Card Benefits Discover Card '' . Jump up ^ CreditCards.com ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Credit card penalty rates can top 30 percent ; how to avoid them '' . Creditcards.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Prater , Connie ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Issuer of 79.9 % interest rate credit card defends its product '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Blake ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` First Premier Bank removes credit card with 59.9 % APR '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Simkovic , Michael . `` The Effect of BAPCPA on Credit Card Industry Profits and Prices '' Berkeley Business Law Journal , Vol. 6 , No. 1 , Spring 2009 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , Do Consumers Choose the Right Credit Contracts ? , October 2006 Jump up ^ Drazen Prelec & George Loewenstein ( 21 December 1998 ) . `` The Red and the Black : Mental Accounting of Savings and Debt '' . Mktsci.journal.informs.org . Archived from the original on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Finally , Money Advice That Will Make You Skinnier '' . Time . 7 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Andrew ( 4 January 2010 ) . `` How Visa , Using Card Fees , Dominates a Market '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . The fees , roughly 1 to 3 percent of each purchase , are forwarded to the cardholder 's bank to cover costs and promote the issuance of more Visa cards . ^ Jump up to : Dickler , Jessica ( 31 July 2008 ) . `` Hidden credit card fees are costing you '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ted ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Minimizing Confusion Over Minimums '' . Blog.visa.com . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren ( April 2013 ) , `` You ( Probably ) Wo n't Pay More to Swipe '' , Money , New York , p. 14 Jump up ^ `` Example of a supplement chargeable to the customer when paying by credit card '' . Bmibaby.com. 5 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Danielle . `` Judge approves Visa , MasterCard $5.7 billion settlement with retailers '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` PCI Compliance '' . Thrive Business Solutions . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Secure POS Vendor Alliance is launched by Hypercom , Ingenico and VeriFone '' . ECommerce Journal . 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Code 10 '' . Visa Inc . Archived from the original on 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MasterCard Card Identification Features '' . MasterCard . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CARD_ID_FEATURES_MERCHANT. PDF '' ( PDF ) . Discover Card . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Express Fraud Prevention Handbook '' ( PDF ) . American Express . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Credit Card Issuer Fraud Management , Report Highlights , December , 2008 Jump up ^ Plastic fraud loss on UK - issued cards 2004 / 2005 Archived 16 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Cardwatch.org.uk . site retrieved 7 July 2006 Jump up ^ United States Securities and Exchange Commission FORM S - 1 , 9 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Debit Cards Cash In On Rewards Riches Tampa Tribune , 15 February 2008 . Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : The Interchange Debate : Issues and Economics James Lyon , 19 January 2006 Archived 22 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gracia , Mike ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` credit cards abroad '' . creditchoices.co.uk . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comparison of exchange rates using Visa and Diners Club cards in Bali '' . Lonelyplanet.com. 3 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board : Credit Card Rules '' . U.S. Federal Reserve Board . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This is Money Card charges to be slashed '' . Thisismoney.co.uk. 13 March 2006 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current credit card default charges unfair '' . Oft.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 27 March 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCAC - Interactive Tools - Credit Card Selector Tool '' . FCAC . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Report Says Credit Scores Used To Justify Card Rate Hikes '' . CNN . 3 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Joseph S. Enoch . `` Credit Card Executives Tough Out Senate Hearing '' . Consumeraffairs.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statutory Instrument 1990 No. 2159 : The Credit Cards ( Price Discrimination ) Order 1990 '' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plastic cards in the UK and how we used them in 2007 '' Archived 25 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` US Census : 2005 -- 2007 American Community Survey 3 - Year Estimates '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Experian 's National Score Index '' . Nationalscoreindex.com . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Numbers : The Plastic Revolution '' . Foreign Policy . 19 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2009 . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A start - up 's true tale '' . Pdp10.nocrew.org . Retrieved 28 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Google About Page under 1998 page retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Hollywood Shuffle trivia at IMDB page retrieved 7 July 2006 Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Americans abroad run into trouble using credit cards '' . USA Today . Further reading ( edit ) Klein , Lloyd . It 's in the cards : consumer credit and the American experience ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 ) ; s the first comprehensive account of the development of consumer credit . Lee , Jinkook , and Kyoung ‐ Nan Kwon . `` Consumers ' use of credit cards : Store credit card usage as an alternative payment and financing medium . '' Journal of Consumer Affairs 36.2 ( 2002 ) : 239 - 262 . Mandell , Lewis . The credit card industry : a history ( Twayne Publishers , 1990 ) . Manning , Robert D. Credit card nation : The consequences of America 's addiction to credit ( Basic Books , 2001 ) . Marron , Donncha . Consumer credit in the United States : A sociological perspective from the 19th century to the present ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 ) . Montgomerie , Johnna . `` The financialization of the American credit card industry . '' Competition & Change 10 # 3 ( 2006 ) : 301 - 319 . Scott , Robert H. `` Credit card use and abuse : a Veblenian analysis . '' Journal of Economic Issues ( 2007 ) : 567 - 574 . online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Credit cards . Choosing Credit Cards -- Money Matters -- Consumer credit card advice from the Federal Trade Commission Avoiding Credit and Charge Card Fraud -- More advice from the Federal Trade Commission <Th_colspan="2"> Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club Mastercard Debit Mastercard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron UnionPay Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Carte Bleue Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services ( EPS ) Girocard Interac Isracard JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch PIN Accounts Payment card number Card association Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current / checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge - off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card GND : 4032937 - 9 LCCN : sh85033865 NDL : 00567024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Credit_card&oldid=854744520 '' Categories : Credit cards Payment systems American inventions Products introduced in 1950 Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 13 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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1. Credit card payment processors 2. Personal finance options 3. Types of loans and mortgages 4. Credit card fees and regulations 5. Benefits and drawbacks of credit cards

how do you find the period of a periodic function

Periodic function - wikipedia Periodic function Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with periodic mapping . `` Period length '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Repeating decimal . `` Aperiodic '' and `` Non-periodic '' redirect here . For other uses , see Aperiodic ( disambiguation ) . In mathematics , a periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals or periods . The most important examples are the trigonometric functions , which repeat over intervals of 2π radians . Periodic functions are used throughout science to describe oscillations , waves , and other phenomena that exhibit periodicity . Any function that is not periodic is called aperiodic . An illustration of a periodic function with period P . ( \ displaystyle P . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Properties 4 Double - periodic functions 5 Complex example 6 Generalizations 6.1 Antiperiodic functions 6.2 Bloch - periodic functions 6.3 Quotient spaces as domain 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) A function f is said to be periodic with period P ( P being a nonzero constant ) if we have f ( x + P ) = f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x + P ) = f ( x ) ) for all values of x in the domain . If there exists a least positive constant P with this property , it is called the fundamental period ( also primitive period , basic period , or prime period . ) A function with period P will repeat on intervals of length P , and these intervals are referred to as periods . Geometrically , a periodic function can be defined as a function whose graph exhibits translational symmetry . Specifically , a function f is periodic with period P if the graph of f is invariant under translation in the x - direction by a distance of P . This definition of periodic can be extended to other geometric shapes and patterns , such as periodic tessellations of the plane . Examples ( edit ) A graph of the sine function , showing two complete periods For example , the sine function is periodic with period 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) , since sin ⁡ ( x + 2 π ) = sin ⁡ x ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( x + 2 \ pi ) = \ sin x ) for all values of x ( \ displaystyle x ) . This function repeats on intervals of length 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) ( see the graph to the right ) . Everyday examples are seen when the variable is time ; for instance the hands of a clock or the phases of the moon show periodic behaviour . Periodic motion is motion in which the position ( s ) of the system are expressible as periodic functions , all with the same period . For a function on the real numbers or on the integers , that means that the entire graph can be formed from copies of one particular portion , repeated at regular intervals . A simple example of a periodic function is the function f ( \ displaystyle f ) that gives the `` fractional part '' of its argument . Its period is 1 . In particular , f ( 0.5 ) = f ( 1.5 ) = f ( 2.5 ) = ⋯ = 0.5 ( \ displaystyle f ( 0.5 ) = f ( 1.5 ) = f ( 2.5 ) = \ cdots = 0.5 ) The graph of the function f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the sawtooth wave . A plot of f ( x ) = sin ⁡ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ sin ( x ) ) and g ( x ) = cos ⁡ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) = \ cos ( x ) ) ; both functions are periodic with period 2π . The trigonometric functions sine and cosine are common periodic functions , with period 2π ( see the figure on the right ) . The subject of Fourier series investigates the idea that an ' arbitrary ' periodic function is a sum of trigonometric functions with matching periods . According to the definition above , some exotic functions , for example the Dirichlet function , are also periodic ; in the case of Dirichlet function , any nonzero rational number is a period . Properties ( edit ) If a function f ( \ displaystyle f ) is periodic with period P ( \ displaystyle P ) , then for all x ( \ displaystyle x ) in the domain of f ( \ displaystyle f ) and all positive integers n ( \ displaystyle n ) , f ( x + n P ) = f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x + nP ) = f ( x ) ) If f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) ) is a function with period P ( \ displaystyle P ) , then f ( a x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( ax ) ) , where a ( \ displaystyle a ) is a non-zero real number , is periodic with period P a ( \ displaystyle ( \ cfrac ( P ) ( a ) ) ) . For example , f ( x ) = sin ⁡ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = \ sin ( x ) ) has period 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) therefore sin ⁡ ( 5 x ) ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( 5x ) ) will have period 2 π 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ cfrac ( 2 \ pi ) ( 5 ) ) ) . Double - periodic functions ( edit ) A function whose domain is the complex numbers can have two incommensurate periods without being constant . The elliptic functions are such functions . ( `` Incommensurate '' in this context means not real multiples of each other . ) Complex example ( edit ) Using complex variables we have the common period function : e i k x = cos ⁡ k x + i sin ⁡ k x . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( ikx ) = \ cos kx + i \ , \ sin kx . ) Since the cosine and sine functions are both periodic with period 2π , and the complex exponential above is made up of cosine and sine waves , the above ( actually Euler 's formula ) has the following property . If L is the period of the function then L = 2 π / k ( \ displaystyle L = 2 \ pi / k ) Generalizations ( edit ) Antiperiodic functions ( edit ) One common subset of periodic functions is that of antiperiodic functions . This is a function f such that f ( x + P ) = − f ( x ) for all x . ( Thus , a P - antiperiodic function is a 2P - periodic function . ) For example , the sine or cosine function is π - antiperiodic and 2π - periodic . While a P - antiperiodic function is a 2P - periodic function , the inverse is not necessarily true . Bloch - periodic functions ( edit ) A further generalization appears in the context of Bloch waves and Floquet theory , which govern the solution of various periodic differential equations . In this context , the solution ( in one dimension ) is typically a function of the form : f ( x + P ) = e i k P f ( x ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x + P ) = e ^ ( ikP ) f ( x ) ) where k is a real or complex number ( the Bloch wavevector or Floquet exponent ) . Functions of this form are sometimes called Bloch - periodic in this context . A periodic function is the special case k = 0 , and an antiperiodic function is the special case k = π / P . Quotient spaces as domain ( edit ) In signal processing you encounter the problem , that Fourier series represent periodic functions and that Fourier series satisfy convolution theorems ( i.e. convolution of Fourier series corresponds to multiplication of represented periodic function and vice versa ) , but periodic functions can not be convolved with the usual definition , since the involved integrals diverge . A possible way out is to define a periodic function on a bounded but periodic domain . To this end you can use the notion of a quotient space : R / Z = ( x + Z : x ∈ R ) = ( ( y : y ∈ R ∧ y − x ∈ Z ) : x ∈ R ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbb ( R ) / \ mathbb ( Z ) ) = \ ( x+ \ mathbb ( Z ) : x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) \ ) = \ ( \ ( y : y \ in \ mathbb ( R ) \ land y-x \ in \ mathbb ( Z ) \ ) : x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) \ ) ) . That is , each element in R / Z ( \ displaystyle ( \ mathbb ( R ) / \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ) is an equivalence class of real numbers that share the same fractional part . Thus a function like f : R / Z → R ( \ displaystyle f : ( \ mathbb ( R ) / \ mathbb ( Z ) ) \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) is a representation of a 1 - periodic function . See also ( edit ) List of periodic functions Periodic sequence Almost periodic function Amplitude Definite pitch Doubly periodic function Frequency Oscillation Quasiperiodic function Wavelength Periodic summation Secular variation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ For some functions , like a constant function or the indicator function of the rational numbers , a least positive `` period '' may not exist ( the infimum of possible positive P being zero ) . Ekeland , Ivar ( 1990 ) . `` One '' . Convexity methods in Hamiltonian mechanics . Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete ( 3 ) ( Results in Mathematics and Related Areas ( 3 ) ) . 19 . Berlin : Springer - Verlag . pp. x + 247 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 50613 - 6 . MR 1051888 . External links ( edit ) Hazewinkel , Michiel , ed. ( 2001 ) ( 1994 ) , `` Periodic function '' , Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Springer Science + Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55608 - 010 - 4 Periodic functions at MathWorld NDL : 00572380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_function&oldid=820230877 '' Categories : Calculus Elementary mathematics Fourier analysis Types of functions Hidden categories : Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Periodic function definition 2. Examples of periodic functions 3. Properties of periodic functions 4. Double-periodic functions 5. Generalizations of periodic functions

who pays the settlements on the judge judy show

Judge Judy - Wikipedia Judge Judy This article is about the court show . For the eponymous star of this court show , see Judy Sheindlin . <Th_colspan="2"> Judge Judy <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Arbitration - based reality court show Created by Kaye Switzer Sandi Spreckman Directed by Randy Douthit Judges Judy Sheindlin Narrated by Jerry Bishop Theme music composer Arden Hofheins , Lisle Moore , Randall Thornton Opening theme Symphony No. 5 , First movement Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 22 No. of episodes 5,909 ( as of May 12 , 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Randy Douthit Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Ticket Entertainment Queen Bee Productions ( CBS Primetime Special ) Distributor Worldvision Enterprises ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1999 -- 2006 ) ( seasons 4 - 10 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( seasons 10 - 12 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) ( season 12 - present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( seasons 1 -- 16 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( season 17 -- ) Original release September 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 16 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Judge Judy is an American arbitration - based reality court show presided over by Judge Judy Sheindlin , a retired Manhattan family court judge . The show features Sheindlin adjudicating real - life small claim disputes within a simulated courtroom set . Prior to the proceedings , all parties involved must sign arbitration contracts agreeing to Sheindlin 's ruling , handling and production staff management . The series is in first - run syndication and distributed by CBS Television Distribution . Judge Judy , which premiered on September 16 , 1996 , reportedly revitalized the court show genre . Only two other arbitration - based reality court shows preceded it , The People 's Court ( its first life canceled in 1993 from low ratings ) and Jones & Jury ( lasting only the 1994 -- 95 season , short - lived from low ratings ) . Sheindlin has been credited with introducing the `` tough '' adjudicating approach into the judicial genre , which has led to several imitators . The only two court shows that outnumber Judge Judy 's seasons , The People 's Court and Divorce Court , have both lasted via multiple disunited lives of production and shifting arbiters . Thus Sheindlin 's span as a television jurist or arbitrator has lasted longer than any other -- a distinction that gave her a place in the Guinness World Records in September 2015 . With no cancellations or temporary endings in its series run , Judge Judy also has the longest - lasting individual production life of any court show . A three time Emmy Award winner , Judge Judy won its first Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program in 2013 , its 15th nomination . It was the first long - running , highly rated court show to win an Emmy . The court show won Emmys in 2016 and 2017 respectively . Since its premiere , Judge Judy has gained enormous popularity and has had the highest ratings in courtroom programming in the United States . The show was also the highest - rated daytime television program from its 3rd ( 1998 -- 99 ) through 5th ( 2000 -- 01 ) season . After that , the show lost popularity but regained the number one spot by its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) and has kept this reign to date . For its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , it was named the highest - rated program in all of daytime as well as syndication , averaging a 7.0 rating . It regained the position as leader in all of syndication for its 18th season and has kept that title henceforth , 4 consecutive years to date . The court show 's 22nd season commenced on Monday , September 11 , 2017 . Sheindlin and CBS Television Distribution had extended their contract for another four years . On March 2nd , 2015 , meaning it will continue to broadcast on air at least until completion of the shows ' 25th season in 2020 -- 21 . Contents 1 Court show background 1.1 Origins 1.2 On - air format 1.3 Inner workings 1.4 Recordings and airings 1.5 Location 1.6 Remodeling 2 Episode Specials 2.1 Primetime Judge Judy 2.2 Contrived case 2.3 Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin 3 Judge Judy Sheindlin 4 Reception 4.1 Nielsen Ratings by season 4.2 Audience makeup 4.3 Criticisms 4.3. 1 Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner 4.4 Acclaim 5 Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS 5.1 Racism termination lawsuit 5.2 Ageism lawsuit 5.3 Conspiracy / fraud allegations 5.4 Lawsuit by production against YouTube user 5.5 Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin 5.6 Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary 5.6. 1 Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket 6 References 7 External links Court show background ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Sheindlin 's pre-court show reputation as one of the toughest family court judges in the country was the topic of a February 14 , 1993 edition of The Los Angeles Times written by -- perhaps the man responsible for initiating her entertainment career -- Josh Getlin . On May 21 , 1993 , Joseph Wapner was released from The People 's Court . Sheindlin called up the program and said , `` You know , if he does n't want to do this show any more , I can do it . '' The receptionist snapped , `` Are you crazy , lady ? '' and hung up . Getlin 's Los Angeles Times article on Sheindlin caught the attention of 60 Minutes , which aired a segment on her on October 24 , 1993 . The segment brought her national recognition and first led to an offer for her to write her own book . Sheindlin accepted the book offer , writing Do n't Pee On My Leg and Tell Me It 's Raining . In early 1995 two former People 's Court producers , Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman ( now involved in a lawsuit against Sheindlin and CBS as of January 2018 , claiming they are owed compensation for discovering her ) , asked Sheindlin if she would like to preside over her own courtroom series , and she eventually accepted . Sheindlin and her producers originally wanted the show title to be `` Her Honor '' but the production company , Big Ticket Television , decided on calling it `` Hot Bench '' instead , even promoting the show as `` Hot Bench With Judge Judy '' for some time prior to the show 's début . However , Big Ticket ultimately decided on `` Judge Judy '' . Petri Hawkins - Byrd , the court show 's bailiff , was also Sheindlin 's bailiff throughout her career in the Manhattan Family Court system . When Byrd found out about Sheindlin 's show , he sent her a congratulatory letter , stating , `` If you ever need a bailiff , I still look good in uniform . '' She phoned Byrd at his home in California to accept his offer and he has been the show 's bailiff since its debut . Byrd is the longest - running bailiff in courtroom programming history . Sheindlin has stated that the show 's producers desired different individuals for the role , but she refused . Sheindlin appeared again on 60 Minutes on April 30 , 2003 . During the interview , Sheindlin stated : I have a contract with the company to do the program through the 2006 season . At that point , we will have produced this program for 10 years . Right now , I would be satisfied with a good 10 - year run . I think that would really be phenomenal . It would be lovely if we could end on a high note and for me to say `` 10 years and I still had people watching and I had a second career that was a blast . '' On September 14 , 2015 , Sheindlin began celebrating her 20th season anniversary presiding on Judge Judy . The program is the first in the court show genre to make it to 20 seasons without cancellation as well as the first to make it to this extent under one arbitrator . Her distinction as television 's longest serving judge or arbitrator rewarded Sheindlin a place in the Guinness World Records on September 14 , 2015 . On - air format ( edit ) Each episode of Judge Judy begins with an introductory preview of the main case , sensationalizing various moments of the case with dramatic music , voice - over commentary , graphics , etc . This is followed by the show 's opening music video . At the beginning of each court proceeding , information regarding who is suing whom and what for is revealed originally by voice - over artist Michael Stull , who was later replaced by the show 's current voice - over artist Jerry Bishop . Sheindlin typically begins each case by questioning the parties as to dates , times , locations and other facts central to the lawsuit . Monopolizing the discourse throughout the cases , Sheindlin will sometimes only listen to bits and pieces of each of the testimonies as she is quick to reply , impose her spiel and disallow responses that are not concise or made during her desire to speak . Sometimes , however , Sheindlin will allow one or both of the opposing litigants to recount the entirety of their testimony . While delivering their testimony , litigants are not allowed to hesitate and must maintain fixed eye contact with Sheindlin at all times . Further , litigants are not allowed to speak out of turn or talk to each other . Small children who do not testify are usually removed from the courtroom at the start of the litigation , and unruly co-litigants and witnesses ( and once an audience member who laughed too awkwardly during the proceedings ) are ejected for disobeying the judge . Like most modern court shows , cases on Judge Judy imitate small claims court cases in which civil trials ( non-criminal cases ) are heard and ruled on . Typically Sheindlin handles cases among former lovers , disputing neighbors , or family and friend relations . Disputes generally revolve around issues such as broken engagements , unpaid personal loans , contract breaches , personal injuries from other litigants or their pets , minor property damages ( e.g. , fender benders , carpet stains , etc . ) , the fate of jointly purchased household appliances and rightful ownership of property . As is standard practice in small claims court and most reality court shows alike , Judge Judy proceedings operate in the form of a bench trial ( as opposed to its more common counterpart , the jury trial ) . Moreover , lawyers are not present and litigants must defend themselves . When the show goes into the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Judge Judy continues in a moment '' , followed by a preview of the remainder of the ongoing case , sometimes along with the following case , is typically shown . When the show comes out of the first two commercial breaks , the voice - over sounds , stating `` Real cases , Real people , Judge Judy '' , followed by a verbal recap of the ongoing case . When the show comes out of the last commercial break , the voice - over sounds again , this time providing the show 's telephone number and website to submit cases . Generally each show presents two cases , but infrequently , an episode will present a single long case , three shorter ones , or even four shorter ones . After expressing her views of the circumstances and behaviors of the litigants with regards to their testimonies , Sheindlin renders the judgment either by finding for the plaintiff ( typically with the statement , `` Judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of x dollars . We 're done . '' ) , by dismissing the case , or by dismissing the case specifically without prejudice . Any counterclaims filed are handled similarly to this . Counterclaims are handled subsequently in the same segment , though often cursorily by Sheindlin as many counterclaims on the program have been filed out of vindictiveness as opposed to legitimacy . At the end of each case , there is typically an afterthoughts segment for the litigants . In these segments , the plaintiff ( s ) , the defendant ( s ) , and sometimes their witnesses deliver a monologue , expressing their feelings regarding the case directly to the viewers at home by speaking into the camcorder . Sometimes , however , these segments are omitted , especially after cases involving resentful litigants , too upset over the circumstances to remain in the studio and provide comment . Inner workings ( edit ) The producers of Judge Judy hire extras from an audience service who compose the entire studio . Paid audience members are easier to control due to agreements and employment . They do n't have to be trained or debriefed as much as your average person on how to act to make those in the spotlight look good . Producers also seek a certain demographic of individuals and seat them strategically throughout their audience . Most of these paid extras are aspiring actors . Though tickets are not offered for the show , arrangements can sometimes be made with Sheindlin 's production staff to allow fans of the show into the audience . The extras must not dress casually , and no logos or brand names may be visible on their clothing . Extras are also instructed to appear as if they are having discussions with each other before and after each case , so the bailiff may make such announcements as `` Order ! All rise . '' Audience members are not to make any noises during the proceedings and , unlike other court shows , may not applaud the judge or rightful litigant upon praiseworthy remarks ; although on some occasions when Sheindlin delivers a crushing remark for a particularly egregious or ludicrous act , the audience is seen laughing or applauding without Sheindlin silencing them . For the most part , however , Sheindlin is seen bringing the audience to order ( with a fountain pen ; she never uses a gavel ) and admonishing them for engaging in any such noise throughout the cases . To acquire cases , the show generally uses one of the following three options : Its 60 to 65 researchers , spread out across the country , enter small claims courts and photocopy numerous cases . These photocopied cases are then sent to Judge Judy producers , who review them all in search of lawsuits they believe will make for good television . According to the show 's producers , only 3 % of the photocopied cases are worthy enough for television . Its telephone number posting / announcement presented on each episode for interested individuals to call in with lawsuits . Its website whereby lawsuits can be written out and submitted into the show . After one of these three processes , if the producers are interested , their employees will then call both parties and ask them questions relating to their lawsuit , making sure they 're suitable for Judge Judy . If the parties agree to be on the show and sign a waiver , agreeing that arbitration in Sheindlin 's court is final and can not be pursued elsewhere ( unless Sheindlin dismisses the lawsuit without prejudice ) , their case will air on Judge Judy . The award limit on Judge Judy , as on most `` syndi - court '' shows ( and most small claims courts in the U.S. ) , is $5,000 . The award for each judgment is paid by the producers of the show from a fund reserved for the purpose . Sheindlin rules by either A . ) issuing a verdict of a specific dollar amount ( not always in the full amount of what is requested and rarely if ever in excess of what is requested even if she believes complainants are deserving of more ) or B . ) by dismissing the lawsuit altogether . When ruled on in these manners , cases can not be refiled or retried elsewhere . However , if Sheindlin specifically dismisses the lawsuit `` without prejudice '' , that lawsuit may be refiled and retried in another forum . In some instances , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice deliberately so that complainants pursue defendants in an actual court of law so that the defendants themselves are held financially accountable , this as opposed to the show . In such cases , Sheindlin has expressed particular aversion to the defendants in question . Further , Sheindlin has dismissed cases without prejudice when she has suspected both the plaintiff ( s ) and defendant ( s ) of conspiring together just to gain monetary rewards from the program . Both the plaintiff ( s ) and the defendant ( s ) also receive an appearance fee . The appearance fee amount has varied as between different litigants of the show : certain litigants have reported receiving a $500 appearance fee while others have reported receiving $100 , and others $250 . In addition to the appearance fee amount , litigants are paid $35 a day by the show . The litigants ' stay lasts for the number of days that the show does taping for that week , which is two or three days . In addition , the airfare ( or other means of travel ) and hotel expenses of the litigants and their witnesses are covered by the show , and the experience is generally treated as an all - expense - paid vacation outside of the actual court case . If there is an exchange of property , Sheindlin signs an order , and a sheriff or marshal oversees the exchange . Sheindlin sees only a half - page complaint and a defense response prior to the taping of the cases , sometimes only moments before . Most of the cases , not including any footage deleted to meet the time constraints of the show , usually last anywhere from twelve to forty - five minutes . Judge Judy , like most court programs , is inexpensive to produce and thus creates considerable income . A budget for a week 's worth of Judge Judy episodes is half the cost of a single network sitcom episode . Recordings and airings ( edit ) Three days every other week ( two weeks a month ) , Sheindlin and her producers tape the court show . They usually produce ten to twelve cases for each day they tape the show . This makes for about a week 's worth of episodes , all done within one day . Anywhere from thirty to thirty - six cases are taped over three days during the week . Sheindlin appeared as a guest on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 13 , 2011 . When asked by Kimmel how many days a month she works , Sheindlin replied , `` Five days . '' Sheindlin and her producers sometimes tape only five cases per day and two days per week . The show has fifty - two taping days a year . For each season , some 650 claims are brought to the set to be `` presided '' over by Judge Judy . This means approximately 8,450 claims have been brought to Judy Sheindlin 's Hollywood set as of the end of its thirteenth season ( 2008 -- 09 ) . For the most part , cases are taped all throughout the year except for two breaks Sheindlin and all of the staff members of her show have for the year . One of the two breaks includes an extra week off in December , as the show is only taped one week out of that month because of the holidays . The other break is from mid-July ( only taping one week in July ) and all through August . According to members of the show , the reason for this break is that people are more interested in taking vacations than in filing lawsuits around that time . When the show premieres in September , only the best episodes of the ones taped before Sheindlin 's break are selected to begin out the season . Thus , the first few weeks ( the first week in particular ) will consist of what the show feels to be its best episodes . In Sheindlin 's words , `` It 's like drinking wine . You do n't serve the really good bottle of wine third . '' Altogether , there are 260 new episodes each season . There is at least one new episode for every weekday , with the exception of a few hiatuses during most of the summer , a couple of holidays , and as of more recent seasons , early spring as well ( much of March and April ) . The cases are all pre-recorded for editing purposes and will usually air one to three months after being taped . The cases are mixed up and not shown in order of when they were recorded . While the cases taped in March end the seasons , the cases taped throughout April , May , June , and July start out each season in September and last through October . Throughout the very beginning of each season , two new Judge Judy episodes air per day . After two weeks , this is reduced to one new airing a day , followed by a repeat . There are also various other moments throughout the year where two new episodes are shown for a few weeks . This has sometimes included January when the show returns from its winter hiatus . Two new episodes are also shown daily during the `` sweeps '' months of November , February , and May . Unlike other television programs , the Judge Judy season finale does not air in April or May ; rather , it airs in June , July , or August . When the season finale is extended to July or August , most of the summer episodes preceding it are repeats with new episodes that are few and far in - between . Two DVDs , featuring `` memorable cases , '' have been released by the show : the first in 2007 , `` Judge Judy : Justice Served , '' and the second in 2008 , `` Judge Judy : Second To None . '' Location ( edit ) Judge Judy tapes at the Sunset Bronson Studios on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles , California . In alternating weeks , Sheindlin , who owns a home in New York among other cities / states , flies out on her private jet to tape Tuesday , Wednesday , and Thursday . As of 2014 , the Judge Judy set is located directly beside the set of the courtroom series Sheindlin created and produces , Hot Bench . Both shows are taped in the same studio . Previous to that , the space directly beside Sheindlin 's set was used for the courtroom series Paternity Court for the 2013 - 14 season . Prior to that , the space was used for Judge Judy 's long - running sister show Judge Joe Brown until Judge Joe Brown 's 2013 cancellation . Like Judge Judy , Judge Joe Brown was also produced by Big Ticket Entertainment . The two shows alternated taping weeks . Despite the show being taped primarily in California , it displays various images of New York City upon returning from commercial breaks , including a subway train and official signs bearing `` State of New York '' and `` Family Court '' ( Sheindlin was previously a New York family court judge ) within the letterbox - like graphics used going to and from breaks since the ninth season . The set features a New York state flag behind Sheindlin 's seat . Remodeling ( edit ) Over its existence , the show has changed very little from season to season . Most modifications to the program have been done in minute detail , such as to the show 's book shelf display seen near the courtroom entrance . Aesthetically , the show 's theme song , graphics , and color scheme are the only aspects that have changed repeatedly over the course of its lifespan . The ninth season ( 2004 -- 05 ) is one of few seasons in which the show underwent major remodeling when music for the show 's opening , closing , and to / from commercial portions were modified . A modern version of a melody from Beethoven 's 5th Symphony was then adopted as the show 's opening theme song . This arrangement was composed by Non-Stop Music Productions . For its scenes , Sheindlin is shown in a different courtroom from her own ( part of a proposed renovation to the courtroom that was rejected by Sheindlin for being too dark ) , approaching the camera , followed by folding her arms and smiling at the camera . This is followed by showing various scenes of her presiding over different cases . As part of these modifications , the show 's introductory previews , graphics , and images all began showing up in falu red . Prior to the ninth season , the show used an original tune for its theme song composed by Bill Bodine . From the show 's debut through its eighth season , various versions of this original tune were used , the show making moderate modifications to the tune every few seasons , as shown here and here . The actual full - length version of this original musical , which never played during the show 's intro , played during the lengthier litigant - afterthought - segments as shown ( full - length musical used for 1999 - 00 , 2000 - 01 , 2001 - 02 ) . From seasons five through eight , the opening music video commenced with an approaching scene towards a computer animated courthouse display up until that scene entered into the courthouse . From there , several shots of Sheindlin gesticulating from her bench -- as though presiding over various cases -- were displayed in motion . These motioning images eventually developed into the courthouse logo that represents the program ( the logo always displayed within the letter `` D '' in `` Judy '' ) by the end of this opening music video . The music video in seasons prior to this used relatively similar music with disparities in scenes , images , instrumental sound type and theme song length . Further , early seasons of the show used graphics and images that were sea green and saffron . Blue and saffron then came to represent multiple seasons of the show before the show 's current color scheme . By the show 's sixth season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , music and graphics used in the introductory previews no longer resembled the rest of the program as they had previously , but instead used a high blue color scheme and a different song for each episode / intro preview . While the introductory preview 's inconstant tunes have continued to the present season , the color scheme in the introductory previews began resembling the color scheme used in the rest of the program ( falu red ) once again by the ninth season . Each opening music video consists of Voice - Over Artist Jerry Bishop stating : `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . The people are real . The cases are real . The rulings are final . This is Judge Judy . '' Originally between the statements `` The rulings are final '' and `` This is Judge Judy '' was the statement , `` This is her courtroom . '' This was removed in 2004 . Beginning in September 2012 , the show made a switch to high definition with its 17th season . The bumpers between commercials are also in HD , although most on - screen graphics such as plaintiff and defendant descriptions are framed to fit a 4 : 3 aspect ratio . By the 20th season beginning in September 2015 , the show began using a shortened , scanty version of the same intro it had been using for 10 years since its 9th season . Both the Beethoven remix and lyrics have been curtailed . The present lyrics state only `` You are about to enter the courtroom of Judge Judith Sheindlin . This is Judge Judy . '' In addition to not using much of an intro theme any longer , a `` 20th anniversary '' caption is depicted above the `` Judge Judy '' logo in the intro . These are the only two updates for season 20 . Episode specials ( edit ) Primetime Judge Judy ( edit ) On May 20 , 2014 , CBS aired a one - hour special called Judge Judy Primetime which aired at 8 p.m. ET / PT . The special was a combination of reshown clips from the 1993 60 Minutes Special on Sheindlin , as well as a few never - previously - seen cases . The special marked Judge Judy 's first airing in primetime , a landmark for court shows which are typically limited to daytime or late night hours . Although the special did n't rank nearly as high as Dancing with the Stars ( 14.86 million ) and The Voice ( 11.57 million ) , it brought in 5.66 million viewers , enough to make it the night 's top rated show on CBS . In addition , the special came in just behind American Idol , which brought in 6.61 million viewers . Contrived case ( edit ) At least some of the cases on the series have been circumstances that were allegedly contrived by the litigants just to receive monetary payment from the program . In April 2013 , former litigants from a 2010 airing of the show revealed they conspired together in fabricating a lawsuit in which the logical outcome would be to grant payment to the plaintiff . The operation , devised by musicians Kate Levitt and Jonathan Coward , was successful : Sheindlin awarded the plaintiff ( Levitt ) $1,000 . The litigants involved also walked away with an appearance fee of $250 each and an all expense paid vacation to Hollywood , California . In reality , all the litigants in question -- plaintiffs and defendants alike -- were friends who split the earnings up among each other . It was also reported that the show 's producers were in on the sham and knew of the contrivance all along but went along with it . The lawsuit was over the fictitious death of a cat as a result of a television crushing it . Curb Your Enthusiasm pseudo-Judge Judy case featuring Sheindlin ( edit ) Sheindlin and her program appeared on the November 26 , 2017 broadcast of Curb Your Enthusiasm , presiding over a sketch comedy court case with Larry David as the plaintiff . The pseudo-Judge Judy case assumed the appearance of an actual case from Sheindlin 's program , taking place from the show 's courtroom set with trademarked voice - over briefs , theme music and audience response . Judge Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) Main article : Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy Sheindlin Judge Judy was born on October 21 , 1942 , in Brooklyn , New York , to German - Jewish parents Murray and Ethel Blum . Sheindlin described her father , a dentist , as `` the greatest thing since sliced bread '' and her mother as `` a meat - and - potatoes kind of gal . '' It was reported in October 2012 that Sheindlin had a $45 million yearly contract with CBS Television Distribution , in effect until 2015 and up $20 million from 2007 . It was later reported in October 2013 that Sheindlin is the highest paid TV star , earning $47 million per year for Judge Judy , which translates into just over $900,000 per workday ( she works 52 days per year ) . Judy has gained a reputation for her tough judicial approach in both the family court and televised court , also known widely for her no - nonsense fact - finding , restive nature , and incisive impositions that dismiss attempts at debate . In line with these attributes , her program has been touted as `` a show where justice is dispensed at the speed of light . '' Loosely related is her resoluteness in opinions and rulings , often resulting in the parties arguing , debating and excuse - making to no avail . Strict in her management of the proceedings , Sheindlin coerces precise compliance of rules and is very quick to scold or even punish what she perceives as disobedience , misbehavior or even annoyance . And as result of her gruff disposition , volatile temper , and cheeky treatment , taglines such as `` Justice with an Attitude '' have been used to characterize the program . As examples of this , Sheindlin has regularly made such remarks as : `` Baloney ! '' , `` Do I have ' stupid ' written over my forehead ? '' , `` I 'm here because I 'm smart , not because I 'm young and gorgeous , although I am '' , `` If you live to be 100 , you will never be as smart as I am , sir '' , `` Clearly you are not wrapped too tight '' , `` Where did you think you were coming to today , a tea party ? ! '' , `` I 'm speaking ! '' , `` If you interrupt again madam , your case is dismissed , and I 'm throwing you out . Do we understand each other ? '' , `` I 've been in this business for over 40 years '' , `` Do I look like I need help from you ? '' , `` That 's a lot of who shot John '' , `` This is my playpen '' , etc . Spawning from her `` Judge Judy : Justice Served '' DVD , Sheindlin 's regular phrases on the program have become known as `` Judyisms '' . Some of these Judyisms are intended to provide a lesson , such as `` A good deed never goes unpunished '' , `` Beauty fades , dumb is forever '' , `` If It does n't make sense , it 's not true '' , `` Do you know when teenagers are lying ? When their mouths move . '' Sheindlin has used the position of television arbitrator to impart guidance , direction , and life lessons not only to her litigants but her viewers and public at large . An example of guidance often stressed by Sheindlin is to be independent through employment , especially so as to not live off the government where unwarranted or other people directly where oppression from or friction with the provider may eventuate . In the former , Sheindlin can often be quoted as stating , `` No , you are n't supporting yourself . Byrd and I are supporting you . '' Sheindlin has stated that the main message she wants viewers to take from her program is that people must take responsibility for their actions and do the right thing . Reception ( edit ) Nielsen ratings by season ( edit ) 1996 -- 1998 Judge Judy went on the air in September 1996 . By the end of October of that year , the show was averaging only a 1.5 rating , putting it in the mid-rank of the 159 syndicated shows on the air . At that time , it was never expected that the show 's ratings would ever compete with highly successful daytime TV shows of the time , such as The Oprah Winfrey Show , The Rosie O'Donnell Show and The Jerry Springer Show . According to Biography 's documentary film on Sheindlin , `` Judge Judy : Sitting in Judgment '' ( aired February 21 , 2000 ) , producers of Judge Judy were disappointed that the show was barely making it on the radar . However , it did not take long for the court show to pick up momentum as Judge Judy rose to a 2.1 rating by the end of that first season . By its 2nd season ( 1997 -- 98 ) , the court show had already risen into the 4 ratings ranges , averaging a 4.3 . The 3rd season ( 1998 -- 99 ) of Judge Judy was the show 's first season as the highest - rated program in daytime television , having surpassed the highly rated Jerry Springer Show and even then daytime powerhouse The Oprah Winfrey Show for the first time ( King World Productions which launched Oprah was a corporate sibling of CBS Television Studios , which distributed Judge Judy ) : the program 's ratings more than doubled to a 5.6 for that season , marking Judge Judy as an early success . It was due , in part , to this early success that daytime television began to feature more court programming , such as a revival of The People 's Court that re-debuted in fall 1997 . In 1999 , Judge Judy moved from Worldvision Enterprises to Paramount Domestic Television , which also distributed her stablemate Judge Joe Brown and eventually Judge Mills Lane . Many other retired judges were given their own court shows in syndication due in large part to Sheindlin 's popularity . These include Greg Mathis , Glenda Hatchett , Alex Ferrer , Maria Lopez , Karen Mills - Frances , Cristina Perez , David Young , and many others . In addition , the series helped to spawn various nontraditional court programs . These include the reality - based revival of Divorce Court , which was originally presided over by Mablean Ephriam and now helmed by Lynn Toler ; the short - lived Power of Attorney , capturing various high - profile attorneys arguing cases for litigants in front of Andrew Napolitano ; Street Court , which took litigation outside of the courtroom ; Jury Duty , featuring an all - celebrity jury hearing cases presided over by Bruce Cutler ; etc . Furthermore , the role of Judge Judy in the rise in popularity of daytime court shows enabled several other non-real life judges to preside over courts , such as Nancy Grace , Jeanine Pirro , and Gloria Allred . Also , partly due to Sheindlin 's popularity , the producers of The People 's Court decided to replace Ed Koch with Sheindlin 's husband , Jerry Sheindlin , as their presiding judge during The People 's Court 's 3rd present life season / 15th overall season ( 1999 -- 2000 ) ; this meant that husband and wife would be either part of the same afternoon lineup or competing for ratings against each other . This experiment , however , did not last long as midway through The People 's Court 's fourth season , Sheindlin was replaced by the show 's current judge , Marilyn Milian . 1999 -- 2006 For its 4th season ( 1999 -- 00 ) , Judy 's ratings exploded to their highest to date , peaking at a 9.3 rating . At this point , Sheindlin 's courtroom series was still more than ever the highest rated program in daytime . It was also at this point that Judge Judy held a record of increasing its ratings for each successive season since its debut . Because of the program 's success , Judge Judy began airing at better time periods . It was by the show 's 5th season ( 2000 -- 01 ) that Judy 's streak of growing in ratings from season to season since its debut had ceased . However , the court show still remained the highest - rated program in daytime that season with a 5.6 rating . By the 6th season ( 2001 -- 02 ) , Judy was no longer the highest - rated program in daytime , beaten out by The Oprah Winfrey Show . The court show averaged a 5.0 rating that season . Likewise , for her 7th season ( 2002 -- 03 ) , she also averaged a 5.0 . For her 8th season ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Sheindlin finally reversed the season - to - season downward turn in her ratings by averaging a 7.1 . Of the seven running court shows during the 2004 -- 05 season , most of them earned a 3.63 rating ; however , Judge Judy pulled in a 7.5 rating for that season ( the show 's 9th ) . For her 10th season ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating . Judge Judy averaged 4.6 rating for her 11th season ( 2006 -- 07 ) . Meanwhile , other programs in the genre were trailing Sheindlin from a vast distance ( as has been the case since the debut of Judge Judy ) : Judge Joe Brown averaged a 2.9 rating ; The People 's Court averaged a 2.7 ; Judge Mathis averaged a 2.4 ; Divorce Court averaged a 2.0 ; Judge Alex averaged 1.9 ; Judge Hatchett averaged a 1.5 ; rookies -- Cristina 's Court averaged a 1.4 , and Judge Maria Lopez came in last , averaging a 1.0 rating . 2007 -- 2011 For its 12th season ( 2007 -- 08 ) , Judge Judy averaged a 4.8 rating ( 4.8 HH AA % / 7.4 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.9 million average daily viewers . Judy was the only first - run syndication program to increase in ratings for that season from the previous , leading CBS to immediately extend her contract through the 2012 -- 13 season . For its 13th season ( 2008 -- 09 ) , the show averaged a 4.2 rating ( 4.2 HH AA % / 6.5 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.02 million average daily viewers . Its 14th season ( 2009 -- 10 ) marked the first season in nearly a decade since the 2000 -- 01 season that any daytime television program had been able to surpass The Oprah Winfrey Show 's ratings ( Judge Judy is also the show in question that during the 2000 -- 01 television season surpassed The Oprah Winfrey Show in daytime TV ratings ) : Judy broke Winfrey 's near decade - long streak with a 4.4 rating ( 4.4 HH AA % / 6.9 HH GAA % rating ) and 9.6 million average daily viewers . It was also at that point that Sheindlin 's courtroom series became the highest rated show in all of daytime television programming . Judy secured this title in its 15th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) as the program remained ahead of Oprah in her ( Oprah ) final season and the highest - rated daytime television offering , averaging a 5.11 rating and 9.6 million viewers . During this season , Judy also became the highest rated show in first - run syndication . Late that same season in May 2011 , as a result of continued high ratings , CBS again extended Sheindlin 's contract , this time through the 2014 -- 15 season ( the show 's 19th ) . In the first post-Oprah television season , the court show continued its reign as the most dominant show in daytime and also became the top - rated show in syndication , its 16th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) racking up a 7.0 rating and 9.29 million average daily viewers . As the top - rated show in all of syndication at this point , Sheindlin defeated first - run syndication programs and off - network syndication programs ( rerun episodes of programs off their original network ) . The title of overall syndication leader was previously held by off - network syndicated program Two and a Half Men ( 2010 -- 11 ) and before that , first - run syndicated program Wheel of Fortune ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Judge Judy 's ratings boost in its 16th season and late in the show 's 15th season was at least partly due to Nielsen 's change in methodology , in April 2011 . This variation benefits programs that air multiple , differing episodes a day . The updated method is totalling ratings points through adding all viewings for each daily episode -- even if one of those viewings come from an individual already counted in as having watched another of the show 's daily episodes . For example , as Judge Judy airs two different episodes per day , two ratings points are counted for every one person who has watched both the first and second daily airings . This is as opposed to one person 's viewing of the two daily episodes amounting to only one ratings point . Prior to the convert , the latest method was only used in GAA numbers , while the previous method was used in average audience measure . Some court shows air in one hour blocks and thus do not benefit at all from the updated method . Worth noting , however , is that shows airing multiple daily episodes may not directly benefit monetarily as the rating system that local stations use to sell to advertisers is based upon the prior method . 2012 -- 2016 For its 17th season ( 2012 -- 13 ) , Judge Judy once again pulled in a 7.0 household rating . The series delivered 9.63 million average daily viewers that season , growing by + 32,000 viewers over the prior season . Despite this , Judy lost its 1st place spot as the ratings leader in all of syndication that season , descending to 2nd place , only a tad behind The Big Bang Theory ( off - network syndicate ) which took home a 7.1 for that season . Still and all , this was the 3rd season in a row that Judy earned the title of ratings leader in all of first - run syndication . Moreover , this was the 4th consecutive season that Judy was the ratings leader in all of daytime television programming . For the 18th season ( 2013 -- 14 ) , Judy rose to a 7.2 household rating and brought in 9.94 million viewers , gaining 8 % over its prior season . Also for this season , the show reclaimed the title as highest rated program in all of daytime ( 5th consecutive time , 8th time overall ) and all of syndication ( 3rd time ) . The show 's 19th season ( 2014 -- 15 ) pulled in a 7.0 household rating and remained the highest rated program in both daytime television as well as all of syndication . The 20th season ( 2015 -- 16 ) was Judy 's 3rd consecutive year as syndication 's top strip , the court show averaging a 7.0 full - season household rating . 2017 For its 21st season ( 2016 - 17 ) , Judge Judy trounced all of its competitors in daytime and all of syndication . The court show scored a 6.8 household rating for its 21st season . Audience makeup ( edit ) Judge Judy 's daytime audience is composed of approximately seventy - five percent women and twenty - five percent men . In February 2014 , it was reported that Judge Judy 's audience is mostly composed of older women , blacks , and Latinos . Criticisms ( edit ) Sheindlin vs. Joseph Wapner ( edit ) Despite her widespread popularity , Sheindlin 's behavior and treatment of the parties that have appeared before her has often been the subject of criticism . Regular viewers of the program have also been criticized as sadistic for their delight in watching Sheindlin engage in her typical behaviors . One such example of criticism has come from the first star of arbitration - based reality court shows , Joseph Wapner . Wapner , who presided over The People 's Court from 1981 to 1993 , was a long - time critic of Sheindlin . On November 26 , 2002 , Wapner criticized Judge Judy 's courtroom behavior , stating `` She is not portraying a judge as I view a judge should act . Judge Judy is discourteous , and she 's abrasive . She 's not slightly insulting . She 's insulting in capital letters . '' Judge Judy replied through her publicist , stating , `` I refuse to engage in similar mud slinging . I do n't know where or by whom Judge Wapner was raised . But my parents taught me when you do n't have something nice to say about someone , say nothing . Clearly , Judge Wapner was absent on the day that lesson was taught . '' Since then , Wapner has stated , `` She is a disgrace to the profession . She does things I do n't think a judge should do . She tells people to shut up . She 's rude . She 's arrogant . She demeans people . If she does this on purpose , then that 's even worse . Judges need to observe certain standards of conduct . She just does n't do it and I resent that . The public is apt to gain the impression that this is how actual judges conduct themselves . It says ' judge ' on the nameplate on the bench and she 's wearing a robe . '' Sheindlin has since stated , `` As a young person , when I had watched The People 's Court ... I said ' you know what , I could do that . ' And at least as well because while Joe Wapner is a very good judge , ( he ) did n't have much of a sense of humor . And I always knew from a very practical perspective that you have to marry those two things in order to be successful in entertainment . '' In a November 2013 interview with Larry King , Sheindlin was asked whether she enjoyed watching Wapner on The People 's Court . She replied , `` Meh ! Oatmeal ! '' Following this , King asked her what if any other television judges then did she enjoy , to which Sheindlin answered `` Mills Lane '' of Judge Mills Lane . Acclaim ( edit ) In a September 2014 Rickey Smiley Morning Show interview , Judge Mathis was asked what 3 other court show judges he 'd most enjoy sharing a meal with . For his first choice , he answered ( laughing ) `` Are you kidding ? ! It would be Judge Judy at the head of the table . Oh my goodness , that Judge Judy is something else . '' His second choice was Judge Marilyn Milian , and third Judge Mills Lane . In August , 2010 , rapper , singer and songwriter Nicki Minaj stated that she has an obsession with Judge Judy and that all of her free time is spent watching the program . In February 2013 , then head Football coach for the San Francisco 49ers , Jim Harbaugh , was asked about the importance of truthfulness and enthusiastically remarked , `` Somebody that 's not truthful ? That 's big to me . I 'm a big fan of the `` Judge Judy '' show . When you lie in Judge Judy 's courtroom , it 's over . Your credibility is completely lost , and you stand no chance of winning that case . So I learned that from her . It 's very powerful and true . If somebody lies to you , how can you trust anything they ever say after that ? '' A couple months later , Harbaugh would even attend tapings of Judge Judy along with his father as audience members . As part of the experience , Harbaugh and his father had lunch with Sheindlin and visited with her both before and after tapings . After meeting Sheindlin and seeing cases in person , Harbaugh stated , `` I 've never seen Judy adjudicate one improperly . She is so smart . She is so good . I could sit there and watch those cases all day . I really could . It 's fun to watch somebody that does their job well . I could watch Judge Judy do cases all day . I could watch people play football who do their job really well . People who direct traffic . I get a real kick out of watching people who direct traffic do it . I 've done it for hours . I like football the most , but Judge Judy is right up there . She 's the best . '' Brad Adgate , senior vice president of research for Horizon Media , said `` Judge Judy is the new Oprah of daytime TV - actually , she was ( already ) beating Oprah while Oprah was still on . '' President and CEO of CBS , Leslie Moonves , stated `` Over the last few decades , there have been very few shows that have achieved the remarkable success that she has . Not only has Judy sustained that success year after year , how many shows grow in their 15th or 16th year in syndication ? She started as a fresh voice and she 's been a remarkable presence in daytime television ever since . '' Many regular viewers and supporters of Judge Judy have defended Sheindlin 's treatment of the parties that have appeared before her by describing the parties as an `` endless parade of idiots '' that Sheindlin has had to put up with . Lawsuits involving Sheindlin , executive producer , Big Ticket , and CBS ( edit ) Judge Judy executive producer Randy Douthit has been sued twice by former staff members of the Judge Judy program for alleged wrongful termination , discriminatory practice , and mismanagement while on the job . Racism termination lawsuit ( edit ) In December 2007 , Jonathan Sebastien , a former producer of the Judge Judy show of 7 years , filed a lawsuit against the production company in L.A. County Superior Court for wrongful termination . Sebastien claimed that when he proposed certain cases for the show involving black litigants , Douthit turned them down with his alleged reasons being he did n't want to see any more black people ; their behaviors were too ghetto and more suited for then active television jurist Joe Brown ; and they needed more pretty , upscale white people . Sebastien claimed that in January 2007 , he objected to the alleged discrimination in a meeting and was verbally abused by Douthit . Three months later on March 30 , Sebastien stated he was fired with the reason given that rating numbers were down . Sebastien claimed that the real reason he was fired was because he opposed his boss 's alleged `` discriminatory selection process . '' Ageism lawsuit ( edit ) That same day in December 2007 , the show 's former associate producer Karen Needle was also fired . She later sued Douthit , claiming that she was wrongfully terminated because she was too old , 64 at the time . Sheindlin was not named as a defendant . Needle , who helped book audiences for the program , stated the reason she was given for being fired was `` unspecified conflict from her audience work . '' Needle said she began suffering from back pain , sometimes even resorting to lying on the ground in pain , and when she asked her bosses for a new chair , nothing was done . According to the complaint , two weeks before Needle was fired , she took off four days to assist her ailing 88 - year - old mother . Needle stated , `` There is a lot of terrible stuff going on if two people file separate lawsuits . It 's a toxic situation over there . This is supposed to be Judge Judy , the voice of justice , and yet her own staff is n't treated well . What is she getting paid all that money for if her own staff is treated with such little decency ? '' Conspiracy / fraud allegations ( edit ) In March 2013 , a lawsuit was filed against Sheindlin by Patric Jones , the estranged wife of Douthit . Jones alleged Douthit and Sheindlin had conspired to permit Sheindlin to buy Christofle fine china and Marley cutlery owned by Jones . She said Sheindlin had paid Douthit $50,815 for the items without her knowledge to deprive her of her valuables , and she sought $514,421 from Sheindlin . The suit ended after Sheindlin returned the tableware to Douthit and Jones agreed to pay Douthit $12,500 and have the tableware handed back to her . Lawsuit by production against YouTube user ( edit ) On October 17 , 2013 , Big Ticket Television and producers of Judge Judy filed a lawsuit against Ignacio De Los Angeles . The suit was made against the individual for posting an episode of Judge Judy on YouTube . According to the suit , Big Ticket directed Ignacio to remove the 2006 episode of Judge Judy that he had posted . Ignacio ignored the command . Copyright lawsuit filed by Judy Sheindlin ( edit ) On Wednesday , March 12 , 2014 , Sheindlin filed a lawsuit of her own for the first time in her life . The suit was filed against Hartford , Connecticut , personal injury lawyer John Haymond and his law firm . In the lawsuit , Sheindlin accused Haymond and his firm of using her television image without consent in advertisements that falsely suggested she endorsed him and his firm . In March 2013 , Sheindlin 's producer allegedly told the firm that the use of her image was not permitted , but ads continued . The lawsuit filed in federal court sought more than $75,000 in damages . Sheindlin said in her statement that any money she wins through the lawsuit will go toward college scholarships through the Her Honor Mentoring Program . Sheindlin described the unauthorized use of her name as `` outrageous '' , stating , `` Mr. Haymond is a lawyer and should know better . '' Haymond later filed a countersuit for punitive damages and attorney 's fees , alleging defamation of him and his firm by Sheindlin . Haymond insisted that local affiliates asked him to appear in Judge Judy promos to promote Sheindlin for which he obliged . On August 8 , 2014 , it was reported that the case between Sheindlin and Haymond settled out of court in a resolution that favored Sheindlin . Haymond will be donating money to Sheindlin 's charity , Her Honor Mentoring Program . Lawsuit by Rebel Entertainment aimed at CBS and Sheindlin 's salary ( edit ) On March 14 , 2016 , talent agency Rebel Entertainment and its president , Richard Lawrence , filed a multimillion - dollar lawsuit against CBS Television , claiming the media giant failed to pay the agency millions of dollars in profits . Rebel claims they are owed profits and contractually agreed to for their contributions to launching the program and discovering Sheindlin through their terminated employees Kaye Switzer and Sandi Spreckman . The lawsuit alleges CBS has n't paid Rebel for the past six years because CBS told them the net profits that go to `` Judge Judy '' have been wiped out due to Sheindlin 's annual salary boost to $45 and then $47 million . The lawsuit goes on to attack Sheindlin 's salary as being far too high . Rebel described it as `` exorbitant '' and `` grossly inconsistent with customary practice in the television industry , '' that similarly successful talk show hosts are n't paid nearly as much . Further , Rebel claims they were to be consulted before any spin - offs of the show were produced , but were not when Hot Bench ( another courtroom arbitrated show launched by Sheindlin and her producers ) was created . In response to the lawsuit , Sheindlin has stated : The fact that Richard Lawrence is complaining about my salary is actually hilarious . I met Mr. Lawrence for 2 hours some 21 years ago . Neither I nor anyone involved in the day - to - day production of my program has heard from him in 20 years . Not a card , not a gift , not a flower , not a congratulations . Yet he has somehow received over $17,000,000 from my program . My rudimentary math translates that into $8,500,000 an hour for Mr. Lawrence . Not a bad payday . Now complaining about not getting enough money , that 's real chutzpah . When Sheindlin was deposed for this case in the summer of 2016 , she matter - of - factly let CBS know as follows : `` CBS had no choice but to pay me what I wanted because otherwise I could take it wherever I wanted to take it or do it myself . Their back 's to the wall . They pay me the money that they do because they have no choice . They ca n't find another one . '' This case , which seeks widespread unspecified damages , is ongoing and faces a March 2018 trial start . In a April 2018 verdict on this case , Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Joanne O'Donnell found that Sheindlin is not grossly overpaid and that her salary does not constitute a breach of contract , rather her salary is as result of the `` resounding success of her program and without its namesake star would not continue . '' In another motion however , Judge O'Donnell ruled in Lawrence 's favor that it was a breach of contract for the Defendants to have failed to consult him before launching `` spin - off '' series Hot Bench . Dissatisfied with being granted one part of their motion while denied the other , attorney for Richard Lawrence , Bryan Freedman , has revealed that the Plaintiffs intend on appealing Judge O'Donnell's verdict . Freedman is quoted as stating , `` As for admitting and then ignoring Rebel 's uncontroverted expert opinion evidence that frontloading the 45 million dollar salary of Ms. Sheindlin was not consistent with the United States television industry , the court committed a reversible error . That issue will be decided by the court of appeal . '' Lawsuit by Kaye Switzer and trust of Sandi Spreckman against Sheindlin , CBS and Big Ticket ( edit ) On Friday , January 19 , 2018 , a breach - of - contract lawsuit -- similar and loosely related to the case filed by Rebel Entertainment -- was filed in the Los Angeles Superior Court against Sheindlin , CBS Corporation , CBS Studios and Big Ticket Television by Kaye Switzer and the trust of the now deceased Sandi Spreckman ( copy of the lawsuit here ) . Switzer and Sandi Spreckman are former employees of Rebel Entertainment , terminated by the employer . Switzer and Spreckman 's trustee , Jay Robinson , claim they discovered and introduced Sheindlin to producer Larry Little , asserting that if not for this move that there would be no Judge Judy and thus they are owed monetary royalties . The lawsuit also states that Sheindlin sold `` The Judge Judy Library '' to CBS Television Distribution for a sales price of over $95,000,000 to the House of Leslie Moonves . Switzer and the Spreckman 's trustee contend that they were not paid any monetary rewards by Sheindlin , CBS or Big Ticket in this transaction . It 's important to note that the two women have a long history of filing lawsuits over the same matter against Sheindlin and her Judge Judy business partners dating back to the year 2000 . Not taking the lawsuit as a concern , Sheindlin was quoted as regarding the subject of `` Who is owed what as just background noise , '' and that the monster success of her show came from nothing more than the sweat of her brow and the force of her personality . Sheindlin was also quoted as stating she has `` fond feelings of Kaye and Sandi '' but that they were fired before her show ever started and that she personally never entered into a contract with either of them . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Judy Sheindlin , Host of Daytime 's # 1 Rated Show `` Judge Judy , '' Signs Multiyear Deal Through 2017 `` . The Futon Critic ( Press release ) . April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Episodes '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Robert ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` In Her Tv Courtroom , ' Judge Judy ' Makes Case For Personal Responsibility '' . Articles.philly.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Syndicated TV ratings : ' Judge Judy ' wraps four years at No. 1 '' . tvbythenumbers . September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Verdict 's In : ' Judge Judy ' Tops In '' . Tvnewscheck . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter , Rebecca . `` Judge Judy Is a National Treasure -- Pacific Standard : The Science of Society '' . Psmag.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Communication Ethics , Media & Popular Culture -- Phyllis M. Japp , Mark Meister , Debra K. Japp -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Wapner vs. Judge Judy : What A Match That Would Have Been '' . Metnews.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy 's Favorite TV Judge Judge Judy Larry King Now -- Ora TV '' . YouTube . 2013 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis On Why Judge Joe Brown Is n't One Of His Favorite TV Judges ( EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW ) '' . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( August 07 , 2010 ) . `` Nicki Minaj Live Q&A Pt. 6 -- Cartoons , Favorite Shows & Spare Time '' . billboard.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brinson , Will . `` Jim Harbaugh appearing on ' Judge Judy ' Monday '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harbaugh 's verdict : Judge Judy is the best '' . CSN Bay Area . June 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 02 / 23 / 2013 2 : 16 pm EST ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Jim Harbaugh : Judge Judy Taught Me To Never Lie '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh connects with Judge Judy ( naturally ) '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judith Sheindlin Broadcasting & Cable '' . Broadcastingcable.com . September 16 , 1996 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Temporarily Disconnected -- Kelly Jackson -- Google Books . Books.google.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newport , Jerry ( September 1 , 2001 ) . `` Your Life is Not a Label '' . ISBN 1885477775 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows : Factual and Fictional Series About ... -- Hal Erickson -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuit Says `` Judge Judy '' Sends Blacks Packin ' `` . TMZ.com . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Baram , Marcus ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Disorder in the Court ? ' Judge Judy ' Show Sued -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-friend of Judge Judy : I 'll drop lawsuit if you give back my china set '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy China Lawsuit SETTLES ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Lawsuit -- I 've Been Jacked on the Internet ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OFF BEAT : YouTube user gets legal book thrown at him over ' Judge Judy ' '' . businessinsurance.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues P.I. Lawyer -- You Have ' Stupid ' on Your Forehead ... Stupid '' . TMZ.com. 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tables turned : Judge Judy files suit against lawyer '' . Usatoday.com . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Sues Local Personal - Injury Lawyer -- Hartford Courant '' . Articles.courant.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Judge Judy settles lawsuit with Connecticut lawyer '' . pagesix.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy -- P.I. Lawyer Fires Back ... I Was n't Promoting Me , I Was Promoting You ! '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hartford Attorney Fires Back at Judge Judy '' . Courthouse News Service . July 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Wins One for the Girls In Lawsuit against Lawyer '' . tmz.com . ^ Jump up to : News , A.B.C. ( 16 March 2016 ) . `` ' Judge Judy ' at Center of Potential Multimillion - Dollar Lawsuit '' . go.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` CBS Sued Over ' Judge Judy 's $47 M Salary & Profits From Syndicated Series '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 22 January 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy & CBS Sued Again Over Profits For Syndication 's Biggest Court Show '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Maddaus , Gene ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Judge Judy 's $45 Million Salary Is Not Unreasonable , Says New Ruling '' . Variety.com . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` CBS Hits Back At ' Judge Judy ' Lawsuit ; Says $17 M Paid To Agent `` Not Entitled '' `` . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Takes the Stand in Producers ' Lawsuit '' . latimes.com. 3 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Judge Judy Thinks Lawsuit Over Her Show 's Syndication Profits Is Just `` Background Noise '' ( EXCLUSIVE ) `` . Closeweekly. 31 Jan 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Judge Judy Official website Judge Judy at TV.com Judge Judy on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Legal / Courtroom Program <Td_colspan="2"> Cristina 's Court ( 2008 ) Cristina 's Court ( 2009 ) Cristina 's Court ( 2010 ) Judge Pirro ( 2011 ) Last Shot with Judge Gunn ( 2012 ) Judge Judy ( 2013 ) The People 's Court ( 2014 ) The People 's Court ( 2015 ) Judge Judy ( 2016 ) Judge Judy ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judge_Judy&oldid=857101942 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 1996 American television series debuts First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by CBS Television Studios English - language television programs American reality television series American legal television series Arbitration courts and tribunals Court shows Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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1. Judge Judy Sheindlin 2. Court show 3. Arbitration-based reality 4. Longest-running court show 5. Lawsuits involving Judge Judy

what will be used by san to provide connectivity between hosts and storage

Storage virtualization - wikipedia Storage virtualization Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In computer science , storage virtualization is `` the process of presenting a logical view of the physical storage resources to '' a host computer system , `` Treating all storage media ( hard disk , optical disk , tape , etc . ) in the enterprise as a single pool of storage . '' A `` storage system '' is also known as a storage array , disk array , or filer . Storage systems typically use special hardware and software along with disk drives in order to provide very fast and reliable storage for computing and data processing . Storage systems are complex , and may be thought of as a special purpose computer designed to provide storage capacity along with advanced data protection features . Disk drives are only one element within a storage system , along with hardware and special purpose embedded software within the system . Storage systems can provide either block accessed storage , or file accessed storage . Block access is typically delivered over Fibre Channel , iSCSI , SAS , FICON or other protocols . File access is often provided using NFS or SMB protocols . Within the context of a storage system , there are two primary types of virtualization that can occur : Block virtualization used in this context refers to the abstraction ( separation ) of logical storage ( partition ) from physical storage so that it may be accessed without regard to physical storage or heterogeneous structure . This separation allows the administrators of the storage system greater flexibility in how they manage storage for end users . File virtualization addresses the NAS challenges by eliminating the dependencies between the data accessed at the file level and the location where the files are physically stored . This provides opportunities to optimize storage use and server consolidation and to perform non-disruptive file migrations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Block virtualization 1.1 Address space remapping 1.2 Meta - data 1.3 I / O redirection 1.4 Capabilities 1.5 Replication 1.6 Pooling 1.7 Disk management 1.8 Benefits 1.8. 1 Non-disruptive data migration 1.8. 2 Improved utilization 1.8. 3 Fewer points of management 1.9 Risks 1.9. 1 Backing out a failed implementation 1.9. 2 Interoperability and vendor support 1.9. 3 Complexity 1.9. 4 Meta - data management 1.9. 5 Performance and scalability 1.10 Implementation approaches 1.10. 1 Host - based 1.10. 1.1 Pros 1.10. 1.2 Cons 1.10. 1.3 Specific examples 1.10. 2 Storage device - based 1.10. 2.1 Concept 1.10. 2.2 Pros 1.10. 2.3 Cons 1.10. 3 Network - based 1.10. 3.1 Pros 1.10. 3.2 Cons 1.10. 3.3 Appliance - based vs. switch - based 1.10. 4 In - band vs. out - of - band 2 File based virtualization 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Block virtualization ( edit ) Address space remapping ( edit ) Virtualization of storage helps achieve location independence by abstracting the physical location of the data . The virtualization system presents to the user a logical space for data storage and handles the process of mapping it to the actual physical location . It is possible to have multiple layers of virtualization or mapping . It is then possible that the output of one layer of virtualization can then be used as the input for a higher layer of virtualization . Virtualization maps space between back - end resources , to front - end resources . In this instance , `` back - end '' refers to a logical unit number ( LUN ) that is not presented to a computer , or host system for direct use . A `` front - end '' LUN or volume is presented to a host or computer system for use . The actual form of the mapping will depend on the chosen implementation . Some implementations may limit the granularity of the mapping which may limit the capabilities of the device . Typical granularities range from a single physical disk down to some small subset ( multiples of megabytes or gigabytes ) of the physical disk . In a block - based storage environment , a single block of information is addressed using a LUN identifier and an offset within that LUN -- known as a logical block addressing ( LBA ) . Meta - data ( edit ) The virtualization software or device is responsible for maintaining a consistent view of all the mapping information for the virtualized storage . This mapping information is often called meta - data and is stored as a mapping table . The address space may be limited by the capacity needed to maintain the mapping table . The level of granularity , and the total addressable space both directly impact the size of the meta - data , and hence the mapping table . For this reason , it is common to have trade - offs , between the amount of addressable capacity and the granularity or access granularity . One common method to address these limits is to use multiple levels of virtualization . In several storage systems deployed today , it is common to utilize three layers of virtualization . Some implementations do not use a mapping table , and instead calculate locations using an algorithm . These implementations utilize dynamic methods to calculate the location on access , rather than storing the information in a mapping table . I / O redirection ( edit ) The virtualization software or device uses the meta - data to re-direct I / O requests . It will receive an incoming I / O request containing information about the location of the data in terms of the logical disk ( vdisk ) and translates this into a new I / O request to the physical disk location . For example , the virtualization device may : Receive a read request for vdisk LUN ID = 1 , LBA = 32 Perform a meta - data look up for LUN ID = 1 , LBA = 32 , and finds this maps to physical LUN ID = 7 , LBA0 Sends a read request to physical LUN ID = 7 , LBA0 Receives the data back from the physical LUN Sends the data back to the originator as if it had come from vdisk LUN ID = 1 , LBA32 Capabilities ( edit ) Most implementations allow for heterogeneous management of multi-vendor storage devices within the scope of a given implementation 's support matrix . This means that the following capabilities are not limited to a single vendor 's device ( as with similar capabilities provided by specific storage controllers ) and are in fact possible across different vendors ' devices . Replication ( edit ) Main article : Storage replication Data replication techniques are not limited to virtualization appliances and as such are not described here in detail . However most implementations will provide some or all of these replication services . When storage is virtualized , replication services must be implemented above the software or device that is performing the virtualization . This is true because it is only above the virtualization layer that a true and consistent image of the logical disk ( vdisk ) can be copied . This limits the services that some implementations can implement -- or makes them seriously difficult to implement . If the virtualization is implemented in the network or higher , this renders any replication services provided by the underlying storage controllers useless . Remote data replication for disaster recovery Synchronous Mirroring -- where I / O completion is only returned when the remote site acknowledges the completion . Applicable for shorter distances ( < 200 km ) Asynchronous Mirroring -- where I / O completion is returned before the remote site has acknowledged the completion . Applicable for much greater distances ( > 200 km ) Point - In - Time Snapshots to copy or clone data for diverse uses When combined with thin provisioning , enables space - efficient snapshots Pooling ( edit ) The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools , from which the logical storage is created . More storage systems , which may be heterogeneous in nature , can be added as and when needed , and the virtual storage space will scale up by the same amount . This process is fully transparent to the applications using the storage infrastructure . Disk management ( edit ) The software or device providing storage virtualization becomes a common disk manager in the virtualized environment . Logical disks ( vdisks ) are created by the virtualization software or device and are mapped ( made visible ) to the required host or server , thus providing a common place or way for managing all volumes in the environment . Enhanced features are easy to provide in this environment : Thin Provisioning to maximize storage utilization This is relatively easy to implement as physical storage is only allocated in the mapping table when it is used . Disk expansion and shrinking More physical storage can be allocated by adding to the mapping table ( assuming the using system can cope with online expansion ) Similarly disks can be reduced in size by removing some physical storage from the mapping ( uses for this are limited as there is no guarantee of what resides on the areas removed ) Benefits ( edit ) Non-disruptive data migration ( edit ) One of the major benefits of abstracting the host or server from the actual storage is the ability to migrate data while maintaining concurrent I / O access . The host only knows about the logical disk ( the mapped LUN ) and so any changes to the meta - data mapping is transparent to the host . This means the actual data can be moved or replicated to another physical location without affecting the operation of any client . When the data has been copied or moved , the meta - data can simply be updated to point to the new location , therefore freeing up the physical storage at the old location . The process of moving the physical location is known as data migration . Most implementations allow for this to be done in a non-disruptive manner , that is concurrently while the host continues to perform I / O to the logical disk ( or LUN ) . The mapping granularity dictates how quickly the meta - data can be updated , how much extra capacity is required during the migration , and how quickly the previous location is marked as free . The smaller the granularity the faster the update , less space required and quicker the old storage can be freed up . There are many day to day tasks a storage administrator has to perform that can be simply and concurrently performed using data migration techniques . Moving data off an over-utilized storage device . Moving data onto a faster storage device as needs require Implementing an Information Lifecycle Management policy Migrating data off older storage devices ( either being scrapped or off - lease ) Improved utilization ( edit ) Utilization can be increased by virtue of the pooling , migration , and thin provisioning services . This allows users to avoid over-buying and over-provisioning storage solutions . In other words , this kind of utilization through a shared pool of storage can be easily and quickly allocated as it is needed to avoid constraints on storage capacity that often hinder application performance . When all available storage capacity is pooled , system administrators no longer have to search for disks that have free space to allocate to a particular host or server . A new logical disk can be simply allocated from the available pool , or an existing disk can be expanded . Pooling also means that all the available storage capacity can potentially be used . In a traditional environment , an entire disk would be mapped to a host . This may be larger than is required , thus wasting space . In a virtual environment , the logical disk ( LUN ) is assigned the capacity required by the using host . Storage can be assigned where it is needed at that point in time , reducing the need to guess how much a given host will need in the future . Using Thin Provisioning , the administrator can create a very large thin provisioned logical disk , thus the using system thinks it has a very large disk from day one . Fewer points of management ( edit ) With storage virtualization , multiple independent storage devices , even if scattered across a network , appear to be a single monolithic storage device and can be managed centrally . However , traditional storage controller management is still required . That is , the creation and maintenance of RAID arrays , including error and fault management . Risks ( edit ) Backing out a failed implementation ( edit ) Once the abstraction layer is in place , only the virtualizer knows where the data actually resides on the physical medium . Backing out of a virtual storage environment therefore requires the reconstruction of the logical disks as contiguous disks that can be used in a traditional manner . Most implementations will provide some form of back - out procedure and with the data migration services it is at least possible , but time consuming . Interoperability and vendor support ( edit ) Interoperability is a key enabler to any virtualization software or device . It applies to the actual physical storage controllers and the hosts , their operating systems , multi-pathing software and connectivity hardware . Interoperability requirements differ based on the implementation chosen . For example , virtualization implemented within a storage controller adds no extra overhead to host based interoperability , but will require additional support of other storage controllers if they are to be virtualized by the same software . Switch based virtualization may not require specific host interoperability -- if it uses packet cracking techniques to redirect the I / O . Network based appliances have the highest level of interoperability requirements as they have to interoperate with all devices , storage and hosts . Complexity ( edit ) Complexity affects several areas : Management of environment : Although a virtual storage infrastructure benefits from a single point of logical disk and replication service management , the physical storage must still be managed . Problem determination and fault isolation can also become complex , due to the abstraction layer . Infrastructure design : Traditional design ethics may no longer apply , virtualization brings a whole range of new ideas and concepts to think about ( as detailed here ) The software or device itself : Some implementations are more complex to design and code -- network based , especially in - band ( symmetric ) designs in particular -- these implementations actually handle the I / O requests and so latency becomes an issue . Meta - data management ( edit ) Information is one of the most valuable assets in today 's business environments . Once virtualized , the meta - data are the glue in the middle . If the meta - data are lost , so is all the actual data as it would be virtually impossible to reconstruct the logical drives without the mapping information . Any implementation must ensure its protection with appropriate levels of back - ups and replicas . It is important to be able to reconstruct the meta - data in the event of a catastrophic failure . The meta - data management also has implications on performance . Any virtualization software or device must be able to keep all the copies of the meta - data atomic and quickly updateable . Some implementations restrict the ability to provide certain fast update functions , such as point - in - time copies and caching where super fast updates are required to ensure minimal latency to the actual I / O being performed . Performance and scalability ( edit ) In some implementations the performance of the physical storage can actually be improved , mainly due to caching . Caching however requires the visibility of the data contained within the I / O request and so is limited to in - band and symmetric virtualization software and devices . However these implementations also directly influence the latency of an I / O request ( cache miss ) , due to the I / O having to flow through the software or device . Assuming the software or device is efficiently designed this impact should be minimal when compared with the latency associated with physical disk accesses . Due to the nature of virtualization , the mapping of logical to physical requires some processing power and lookup tables . Therefore , every implementation will add some small amount of latency . In addition to response time concerns , throughput has to be considered . The bandwidth into and out of the meta - data lookup software directly impacts the available system bandwidth . In asymmetric implementations , where the meta - data lookup occurs before the information is read or written , bandwidth is less of a concern as the meta - data are a tiny fraction of the actual I / O size . In - band , symmetric flow through designs are directly limited by their processing power and connectivity bandwidths . Most implementations provide some form of scale - out model , where the inclusion of additional software or device instances provides increased scalability and potentially increased bandwidth . The performance and scalability characteristics are directly influenced by the chosen implementation . Implementation approaches ( edit ) Host - based Storage device - based Network - based Host - based ( edit ) Main article : Logical volume management Host - based virtualization requires additional software running on the host , as a privileged task or process . In some cases volume management is built into the operating system , and in other instances it is offered as a separate product . Volumes ( LUN 's ) presented to the host system are handled by a traditional physical device driver . However , a software layer ( the volume manager ) resides above the disk device driver intercepts the I / O requests , and provides the meta - data lookup and I / O mapping . Most modern operating systems have some form of logical volume management built - in ( in Linux called Logical Volume Manager or LVM ; in Solaris and FreeBSD , ZFS 's zpool layer ; in Windows called Logical Disk Manager or LDM ) , that performs virtualization tasks . Note : Host based volume managers were in use long before the term storage virtualization had been coined . Pros ( edit ) Simple to design and code Supports any storage type Improves storage utilization without thin provisioning restrictions Cons ( edit ) Storage utilization optimized only on a per host basis Replication and data migration only possible locally to that host Software is unique to each operating system No easy way of keeping host instances in sync with other instances Traditional Data Recovery following a server disk drive crash is impossible Specific examples ( edit ) Technologies : Logical volume management File systems , e.g. , ( hard links , SMB / NFS ) Automatic mounting , e.g. , ( autofs ) Storage device - based ( edit ) Like host - based virtualization , several categories have existed for years and have only recently been classified as virtualization . Simple data storage devices , like single hard disk drives , do not provide any virtualization . But even the simplest disk arrays provide a logical to physical abstraction , as they use RAID schemes to join multiple disks in a single array ( and possibly later divide the array it into smaller volumes ) . Advanced disk arrays often feature cloning , snapshots and remote replication . Generally these devices do not provide the benefits of data migration or replication across heterogeneous storage , as each vendor tends to use their own proprietary protocols . A new breed of disk array controllers allows the downstream attachment of other storage devices . For the purposes of this article we will only discuss the later style which do actually virtualize other storage devices . Concept ( edit ) A primary storage controller provides the services and allows the direct attachment of other storage controllers . Depending on the implementation these may be from the same or different vendors . The primary controller will provide the pooling and meta - data management services . It may also provide replication and migration services across those controllers which it is . Pros ( edit ) No additional hardware or infrastructure requirements Provides most of the benefits of storage virtualization Does not add latency to individual I / Os Cons ( edit ) Storage utilization optimized only across the connected controllers Replication and data migration only possible across the connected controllers and same vendors device for long distance support Downstream controller attachment limited to vendors support matrix I / O Latency , non cache hits require the primary storage controller to issue a secondary downstream I / O request Increase in storage infrastructure resource , the primary storage controller requires the same bandwidth as the secondary storage controllers to maintain the same throughput Network - based ( edit ) Storage virtualization operating on a network based device ( typically a standard server or smart switch ) and using iSCSI or FC Fibre channel networks to connect as a SAN . These types of devices are the most commonly available and implemented form of virtualization . The virtualization device sits in the SAN and provides the layer of abstraction between the hosts performing the I / O and the storage controllers providing the storage capacity . Pros ( edit ) True heterogeneous storage virtualization Caching of data ( performance benefit ) is possible when in - band Single management interface for all virtualized storage Replication services across heterogeneous devices Cons ( edit ) Complex interoperability matrices -- limited by vendors support Difficult to implement fast meta - data updates in switched - based devices Out - of - band requires specific host based software In - band may add latency to I / O In - band the most complicated to design and code Appliance - based vs. switch - based ( edit ) There are two commonly available implementations of network - based storage virtualization , appliance - based and switch - based . Both models can provide the same services , disk management , metadata lookup , data migration and replication . Both models also require some processing hardware to provide these services . Appliance based devices are dedicated hardware devices that provide SAN connectivity of one form or another . These sit between the hosts and storage and in the case of in - band ( symmetric ) appliances can provide all of the benefits and services discussed in this article . I / O requests are targeted at the appliance itself , which performs the meta - data mapping before redirecting the I / O by sending its own I / O request to the underlying storage . The in - band appliance can also provide caching of data , and most implementations provide some form of clustering of individual appliances to maintain an atomic view of the metadata as well as cache data . Switch based devices , as the name suggests , reside in the physical switch hardware used to connect the SAN devices . These also sit between the hosts and storage but may use different techniques to provide the metadata mapping , such as packet cracking to snoop on incoming I / O requests and perform the I / O redirection . It is much more difficult to ensure atomic updates of metadata in a switched environment and services requiring fast updates of data and metadata may be limited in switched implementations . In - band vs. out - of - band ( edit ) In - band , also known as symmetric , virtualization devices actually sit in the data path between the host and storage . All I / O requests and their data pass through the device . Hosts perform I / O to the virtualization device and never interact with the actual storage device . The virtualization device in turn performs I / O to the storage device . Caching of data , statistics about data usage , replications services , data migration and thin provisioning are all easily implemented in an in - band device . Out - of - band , also known as asymmetric , virtualization devices are sometimes called meta - data servers . These devices only perform the meta - data mapping functions . This requires additional software in the host which knows to first request the location of the actual data . Therefore , an I / O request from the host is intercepted before it leaves the host , a meta - data lookup is requested from the meta - data server ( this may be through an interface other than the SAN ) which returns the physical location of the data to the host . The information is then retrieved through an actual I / O request to the storage . Caching is not possible as the data never passes through the device . File based virtualization ( edit ) A synonym used for NAS virtualization . This section needs expansion with : content to compare to the rest of the article focused on block based virtualization . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) See also : Virtual file system , Installable File System , and Filesystem in Userspace See also ( edit ) Archive Automated tiered storage Storage hypervisor Backup Computer data storage Data proliferation Disk storage Information lifecycle management Information repository Magnetic tape data storage Repository Spindle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ EMC Education Services ( 2010 ) . Information Storage and Management . John Wiley & Sons . p. 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 29421 - 5 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PC Magazine . `` Virtual Storage '' . PC Magazine Encyclopedia . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SearchStorage.com Definitions Jump up ^ Need Citation Jump up ^ `` Stop Over-Provisioning with Storage Resource Management '' . Dell.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Russ Fellows , Evaluator Group ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Virtualization : The foundation of data center transformation '' . InfoStor . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storage_virtualization&oldid=805908679 '' Categories : Storage virtualization Virtualization software Information technology management Computer data storage Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 11 : 58 . About Wikipedia

1. Storage virtualization 2. Block virtualization 3. File virtualization 4. Benefits of storage virtualization 5. Risks of storage virtualization

what are the major cities in south australia

List of places in South Australia by population - wikipedia List of places in South Australia by population Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of places in South Australia by urban centre population . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest urban centres or localities by population 2 25 largest local government areas by population 3 See also 4 Notes and references Largest urban centres or Localities by population ( edit ) Adelaide State capital Murray Bridge in the distance Victor Harbor Urban centres are defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as being a population cluster of 1,000 or more people . For statistical purposes , people living in urban centres are classified as urban . These figures represent the populations of the contiguous built - up areas of each city . Suburbs of Adelaide are not included , with the exception of Gawler , Mount Barker , Crafers - Bridgewater and Nairne , which can all be seen as semi-rural suburbs but also as separate towns . Rank Urban centre Population 2006 Census Population 2011 Census Growth Rate Area of State Adelaide 1,040,719 ( 1 ) 1,103,979 ( 2 ) 6.08 % Adelaide Plains Mount Gambier 23,494 ( 3 ) 25,199 ( 4 ) 7.26 % Limestone Coast Gawler 20,006 ( 5 ) 23,957 ( 6 ) 19.75 % Adelaide Plains Whyalla 21,122 ( 7 ) 21,736 ( 8 ) 2.91 % Eyre Peninsula Murray Bridge 14,048 ( 9 ) 15,967 ( 10 ) 13.66 % Murraylands 6 Stirling - Bridgewater 13,375 ( 11 ) 14,617 ( 12 ) 9.29 % Adelaide Hills 7 Mount Barker 11,540 ( 13 ) 14,452 ( 14 ) 25.23 % Adelaide Hills 8 Port Lincoln 13,044 ( 15 ) 14,088 ( 16 ) 8.00 % Eyre Peninsula 9 Port Pirie 13,206 ( 17 ) 13,819 ( 18 ) 4.64 % Mid North 10 Port Augusta 13,257 ( 19 ) 13,504 ( 20 ) 1.86 % Eyre Peninsula 11 Victor Harbor 10,380 ( 21 ) 13,411 29.20 % Fleurieu Peninsula 12 Goolwa 5,882 ( 22 ) 10,438 77.46 % Fleurieu Peninsula 13 Renmark 4,339 ( 23 ) 7,491 ( 24 ) Riverland 14 Loxton 3,431 ( 25 ) 7,100 ( 26 ) Riverland 15 Strathalbyn 3,894 ( 27 ) 5,292 ( 28 ) 35.90 % Fleurieu Peninsula 16 Nuriootpa 4,414 ( 29 ) 5,215 ( 30 ) 18.15 % Barossa Valley 17 Naracoorte 4,888 ( 31 ) 4,908 ( 32 ) 0.41 % Limestone Coast 18 Millicent 4,771 ( 33 ) 4,798 ( 34 ) 0.57 % Limestone Coast 19 Roxby Downs 3,847 ( 35 ) 4,702 ( 36 ) 22.23 % Far North 20 Kadina 4,026 ( 37 ) 4,470 ( 38 ) 11.03 % Yorke Peninsula 21 Tanunda 4,153 ( 39 ) 4,214 ( 40 ) 1.47 % Barossa Valley 22 Nairne 3,470 ( 41 ) 4,198 ( 42 ) 20.98 % Adelaide Hills 23 Berri 4,008 ( 43 ) 4,103 ( 44 ) 2.37 % Riverland 24 Moonta 3,350 ( 45 ) 3,659 ( 46 ) 9.22 % Yorke Peninsula 25 Clare 3,063 ( 47 ) 3,278 ( 48 ) 7.02 % Clare Valley 26 Wallaroo 3,053 3,160 ( 49 ) 3.50 % Yorke Peninsula 27 McLaren Vale 2,908 3,043 ( 50 ) 4.64 % Fleurieu Peninsula 28 Bordertown 2,581 2,549 ( 51 ) − 1.24 % Limestone Coast 29 Kapunda 2,480 2,484 ( 52 ) 0.16 % Barossa Valley 30 Angle Vale 1,359 2,363 ( 53 ) 73.88 % Adelaide Plains 31 Ceduna 2,304 2,289 ( 54 ) − 0.65 % Eyre Peninsula 32 Mannum 2,042 2,164 ( 55 ) 5.97 % Murraylands 33 Willunga 2,104 2,094 ( 56 ) − 0.48 % Fleurieu Peninsula 34 Hahndorf 1,805 2,092 ( 57 ) 15.90 % Adelaide Hills 35 Lobethal 1,836 1,957 ( 58 ) 6.59 % Adelaide Hills 36 Angaston 1,865 1,940 ( 59 ) 4.02 % Barossa Valley 37 Barmera 1,928 1,914 ( 60 ) − 0.73 % Riverland 38 Williamstown 1,432 1,882 ( 61 ) 31.42 % Barossa Valley 39 Woodside 1,826 1,842 ( 62 ) 0.88 % Adelaide Hills 40 Balaklava 1,626 1,827 ( 63 ) 12.36 % Mid North 41 Two Wells 717 1,764 ( 64 ) 146.03 % Adelaide Plains 42 Kingscote 1,692 1,763 ( 65 ) 4.20 % Kangaroo Island 43 Waikerie 1,744 1,633 ( 66 ) − 6.36 % Riverland 44 Lyndoch 1,415 1,618 ( 67 ) 14.35 % Barossa Valley 45 Kingston SE 1,630 1,612 ( 68 ) − 1.10 % Limestone Coast 46 Balhannah 1,028 1,597 ( 69 ) 55.35 % Adelaide Hills 47 Freeling 1,325 1,591 ( 70 ) 20.08 % Barossa Valley 48 Coober Pedy 1,472 1,584 ( 71 ) 7.61 % Far North 49 Lewiston 2,742 1,545 ( 72 ) − 43.65 % Adelaide Plains 50 Peterborough 1,689 1,486 ( 73 ) − 12.02 % Mid North 51 Tumby Bay 1,351 1,474 ( 74 ) 9.10 % Eyre Peninsula 52 Jamestown 1,407 1,406 ( 75 ) − 0.07 % Mid North 53 Tailem Bend 1,457 1,405 ( 76 ) − 3.57 % Murraylands 54 Normanville 864 1,356 ( 77 ) 56.94 % Fleurieu Peninsula 55 Penola 1,317 1,337 ( 78 ) 1.52 % Limestone Coast 56 Crystal Brook 1,185 1,278 ( 79 ) 7.85 % Mid North 57 Quorn 1,068 1,206 ( 80 ) 12.92 % Flinders Ranges 58 Ardrossan 1,122 1,136 ( 81 ) 1.25 % Yorke Peninsula 59 Keith 1,089 1,069 ( 82 ) − 1.84 % Limestone Coast 60 Maitland 1,056 1,047 ( 83 ) − 0.85 % Yorke Peninsula 61 Mount Compass 695 1,042 ( 84 ) 49.93 % Fleurieu Peninsula 62 McLaren Flat 642 1,034 ( 85 ) 61.06 % Fleurieu Peninsula 63 Robe 1,246 1,018 ( 86 ) − 18.30 % Limestone Coast 64 Streaky Bay 1,059 1,005 ( 87 ) − 5.10 % Eyre Peninsula Jump up ^ At the 2011 census , the Goolwa urban centre included Middleton , whereas the 2006 census did not Jump up ^ At the 2011 census , the area of the Two Wells urban centre was redrawn and enlarged resulting in a disproportionate growth figure Jump up ^ In the 2011 census , Oakbank was included in the Balhannah urban centre whereas it was not in the 2006 census Jump up ^ At the 2011 census , the area of the Lewiston urban centre was redrawn and significantly reduced , resulting in a disproportionate decrease in the population 25 largest local government areas by population ( edit ) Local government areas are the main units of local government in Australia . They may be termed cities , shires , councils or other names , but they all function similarly . Rank Local government area Population 2006 census Population 2007 estimate Growth rate Stat . division / district 1 . City of Onkaparinga 154,417 155,919 1.0 % Adelaide 2 . City of Salisbury 122,163 124,825 2.2 % Adelaide 3 . City of Port Adelaide Enfield 106,373 107,970 1.5 % Adelaide 4 . City of Charles Sturt 104,069 104,464 0.4 % Adelaide 5 . City of Tea Tree Gully 99,461 99,564 0.1 % Adelaide 6 . City of Marion 81,430 82,229 1.0 % Adelaide 7 . City of Playford 71,903 73,162 1.8 % Adelaide 8 . City of Mitcham 64,282 64,717 0.7 % Adelaide 9 . City of West Torrens 54,371 54,896 1.0 % Adelaide 10 . City of Campbelltown 47,941 48,287 0.7 % Adelaide 11 . City of Burnside 43,902 43,888 − 0.1 % Adelaide 12 . Adelaide Hills Council 39,601 39,691 0.2 % Adelaide 13 . City of Unley 37,826 38,104 0.7 % Adelaide 14 . City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters 35,255 35,571 0.9 % Adelaide 15 . City of Holdfast Bay 34,704 35,037 1.0 % Adelaide 16 . District Council of Mount Barker 27,612 28,270 2.4 % Adelaide 17 . City of Mount Gambier 24,494 24,640 0.6 % Mount Gambier 18 . City of Whyalla 22,332 22,612 1.3 % Whyalla 19 . Alexandrina Council 21,505 22,026 2.4 % Alexandrina 20 . Barossa Council 21,407 21,806 1.9 % Barossa 21 . City of Prospect 20,063 20,354 1.5 % Adelaide 22 . Town of Gawler 19,406 19,841 2.2 % Gawler 23 . Rural City of Murray Bridge 18,364 18,595 1.3 % Murray Bridge 24 . City of Adelaide 17,723 18,575 4.8 % Adelaide 25 . Port Pirie Regional Council 17,776 17,869 0.5 % Port Pirie See also ( edit ) Demographics of Australia List of cities in Australia List of places in Victoria by population List of places in Queensland by population List of places in Western Australia by population Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Urban Centres and Localities ( UCLs ) and Significant Urban Areas ( SUAs ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 10 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3218.0 -- Regional Population Growth , Australia , 2006 -- 07 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> South Australia Topics History Government Flag Culture Transport Rail transport Education Geography Geology South Australian English Sport Country Fire Service Regions Adelaide Hills Barossa Valley Clare Valley Eyre Peninsula Far North Fleurieu Peninsula Flinders Ranges Limestone Coast Mid North Murraylands Nullarbor Plain Riverland Yorke Peninsula Cities and towns Adelaide Mount Gambier Murray Bridge Port Augusta Port Lincoln Port Pirie Victor Harbor Whyalla <Td_colspan="3"> South Australia portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_in_South_Australia_by_population&oldid=810444649 '' Categories : South Australia Lists by population Lists of places in Australia South Australia - related lists Demographics of South Australia Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Australian Statistical Geography Standard 2011 ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 08 : 06 . About Wikipedia

1. List of places in South Australia by population 2. Urban centres in South Australia 3. Largest local government areas in South Australia 4. Population growth in South Australia 5. Demographics of South Australia

what is the theme for this years september celebration

Hari Merdeka - wikipedia Hari Merdeka Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Hari Merdeka ( Independence Day ) <Td_colspan="2"> A man is thrown into the air by a crowd during Merdeka Day celebrations in Merdeka Square , Kuala Lumpur , 2008 Official name Hari Merdeka Also called Merdeka , Hari Kebangsaan , National Day Observed by Malaysians Type National Significance Marks the independence of the Federation of Malaya Date 31 August Next time 31 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 31 ) Frequency annual Part of a series on the History of Malaysia Prehistoric Malaysia ( show ) Prehistoric Malaysia 100 -- 6th century Early kingdoms ( show ) Gangga Negara 2nd -- 11th century Langkasuka 2nd -- 14th century Chi Tu 2nd -- 6th century Pan Pan 3rd -- 5th century Kedah Tua 5th -- 9th century Pahang Tua 5th -- 15th century Melayu 6th century Srivijaya 650 -- 1377 Majapahit 1293 -- 1500 Rise of Muslim states ( show ) Kedah Sultanate 1136 -- present Brunei Sultanate 1368 -- present Malacca Sultanate 1402 -- 1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450 -- 1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470 -- 1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496 -- 1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516 -- 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528 -- present House of Jamalullail 1843 -- present Colonial era ( show ) Portuguese Malacca 1511 -- 1641 Dutch -- Portuguese War 1601 -- 1661 Dutch Malacca 1641 -- 1824 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821 -- 1826 Straits Settlements 1826 -- 1946 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841 -- 1946 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848 -- 1946 British Malaya / Borneo 1874 -- 1946 North Borneo 1882 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1895 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1909 -- 1946 World War II ( show ) Japanese occupation of Malaya / of Borneo 1941 -- 1945 Malayan Campaign 1941 -- 1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Syburi 1942 Si Rat Malai 1943 -- 1945 Sandakan Death Marches 1942 Formation of Malaysia ( show ) British Military Administration of Malaya / of Borneo 1945 -- 1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Union 1946 -- 1948 Federation of Malaya 1948 -- 1963 Independence of Malaya 1957 Self - government of Singapore 1959 Self - government of North Borneo 1963 Self - government of Sarawak 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963 -- 1965 Federal Territory of KL Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Federal Territory of Putrajaya Incidents ( show ) Anti-cession movement 1946 -- 1963 Malayan Emergency 1948 -- 1960 Bukit Kepong incident 1950 Baling Talks 1956 Brunei revolt 1962 -- 1966 Sarawak Communist Insurgency 1962 -- 1990 Philippine claim over North Borneo 1962 -- present Philippine militant attacks in Borneo 1962 -- present Confrontation with Indonesia 1963 -- 1966 Singapore race riots 1964 ASEAN Declaration ( ASEAN ) 1967 Brunei 's claim over Limbang 1967 -- 2009 Second communist insurgency 1968 -- 1989 13 May Incident 1969 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Malaysian New Economic Policy 1971 -- 1990 Malaysian haze crisis 1972 -- present Pedra Branca dispute 1979 -- 2008 South China Sea islands dispute ( Spratly Islands ) 1980 -- present 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Operation Lalang Constitutional crisis 1987 -- 1988 Financial crisis 1997 -- 1998 Al - Ma'unah Incident 2000 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969 -- 2002 Bersih rally 2007 Anti ISA rally 2009 Bersih 2.0 rally 2011 Bersih 3.0 rally 2012 People 's Uprising rally 2013 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 Anti-price hike rally 2013 Black - Out rally 2013 MAS MH370 Incident 2014 MAS MH17 Incident 2014 AirasiaQZ8501 Incident 2014 Bersih 4 rally 2015 2015 Malay Dignity rally 2015 Bersih 5 rally 2016 By topic ( show ) Communications Economic Military Malaysia portal Hari Merdeka ( Malaysian for ' Independence Day ' ) , also known as Hari Kebangsaan ( National day ) , refers to the day when the Federation of Malaya 's independence from the British Empire was officially declared . At exactly 09 : 30 on 31 August 1957 , the declaration was read by the first Chief Minister of Malaya , Tunku Abdul Rahman at the Merdeka Stadium in the presence of thousands of people including Malay Rulers , members of the federal government , and foreign dignitaries . To commemorate the event , Hari Merdeka was declared a national holiday in Malaysia and observed annually on 31 August . The day should not be confused with Hari Malaysia ( ' Malaysia Day ' ) that commemorates the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 , when North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore federated with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events leading up to independence 2 31 August 1957 2.1 Attendees 3 The formation of Malaysia 4 Themes 5 2015 Hari Merdeka Anniversary Issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Events leading up to independence ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The effort for independence was spearheaded by Tunku Abdul Rahman , the first Prime Minister of Malaysia , who led a delegation of ministers and political leaders of Malaya in negotiations with the British in London for Merdeka , or independence along with the first president of the Malayan Chinese Association ( MCA ) Tun Dato Sir Tan Cheng Lock and fifth President of Malaysian Indian Congress Tun V.T. Sambanthan . Once it became clear that the Communist threat posed during the Malayan Emergency was petering out , agreement was reached on 8 February 1956 , for Malaya to gain independence from the British Empire . However , logistical and administrative reasons led to the official proclamation of independence in the next year , on 31 August 1957 , at Stadium Merdeka ( Independence Stadium ) , in Kuala Lumpur , which was purposely built for the celebrations of national independence day . The announcement of the day was set months earlier by the Tunku in a Melaka meeting of the Alliance . 31 August 1957 ( edit ) On the night of 30 August 1957 , crowds gathered at the Merdeka Square ( Padang ) in Kuala Lumpur to witness the handover of power from the British . Prime Minister - designate Tunku Abdul Rahman arrived at 11 : 58 p.m. and joined members of the Alliance Party 's youth divisions in observing two minutes of darkness . On the stroke of midnight , the lights were switched back on , and the Union Flag in the square was lowered . The new Flag of Malaya was raised as the national anthem Negaraku was played . This was followed by seven chants of `` Merdeka '' by the crowd . Tunku Abdul Rahman later gave a speech hailing the ceremony as the `` greatest moment in the life of the Malayan people '' . Before giving the address to the crowd , he was given a necklace by representatives of the Alliance Party youth in honour of this great occasion in history , with a map of Malaya inscribed on it . The event ended at one in the morning the next day . On the morning of 31 August 1957 , the festivities moved to the newly completed Merdeka Stadium . More than 20,000 people witnessed the ceremony , which began at 9 : 30 a.m. Those in attendance included rulers of the Malay states , foreign dignitaries , members of the federal cabinet , and citizens . The Queen 's representative , the Duke of Gloucester presented Tunku Abdul Rahman with the instrument of independence . Tunku then proceeded to read the Proclamation of Independence , which culminated in the chanting of `` Merdeka ! '' seven times with the crowd joining in . The ceremony continued with the raising of the National Flag of Malaya accompanied by the national anthem being played by a military band and a 21 - gun salute , followed by an azan call and a thanksgiving prayer in honour of this great occasion . The day followed with the solemn installation of the first Yang di - Pertuan Agong , Tuanku Abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan , at Jalan Ampang , and the first installation banquet in his honour in the evening followed by a beating retreat performance and a fireworks display . Sports events and other events marked the birth of the new nation . Attendees ( edit ) The foreign guests of honour included : Members of royal families The King and Queen of Thailand The Crown Prince and Princess of Japan The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester ( representing The Queen ) Prince William of Gloucester Heads of government The Prime Minister South Africa , Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom The Prime Minister of India , Jawaharlal Nehru The Prime Minister of Pakistan , Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy The Prime Minister of Vietnam , Phạm Văn Đồng The Prime Minister of Ceylon , Solomon Bandaranaike The Prime Minister of Burma , U Nu The Prime Minister of Cambodia , Sim Var The United States Secretary of State , John Foster Dulles ( representing US President Dwight D. Eisenhower ) Representatives from other British colonies The Governor of Hong Kong , Sir Alexander Grantham The Chief Minister of Singapore , Lim Yew Hock Members of the former British colonial administration Sir Gerald Templer ( former British High Commissioner in Malaya ) and Lady Templer Lady Gurney ( wife of former British High Commissioner in Malaya Sir Henry Gurney ) Lady Gent ( wife of former British High Commissioner in Malaya Sir Edward Gent ) High Commissioners of other Commonwealth countries High Commissioner of Canada to Malaysia , Arthur Redpath Menzies High Commissioner of Australia to Malaya , Tom Critchley High Commissioner of New Zealand to Malaya , Foss Shanahan The formation of Malaysia ( edit ) The Federation of Malaysia , comprising the Federation of Malaya , North Borneo , Sarawak and Singapore was to be officially declared on the date 31 August 1963 , on the 6th anniversary of Malayan independence . However , it was postponed to 16 September 1963 , mainly due to Indonesian and the Philippines ' opposition to the formation of Malaysia . Nevertheless , North Borneo and Singapore declared sovereignty on 31 August 1963 . Indonesian opposition later escalated to a military conflict . Indonesia considered Malaysia as a new form of colonisation on the provinces of Sarawak and North Borneo in the island of Borneo ( bordering Kalimantan , Indonesia ) . However , they did not lay claim upon the two territories , unlike Philippines claim on the eastern part of Sabah ( rather than the whole of North Borneo ) . To assure Indonesia that Malaysia was not a form of neocolonialism , a general survey ( instead of a referendum ) was organised by the United Nations involving interviews of approximately 4,000 people which received 2,200 memorandums from groups and private individuals , and the Cobbold Commission , led by Lord Cobbold , was formed to determine whether the people of North Borneo and Sarawak wished to join Malaysia . Their eventual findings which indicated substantial support for Malaysia among the peoples of Sabah and Sarawak , cleared the way for the final proclamation of Malaysia . The formation of the Federation of Malaysia was then announced on 16 September 1963 , as Malaysia Day . The nationwide Independence Day celebration is still held on 31 August , the original independence date of Malaya , while Malaysia Day was a public holiday only in East Malaysia . However , this has caused some minor discontent among East Malaysians in particular since it has been argued that celebrating the national day on 31 August is too Malaya - centric . In 2009 , it was decided that starting 2010 , Malaysia Day would be a nationwide public holiday in addition to Hari Merdeka on 31 August . Themes ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Theme 1970 Muhibbah dan Perpaduan ( Goodwill and Unity ) 1971 Masyarakat Progresif ( Progressive Society ) 1972 Masyarakat Adil ( Fair Society ) 1973 Masyarakat Berkebudayaan Malaysia ( A Society with Malaysian Culture ) Sains dan Teknologi Alat Perpaduan ( Science and Technology as Tools of Unity ) Masyarakat Berdikari ( A Self - Reliant Society ) 1976 Ketahanan Rakyat ( Strength of the People ) 1977 20 Tahun Bersatu Maju ( 20 Years United and Progressive ) 1978 Kebudayaan Sendi Perpaduan ( Culture is the Core of Unity ) 1979 Bersatu Berdisplin ( United and Disciplined ) 1980 Berdisplin Berbakti ( Discipline and Service ) 1981 Berdisplin Berharmoni ( Discipline and Harmony ) 1982 Berdisplin Giat Maju ( Discipline Creates Progress ) Bersama Ke Arah Kemajuan ( Together Towards Success ) 1984 Amanah Asas Kejayaan ( Honesty Brings Success ) 1985 Nasionalisme Teras Perpaduan ( Nationalism is the Core of Unity ) 1986 Bangsa Tegas Negara Teguh ( Steadfast Society , Strong Country ) Setia Bersatu Berusaha Maju ( Loyally United , Progressively Striving ) Bersatu ( United ) Bersatu ( United ) Berjaya ( Successful ) 1991 Wawasan 2020 ( Vision 2020 ) Wawasan Asas Kemajuan ( Vision is the Basis of Progress ) Bersatu Menuju Wawasan ( Together Towards Vision ) Nilai Murni Jayakan Wawasan ( Good Values Makes the Vision a Success ) 1995 Jatidiri Pengerak Wawasan ( Steadfastness Moves the Vision Forward ) Budaya Penantu Kecapaian ( Culture Determines Achievements ) Akhlak Mulia Masyarakat Jaya ( Good Values Make a Successful Society ) 1998 Negara Kita , Tanggungjawab Kita ( Our Country , Our Responsibility ) 1999 Bersatu Ke Alaf Baru ( Together Towards the New Millennium ) 2000 -- 2006 Keranamu Malaysia ( Because of you , Malaysia ) 2007 Malaysiaku Gemilang ( My Glorious Malaysia ) 2008 Perpaduan Teras Kejayaan ( Unity Is The Core of Success ) 2009 1 Malaysia : Rakyat Didahulukan , Pencapaian Diutamakan ( 1 Malaysia : People First , Performance Now ) 1 Malaysia : Menjana Transformasi ( 1 Malaysia : Transforming the Nation ) 2011 1 Malaysia : Transformasi Berjaya , Rakyat Sejahtera ( 1 Malaysia : Successful Transformations , Prosperous Citizens ) 2012 55 Tahun Merdeka : Janji Ditepati ( 55 Years of Independence : Promises Fulfilled ) 2013 Malaysiaku Berdaulat , Tanah Tumpahnya Darahku ( My Sovereign Malaysia , The Land Where My Blood Has Spilt ) 2014 Malaysia , Di Sini Lahirnya Sebuah Cinta ( Malaysia , Here Is Where Love Begins ) 2015 - 2016 Malaysia , Sehati Sejiwa ( United , Unified Malaysia ) 2017 Negaraku Sehati Sejiwa ( My Country , United and Unified ) The 2012 theme proved to be controversial , as it was seen by many Malaysians to be a political slogan rather than a patriotic one ( Janji Ditepati was Najib Razak 's campaign jingle in the run - up to the 2013 elections ) . The official `` logo '' was also ridiculed for its unconventional design . A video of the theme song uploaded on YouTube ( with lyrics penned by Rais Yatim ) garnered an overwhelming number of `` dislikes '' because of its overtly political content , which had nothing to do with the spirit of independence . The video has since been taken down . 2015 Hari Merdeka anniversary issues ( edit ) Starting from 2015 , as been stated by the Minister of Communication and Multimedia Ahmad Shabery Cheek , the Independence Day celebration is likely to be held without mentioning the number of years to prevent the people in Sabah and Sarawak from being isolated if the number of independence anniversaries was stated . However , the Minister of Land Development of Sarawak Tan Sri Datuk Amar Dr James Masing reminded that since 16 September had been declared as Malaysia Day , it should be the rallying point for the nation 's unity . He added `` Everyone now knows that 31 August is Malaya 's and Sabah 's Independence Day ... it 's not our ( Sarawak ) independence day . They can celebrate it both in Malaya and in Sabah as they have the same Independence Day date , and we can join them there if they invite us . We must right the wrong '' . Masing was commenting on Shabery Cheek 's recent proposal that Malaysia should continue to commemorate 31 August as its Independence Day , without mentioning the anniversary year . Before 16 September , there was no Malaysia . Let everyone remember that . It 's on 16 September that the four independent countries namely Malaya , Singapore , Sarawak and North Borneo agreed to form Malaysia . And as everyone also knows , Singapore pulled out in 1965 -- James Masing . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Malayan Proclamation of Independence Sarawak Self - government Day North Borneo Self - government Day 20 - point agreement ( Sabah ) 18 - point agreement ( Sarawak ) Malaysia Day History of Malaysia Singapore in Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia Hari Merdeka Parade References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Malaysia Act 1963 ^ Jump up to : `` 1957 : Malaya celebrates independence '' . BBC . 31 August 1957 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detik Jam Tengah Malam Di Padang Kelab Selangor '' ( in Malay ) . National Archive of Malaysia . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu '' ( in Malay ) . National Archives of Malaysia . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Manila Accord ( 31 July 1963 ) Jump up ^ Merdeka celebration in Kuching Jump up ^ `` Keadilan 's plans for Merdeka '' , Daily Express , 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Aznam , Suhaini , `` Celebrating Malaysia Day '' , 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Yeng Ai Chun ( 19 October 2009 ) . `` Malaysia Day now a public holiday , says PM '' . The Star . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rais seeks views on Merdeka theme song '' , Malaysiakini , 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No more mentioning number of years '' . Daily Express . 9 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Sibon and Karen Bong ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Emphasis should be on Sept 16 not Aug 31 '' . The Borneo Post . Archived from the original on 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Merdeka proclamation on YouTube video Theme and Logo for Hari Kebangsaan <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - point agreement 20 - point agreement Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Sarawak Communist Insurgency Proclamation Malaysia Day PAP -- UMNO relations 1964 race riots Singapore in Malaysia Second Malayan Emergency 13 May Incident 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1997 Asian financial crisis Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities , towns and villages Districts Divisions East Malaysia Environment Fauna Flora World Heritage Sites Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Peninsular Malaysia Rivers States Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchies Parliament Political parties Prime Minister State legislative assemblies Head of state Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Banks Central bank Energy Federal budget Ringgit ( currency ) States by GDP Science and technology Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Malaysians Education Post-secondary Universities Ethnic groups Health Income disparity Languages Poverty Religion Water supply and sanitation Women International rankings Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Mythology Literature Malay lordship Media Music Names Public holidays Sport Symbols Animal Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Pledge <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hari_Merdeka&oldid=799066997 '' Categories : August observances Independence days British Malaya 1957 in Malaya Malaysian Independence Public holidays in Malaysia Hidden categories : CS1 Malay - language sources ( ms ) EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Infobox holiday fixed day ( 2 ) Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 12 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) 2. Federation of Malaya 3. Formation of Malaysia 4. Tunku Abdul Rahman 5. National holiday

who sings the original we wish you a merry christmas

We wish you a Merry Christmas - wikipedia We wish you a Merry Christmas Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> We Wish You a Merry Christmas Genre Christmas Language English Instrumental version of Kevin MacLeod `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' is a popular English Christmas carol from the West Country of England . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 2 Lyrics 2.1 Version 1 2.2 Version 3 2.3 Version 4 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The Bristol - based composer , conductor and organist Arthur Warrell is responsible for the popularity of the carol . Warrell arranged the tune for his own University of Bristol Madrigal Singers , and performed it with them in concert on December 6 , 1935 . That same year , his elaborate four - part arrangement was published by Oxford University Press , under the title `` A Merry Christmas : West Country traditional song '' . Warrell 's arrangement is notable for using `` I '' instead of `` we '' in the words ; the first line is `` I wish you a Merry Christmas '' . It was subsequently republished in the collection Carols for Choirs ( 1961 ) , and remains widely performed . The earlier history of the carol is unclear . It is absent from the collections of West - countrymen Davies Gilbert ( 1822 and 1823 ) and William Sandys ( 1833 ) , as well as from the great anthologies of Sylvester ( 1861 ) and Husk ( 1864 ) . It is also missing from The Oxford Book of Carols ( 1928 ) . In the comprehensive New Oxford Book of Carols ( 1992 ) , editors Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott describe it as `` English traditional '' and `` ( t ) he remnant of an envoie much used by wassailers and other luck visitors '' ; no source or date is given . Origin ( edit ) The greeting `` a merry Christmas and a happy New Year '' is recorded from the early eighteenth century . The English custom of performing inside or outside homes in return for food and drink is illustrated in the short story The Christmas Mummers ( 1858 ) by Charlotte Yonge , in which a group of boys run to a farmer 's door and sing : I wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year , A pantryful of good roast - beef , And barrels full of beer . After they are allowed in and perform a Mummers play , the boys are served beer by the farmer 's maid . Another example is recorded in 1883 , from the villages of Burford , Church Stretton and Worthen in the English county of Shropshire : I wish you a merry Christmas , a happy New Year , A pocket full of money , and a cellar full of beer ; A good fat pig to last you all the year . Please to give me a New Year 's gift . The origin of this Christmas carol lies in the English tradition wherein wealthy people of the community gave Christmas treats to the carolers on Christmas Eve , such as `` figgy pudding '' that was very much like modern - day Christmas puddings . A variety of nineteenth - century sources state that , in the West Country of England , `` figgy pudding '' referred to a raisin or plum pudding , not necessarily one containing figs . Lyrics ( edit ) We wish you a merry Christmas , We wish you a merry Christmas , We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , And bring it right here . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! We wo n't go till we get some , We wo n't go till we get some , We wo n't go till we get some , So bring it right here . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! We all like our figgy pudding , We all like our figgy pudding , We all like our figgy pudding , With all its good cheers Good tidings we bring To you and your kin We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year . We wish you a merry Christmas We wish you a merry Christmas We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! Version 1 ( edit ) Chorus : We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! Good tidings we bring To you and your kin We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! ( Some versions use `` glad tidings '' instead of `` good tidings '' ) Now bring us some figgy pudding , Now bring us some figgy pudding , Now bring us some figgy pudding , And bring some out here REFRAIN For we all like figgy pudding , We all like figgy pudding , For we all like figgy pudding , So bring some out here REFRAIN And we wo n't go until we 've got some We wo n't go until we 've got some We wo n't go until we 've got some So bring some out here REFRAIN Version 3 ( edit ) We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year . REFRAIN Good tidings we bring for you and your kin , Good tidings for Christmas and a Happy New Year . Oh bring us some figgy pudding ( x3 ) and bring it right here . REFRAIN And we wo n't go until we 've got some ( x3 ) so bring some out here . REFRAIN It 's a season for music ( x3 ) and a time of good Cheer . REFRAIN Version 4 ( edit ) We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year . REFRAIN Good tidings to you , where ever you are Good Tidings at Christmas and a Happy New Year ( The first line of the refrain can also be rendered as `` Good tidings we bring , to you of good cheer '' ) Now bring us some figgy pudding Now bring us some figgy pudding Now bring us some figgy pudding and bring it right here REFRAIN now bring some tea and breakfast now bring some tea and breakfast now bring some tea and breakfast and bring it right here REFRAIN Christmas time is coming , Christmas time is coming Christmas time is coming It soon will be here REFRAIN See also ( edit ) List of Christmas carols Christmas carol Christmas music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arthur Sydney Warrell , born Farmborough , 1883 , died Bristol , 1939 . Served as organist and choirmaster and several Bristol churches . Subsequently taught music at Bristol University and founded the Bristol University Choir , Orchestra , and Madrigal Singers . See Humphreys , Maggie ; Robert Evans ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland . London : Mansell . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 7201 - 2330 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Music and Drama '' . Western Daily Press and Bristol Mirror . Bristol . 154 ( 25,920 ) : 4 . 1935 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Warrell , Arthur ( arr . ) ( 1935 ) . A Merry Christmas . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019340530X . Jump up ^ In the Carols for Choirs reprint , but not in the 1935 original , the option of replacing `` I wish you a Merry Christmas '' by the more common `` We wish you a Merry Christmas '' is given Jump up ^ Gilbert , Davies ( 1822 ) . Some ancient Christmas Carols , with the Tunes to which they were formerly sung in the West of England ( PDF ) . London : J. Nichols and Son . Jump up ^ Sandys , William ( 1833 ) . Christmas Carols , Ancient and Modern . London : Richard Beckley . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1861 ) . A Garland of Christmas Carols , Ancient and Modern . London : John Camden Hotten . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Husk , William Henry ( ed . ) Songs of the Nativity , London : John Camden Hotten , 1864 . Jump up ^ Keyte , Hugh ; Parrott , Andrew , eds. ( 1992 ) . The New Oxford Book of Carols . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 529 . Jump up ^ `` a merry X'mas and a happy New Year '' , letter of Samuel Goodman dated December 20th 1710 , in Letters to Fort St. George : vol . xii ( 1711 ) . Madras : Government Press . 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yonge , Charlotte ( 1858 ) . The Christmas Mummers . London : Mozley . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Yonge , Charlotte ( 1858 ) . The Christmas Mummers . London : Mozley . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Burne , Charlotte Sophia ( ed . ) ( 1883 ) . Shropshire Folk - Lore . London : Trübner & Co. p. 317 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brech , Lewis ( 2010 ) . `` Storybook Advent Carols Collection Songbook '' . p. 48 . Couples Company , Inc , Jump up ^ Lester , Meera ( 2007 ) . `` Why Does Santa Wear Red ? : And 100 Other Christmas Curiousities Unwrapped '' p. 146 . Adams Media , Jump up ^ `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas ! - Christmas Songs of England '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` A ' figgy pudding ' ; a pudding with raisins in it ; a plum pudding '' , from `` Devonshire and Cornwall Vocabulary '' , The Monthly Magazine vol. 29 / 6 , no . 199 , June 1 , 1810 . p. 435 Jump up ^ `` Plum - pudding and plum - cake are universally called figgy pudding and figgy cake in Devonshire '' , from Lady , A ( 1837 ) . A dialogue in the Devonshire dialect , by a lady : to which is added a glossary , by J.F. Palmer . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , and Longman . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Figgy Pudding ... the ordinary name for plum - pudding . Also a baked batter pudding with raisins in it '' , Elworthy , Frederic Thomas ( 1875 ) . The Dialect of West Somerset . London : Trübner & Co. p. 252 . Jump up ^ e.g. , http://michaelkravchuk.com/free-lead-sheet-merry-christmas/ ; accessed 2015 - 12 - 09 <Th_colspan="2"> Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas&oldid=817994572 '' Categories : Christmas carols 16th - century songs 16th century in England Christmas in England Christmas songs English songs British songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 21 : 40 . 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1. We Wish You a Merry Christmas 2. Christmas carol 3. Arthur Warrell 4. West Country of England 5. Figgy pudding

a chemical reaction in a plant that converts solar to chemical energy

Solar chemical - wikipedia Solar chemical Jump to : navigation , search Solar chemical refers to a number of possible processes that harness solar energy by absorbing sunlight in a chemical reaction . The idea is conceptually similar to photosynthesis in plants , which converts solar energy into the chemical bonds of glucose molecules , but without using living organisms , which is why it is also called artificial photosynthesis . A promising approach is to use focused sunlight to provide the energy needed to split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of a metallic catalyst such as zinc . This is normally done in a two - step process so that hydrogen and oxygen are not produced in the same chamber , which creates an explosion hazard . Another approach involves taking the hydrogen created in this process and combining it with carbon dioxide to create methane . The benefit of this approach is that there is an established infrastructure for transporting and burning methane for power generation , which is not true for hydrogen . One main drawback to both of these approaches is common to most methods of energy storage : adding an extra step between energy collection and electricity production drastically decreases the efficiency of the overall process . It is also possible to use solar light to directly drive industrial chemical reactions and applications , eliminating the need to burn fossil fuels for energy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chemical storage 3 Applications 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) As early as 1909 , the dimerization of anthracene into dianthracene was investigated as a means of storing solar energy , as well as the photodimerization of the naphthalene series . In the 70 's and 80 's a fuel had been made from another reversible chemical , the norbornadiene to quadricyclane transformation cycle , but this failed because the reversal process had a low potential . Ruthenium - based molecules were also attempted , but this was dismissed because ruthenium is both rare and too heavy of a material . In the past decade , a new hybrid nanostructure was theorized as a new approach to this previously known concept of solar energy storage . Chemical storage ( edit ) Photodimerization is the light induced formation of dimers and Photoisomerization is the light induced formation of isomers . While photodimerization stores the energy from sunlight in new chemical bonds , Photoisomerization stores solar energy by reorienting existing chemical bonds into a higher energy configuration . Anthracene dimerization In order for an isomer to store energy then , it must be metastable as shown above . This results in a trade - off between the stability of the fuel isomer and how much energy must be put in to reverse the reaction when it is time to use the fuel . The isomer stores energy as strain energy in its bonds . The more strained the bonds are the more energy they can store , but the less stable the molecule is . The activation energy , Ea , is used to characterize how easy or hard it is for the reaction to proceed . If the activation energy is too small the fuel will tend to spontaneously move to the more stable state , providing limited usefulness as a storage medium . However , if the activation energy is very large , the energy expended to extract the energy from the fuel will effectively reduce the amount of energy that the fuel can store . Finding a useful molecule for a solar fuel requires finding the proper balance between the yield , the light absorption of the molecule , the stability of the molecule in the metastable state , and how many times the molecule can be cycled without degrading . Various ketones , azepines and norbornadienes among other compounds , such as azobenzene and its derivates , have been investigated as potential energy storing isomers . The norbornadiene - quadricyclane couple and its derivates have been extensively investigated for solar energy storage processes . Norbornadiene is converted to quadricyclane using energy extracted from sunlight , and the controlled release of the strain energy stored in quadricyclane ( about 110 k J / mole ) as it relaxes back to norbornadiene allows the energy to be extracted again for use later . Norbornadiene - Quadricyclane couple is of potential interest for solar energy storage Research into both the azobenzene and norbonadiene - quadricyclane systems was abandoned in the 1980s as unpractical due to problems with degradation , instability , low energy density , and cost . With recent advances in computing power though , there has been renewed interest in finding materials for solar thermal fuels . In 2011 , researchers at MIT used time - dependent density functional theory , which models systems at an atomic level , to design a system composed of azobenzene molecules bonded to carbon nanotube ( CNT ) templates . The CNT substrates will allow customizable interactions between neighboring molecules which greatly helps in fine tuning the properties of the fuel , for example an increase in the amount of energy stored . Through experimental procedures , researchers were able to get the first proof of principle that the hybrid nanostructure works as a functional thermal fuel . Azobenzenes have the advantage of absorbing wavelengths that are very abundant in sunlight , when this happens the molecule transforms from a trans - isomer to a cis - isomer which has a higher energy state of about 0.6 eV . To bring the molecule back down to its original state , i.e. release the energy it had collected , there are a few options . The first is to apply heat but that is associated with a cost which , relative to the amount of heat that will be produced from the release , is not cost efficient . The second , more effective option is to use a catalyst that lowers the thermal barrier and allows the heat to be released , almost like a switch . The transition back from cis to trans can also be triggered by blue visible light . This system provides an energy density comparable to lithium - ion batteries , while simultaneously increasing the stability of the activated fuel from several minutes to more than a year and allowing for large numbers of cycles without significant degradation . Further research is being done in search of even more improvement by examining different possible combinations of substrates and photoactive molecules . Applications ( edit ) There are a wide variety of both potential and current applications for solar chemical fuels . One of the major pros of this technology is its scalability . Since the energy can be stored and then later converted to heat when needed , it is ideal for smaller on the go units . These range from portable stoves or small personal heaters that can be charged in the sun to providing medical sanitation in off - grid areas , and plans are even in the works to use the system developed at MIT as a window de-icing system in automobiles . It also has the ability to be scaled up and heat larger homes or buildings or even heat bodies of water . A solar thermal fuel would ideally be able to cycle indefinitely without degradation , making it ideal for larger scale implementations that generally would need more replacements of other forms of storage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magnuson , A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Biomimetic and Microbial Approaches to Solar Fuel Generation '' . Accounts of Chemical Research . 42 ( 12 ) : 1899 -- 1908 . doi : 10.1021 / ar900127h . PMID 19757805 . Jump up ^ Bolton , James ( 1977 ) . Solar Power and Fuels . Academic Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 12 - 112350 - 2 . , p. 235 - 237 ^ Jump up to : Kolpak , Alexie ; Jeffrey Grossman ( 2011 ) . `` Azobenzene - Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes As High - Energy Density Solar Thermal Fuels '' . Nano Letters. 11 : 3156 -- 3162 . doi : 10.1021 / nl201357n . Jump up ^ Bolton , James ( 1977 ) . Solar Power and Fuels . Academic Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 12 - 112350 - 2 . , p. 238 - 240 ^ Jump up to : Durgan , E. ; Jeffrey Grossman ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Photoswitchable molecular rings for solar - thermal energy storage '' . Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 4 ( 4 ) : 854 -- 860 . doi : 10.1021 / jz301877n . Jump up ^ `` Materials Processing Center '' . Materials Processing Center . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . External links ( edit ) ANU Thermochemical energy storage system - Australian National University , Canberra . Laboratory for Solar Technology - Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen , Switzerland . Power & Energy Magazine , March 2004 article on Paul Scherrer Institute work Solar Chemistry Project Plataforma Solar de Almería , Spain , Isracast - Israel , Hydrogen Solar - UK . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Solar energy Concepts The Sun Solar irradiance Active and passive solar energy Solar power Thermal Passive solar building design Solar water heating Solar chimney Solar air conditioning Thermal mass Solar pond Photovoltaics and related topics Photovoltaic effect Solar cell Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Photovoltaic module ( solar panel ) Photovoltaic array ( and systems ) Photovoltaic power station Concentrated Heliostat Solar tracker Parabolic trough Solar power tower Experimental and proposed Solar updraft tower Solar - pumped laser Thermoelectric generator Solar chemical and artificial photosynthesis Space - based solar power Solar sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket By country Australia Austria Albania Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Denmark Georgia Germany Greece India Israel Italy Japan Lithuania Mexico Morocco Myanmar Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Somalia South Africa Spain Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Yemen Distribution and uses Storage Thermal mass Thermal energy storage Phase change material Grid energy storage Adoption Feed - in tariff Net metering Financial incentives for photovoltaics Costs Applications Solar water heating Solar vehicle Electric aircraft Electric boat Solar balloon Other applications Agriculture and horticulture Greenhouse Polytunnel Row cover Solar - powered pump Building Passive solar building design Building - integrated photovoltaics Urban heat island Lighting Hybrid solar lighting Solar lamp Solar Tuki Light tube Daylighting Process heat Solar pond Solar furnace Salt evaporation pond Cooking Solar cooker Disinfection Solar water disinfection Soil solarization Desalination Solar still Desalination Water heating Solar water heating Solar combisystem Zero carbon solar controller See also Photovoltaics topics Solar power by country Renewable energy sources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_chemical&oldid=822163899 '' Categories : Photovoltaics Fuel production Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 19 : 44 . 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1. Solar chemical processes 2. Artificial photosynthesis 3. Splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen 4. Combining hydrogen and carbon dioxide to create methane 5. Solar energy storage and efficiency

when was alsace and lorraine taken from france

Alsace - Lorraine - wikipedia Alsace - Lorraine Jump to : navigation , search <Td_colspan="3"> Imperial Territory of Alsace - Lorraine Reichsland Elsaß - Lothringen ( German ) , Terre d'Empire d'Alsace - Lorraine ( French ) <Td_colspan="3"> Imperial Territory of the German Empire <Td_colspan="3"> ← 1871 -- 1918 → <Td_colspan="3"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="3"> Anthem Elsässisches Fahnenlied `` The Alsatian Flag 's song '' <Td_colspan="3"> Alsace - Lorraine within the German Empire <Td_colspan="2"> Capital Straßburg ( Strasbourg ) <Td_colspan="2"> Government Federal territory <Td_colspan="3"> Reichsstatthalter 1871 -- 1879 Eduard von Möller ( first ) 1918 Rudolf Schwander ( last ) <Td_colspan="2"> Legislature Landtag <Td_colspan="2"> History Treaty of Frankfurt 10 May 1871 Disestablished 1918 Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 <Td_colspan="3"> Area 1910 14,496 km ( 5,597 sq mi ) <Td_colspan="3"> Population 1910 1,874,014 Density 129.3 / km ( 334.8 / sq mi ) <Td_colspan="2"> Political subdivisions Bezirk Lothringen , Oberelsass , Unterelsass <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of France Part of the series on Alsace Rot un Wiss , traditional flag of Alsace History ( show ) Germania Superior ( Pagus Alsatiae ) ( 83 -- 475 ) Alemanni ( circa 213 -- 496 ) Alamannia ( 3rd - century -- 911 ) Duchy of Alsace ( circa 630 -- 699 ) Prince - Bishopric of Strasbourg ( 982 -- 1803 ) County of Ferrette ( 11th - century -- 14th - century ) Salm ( 1165 − 1793 ) Landgraviate of Alsace ( 1186 -- 1646 ) Lower Alsace Upper Alsace Further Austria ( 13th - century -- 1648 ) Décapole ( 1354 -- 1679 ) County of Hanau - Lichtenberg ( 1456 -- 1736 ) Upper Rhenish Circle ( 1500 - 1679 ) Imperial Territory of Alsace - Lorraine ( 1871 -- 1918 ) Gau Baden - Elsaß ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Alsace ( 1945 -- 2016 ) Grand Est ( 2016 -- ) Culture ( show ) Coat of arms Flag Anthem People Language Demographics Musée alsacien ( Hagenau Strasbourg ) Religion ( show ) according to Concordat in Alsace - Moselle ( 1801 ) : ( including Lorraine ) Catholic Church Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg ( Immediately subject to the Holy See ) ( Prince - Bishopric of Strasbourg ) ( Lorraine : Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz ) Protestantism : Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine : Lutheranism : Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine Calvinism : Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine Jewish consistories : Strasbourg Colmar ( Lorraine : Metz ) Law ( show ) Local law in Alsace - Moselle Concordat in Alsace - Moselle Administrative divisions ( show ) Capital : Strasbourg Bas - Rhin ( Unterelsaß ) Arrondissement of Haguenau - Wissembourg Arrondissement of Molsheim Arrondissement of Saverne Arrondissement of Sélestat - Erstein Arrondissement of Strasbourg Haut - Rhin ( Oberelsaß ) Arrondissement of Altkirch Arrondissement of Colmar - Ribeauvillé Arrondissement of Mulhouse Arrondissement of Thann - Guebwiller Politics ( show ) Alsace Regional Council ( 1982 - 2015 ) Alsace independence movement Alsace in the European Union ( show ) European Parliament elections Constituency Related topics ( show ) Politics of France Politics of Germany Politics of the European Union Alsace portal Part of the series on Lorraine Flag of Lorraine since the 13th century History ( show ) Mediomatrici & Leuci Gallia Belgica Lotharingia Duchy of Lorraine Duchy of Bar Three Bishoprics German Empire Lorraine department Third Reich Lorraine department Lorraine region Grand Est Culture ( show ) Coat of arms Flag Symbol People Languages Lorrain Lorraine Franconian Low Alemannic Demographics Musée lorrain Religion ( show ) Roman Catholicism : Diocese of Metz ( Immediately subject to the Holy See ) Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint - Dié Diocese of Verdun Protestantism : Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine ( Moselle ) United Protestant Church of France ( rest of Lorraine ) Jewish consistories : Metz Nancy Law ( show ) Local law in Alsace - Moselle Concordat in Alsace - Moselle ( 1801 ) Administrative divisions ( show ) Meurthe - et - Moselle ( 54 ) Capital : Nancy Arrondissement of Briey Arrondissement of Lunéville Arrondissement of Nancy Arrondissement of Toul Meuse ( 55 ) Capital : Bar - le - Duc Arrondissement of Bar - le - Duc Arrondissement of Commercy Arrondissement of Verdun Moselle ( Lothringen , 57 ) Capital : Metz Arrondissement of Forbach - Boulay - Moselle Arrondissement of Metz Arrondissement of Sarrebourg - Château - Salins Arrondissement of Sarreguemines Arrondissement of Thionville Vosges ( 88 ) Capital : Épinal Arrondissement of Épinal Arrondissement of Neufchâteau Arrondissement of Saint - Dié Lorraine in the EU ( show ) European Parliament elections Constituency Related topics ( show ) Politics of France Politics of Germany Politics of the European Union Lorraine portal The Imperial Territory of Alsace - Lorraine ( German : Reichsland Elsaß - Lothringen or Elsass - Lothringen , French : Terre d'Empire d'Alsace - Lorraine or Alsace - Moselle ) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871 , after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco - Prussian War . The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains . The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges . The territory was made up of 93 % of Alsace and 26 % of Lorraine ; the remaining portions of these regions continued to be part of France . For historical reasons , specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a `` local law '' . In relation to its special legal status , since its reversion to France following World War I , the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace - Moselle . Since 2016 , the historical territory is now part of the French administrative region of Grand Est . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Towns and cities 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 From annexation to World War I 2.2. 1 Reichstag election results 1874 -- 1912 2.2. 2 During World War I 2.3 Annexation to the French Republic 2.4 World War II 3 Demographics 3.1 First language ( 1900 ) 3.2 Religion 3.2. 1 Religious statistics in 1910 3.3 Statistics ( 1866 -- 2010 ) 3.4 Languages 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Other languages 8 External links Geography ( edit ) Alsace - Lorraine had a land area of 14,496 km ( 5,597 sq mi ) . Its capital was Straßburg . It was divided in three districts ( Bezirke in German ) : Oberelsass ( Upper Alsace ) , whose capital was Kolmar , had a land area of 3,525 km and corresponds exactly to the current department of Haut - Rhin Unterelsass , ( Lower Alsace ) , whose capital was Straßburg , had a land area of 4,755 km and corresponds exactly to the current department of Bas - Rhin Lothringen , ( Lorraine ) , whose capital was Metz , had a land area of 6,216 km and corresponds exactly to the current department of Moselle ( department ) Towns and cities ( edit ) The largest urban areas in Alsace - Lorraine at the 1910 census were : Straßburg ( now Strasbourg ) : 220,883 inhabitants Mülhausen ( Mulhouse ) : 128,190 inhabitants Metz : 102,787 inhabitants Diedenhofen ( Thionville ) : 69,693 inhabitants Colmar ( also historically Kolmar ) : 44,942 inhabitants History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Main articles : French -- German enmity and Causes of the Franco - Prussian War The modern history of Alsace - Lorraine was largely influenced by the rivalry between French and German nationalism . France long sought to attain and preserve its `` natural boundaries '' , which are the Pyrenees to the southwest , the Alps to the southeast , and the Rhine River to the northeast . These strategic claims led to the annexation of territories located west of the Rhine river in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . What is now known as Alsace was progressively conquered by Louis XIV in the 17th century , while Lorraine was incorporated in the 18th century under Louis XV . German nationalism , which resurfaced following the French occupation of Germany under Napoleon , sought to unify all the German - speaking populations of the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation into a single nation - state . As various German dialects were spoken by most of the population of Alsace and Moselle ( northern Lorraine ) , these regions were viewed by German nationalists to be rightfully part of hoped - for united Germany in the future . We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves . In the perversion of their French life they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany . -- Heinrich von Treitschke , German historian , 1871 From annexation to World War I ( edit ) Main article : Franco - Prussian War This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Louis - Frédéric Schützenberger 's The Exodus ( 1872 ) , depicting Alsatians leaving newly annexed Alsace for France Shading shows départements before 1870 ; black lines after 1871 . Only the département of Meurthe changed name and became Meurthe - et - Moselle after the border changes ; border between 1871 and 1918 in yellow . The loss of Alsace and Lorraine personified -- statue in Nancy , in the French part of Lorraine . `` The Black Stain '' : In France , children were taught in school not to forget the lost provinces , which were coloured in black on maps . Painting by Albert Bettannier , a native of Metz who fled to Paris after the annexation of his hometown . In 1871 , the newly created German Empire 's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco - Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure . The transfer was controversial even among the Germans : The German Chancellor , Otto von Bismarck , was initially opposed to it , as he thought it would engender permanent French enmity toward Germany . Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries , such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse . Karl Marx also warned his fellow Germans : `` If Alsace and Lorraine are taken , then France will later make war on Germany in conjunction with Russia . It is unnecessary to go into the unholy consequences . '' However , the German Emperor , Wilhelm I , eventually sided with army commander Helmuth von Moltke , other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for strategic military and ethnographic reasons . From an ethnic perspective , the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke Alemannic German dialects . From a military perspective , by early 1870s standards , shifting the frontier away from the Rhine would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks . Due to the annexation , the Germans gained control of the fortifications of Metz , though it was a French - speaking town ; of Strasbourg ( Straßburg ) on the left bank of the Rhine ; and of most of the iron resources of Lorraine . However , domestic politics in the new Reich may have been decisive . Although it was effectively led by Prussia , the new German Empire was a decentralized federal state . The new arrangement left many senior Prussian generals with serious misgivings about leading diverse military forces to guard a prewar frontier that , except for the northernmost section , was part of two other states of the new Empire -- Baden and Bavaria . As recently as the 1866 Austro - Prussian War , these states had been Prussia 's enemies . In the new Empire 's constitution , both states , but especially Bavaria , had been given concessions with regard to local autonomy , including partial control of their military forces . For this reason , the Prussian General Staff argued that it was necessary for the Reich 's frontier with France to be under direct Prussian control . Creating a new Imperial Territory ( Reichsland ) out of formerly French territory would achieve this goal : although a Reichsland would not be part of the Kingdom of Prussia , being governed directly from Berlin it would be under Prusso - German control . Thus , by annexing Alsace - Lorraine , Berlin was able to avoid complications with Baden and Bavaria on such matters as new fortifications . Memories of the Napoleonic Wars were still quite fresh in the 1870s . Right up until the Franco - Prussian War , the French had maintained a long - standing desire to establish their entire eastern frontier on the Rhine , and thus they were viewed by most 19th century Germans as an aggressive people . In the years before 1870 , it is arguable that the Germans feared the French more than the French feared the Germans . Many Germans at the time thought that the creation of the new Empire in itself would be enough to earn permanent French enmity , and thus desired a defensible border with their old enemy . Any additional enmity that would be earned from territorial concessions was downplayed as marginal and insignificant in the overall scheme of things . The annexed area consisted of the northern part of Lorraine , along with Alsace . The area around the town of Belfort ( now the French département of Territoire de Belfort ) was unaffected , because Belfort had been defended by Colonel Denfert - Rochereau , who surrendered only after receiving orders from Paris , and was compensated by another territory . The town of Montbéliard and its surrounding area to the south of Belfort , which have been part of the Doubs department since 1816 , and therefore were not considered part of Alsace , were not included , although they were a Protestant enclave , as it belonged to Württemberg from 1397 to 1806 . This area corresponded to the French départements of Bas - Rhin ( in its entirety ) , Haut - Rhin ( except the area of Belfort and Montbéliard ) , and a small area in the northeast of the Vosges département , all of which made up Alsace , and the départements of Moselle ( four - fifths of it ) and the northeast of Meurthe ( one - third of Meurthe ) , which were the eastern part of Lorraine . The rest of the département of Meurthe was joined with the westernmost part of Moselle which had escaped German annexation to form the new département of Meurthe - et - Moselle . The neo-Romanesque Metz railway station , built in 1908 . Kaiser Wilhelm II instigated the construction of various buildings in Alsace - Lorraine supposedly representative of German architecture . The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide between French and German dialects , except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains , the city of Metz and its region and in the area of Château - Salins ( formerly in the Meurthe département ) , which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French . In 1900 , 11.6 % of the population of Alsace - Lorraine spoke French as their first language ( 11.0 % in 1905 , 10.9 % in 1910 ) . That small francophone areas were affected , was used in France to denounce the new border as hypocrisy , since Germany had justified the annexation on linguistic grounds . However , the German administration was tolerant of the use of the French language , and French was permitted as an official language and school language in those areas where it was spoken by a majority . This would only change with the First World War in 1914 . The Treaty of Frankfurt gave the residents of the region until October 1 , 1872 to choose between emigrating to France or remaining in the region and having their nationality legally changed to German . About 161,000 people , i.e. , around 10.4 % of the residents of Alsace - Lorraine , opted for French citizenship ( the so - called Optanden ) ; however , only about 50,000 actually emigrated , while the rest acquired German citizenship . The sentiment of attachment to France stayed strong at least during the first 16 years of the annexation . During the Reichstag elections , the 15 deputies of 1874 , 1881 , 1884 ( but one ) and 1887 were called protester deputies ( fr : députés protestataires ) because they expressed to the Reichstag their opposition to the annexation by means of the 1874 motion in the French language : `` May it please the Reichstag to decide that the populations of Alsace - Lorraine that were annexed , without having been consulted , to the German Reich by the treaty of Frankfurt have to come out particularly about this annexation . '' The Saverne Affair ( usually known in English - language accounts as the Zabern Affair ) , in which abusive and oppressive behaviour by the military towards the population of the town of Saverne led to protests not just in Alsace but in other regions , put a severe strain on the relationship between the people of Alsace - Lorraine and the rest of the German Empire . Under the German Empire of 1871 - 1918 , the annexed territory constituted the Reichsland or Imperial Territory of Elsaß - Lothringen ( German for Alsace - Lorraine ) . The area was administered directly from Berlin , but was granted limited autonomy in 1911 . This included its constitution and state assembly , its own flag , and the Elsässisches Fahnenlied ( Alsatian Flag Song ) as its anthem . Reichstag election results 1874 -- 1912 ( edit ) 1874 1877 1878 1881 1884 1887 1890 1893 1898 1903 1907 1912 Inhabitants ( in 1,000 ) 1550 1532 1567 1564 1604 1641 1719 1815 1874 Eligible voters ( in % ) 20.6 21.6 21.0 19.9 19.5 20.1 20.3 20.3 21.0 21.7 21.9 22.3 Turnout ( in % ) 76.5 64.2 64.1 54.2 54.7 83.3 60.4 76.4 67.8 77.3 87.3 84.9 Regional Parties Autonomists ( fr ) ( Aut ) 96.9 97.8 87.5 93.3 95.9 92.2 56.6 47.7 46.9 36.1 30.2 46.5 Social Democratic Party of Germany ( S ) 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.8 0.3 10.7 19.3 22.7 24.2 23.7 31.8 Conservatives ( K ) 0.0 0.2 2.8 0.0 12.5 14.7 10.0 4.8 Deutsche Reichspartei ( R ) 0.2 12.0 0.8 1.5 6.6 7.6 6.1 4.1 3.5 2.7 2.1 National Liberal Party ( N ) 2.1 0.0 1.9 0.7 11.5 8.5 3.6 10.3 Liberals 0.2 Freeminded Union ( FVg ) 0.0 0.1 6.2 6.4 Progressive People 's Party ( FVp ) 1.4 0.0 1.8 0.5 14.0 Centre Party ( Zentrum ) ( Z ) 0.0 0.6 7.1 31.1 5.4 Others 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.1 1.9 12.0 7.0 5.9 0.2 1874 1877 1878 1881 1884 1887 1890 1893 1898 1903 1907 1912 Mandates Aut 15 Aut 15 Aut 15 Aut 15 Aut 15 Aut 15 Aut 10 Aut 8 FVg Aut 10 FVg Aut 9 FVg Vp U Aut 7 Z 5 FVg Aut 9 5 FVp : Progressive People 's Party . formed in 1910 as a merger of all leftist liberal parties . During World War I ( edit ) Further information : World War I German patrol during the Saverne Affair Translation : Here at Gertwiller on 22 August 1914 three Alsatian farmers were shot , against all justice . ( ... ) innocent victims of German barbarity . Alsatians ! Remember ! In French foreign policy , the demand for the return of Alsace and Lorraine faded in importance after 1880 with the decline of the monarchists element . When the World War broke out in 1914 , recovery of the two lost provinces became the top French war goal . In the early 20th century , the increased militarization of Europe , and the lack of negotiation between major powers , led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace - Lorraine during World War I. As soon as war was declared , both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace - Lorraine as propaganda pawns . Germans living in France were arrested and placed into camps by the French authorities . Upon occupying certain villages , veterans of the 1870 conflict were sought out and arrested by the French army . The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace - Lorraine populace : the Saverne Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to the German Empire and that it should be forced into submission . German troops occupied some homes . The German military feared French partisans -- or francs - tireurs , as they had been called during the Franco - Prussian War -- would reappear . German authorities developed policies aimed at reducing the influence of French . In Metz , French street names , which had been displayed in French and German , were suppressed in January 1915 . Six months later , on July 15 , 1915 , German became the only official language in the region , leading to the Germanization of the towns ' names effective September 2 , 1915 . Prohibiting the speaking of French in public further increased the exasperation of some of the natives , who were long accustomed to mixing their conversation with French language ( see code - switching ) ; however , the use even of one word , as innocent as `` bonjour '' , could incur a fine . Some ethnic Germans in the region cooperated in the persecution as a way to demonstrate German patriotism . German authorities became increasingly worried about renewed French nationalism . The Reichsland governor stated in February 1918 : `` Sympathies towards France and repulsion for Germans have penetrated to a frightening depth the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry '' . But in order to spare them possible confrontations with relatives in France but also to avoid any desertion from the Alsatian soldiers to the French army , German Army draftees from Alsace - Lorraine were sent mainly to the Eastern front , or the Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . About 15,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers served in the German Navy . Annexation to the French Republic ( edit ) Main article : November 1918 in Alsace - Lorraine An Alsatian in traditional dress and a French officer , c. 1919 In the general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring German Empire , Marxist councils of workers and soldiers ( Soldaten und Arbeiterräte ) formed in Mulhouse , in Colmar and Strasbourg in November 1918 , in parallel to other such bodies set up in Germany , in imitation of the Russian equivalent soviets . Metz and the Lorraine returned to France , front page of Le Petit Journal newspaper dated from 8 December 1918 In this chaotic situation , Alsace - Lorraine 's Landtag proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land with the name of Nationalrat , the Soviet of Strasbourg claimed the foundation of a Republic of Alsace - Lorraine , while SPD Reichstag representative for Colmar , Jacques Peirotes , announced the establishment of the French rule , urging Paris to send troops quickly . While the soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between November 11 and 17 , the arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation : French troops put the region under occupatio bellica and entered Strasbourg on November 21 . The Nationalrat proclaimed the annexation of Alsace to France on December 5 , even though this process did not gain international recognition until the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . Alsace - Lorraine was divided into the départements of Haut - Rhin , Bas - Rhin and Moselle ( the same political structure as before the annexation and as created by the French Revolution , with slightly different limits ) . Today , these territories enjoy laws that are significantly different from the rest of France -- these specific provisions are known as the local law . The département Meurthe - et - Moselle was maintained even after France recovered Alsace - Lorraine in 1919 . The area of Belfort became a special status area and was not reintegrated into Haut - Rhin in 1919 but instead was made a full - status département in 1922 under the name Territoire - de-Belfort . The French Government immediately started a Francization campaign that included the forced deportation of all Germans who had settled in the area after 1870 . For that purpose , the population was divided in four categories : A ( French citizens before 1870 ) , B ( descendants of such French citizens ) , C ( citizens of Allied or neutral states ) and D ( enemy aliens - Germans ) . By July 1921 , 111,915 people categorized as `` D '' had been expelled to Germany . German - language Alsatian newspapers were also suppressed . World War II ( edit ) Main article : Malgré - nous Monument to the Malgré - nous in Obernai , Alsace After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940 , Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by Nazi Germany . Although the terms of the armistice specified that the integrity of the whole French territory could not be modified in any way , Adolf Hitler , the German Führer , drafted an annexation law in 1940 that he kept secret , expecting to announce it in the event of a German victory . Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor , Berlin took full control of Alsace - Lorraine , and Alsatians - Lorrainians could be drafted into the German Army . During the occupation , Moselle was integrated into a Reichsgau named Westmark and Alsace was amalgamated with Baden . Beginning in 1942 , people from Alsace and Moselle were made German citizens by decree of the Nazi government . Beginning in October 1942 , young Alsatian and Lorrainian men were inducted into the German armed forces . Sometimes they were known as the malgré - nous , which could be translated in English as `` against our will '' . A small minority , however , volunteered , notably the author of The Forgotten Soldier , known by the pseudonym Guy Sajer . Ultimately , 100,000 Alsatians and 30,000 Mosellans were enrolled , many of them to fight on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Red Army . Most of those who survived the war were interned in Tambov in Russia in 1945 . Many others fought in Normandy against the Allies as the malgré - nous of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich , some of which were involved in the Oradour sur Glane and Tulle war crimes . Speaking Alsatian , Lorraine Franconian or French was prohibited under German occupation , and learning German was obligatory . Demographics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) First language ( 1900 ) ( edit ) German and Germanic dialects : 1,492,347 ( 86.8 % ) Other Languages : 219,638 ( 12.8 % ) French and Romance dialects : 198,318 ( 11.5 % ) Italian : 18,750 ( 1.1 % ) German and a second language : 7,485 ( 0.4 % ) Polish : 1,410 ( 0.1 % ) Religion ( edit ) When Alsace and the Lorraine department became part of Germany , the French laws regarding religious bodies were preserved , with special privileges to the then recognised religions of Calvinism , Judaism , Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism , under a system known as the Concordat . However , the Roman Catholic dioceses of Metz and of Strasbourg became exempt jurisdictions . The Church of Augsburg Confession of France ( fr ) , with its directory , supreme consistory and the bulk of its parishioners residing in Alsace , was reorganised as the Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine ( EPCAAL ) in 1872 , but territorially reconfined to Alsace - Lorraine only . The five local Calvinist consistories , originally part of the Reformed Church of France , formed a statewide synod in 1895 , the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine ( EPRAL ) . The three Israelite consistories in Colmar ( de ) , Metz ( de ) and Strasbourg ( de ) were disentangled from supervision by the Israelite Central Consistory of France and continued as separate statutory corporations which never formed a joint body , but cooperated . All the mentioned religious bodies retained the status as établissements publics de culte ( public bodies of Religion ) . When the new Alsace - Lorraine constitution of 1911 provided for a bicameral state parliament ( Landtag of Alsace - Lorraine ( fr ) ) each recognised religion was entitled to send a representative into the first chamber of the Landtag as ex officio members ( the bishops of Strasbourg and of Metz , the presidents of EPCAAL and EPRAL , and a delegate of the three Israelite consistories ) . Religious statistics in 1910 ( edit ) Population 1,874,014 : Catholic : 76.22 % Protestant : 21.78 % ( 18.87 % Lutherans , 2.91 % Calvinists ) Jewish : 1.63 % Other Christian : 0.21 % Atheist : 0.12 % Statistics ( 1866 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Year Population Cause of change 1866 1,596,198 -- 1875 1,531,804 After incorporation into the German Empire , 100,000 to 130,000 people left for France and French Algeria 1910 1,874,014 + 0.58 % population growth per year during 1875 - 1910 1921 1,709,749 Death of young men in the German army ( 1914 -- 18 ) ; Deportation of persons considered German by the French authorities . 1936 1,915,627 + 0.76 % population growth per year during 1921 -- 1936 1946 1,767,131 Death of young men in the French army in 1939 -- 45 , Death of young men in the German army in 1942 -- 45 , Death of civilians and many people still refugees in the rest of France 2,523,703 + 1.24 % population growth per year during 1946 -- 1975 , a period of rapid population and economic growth in France known as the Trente Glorieuses 2,890,753 + 0.39 % population growth per year during 1975 -- 2010 , a period marked by deindustrialization , rising unemployment ( particularly in Moselle ) , and the migration of many people from northern and north - eastern France to the milder winters and economic dynamism of the Mediterranean and Atlantic regions of France Languages ( edit ) Spatial distribution of dialects in Alsace - Lorraine before the expansion of standard French in the 20th century Both Germanic and Romance dialects were traditionally spoken in Alsace - Lorraine before the 20th century . Germanic dialects : Central German dialects : Luxembourgish Franconian aka Luxembourgish in the north - west of Moselle ( Lothringen ) around Thionville ( Diddenuewen in the local Luxembourgish dialect ) and Sierck - les - Bains ( Siirk in the local Luxembourgish dialect ) . Moselle Franconian in the central northern part of Moselle around Boulay - Moselle ( Bolchin in the local Moselle Franconian dialect ) and Bouzonville ( Busendroff in the local Moselle Franconian dialect ) . Rhine Franconian in the north - east of Moselle around Forbach ( Fuerboch in the local Rhine Franconian dialect ) , Bitche ( Bitsch in the local Rhine Franconian dialect ) , and Sarrebourg ( Saarbuerj in the local Rhine Franconian dialect ) , as well as in the north - west of Alsace around Sarre - Union ( Buckenum in the local Rhine Franconian dialect ) and La Petite - Pierre ( Lítzelstain in the local Rhine Franconian dialect ) . Transitional between Central German and Upper German : South Franconian in the northernmost part of Alsace around Wissembourg ( Waisseburch in the local South Franconian dialect ) . Upper German dialects : Alsatian in the largest part of Alsace and in a few villages around Phalsbourg in the extreme south - east of Moselle . Alsatian was the most spoken dialect in Alsace - Lorraine . High Alemannic in the southernmost part of Alsace , around Saint - Louis and Ferrette ( Pfirt in the local High Alemannic dialect ) . Romance dialects ( belonging to the langues d'oïl like French ) : Lorrain in roughly the southern half of Moselle , including its capital Metz , as well as in some valleys of the Vosges Mountains in the west of Alsace around Schirmeck and Sainte - Marie - aux - Mines . Franc - Comtois in 12 villages in the extreme south - west of Alsace . See also ( edit ) Franco - Prussian War Unification of Germany French -- German enmity Gare de Metz - Ville November 1918 in Alsace - Lorraine Guy Sajer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An instruction dated 1920 - 08 - 14 from the assistant Secretary of State of the Presidency of the Council to the General Commissioner of the Republic in Strasbourg reminds that the term Alsace - Lorraine is prohibited and must be replaced by the sentence `` the département of Haut - Rhin , the département of Bas - Rhin and the département of Moselle '' . While this sentence was considered as too long , some used the term Alsace - Moselle to point to the three concerned départements . However , this instruction has no legal status because it is not based on any territorial authority . Jump up ^ The linguistic border ran on the north of the new border , including in the `` Alemannic '' territories Thionville ( also named Diedenhofen under the German Reich ) , Metz , Château - Salins , Vic - sur - Seille and Dieuze , which were fully French - speaking . The valleys of Orbey and Sainte - Marie - aux - Mines were in the same case . Similarly , the town of Dannemarie ( and adjoining areas ) were also left in Alsace when language alone could have made them part of Territoire de Belfort . Jump up ^ As of on October 26 , 1914 , we can read in Spindler 's journal : `` Then he recommends to me not to speak French . The streets are infested with informers , men and women , who touch rewards and make arrest the passers by for a simple `` merci '' said in French . It goes without saying that these measures excite the joker spirit of the people . A woman at the market , who probably was unaware that `` bonchour '' and `` merci '' was French , is taken with part by a German woman because she answered her `` Guten Tag '' by a `` bonchour `` . Then , the good woman , the fists on the hips , challenges her client : `` Now I 'm fed up with your silly stories ! Do you know what ? ( here something like `` kiss my ... '' ) ! Is that endly also French ? '' ( als : Jetz grad genua mit dene dauwe Plän ! Wisse Sie was ? Leeke Sie mich ... ! Esch des am End au franzêsch ? ) '' Jump up ^ We can read in L'Alsace pendant la guerre how the exasperation of the population gradually increased but Spindler hears on September 29 , 1914 , a characteristic sentence : `` ... the interior decorator H. , who repairs the mattresses of the Ott house , said to me this morning : `` If only it was the will of God that we became again French and that these damned `` Schwowebittel '' were thrown out of the country ! And then , you know , there are chances that it happens . '' It is the first time since the war I hear a simple man expressing frankly this wish . '' Jump up ^ One of the famous case was the desertion from all the Alsatian soldiers from their German bataillion the eve of the Verdun offensive to warn the French army from the imminent attack Jump up ^ However , on the Colmar prefecture building , the name of Belfort can be seen as a sous - prefecture . Jump up ^ ( The term actually appeared after World War I . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosen , William James ( 2013 ) . The age of Louis XIV : the rise of modern diplomacy . Transaction Publishers . p. 55 . OCLC 847763358 . Jump up ^ Cerf , Barry ( 1919 ) . Alsace - Lorraine since 1870 . MacMillan . Jump up ^ Finot , Jean ( May 30 , 1915 ) . `` Remaking the Map of Europe '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Churchill , W.S. , `` The World Crisis , Vol . I : 1911 - 1914 , Bloomsbury Academic , 2015 , p. 4 . '' Jump up ^ Fernbach , David ( ed . ) Marx : The First International and After , p. 178 , Letter to the Brunswick committee of the Social - Democratic Workers ' Party , from Marx - Engels - Werke Jump up ^ Sophie Charlotte Preibusch : Verfassungsentwicklungen im Reichsland Elsass - Lothringen 1871 -- 1918 . In : Berliner Juristische Universitätsschriften , Grundlagen des Rechts . Vol 38 , ISBN 3 - 8305 - 1112 - 4 , p. 96 . ( in German ) ( Google Digitalisat ) Jump up ^ Les députés `` protestataires '' d'Alsace - Lorraine ( French ) Jump up ^ Frederic H. Seager , `` The Alsace - Lorraine Question in France , 1871 - 1914 . '' in Charles K. Warner , ed. , From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front ( 1969 ) : 111 - 126 . Jump up ^ In 1914 , Albert Schweitzer was put under supervision in Lambaréné , French Equatorial Africa ; in 1917 , he was taken to France and incarcerated until July 1918 . Jump up ^ Charles Spindler , L'Alsace pendant la Guerre , 6 septembre 1914 and 11 septembre 1915 . Jump up ^ Grandhomme , Jean - Noël ( 2008 ) Boches ou tricolores . Strasbourg : La nuée bleue . Jump up ^ Grandhomme , Jean - Noël . op. cit . Jump up ^ Alain Denizot - ( 1996 ) - `` Guerre mondiale , 1914 - 1918 - Campagnes et batailles '' 67 - 68 Jump up ^ Jacques Fortier , `` La chute de l'Empire '' , Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace , 16 November 2008 ( Fr . ) Jump up ^ Jean - Noël Grandhomme , `` Le retour de l'Alsace - Lorraine '' , L'Histoire , number 336 , November 2008 ( Fr . ) Jump up ^ Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Ordnungsgemäße Überführung - Die Vertreibung der Deutschen nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ( in German ) . C.H. Beck . pp. 94 f . ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 62294 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Tabellarische Geschichte Elsaß - Lothringens / Französische Besatzung ( 1918 - 1940 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Eberhard Jäckel , La France dans l'Europe de Hitler , op . cit. , p. 123 - 124 . Jump up ^ Eberhard Jäckel , `` L'annexion déguisée '' , dans Frankreich in Hitlers Europa -- Die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg , Deutsche Verlag - Anstalg GmbH , Stuttgart , 1966 , p. 123 - 124 . Jump up ^ Pierre Schlund , Souvenirs de guerre d'un Alsacien , Éditions Mille et une vies , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 2 - 923692 - 18 - 0 Jump up ^ Paul Durand , En passant par la Lorraine ; gens et choses de chez nous 1900 - 1945 , Éditions Le Lorrain , 1945 , p. 131 - 132 ^ Jump up to : Rademacher , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Verwaltungsgeschichte Elsaß - Lothringen 1871 -- 1919 '' ( Administrative History of Alsace - Lorraine 1871 -- 1919 ) ( in German ) . Further reading ( edit ) Bankwitz , Philip Charles Farwell . Alsatian autonomist leaders , 1919 - 1947 ( UP of Kansas , 1978 ) . Byrnes , Joseph F. `` The relationship of religious practice to linguistic culture : language , religion , and education in Alsace and the Roussillon , 1860 -- 1890 . '' Church History 68 # 3 ( 1999 ) : 598 - 626 . Harp , Stephen L. `` Building the German nation . Primary schooling in Alsace - Lorraine , 1870 -- 1918 . '' Paedagogica Historica 32. supplement 1 ( 1996 ) : 197 - 219 . Hazen , Charles Downer . Alsace - Lorraine Under German Rule ( New York : H. Holt , 1917 ) . online ; scholarly history Höpel , Thomas : The French - German Borderlands : Borderlands and Nation - Building in the 19th and 20th Centuries , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2010 , retrieved : December 17 , 2012 . Klein , Detmar . `` German - Annexed Alsace and Imperial Germany : A Process of Colonisation ? . '' in Róisín Healy and Enrico Dal Lago , eds . The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe 's Modern Past ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2014 ) . 92 - 108 . Putnam , Ruth . Alsace and Lorraine from Cæsar to Kaiser , 58 B.C. -- 1871 A.D. New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1915 . Seager , Frederic H. `` The Alsace - Lorraine Question in France , 1871 - 1914 . '' in Charles K. Warner , ed. , From the Ancien Regime to the Popular Front ( 1969 ) : 111 - 126 . Silverman , Dan P. Reluctant Union ; Alsace - Lorraine and Imperial Germany , 1871 - 1918 ( Pennsylvania State UP , 1972 ) . Varley , Karine . Under the Shadow of Defeat ( Palgrave Macmillan UK , 2008 ) pp. 175 -- 202 . Other languages ( edit ) Baumann , Ansbert . `` Die Erfindung des Grenzlandes Elsass - Lothringen '' , in : Burkhard Olschowsky ( ed . ) , Geteilte Regionen -- geteilte Geschichtskulturen ? Muster der europäischen Identitätsbildung im europäischen Vergleich , Munich : Oldenbourg 2013 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 486 - 71210 - 0 , S. 163 -- 183 . Roth , François . Alsace - Lorraine , De 1870 À Nos Jours : Histoire d'un `` pays perdu '' . Nancy : Place Stanislas , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35578 - 050 - 9 . 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when were tigers first listed as an endagered species

Endangered species - wikipedia Endangered species For other uses , see Endangered species ( disambiguation ) . `` Endangered '' redirects here . For other uses , see Endangered ( disambiguation ) . Species of organisms facing a very high risk of extinction <Th_colspan="2"> Conservation status by IUCN Red List category <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) ( list ) ( list ) <Th_colspan="2"> Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) ( list ) ( list ) ( list ) <Th_colspan="2"> Lower Risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Conservation Dependent ( CD ) Least Concern ( LC ) ( list ) ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> Other categories Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> Related topics International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) IUCN Red List NatureServe status Lists of organisms by population <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Iberian lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) , an endangered species . An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct . Endangered ( EN ) , as categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) Red List , is the second most severe conservation status for wild populations in the IUCN 's schema after Critically Endangered ( CR ) . In 2012 , the IUCN Red List featured 3079 animal and 2655 plant species as endangered ( EN ) worldwide . The figures for 1998 were , respectively , 1102 and 1197 . Many nations have laws that protect conservation - reliant species : for example , forbidding hunting , restricting land development or creating preserves . Population numbers , trends and species ' conservation status can be found at the lists of organisms by population . Contents 1 Conservation status 2 IUCN Red List 2.1 Criteria for ' Endangered ( EN ) ' 3 Endangered species in the United States 3.1 Endangered Species Act 4 Invasive species 5 Conservation 5.1 Captive breeding 5.2 Private farming 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Bibliography 10 External links Conservation status ( edit ) Main article : Conservation status The conservation status of a species indicates the likelihood that it will become extinct . Many factors are considered when assessing the status of a species ; e.g. , such statistics as the number remaining , the overall increase or decrease in the population over time , breeding success rates , or known threats . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the best - known worldwide conservation status listing and ranking system . Over 50 % of the world 's species are estimated to be at risk of extinction . Internationally , 199 countries have signed an accord to create Biodiversity Action Plans that will protect endangered and other threatened species . In the United States , such plans are usually called Species Recovery Plans . IUCN Red List ( edit ) The Siberian tiger is an Endangered ( EN ) tiger subspecies . Three tiger subspecies are already extinct ( see List of carnivorans by population ) . Blue - throated macaw , an endangered species Brown spider monkey , an endangered species Siamese crocodile , an endangered species American burying beetle , an endangered species Kemp 's ridley sea turtle , an endangered species Mexican Wolf , the most endangered subspecies of the North American Grey Wolf . Approximately 143 are living wild . Though labelled a list , the IUCN Red List is a system of assessing the global conservation status of species that includes `` Data Deficient '' ( DD ) species -- species for which more data and assessment is required before their status may be determined -- as well species comprehensively assessed by the IUCN 's species assessment process . Those species of `` Near Threatened '' ( NT ) and `` Least Concern '' ( LC ) status have been assessed and found to have relatively robust and healthy populations , though these may be in decline . Unlike their more general use elsewhere , the List uses the terms `` endangered species '' and `` threatened species '' with particular meanings : `` Endangered '' ( EN ) species lie between `` Vulnerable '' ( VU ) and `` Critically Endangered '' ( CR ) species , while `` Threatened '' species are those species determined to be Vulnerable , Endangered or Critically Endangered . The IUCN categories , with examples of animals classified by them , include : Extinct ( EX ) no remaining individuals of the species Examples : aurochs ara atwoodi blackfin cisco Caribbean monk seal Caspian tiger dodo eastern cougar great auk Guam flycatcher Javan tiger Labrador duck lesser bilby New Zealand quail passenger pigeon Schomburgk 's deer Steller 's sea cow thylacine toolache wallaby California Grizzly Bear Extinct in the wild ( EW ) Captive individuals survive , but there is no free - living , natural population . Examples : Guam kingfisher Guam Rail Hawaiian crow Northern white rhinoceros Père David 's deer scimitar oryx Socorro dove South China tiger Wyoming toad Critically endangered ( CR ) Faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future . Examples : addax African wild ass Asiatic lion Alabama cavefish Amur leopard Arabian leopard Arakan forest turtle Asiatic cheetah axolotl Wild Bactrian camel black rhino blue - throated macaw Brazilian merganser brown spider monkey California condor Chinese alligator Chinese giant salamander Cross River gorilla Florida panther gharial Hawaiian monk seal Imperial woodpecker Ivory - billed Woodpecker Tristan albatross Amsterdam albatross Leadbeater 's possum Mediterranean monk seal mountain gorilla Northwest African cheetah northern hairy - nosed wombat Philippine crocodile red wolf saiga Siamese crocodile red - throated lorikeet Spix 's macaw southern bluefin tuna Rück 's blue flycatcher Sumatran orangutan Sumatran rhinoceros blue - fronted lorikeet vaquita Yangtze river dolphin western lowland gorilla hawksbill sea turtle Kemp 's ridley sea turtle Endangered ( EN ) Faces a high risk of extinction in the near future . Examples : Mexican Wolf African penguin African wild dog Amur tiger Asian elephant Bengal tiger Australasian bittern blue whale bonobo Bornean orangutan common chimpanzee dhole eastern lowland gorilla Ethiopian wolf Flores crow hispid hare giant otter Goliath frog grey parrot green sea turtle loggerhead sea turtle Grevy 's zebra Humblot 's heron Iberian lynx Indian pangolin Japanese crane Japanese night heron Lear 's macaw Malayan tapir markhor Malagasy pond heron yellow headed amazon purple - faced langur red - breasted goose Rothschild 's giraffe snow leopard South Andean deer anoa takhi Toque macaque Vietnamese pheasant volcano rabbit wild water buffalo white - eared night heron Whooping crane fishing cat tasmanian devil red panda Vulnerable ( VU ) Faces a high risk of endangerment in the medium term . Examples : military macaw African leopard American paddlefish common carp clouded leopard cheetah dugong Far Eastern curlew fossa Galapagos tortoise gaur blue headed macaw blue - eyed cockatoo golden hamster Great slaty woodpecker hyacinth macaw Humboldt penguin blue crane lesser white - fronted goose mandrill maned sloth Montserrat oriole mountain zebra Hawaiian goose pacific walrus sloth bear takin yak great white shark American crocodile white - necked crow dingo Near - threatened ( NT ) May be considered threatened in the near future . Examples : American bison Asian golden cat blue - billed duck emperor goose emperor penguin Eurasian curlew jaguar Larch Mountain salamander lesser long - nosed bat Magellanic penguin maned wolf margay montane solitary eagle Pampas cat Pallas 's cat reddish egret white rhinoceros striped hyena tiger shark white eared pheasant Least concern ( LC ) No immediate threat to species ' survival . Examples : Black - bellied whistling duck Saltwater crocodile Indian peafowl olive baboon bald eagle lesser bird of paradise brown bear brown rat brown - throated sloth Canada goose cane toad common wood pigeon magpie goose grey wolf house mouse wolverine palm cockatoo Louisiana black bear mallard mute swan Eurasian magpie red - billed quelea common hill myna red - tailed hawk rock pigeon blue and yellow macaw southern elephant seal Freshwater crocodile humpback whale red howler monkey Criteria for ' endangered ( EN ) ' ( edit ) A ) Reduction in population size based on any of the following : An observed , estimated , inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 70 % over the last 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer , where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased , based on ( and specifying ) any of the following : direct observation an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon a decline in area of occupancy , extent of occurrence or quality of habitat actual or potential levels of exploitation the effects of introduced taxa , hybridisation , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites . An observed , estimated , inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50 % over the last 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer , where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible , based on ( and specifying ) any of ( a ) to ( e ) under A1 . A population size reduction of ≥ 50 % , projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) , based on ( and specifying ) any of ( b ) to ( e ) under A1 . An observed , estimated , inferred , projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50 % over any 10 year or three generation period , whichever is longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years in the future ) , where the time period must include both the past and the future , and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible , based on ( and specifying ) any of ( a ) to ( e ) under A1 . B) Geographic range in the form of either B1 ( extent of occurrence ) OR B2 ( area of occupancy ) OR both : Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km2 , and estimates indicating at least two of a-c : Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations . Continuing decline , inferred , observed or projected , in any of the following : extent of occurrence area of occupancy area , extent or quality of habitat number of locations or subpopulations number of mature individuals Extreme fluctuations in any of the following : extent of occurrence area of occupancy number of locations or subpopulations number of mature individuals Area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2 , and estimates indicating at least two of a-c : Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations . Continuing decline , inferred , observed or projected , in any of the following : extent of occurrence area of occupancy area , extent or quality of habitat number of locations or subpopulations number of mature individuals Extreme fluctuations in any of the following : extent of occurrence area of occupancy number of locations or subpopulations number of mature individuals C ) Population estimated to number fewer than 2,500 mature individuals and either : An estimated continuing decline of at least 20 % within five years or two generations , whichever is longer , ( up to a maximum of 100 years in the future ) OR A continuing decline , observed , projected , or inferred , in numbers of mature individuals AND at least one of the follow ( a-b ) : Population structure in the form of one of the following : no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 mature individuals , OR at least 95 % of mature individuals in one subpopulation Extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals D ) Population size estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals . E ) Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) . Jump up ^ Near - critically endangered . Jump up ^ Particularly sensitive to poaching levels . Jump up ^ Near - endangered due to poaching . Jump up ^ May vary according to levels of tourism . Endangered species in the United States ( edit ) There is data from the United States that shows a correlation between human populations and threatened and endangered species . Using species data from the Database on the Economics and Management of Endangered Species ( DEMES ) database and the period that the Endangered Species Act ( ESA ) has been in existence , 1970 to 1997 , a table was created that suggests a positive relationship between human activity and species endangerment . Endangered species Act ( edit ) `` Endangered '' in relation to `` threatened '' under the ESA . Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 in the United States , species may be listed as `` endangered '' or `` threatened '' . The Salt Creek tiger beetle ( Cicindela nevadica lincolniana ) is an example of an endangered subspecies protected under the ESA . The US Fish and Wildlife Service as well as the National Marine Fisheries Service are held responsible for classifying and protecting endangered species , and adding a particular species to the list can be a long , controversial process ( Wilcove & Master , 2008 , p. 414 ) . Some endangered species laws are controversial . Typical areas of controversy include : criteria for placing a species on the endangered species list and criteria for removing a species from the list once its population has recovered ; whether restrictions on land development constitute a `` taking '' of land by the government ; the related question of whether private landowners should be compensated for the loss of uses of their lands ; and obtaining reasonable exceptions to protection laws . Also lobbying from hunters and various industries like the petroleum industry , construction industry , and logging , has been an obstacle in establishing endangered species laws . The Bush administration lifted a policy that required federal officials to consult a wildlife expert before taking actions that could damage endangered species . Under the Obama administration , this policy has been reinstated . Being listed as an endangered species can have negative effect since it could make a species more desirable for collectors and poachers . This effect is potentially reducible , such as in China where commercially farmed turtles may be reducing some of the pressure to poach endangered species . Another problem with the listing species is its effect of inciting the use of the `` shoot , shovel , and shut - up '' method of clearing endangered species from an area of land . Some landowners currently may perceive a diminution in value for their land after finding an endangered animal on it . They have allegedly opted to silently kill and bury the animals or destroy habitat , thus removing the problem from their land , but at the same time further reducing the population of an endangered species . The effectiveness of the Endangered Species Act -- which coined the term `` endangered species '' -- has been questioned by business advocacy groups and their publications but is nevertheless widely recognized by wildlife scientists who work with the species as an effective recovery tool . Nineteen species have been delisted and recovered and 93 % of listed species in the northeastern United States have a recovering or stable population . Currently , 1,556 known species in the world have been identified as near extinction or endangered and are under protection by government law . This approximation , however , does not take into consideration the number of species threatened with endangerment that are not included under the protection of such laws as the Endangered Species Act . According to NatureServe 's global conservation status , approximately thirteen percent of vertebrates ( excluding marine fish ) , seventeen percent of vascular plants , and six to eighteen percent of fungi are considered imperiled . Thus , in total , between seven and eighteen percent of the United States ' known animals , fungi and plants are near extinction . This total is substantially more than the number of species protected in the United States under the Endangered Species Act . Bald eagle American bison Ever since mankind began hunting to preserve itself , over-hunting and fishing has been a large and dangerous problem . Of all the species who became extinct due to interference from mankind , the dodo , passenger pigeon , great auk , Tasmanian tiger and Steller 's sea cow are some of the more well known examples ; with the bald eagle , grizzly bear , American bison , Eastern timber wolf and sea turtle having been hunted to near - extinction . Many began as food sources seen as necessary for survival but became the target of sport . However , due to major efforts to prevent extinction , the bald eagle , or Haliaeetus leucocephalus is now under the category of Least Concern on the red list . A present - day example of the over-hunting of a species can be seen in the oceans as populations of certain whales have been greatly reduced . Large whales like the blue whale , bowhead whale , finback whale , gray whale , sperm whale and humpback whale are some of the eight whales which are currently still included on the Endangered Species List . Actions have been taken to attempt reduction in whaling and increase population sizes , including prohibiting all whaling in United States waters , the formation of the CITES treaty which protects all whales , along with the formation of the International Whaling Commission ( IWC ) . But even though all of these movements have been put in place , countries such as Japan continue to hunt and harvest whales under the claim of `` scientific purposes '' . Over-hunting , climatic change and habitat loss leads in landing species in endangered species list and could mean that extinction rates could increase to a large extent in the future . Invasive species ( edit ) Main article : Introduced species The introduction of non-indigenous species to an area can disrupt the ecosystem to such an extent that native species become endangered . Such introductions may be termed alien or invasive species . In some cases the invasive species compete with the native species for food or prey on the natives . In other cases a stable ecological balance may be upset by predation or other causes leading to unexpected species decline . New species may also carry diseases to which the native species have no resistance . Conservation ( edit ) The dhole , Asia 's most endangered top predator , is on the edge of extinction . Captive breeding ( edit ) Main article : Captive breeding Captive breeding is the process of breeding rare or endangered species in human controlled environments with restricted settings , such as wildlife reserves , zoos and other conservation facilities . Captive breeding is meant to save species from extinction and so stabilize the population of the species that it will not disappear . This technique has worked for many species for some time , with probably the oldest known such instances of captive mating being attributed to menageries of European and Asian rulers , an example being the Père David 's deer . However , captive breeding techniques are usually difficult to implement for such highly mobile species as some migratory birds ( e.g. cranes ) and fishes ( e.g. hilsa ) . Additionally , if the captive breeding population is too small , then inbreeding may occur due to a reduced gene pool and reduce immunity . In 1981 , the Association of Zoos and Aquariums ( AZA ) created a Species Survival Plan ( SSP ) in order to help preserve specific endangered and threatened species through captive breeding . With over 450 SSP Plans , there are a number of endangered species that are covered by the AZA with plans to cover population management goals and recommendations for breeding for a diverse and healthy population , created by Taxon Advisory Groups . These programs are commonly created as a last resort effort . SSP Programs regularly participate in species recovery , veterinary care for wildlife disease outbreaks , and a number of other wildlife conservation efforts . The AZA 's Species Survival Plan also has breeding and transfer programs , both within and outside of AZA - certified zoos and aquariums . Some animals that are part of SSP programs are giant pandas , lowland gorillas , and California condors . Private farming ( edit ) Black rhino Southern bluefin tuna Whereas poaching substantially reduces endangered animal populations , legal , for - profit , private farming does the opposite . It has substantially increased the populations of the southern black rhinoceros and southern white rhinoceros . Dr Richard Emslie , a scientific officer at the IUCN , said of such programs , `` Effective law enforcement has become much easier now that the animals are largely privately owned ... We have been able to bring local communities into the conservation programmes . There are increasingly strong economic incentives attached to looking after rhinos rather than simply poaching : from Eco-tourism or selling them on for a profit . So many owners are keeping them secure . The private sector has been key to helping our work . '' Conservation experts view the effect of China 's turtle farming on the wild turtle populations of China and South - Eastern Asia -- many of which are endangered -- as `` poorly understood '' . Although they commend the gradual replacement of turtles caught wild with farm - raised turtles in the marketplace -- the percentage of farm - raised individuals in the `` visible '' trade grew from around 30 % in 2000 to around 70 % in 2007 -- they worry that many wild animals are caught to provide farmers with breeding stock . The conservation expert Peter Paul van Dijk noted that turtle farmers often believe that animals caught wild are superior breeding stock . Turtle farmers may , therefore , seek and catch the last remaining wild specimens of some endangered turtle species . In 2009 , researchers in Australia managed to coax southern bluefin tuna to breed in landlocked tanks , raising the possibility that fish farming may be able to save the species from overfishing . Gallery ( edit ) Though endangered , the sea otter has a relatively large population . 1870s photo of American bison skulls . By 1890 , overhunting had reduced the population to 750 . Immature California condor . Loggerhead sea turtle Asian arowana Hawksbill sea turtle Cantor 's giant softshell turtle See also ( edit ) ARKive Biodiversity Cobthorn Trust Critically endangered Endangered plants of Europe Endangered Species Act of 1973 Ex situ conservation Extinction Holocene extinction Habitat fragmentation Hawaiian honeycreeper conservation In Situ Conservation in India International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) The Last Paradises : On the Track of Rare Animals , a 1967 film List of endangered animals in India List of endangered species in North America List of National Wildlife Refuges established for endangered species Overexploitation NatureServe conservation status Rare species Red Data Book of the Russian Federation Threatened species United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered mammals and birds World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival ( WCBESCAS ) World Wide Fund for Nature ( WWF ) IUCN Red List Lists of IUCN Red List endangered species List of endangered amphibians List of endangered arthropods List of endangered birds List of endangered fishes List of endangered insects List of endangered invertebrates List of endangered mammals List of endangered molluscs List of endangered reptiles List of Chromista by conservation status List of fungi by conservation status Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IUCN Red List version 2012.2 : Table 2 : Changes in numbers of species in the threatened categories ( CR , EN , VU ) from 1996 to 2012 ( IUCN Red List version 2012.2 ) for the major taxonomic groups on the Red List '' ( PDF ) . IUCN. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NatureServe Conservation Status '' . NatureServe. April 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red List Overview '' . IUCN . February 2011 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened Species '' . Conservation and Wildlife . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Tiger '' . Sundarbans Tiger Project . Archived from the original on 17 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Abramov , A. ; Belant , J. & Wozencraft , C. ( 2009 ) . `` Gulo gulo '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2009.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Categories and Criteria ( version 3.1 ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ Shogren , Jason F. ; Tschirhart , John ( eds . ) . Protecting Endangered Species in the United States : Biological Needs , Political Realities , Economic Choices . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0521662109 . Jump up ^ `` FWS.gov '' . fws.gov . Jump up ^ Courchamp , Franck ; Elena Angulo ; Philippe Rivalan ; Richard J. Hall ; Laetitia Signoret ; Leigh Bull ; Yves Meinard . `` Rarity Value and Species Extinction : The Anthropogenic Allee Effect '' . PLoS Biology . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dharmananda , Subhuti . `` Endangered Species issues affecting turtles and tortoises used in Chinese medicine '' . Institute for Traditional Medicine , Portland , Oregon . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot , Shovel and Shut Up '' . Reasononline . Reason Magazine . 2003 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` USFWS Threatened and Endangered Species System ( TESS ) '' . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ESA Successes '' . www.esasuccess.org . ^ Jump up to : Wilcove & Master 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Haliaeetus leucocephalus ( Bald Eagle ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Freedman , Bill ( 2008 ) . `` Endangered species '' . Gale ( 4th ed . ) . Jump up ^ Chiras , Daniel D. ( 2011 ) . `` Invader Species '' . Grolier . Online . Jump up ^ `` Captive Breeding Populations - National Zoo '' . Nationalzoo.si.edu . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Zoos and Aquariums Species Survival Programs '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ He 's black , and he 's back ! Private enterprise saves southern Africa 's rhino from extinction , The Independent , June 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Shi , Haitao ; Parham , James F. ; Fan , Zhiyong ; Hong , Meiling ; Yin , Feng ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China '' . Oryx. 42 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 147 -- 150 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605308000562 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Turtle farms threaten rare species , experts say Archived 2012 - 02 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Fish Farmer , 30 March 2007 . Their source is an article by James Parham , Shi Haitao and two other authors , published in February 2007 in the journal Conservation Biology . Jump up ^ The Top 10 Everything of 2009 : Top 10 Scientific Discoveries : 5 . Breeding Tuna on Land , Time magazine , December 8 , 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Glenn , C.R. 2006 . `` Earth 's Endangered Creatures '' . Ishwaran , N. , & Erdelen , W. ( 2005 , May ) . Biodiversity Futures , Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 3 ( 4 ) , 179 . Kotiaho , J.S. , Kaitala , V. , Komonen , A. , Päivinen , J.P. , & Ehrlich , P.R. ( 2005 , February 8 ) . Predicting the Risk of Extinction from Shared Ecological Characteristics , proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 102 ( 6 ) , 1963 - 1967 . minteer , B.A. , & Collins , J.P. ( 2005 , August ) . Why we need an `` Ecological Ethics '' , Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 3 ( 6 ) , 332 - 337 . Raloff , J. ( 2006 , August 5 ) . Preserving Paradise , Science News , 170 ( 6 ) , 92 . Wilcove , D.S. , & Master L.L. ( 2008 , October ) . How Many Endangered Species are there in the United States ? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 3 ( 8 ) , 414 - 420 . Freedman , Bill . `` endangered species . '' Gale Encyclopedia of Science . Ed . K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner . 4th ed . Detroit : Gale Group , 2008 . Discovering Collection . Gale . Chiras , Daniel D. `` Invader Species . '' Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia . Grolier Online , 2011 . `` endangered Species . '' Current Issues : Macmillan social Science Library . Detroit : Gale , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Endangered species profiles from Earth 's endangered Creatures List of species with the category Endangered as identified by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Endangered Species from UCB Libraries GovPubs Endangered Species & Wetlands Report Independent print and online newsletter covering the ESA , wetlands and regulatory takings . USFWS numerical summary of listed species in US and elsewhere https://worldwildlife.org/species <Th_colspan="3"> Threatened species <Td_colspan="3"> Template : Threatened species by region IUCN Red List Categories Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) Lower risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Least Concern ( LC ) Lower Risk ( LR ) Conservation Dependent ( LR / cd ) Not fully assessed Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III By taxa Endangered arthropods / spiders Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world 's 100 most threatened species Conservation Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation - reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility <Td_colspan="3"> Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics . <Th_colspan="3"> Threatened species by region By region Blue - listed Environmental Vulnerability Index Regional Red List Australasia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ROTAP Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Threatened ecological community Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Canada Species at Risk Act Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Europe European Endangered Species Programme Funds for Endangered Parrots South Africa Endangered Wildlife Trust United States Distinct population segment Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Endangered species recovery plan Endangered Wolf Center National Wildlife Refuge NatureServe conservation status The Nature Conservancy Lists Asia List of endangered and protected species of China Endangered mammals of India List of endangered animals in India List of endangered species in Pakistan List of threatened species of the Philippines List of endangered species in Vietnam Europe Threatened mammals of Europe Endangered plants of Europe List of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species List of extinct and endangered species of Italy List of extinct and endangered species of Lithuania North America List of endangered plants in North America List of endangered species in North America Endangered mammals and birds of the United States List of threatened mammals of the United States List of threatened birds of the United States List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States Elsewhere Threatened fauna of Australia List of threatened flora of Australia List of endangered flora of Brazil List of threatened mammals of Brazil List of threatened birds of Brazil Endangered Species Ecology portal Environment portal extinct and endangered species portal <Th_colspan="2"> Zoos , aquariums and aviaries Types of zoos Animal sanctuary Animal theme park Aquarium Aviary Bear pit Butterfly house Dolphinarium Herpetarium Insectarium Nature center Marine mammal park Menagerie Night safari Oceanarium Penguinarium Pheasantry Petting zoo Reptile centre Safari park Serpentarium Virtual zoo Vivarium Zoo Conservation Biodiversity Endangered species Ex situ conservation In situ conservation reintroduction Conservation biology Lists Aquariums Conservation topics Dolphinariums Zoos Zoo associations Other topics Animals in captivity Animal training Behavioral enrichment Captive breeding Frozen zoo Immersion exhibit Nocturnal house Wildlife conservation Zookeeper Zoological society Zoology <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Endangered_species&oldid=866480929 '' Categories : Endangered species Biota by conservation status IUCN Red List Environmental conservation Habitat IUCN Red List endangered species Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - 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1. Endangered species conservation 2. IUCN Red List 3. Threatened and endangered species in the United States 4. Invasive species and their impact 5. Captive breeding for species preservation

gossip girl season 2 blair's new years

Gossip Girl ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Gossip Girl ( season 2 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl ( season 2 ) <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art Starring Blake Lively Leighton Meester Penn Badgley Chace Crawford Taylor Momsen Ed Westwick Jessica Szohr Kelly Rutherford Matthew Settle Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Original release September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) -- May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 1 Next → Season 3 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Gossip Girl episodes The second season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 1 , 2008 , and concluded on May 17 , 2009 , consisting of 25 episodes . Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar , the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Valley Girls 3 Episodes 4 DVD release 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The series revolves around the lives of privileged teenagers Serena van der Woodsen , Blair Waldorf , Dan Humphrey , Nate Archibald , Jenny Humphrey , and Chuck Bass attending an elite private school on Manhattan 's Upper East Side in New York City . It also features Serena 's mother , Lily van der Woodsen , and Jenny and Dan 's father , Rufus Humphrey , along with Dan 's childhood friend Vanessa Abrams , who recently moved back from Vermont . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl characters Main cast ( edit ) Blake Lively as Serena van der Woodsen Leighton Meester as Blair Waldorf Penn Badgley as Daniel ' Dan ' Humphrey Chace Crawford as Nathaniel ' Nate ' Archibald Taylor Momsen as Jennifer ' Jenny ' Humphrey Ed Westwick as Charles ' Chuck ' Bass Jessica Szohr as Vanessa Abrams Kelly Rutherford as Lilian ' Lily ' Bass Matthew Settle as Rufus Humphrey Kristen Bell as Gossip Girl ( uncredited ) Recurring cast ( edit ) Connor Paolo as Eric van der Woodsen Caroline Lagerfelt as Celia ' CeCe ' Rhodes Margaret Colin as Eleanor Waldorf Wallace Shawn as Cyrus Rose John Shea as Harold Waldorf Francie Swift as Anne Archibald James Naughton as William Vanderbilt Aaron Tveit as William ' Tripp ' Vanderbilt III Holley Fain as Maureen Stewart Robert John Burke as Bartholomew ' Bart ' Bass Desmond Harrington as Jack Bass Amanda Setton as Penelope Shafai Nicole Fiscella as Isabel Coates Yin Chang as Nelly Yuki Dreama Walker as Hazel Williams Matt Doyle as Jonathan Whitney John Patrick Amedori as Aaron Rose Mädchen Amick as Duchess Catherine Beaton Patrick Heusinger as Lord Marcus Beaton Armie Hammer as Gabriel Edwards Zuzanna Szadkowski as Dorota Kishlovsky Michelle Hurd as Laurel Jill Flint as Bex Simon Linda Emond and Jan Maxwell as Headmistress Queller Laura Breckenridge as Ms. Rachel Carr David Patrick Kelly as Noah Shapiro Michelle Trachtenberg as Georgina Sparks Sebastian Stan as Carter Baizen Tamara Feldman as Poppy Lifton Willa Holland as Agnes Andrews Guest cast ( edit ) Sam Robards as Howard Archibald William Abadie as Roman Aaron Schwartz as Vanya Laura - Leigh as Amanda Lasher Cyndi Lauper as Herself No Doubt as Snowed Out Valley Girls ( edit ) Brittany Snow as Lilian ' Lily ' Rhodes Krysten Ritter as Carol Rhodes Andrew McCarthy as Richard ' Rick ' Rhodes Cynthia Watros as Celia ' CeCe ' Rhodes Matt Barr as Keith van der Woodsen Shiloh Fernandez as Owen Campos Ryan Hansen as Randy Walter ' Shep ' Shepherd Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Gossip Girl episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' J. Miller Tobin Joshua Safran September 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 01 ) 3.43 <Td_colspan="7"> As the summer draws to a close in the Hamptons , Serena and Nate have everyone fooled into thinking they are a couple to cover up the fact that Nate has been hooking up with an older woman . Blair returns from abroad with a hot guy on her arm , Marcus ( guest star Patrick Heusinger ) , making a very jealous Chuck question his decision to leave Blair stranded at the heliport . Dan has spent the summer assisting a famous author ( guest star Jay McInerney ) , and clearly still has one certain girl on his mind , which results in him going after her . While interning for Eleanor Waldorf 's company , Jenny sneaks a coveted invite to the Hamptons ' white Party at which Eric introduces her to socialite Tinsley Mortimer . Title reference : The 1987 film Some Kind of Wonderful . 20 `` Never Been Marcused '' Michael Fields Stephanie Savage September 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) 3.25 <Td_colspan="7"> Blair is over the moon that she is dating royalty and has every intention of becoming a royal herself , but a scheming Chuck has other plans for Blair and her new love , Marcus . Serena and Dan agree to keep their recent hook - ups a secret from their friends and family until they figure out what all this means for their relationship . Meanwhile , Nate learns the downside to having an affair with a hot older woman , Catherine , who also happens to be married . Title reference : The 1999 film Never Been Kissed . 21 `` The Dark Night '' Janice Cooke John Stephens September 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 15 ) 3.73 <Td_colspan="7"> In a humorous twist , Blair questions the lack of passion in her relationship with Marcus , while at the same time Chuck appears to have lost his `` passion '' for any woman other than Blair . Meanwhile , Nate struggles between his feelings for Vanessa and his more - complicated - by - the - day relationship with Catherine . Jenny risks losing her internship when Eleanor catches Jenny critiquing one of the Eleanor Waldorf designs . Whilst being stuck in a elevator due to the blackout , Dan and Serena talk about their relationship and come to the conclusion that they are totally two different people and that it will not work out for the two . Title reference : The 2008 film The Dark Knight . 22 `` The Ex Files '' Jim McKay Robert Hull September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 3.33 <Td_colspan="7"> Blair and her minions decide to befriend the new girl Amanda ( guest star Laura - Leigh ) in order to sabotage her . Vanessa discovers a scandalous secret about Catherine and enlists Blair 's scheming expertise to use the information to help Nate . Meanwhile , Lily finds herself drawn back to her ex , Rufus , once again . Title reference : The TV series The X-Files . 23 5 `` The Serena Also Rises '' Patrick Norris Jessica Queller September 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 3.40 <Td_colspan="7"> In the midst of Fashion Week , a furious Blair learns that her mother , Eleanor , at the suggestion of her protégée Jenny , has given Serena and her new socialite friend , Poppy Lifton ( guest star Tamara Feldman ) , front row seats to the Eleanor Waldorf show . Hurt once again by Serena 's popularity and her mother 's betrayal , Blair decides to sabotage the show . Meanwhile , Dan starts hanging out with Chuck , but a walk on the dark side always has its risks and Dan learns that the hard way . Lily learns a secret that her new husband Bart has been keeping from her . Absent : Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald . Title reference : The 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises . 24 6 `` New Haven Can Wait '' Norman Buckley Alexandra McNally & Joshua Safran October 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 13 ) 3.31 <Td_colspan="7"> After Blair and Serena get into a catfight , Serena decides to get even with Blair , who has always dreamed of attending Yale University , by ditching her plans to visit Brown University , and instead accepting the Dean of Yale 's personal invitation to visit the school . After discovering that none of his recommendation letters for Yale were ever submitted , Dan frantically tries to figure out a way to salvage his chances of getting into the school . While on the Yale campus , Chuck is kidnapped by a group of Skull and Bones members , and Nate hooks up with a co-ed . Title reference : The 1978 film Heaven Can Wait . 25 7 `` Chuck in Real Life '' Tony Wharmby Lenn K. Rosenfeld October 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 20 ) 3.03 <Td_colspan="7"> Vanessa uses the scandalous picture of Catherine and Marcus to blackmail Blair into being a nicer person , so Blair seeks revenge by enticing Chuck to seduce Vanessa . Eric introduces his new boyfriend Jonathan to Serena and Blair . Lily and Bart throw an extravagant housewarming party and expect their children to make them proud in front of the attending press , but a rebellious Serena is not ready to play by their rules . Meanwhile , Dan and Jenny discover a big secret that Nate has been keeping from his friends . Title reference : The 2007 film Dan in Real Life . 26 8 `` Pret - a-Poor - J '' Vondie Curtis - Hall Amanda Lasher October 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 27 ) 3.05 <Td_colspan="7"> Jenny befriends a young model , Agnes ( guest star Willa Holland ) , who encourages Jenny to not only explore her wild side , but also confront her boss , Eleanor Waldorf , who is attempting to `` borrow '' Jenny 's designs . Serena meets an artist , Aaron Rose ( guest star John Patrick Amedori ) , and realizes they have an instant chemistry . Blair attempts to seduce Chuck , but it proves tougher than she ever imagined . Title reference : The 1994 film Prêt - à - Porter . 27 9 `` There Might Be Blood '' Michael Fields Etan Frankel & John Stephens November 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 3.16 <Td_colspan="7"> Serena invites Aaron to be her guest at a charity gala honoring Lily and Bart , but after discovering a secret that Aaron has been keeping from her she begins to question whether Aaron is the guy she thought he was . Hoping it will help her chances of getting into Yale , Blair naively agrees to babysit the 15 - year - old daughter of a prominent Yale donor , but the teenager proves to be more than a handful and Blair begins to suspect that the evening may actually wind up hurting her chances of getting into the college of her dreams . Meanwhile , Jenny and Agnes plan a guerilla fashion show that will either launch Jenny 's star or ruin her chances of ever being accepted by the industry . Title reference : The 2007 film There Will Be Blood . 28 10 `` Bonfire of the Vanity '' David Von Ancken Jessica Queller November 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 10 ) 2.88 <Td_colspan="7"> Blair does not approve of the new man , Cyrus Rose ( guest star Wallace Shawn ) , in her mother 's life , so she makes it her mission to break up the lovebirds by any means necessary . Jenny moves in with Agnes as the friends move forward with their plans for a fashion line . Serena continues to fall for the new guy in her life , Aaron , but she learns something about him that threatens to end things just as they are getting really good . Dan decides to win the trust of Bart Bass in order to learn more about the man and possibly write an expose on him for Vanity Fair , but things get heated after Chuck finds out the real reason Dan is spending so much time around his family . Singer Cyndi Lauper has a cameo at Blair 's 18th birthday party celebration . Absent : Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald . Title reference : The 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities . 29 11 `` The Magnificent Archibalds '' Jean de Segonzac Joshua Safran November 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 17 ) 2.89 <Td_colspan="7"> Thanksgiving in the Waldorf household finds Blair upset that her mom 's new boyfriend , Cyrus , has decided to ruin all her favorite traditions , but that 's nothing compared to what 's coming next . Lily finds herself trying to broker a peace treaty between Rufus and Jenny who is prepared to cut off all communication with her father if she does not get her way . Serena is not quite ready to come clean with Aaron about her complicated past , but Dan ends up accidentally revealing a few tidbits of his own . Vanessa and Chuck come to their friend 's aid when Nate is once again forced to confront his father 's abandonment . Finally , Eric discovers a secret that Bart has been keeping from Lily . Title reference : The 1918 novel The Magnificent Ambersons . 30 12 `` It 's a Wonderful Lie '' Patrick Norris Robert Hull December 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) 3.11 <Td_colspan="7"> For the annual Snowflake Ball , Blair and Chuck make a bet that they can find the ideal dates for each other . This ends with them finding doppelgängers of themselves . However while Chuck and Blair leave to talk the doppelgängers get busy . Chuck and Blair share a moment . Aaron 's ex-girlfriend , Lexi ( guest star Natalie Knepp ) , expresses an interest in Dan . There is drama between Serena and Dan about their sex lives . Nate , Jenny and Vanessa get into a tangled situation that puts their friendships and hearts on the line . Vanessa steals a love letter Nate wrote to Jenny and continues a relationship with Nate . This ends with Jenny sending Vanessa to the ball in a see through dress , after the show Nate ends things with Little J and goes after V. And at the end of the day while Bart Bass is trying to return to the Snowflake Ball , he meets with an accident . Title reference : The 1946 film It 's a Wonderful Life . 31 13 `` O Brother , Where Bart Thou ? '' Joe Lazarov Stephanie Savage December 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) 2.99 <Td_colspan="7"> A sudden and tragic event hits the Bass family with the passing of Bart Bass . The whole city is shocked , so as Lily . Chuck does not handle very well with the passing of his father . Blair has something important to say to Chuck ... but it 's said at a bad time . When Serena decides to travel to Argentina with Aaron , Dan decides to express his feelings for her , but is it too late ? Meanwhile , Cyrus and Eleanor get married . And Rufus discovers something that Lily has been keeping from everybody for a long time . Title reference : The 2000 film O Brother , Where Art Thou ? 32 14 `` In the Realm of the Basses '' Tony Wharmby John Stephens January 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 2.96 <Td_colspan="7"> With Chuck MIA since his father 's funeral , Jack ( guest star Desmond Harrington ) arrives on the Upper East Side to help Chuck pick up the messy pieces , but first he has to find him . Trying her best to forget her last painful exchange with Chuck , Blair focuses her attention on being accepted into the most prestigious ladies club in the city , Colony Club . Jenny returns to Constance Billard and immediately takes on Penelope and her posse of mean girls , but no one is going down without a valiant Gossip Girl - worthy fight . Meanwhile , after Serena tells Dan about her recent break - up , they decide to get back together . Absent : Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald . Title reference : The 1976 film In the Realm of the Senses . 33 15 `` Gone with the Will '' Tricia Brock Amanda Lasher January 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) 2.85 <Td_colspan="7"> With the reading of Bart 's will , Chuck , Bart 's brother , Jack , and Blair learn the fate of the Bass empire . Rufus and Lily 's relationship is strained as Rufus seeks details about the child he never knew he had . Noticing that his father has been acting strangely as of late , Dan does some investigating and uncovers Rufus and Lily 's secret , putting him in the awkward situation of deciding what to do with this shocking revelation and who to share it with . Title reference : The 1936 novel Gone with the Wind . 34 16 `` You 've Got Yale ! '' Janice Cooke Joshua Safran January 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) 2.22 <Td_colspan="7"> It is that stressful time of year when Constance Billard and St. Jude 's students find out who is and is not worthy of early admission to Yale University . Serena bonds with her new Shakespeare teacher , Rachel ( guest star Laura Breckenridge ) , who has no clue the wrath she is about to suffer after giving Blair the first B of her prep school career . Chuck pairs up with an unlikely ally in his war with Jack over Bass Industries . Meanwhile , Nate and Vanessa have a romantic night at the opera . Title reference : The 1998 film You 've Got Mail . 35 17 `` Carrnal Knowledge '' Elizabeth Allen Alexandra McNally & Lenn K. Rosenfeld February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 2.31 <Td_colspan="7"> In retaliation for not playing by the unspoken rules of Constance Billard , Blair hatches a plan to bring down her teacher , Rachel . After Chuck wakes up in a hotel and only has a minor recollection of what happened the previous evening , Nate and Vanessa try to help him fill in the missing pieces . Blair starts a rumor about Dan and Rachel , which gets Rachel fired . Dan and Serena decide to break up and Dan has sex with Rachel , as she is no longer a teacher . Unaware of this , the school reinstates Rachel . Title reference : The 1971 film Carnal Knowledge . 36 18 `` The Age of Dissonance '' Norman Buckley Jessica Queller March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) 2.33 <Td_colspan="7"> The seniors put on a production of The Age of Innocence and find their personal lives mirroring the play . Serena develops a crush on the play 's director , Julian ( guest star Harmon Walsh ) , and enlists Vanessa 's knowledge of theater to help her get his attention . Nate has difficulties with the play and the director and his relationship with Vanessa . Blair receives devastating news about her future that leads her on a witch - hunt for the person responsible . Blair thinks it is Dan , but it turns out to be Rachel . Dan and Rachel agree to stay away from each other in the aftermath of being discovered as more than teacher and student , but find it impossible to keep that promise , and end up having sex before the show . Chuck stumbles upon a secret society and is put into a dangerous situation to try and protect his new love interest . Chuck enlists help from an unlikely source , his nemesis Carter Baizen ( guest star Sebastian Stan ) . However , the whole time the girl is using Chuck for his money . Title reference : The 1920 novel The Age of Innocence . 37 19 `` The Grandfather '' J. Miller Tobin Robert Hull & Etan Frankel March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) 2.25 <Td_colspan="7"> Devastated by the recent plot twist in her life , Blair turns her back on her predictable Waldorf existence in favor of a more wild and unpredictable lifestyle , causing Serena and Chuck to have serious concerns about her new lover , Carter . Vanessa convinces Nate that it may be time to forgive and forget when it comes to his mother 's Kennedy-esque family , the Van der Bilts , who abandoned Nate and his mother when they needed them most . In a misguided effort to be completely honest with each other , Lily and Rufus agree to share lists of their past lovers . Title reference : The 1972 film The Godfather . 38 20 `` Remains of the J '' Allison Liddi - Brown Sarah Frank - Meltzer March 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 30 ) 2.45 <Td_colspan="7"> Serena decides to throw Jenny an intimate party for her 16th birthday , but things get way out of control when Serena turns the small gathering into a party . An angry Jenny writes a post to Gossip Girl , turning the party into a huge social event . In a moment of weakness , Vanessa agrees to help Chuck with a scheme having to do with Blair and Nate . Rufus learns that Dan will not receive financial aid at Yale and tries to figure out another way to cover the cost of his education . The episode ends with Chuck and Vanessa starting a friends with benefits , and Nate and Blair starting a relationship . Title reference : The 1989 novel The Remains of the Day . 39 21 `` Seder Anything '' John Stephens Amanda Lasher April 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 20 ) 2.37 <Td_colspan="7"> Serena returns from her trip to Spain with Poppy and Gabriel ( guest star Armie Hammer ) . Blair makes a secret deal with Nate 's grandfather , William ( guest star James Naughton ) , and Nate learns some disturbing information about his father 's arrest . Dan takes a job as a cater - waiter to earn money for college , but is distressed when he discovers the gig is a Passover Seder at the Waldorf penthouse and several of his friends and family are guests . Title reference : The 1989 film Say Anything ... 40 22 `` Southern Gentlemen Prefer Blondes '' Patrick Norris Leila Gerstein April 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 27 ) 1.97 <Td_colspan="7"> Georgina Sparks returns to the Upper East Side after undergoing a major transformation . Chuck and Nate find themselves at a major crossroads in their relationship as it pertains to their mutual interest in Blair . Serena finds her relationship with Gabriel growing more complicated . Title reference : The 1949 musical Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . 41 23 `` The Wrath of Con '' Janice Cooke Sara Goodman May 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 04 ) 2.22 <Td_colspan="7"> Blair pressures Georgina into making amends for her past bad behavior by helping her in a scheme . The rivalry between Nate and Chuck over Blair comes to a head . Lily hatches a secret plan to help Rufus with Dan 's college tuition . Title reference : The 1982 film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan . 42 24 `` Valley Girls '' Mark Piznarski Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 2.30 <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback to the 1980s , 17 - year - old Lily Rhodes ( Brittany Snow ) gets kicked out of boarding school and runs away to Los Angeles , reconnecting with her parents , Rick ( Andrew McCarthy ) and Cece ( Cynthia Watros ) , and sister , Carol ( Krysten Ritter ) . Back in present day , Blair and Nate attend prom together , but the evening does not turn out exactly as planned and Chuck and Serena have a little something to do with that . Serena and Lily do not see eye - to - eye over Serena 's recent run - in with the law . No Doubt performs in the flashbacks as a 1980s band called Snowed Out . Title reference : The 1983 film Valley Girl . 43 25 `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Norman Buckley Joshua Safran May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 2.23 <Td_colspan="7"> Gossip Girl decides to liven things up at the Constance Billard and St. Jude 's graduation by sending out a shocking and damaging email blast in the midst of the commencement ceremony , stirring Serena to come up with a plan of attack . Lily and Rufus get engaged and move in together . With Blair 's blessing , Jenny becomes the new `` Queen Bee '' . Chuck finally admits his love to Blair and the two reconcile . Nate decides to go on the backpacking trip with Vanessa , while Georgina recovers Dan 's money and requests Blair for a roommate at New York University . Carter Baizen reveals to Serena where her father is . In the end , Serena is going to Brown , Blair , Dan , Vanessa , and Georgina are going to NYU , and Nate is going to Columbia University . Title reference : The 1977 film The Goodbye Girl . Dvd release ( edit ) Complete season <Th_colspan="4"> Release dates DVD extras and bonus features # of discs Region Region Region Region 2nd August 18 , 2009 September 28 , 2009 October 2 , 2009 September 24 , 2009 ( Brazil ) October 28 , 2009 ( Australia ) 5th Ave . Meets Gossip Girl : Tour the Gossip Girl Crowd 's Favorite Haunts ; Faces Behind the Design : Creative Forces Behind the Show 's Art and Fashion ; Chasing Dorota Webisodes ; Gag Reel ; Downloadable Audiobook of the Best - selling Novel Gossip Girl , You Know You Love Me by Cecily von Ziegesar , read by Christina Ricci ; Unaired Scenes . 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , September 1 - 7 . TV by the Numbers . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , September 8 - 14 . TV by the Numbers . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , September 15 - 21 Archived 2008 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... TV by the Numbers . September 23 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , September 22 - 28 . Tv by the Numbers . September 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , September 29 -- October 5 . Tv by the Numbers . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , October 13 - 19 . TV by the Numbers . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , October 20 - 26 . TV by the Numbers . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 . Tv by the Numbers . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , November 3 - 9 . Tv by the Numbers . November 11 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , November 10 - 16 , 2008 . Tv by the Numbers . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , November 17 - 23 . TV by the Numbers . November 25 , 2008 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , December 1 - 7 , 2008 . TV by the Numbers . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , December 8 - 14 , 2008 . Tv by the Numbers . December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , January 5 - 11 . TV by the Numbers . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , January 12 - 18 . TV by the Numbers . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , January 19 - 25 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , February 2 - 8 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , March 16 - 22 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers . March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , March 23 - 29 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , March 30 -- April 5 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers. April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , April 20 - 26 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers. April 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 . Tv by the Numbers . May 6 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , May 4 - 10 , 2009 . TV by the Numbers . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , May 11 - 17 , 2009 Archived 2009 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Tv by the Numbers . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Top CW Primetime Shows , May 18 - 24 , 2009 . Tv by the Numbers . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) List of Gossip Girl season 2 episodes on IMDb List of Gossip Girl season 2 episodes at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gossip_Girl_(season_2)&oldid=854719836 '' Categories : 2008 American television seasons 2009 American television seasons Gossip Girl ( season 2 ) episodes Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Íslenska Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 09 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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1. Gossip Girl season 2 2. Upper East Side teenagers 3. Relationships and drama 4. Elite private school 5. Secrets and scandals

who sang i can see clearly now the rain is gone

I Can See Clearly Now - wikipedia I Can See Clearly Now Jump to : navigation , search For the albums , see I Can See Clearly Now ( Johnny Nash album ) and I Can See Clearly Now ( Gospel Gangstaz album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Can See Clearly Now '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Johnny Nash <Th_colspan="2"> from the album I Can See Clearly Now B - side `` How Good It Is '' Released June 23 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 Genre Reggae Length 2 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Johnny Nash <Th_colspan="2"> Johnny Nash singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' is a song written , composed , and originally recorded by Johnny Nash . It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972 , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was covered by many artists throughout the years , including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff , who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings , where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Johnny Nash version 1.1 Track listings 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.2. 1 Certifications 2.2. 2 Chart succession 3 Jimmy Cliff version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Sales and certifications 3.1. 4 Chart succession 4 Other covers 5 References Johnny Nash version ( edit ) After Nash wrote and composed the original version , he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , and produced it himself . Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences . Nash had collaborated with Bob Marley in the past , and his approach drew strongly from Marley 's reggae style . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` How Good It Is '' -- 2 : 38 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` Cupid '' -- 3 : 30 Chart performance ( edit ) After making modest chart advances for a month , the RIAA - certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4 , 1972 , remaining atop this chart for four weeks , and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart . Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Black Singles 38 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 46 Canada 55 UK 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> shipments figures based on certification alone Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` My Ding - a-Ling '' by Chuck Berry Billboard Hot 100 number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' by The Temptations Preceded by `` If I Could Reach You '' by The Fifth Dimension Billboard Easy Listening Singles number one single ( Johnny Nash version ) November 4 , 1972 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Love You to Want Me '' by Lobo Jimmy Cliff version ( edit ) Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . It was released as a single in 1993 , reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff 's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years , and is his highest - charting single in the United States . The song reached number one in France , Iceland and New Zealand . <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Can See Clearly Now '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jimmy Cliff <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack B - side `` Sweet Jamaica '' by Tony Rebel Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1993 Genre Pop - reggae Length 3 : 16 Label Chaos Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Paul Henton Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary Recurrents ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 98 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 66 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 285,000 <Td_colspan="3"> Chart succession ( edit ) Preceded by `` It Keeps Raining '' by Bitty McLean New Zealand RIANZ number - one single January 16 , 1994 - February 20 , 1994 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Heater '' by The Mutton Birds Preceded by `` Je danse le Mia '' by IAM French SNEP number - one single June 18 , 1994 - July 2 , 1994 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I Like To Move It '' by Reel 2 Real feat . The Mad Stuntman Other covers ( edit ) The song also appears in various other films , such as Grosse Pointe Blank , The Break - up , Thelma & Louise , Antz , Deep Blue Sea , Envy , Hitch , Igor , Shrek 2 's `` Far Far Away Idol , '' `` Viktor Vogel -- Commercial Man , '' and Jennifer 's Body , as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia . It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke . It has also been covered by these artists : Grace VanderWaal During her Just the Beginning Tour Funk , Inc. in 1973 on Hangin ' Out Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination Petula Clark ( 1974 Come On Home ) Ray Charles ( highest charting R&B version # 35 in 1978 ) Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home ( this version was a # 23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990 ) Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Do n't Smoke in Bed Soul Asylum on After the Flood : Live from the Grand Forks Prom , June 28 , 1997 Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation . Finn 's version also played in the movie Antz , where Z and Bala find Insectopia . Dream Sequence in 1999 , as `` Clearly , '' an uptempo eurodance remix Anne Murray ( 1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There 's a Hippo in My Tub ) R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong . Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album , Night Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013 . Alex E Horace Andy Aswad Beat Crusaders Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François ' song Ken Boothe Doyle Bramhall Susan Cadogan Eagle - Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body Rick Danko Elsa as `` Éternité , '' another French version Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even Everlife Claude François as `` Toi et le soleil , '' a French version Bobby Goldsboro Dobie Gray Lloyd Green Richie Havens Martin Kitcher ( On the Best Of ... ) James Last Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version Susie McEntire Kaitlyn Maher The Mamas & the Papas Liza Minnelli Marisa Monte Geoff Moore and the Distance Willie Nelson Donny Osmond Procol Harum in concert medleys Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time ( Deluxe Edition only ) Kermit Ruffins Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer 's Body Sonny and Cher Dusty Springfield ( recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed ) The Three Blind Mice during `` Far Far Away Idol '' in Shrek 2 Toots & the Maytals Lee Towers In November 2002 , the song was featured prominently in `` The Freak , '' an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown . In November 2016 , a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show , The Grand Tour , causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes 's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1972 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart ( 1989 release ) Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Johnny Nash -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 341 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 24 , December 25 , 1993 '' . RPM. 1993 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jimmy Cliff Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 14.04. 1994 - 20.04. 1994 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jimmy Cliff '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Argent : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Imagination '' . allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . I Can See Clearly Now - Nash Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Released : 1990 ( ... ) composed by ( ... ) 7 . Johnny Nash Jump up ^ `` So Strong overview '' . Allmusic.com . <Th_colspan="2"> Johnny Nash Studio albums Hold Me Tight ( 1968 ) Let 's Go Dancing ( 1969 ) I Can See Clearly Now ( 1972 ) My Merry - Go - Round ( 1973 ) Celebrate Life ( 1974 ) Here Again ( 1986 ) Singles `` As Time Goes By '' `` Cupid '' `` Stir It Up '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` ( What a ) Wonderful World '' `` Rock Me Baby '' Related topics JAD Records <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Johnny Nash <Th_colspan="2"> Jimmy Cliff Studio albums Jimmy Cliff ( 1969 ) Another Cycle ( 1971 ) Give Thankx ( 1978 ) Cliff Hanger ( 1985 ) Humanitarian ( 1999 ) Rebirth ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Reggae Night ( 2004 ) Soundtrack albums The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) Songs `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Reggae Night '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=833716996 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Jimmy Cliff songs Johnny Nash songs Screeching Weasel songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Epic Records singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 02 : 08 . 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1. "I Can See Clearly Now" - Johnny Nash 2. Reggae influence in "I Can See Clearly Now" 3. Cover versions of "I Can See Clearly Now" 4. Chart performance of "I Can See Clearly Now" 5. Jimmy Cliff's version of "I Can See Clearly Now"

when do they issue a small craft advisory

Small craft advisory - wikipedia Small craft advisory Small craft advisory pennant A small craft advisory is a type of warning issued by the National Weather Service in the United States . It is issued when winds have reached , or are expected to reach within 12 hours , a speed marginally less than gale force . A Small Craft Advisory may also be issued when sea or lake ice exists that could be hazardous to small boats . The insignia that denotes a small craft advisory is one red , triangular flag ( two such flags , one placed above the other , signify a gale warning ) . Inland , this advisory is known as a wind advisory . A lake wind advisory is issued for winds just below this range , because unobstructed winds across the open waters of a lake are normally faster than across land . The wind speed that triggers the advisory has changed over time . Until the late 1960s , the threshold was 32 to 38 miles per hour ( or 28 to 33 knots ) . At some point , the lower limit was reduced to 23 miles per hour ( 20 knots ) . Today , however , most places have standardized on 25 to 38 miles per hour ( 22 to 33 knots ) , encompassing the combined ranges of forces 6 and 7 on the Beaufort scale . Winds strong enough to trigger a small craft advisory may be referred to as being advisory - force . Conversely , winds just above this intensity ( 39 - 57 miles per hour ) are called gale - force , and have a separate associated warning . Occasionally an informal lesser advisory , known as `` small craft exercise caution '' , is issued for wind speeds lighter than those that call for a small craft advisory . Criteria for this vary in different localities ; sometimes a range of 19 to 24 miles per hour ( 17 to 21 knots ) is observed , or in some places 17 to 23 miles per hour ( 15 to 19 knots ) may be used . The National Weather Service does not specifically identify what constitutes a `` small craft '' . The size of the boat is only part of what a person should consider when venturing out under such a warning . Weight , displacement and hull design are also important factors and an even more important consideration is not only the craft , but the experience of the captain . The next step above these advisories is a gale warning , known as a high wind warning when issued for inland locations . If the winds are associated with a tropical cyclone , then the next level above a small craft or wind advisory is a tropical storm warning . Occasionally , such bulletins may also be issued for areas above a particular elevation , as wind speeds tend to increase with altitude in the mountains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coastal Warning Display program 2 Canada 3 Example of Small Craft Advisory 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Coastal warning display program ( edit ) As of 15 February 1989 , the National Weather Service retired its Coastal Warning Display network nationwide . For over 100 years , display stations were established at yacht clubs , marinas , and Coast Guard stations to hoist flags , pennants and colored lights to warn mariners of storms at sea . The display stations were individually notified by the National Weather Service to raise the signals and again to lower them when the hazards passed . The National Weather Service paid for the visual signals ; however , the display stations were operated by other agencies or volunteers . Although the Coastal Warning Display program has been formally discontinued , U.S. Coast Guard and other stations may continue to display warning signals without the direct participation of the National Weather Service . Beginning 1 June 2007 , U.S. Coast Guard formally re-established a Coastal Warning Display program at selected small boat stations which will hoist display flags to warn of small craft advisories , gale warnings , tropical storm warnings , storm warnings , hurricane warnings , and hurricane force wind warnings . The Coastal Warning Display program was de-emphasized in favor of frequently updated telephone recordings and NOAA Weather Radio . The latter covers the coastal areas of continental United States , Alaska , Hawaii , and the Mariana Islands with continuous weather broadcasts . The major shortcomings of the Coastal Warning Display program were that the displays reached only the small portion of the marine public within sight of them ; it can not convey specific information on movement , intensity , and duration ; and the time required to notify the sites by individual telephone calls takes the forecaster away from critical tasks associated with the weather . Further , when users perceive them to be a full substitute for NOAA Weather Radio , other radio broadcasts , and the telephone recordings , they are actually being a disservice . Canada ( edit ) A similar warning , known as a Strong Wind Warning , is issued by Environment Canada 's Meteorological Service of Canada from its different offices for the Pacific , Atlantic , and Arctic waters . These warnings are coordinated for the Great Lakes region with American neighboring offices . Strong Wind Warning was previously referred to as Small Craft Warning and is still ( 2012 ) referred to as such in many publications . A Strong Wind Warning is issued for winds in the range 20 -- 33 knots and wave heights 2 -- 3 metres . Example of small craft advisory ( edit ) This is an example of a Small Craft Advisory from the National Weather Service Forecast Office in Los Angeles , California . URGENT - MARINE WEATHER MESSAGE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LOS ANGELES / OXNARD CA 906 PM PDT FRI MAR 16 2012 PZZ670 - 171215 - / O. NEW. KLOX. SC. Y. 0036.120317 T0406Z - 120317T1600Z / / O. EXB. KLOX. GL. W. 0016.120317 T2200Z - 120319T1000Z / / O. UPG. KLOX. GL. A. 0010.120318 T0000Z - 120319T1000Z / WATERS FROM PT . PIEDRAS BLANCAS TO PT . ARGUELLO AND WESTWARD 60 NM - 906 PM PDT FRI MAR 16 2012 ... SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM PDT SATURDAY ... GALE WARNING IN EFFECT FROM 3 PM SATURDAY TO 3 AM PDT MONDAY ... THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LOS ANGELES / OXNARD HAS ISSUED A GALE WARNING FOR THE WATERS FROM POINT PIEDRAS BLANCAS TO POINT ARGUELLO AND WESTWARD 60 NM . THIS WARNING IS IN EFFECT FROM 3 PM SATURDAY TO 3 AM PDT MONDAY . A SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY HAS ALSO BEEN ISSUED . THIS SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY IS IN EFFECT UNTIL 9 AM PDT SATURDAY . THE GALE WATCH IS NO LONGER IN EFFECT . * WINDS ... SOUTHWEST WINDS WILL INCREASE TO 10 TO 20 KNOTS WITH FREQUENT GUSTS TO 25 KNOTS TONIGHT AND CONTINUE THROUGH SATURDAY MORNING . THE WINDS WILL THEN SHIFT TO NORTHWEST AND INCREASE THROUGH SATURDAY AFTERNOON . NORTHWEST WINDS 15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH FREQUENT GUSTS BETWEEN 35 AND 40 KNOTS WILL DEVELOP LATE SATURDAY AFTERNOON AND CONTINUE INTO SUNDAY EVENING . THE WINDS WILL BEGIN TO DIMINISH LATE SUNDAY NIGHT . * SEAS ... SHORT - PERIOD AND STEEP HAZARDOUS SEAS BETWEEN 10 AND 12 FEET WILL DEVELOP SATURDAY AFTERNOON ... THEN BUILD TO BETWEEN 15 AND 20 FEET SATURDAY NIGHT INTO SUNDAY . PRECAUTIONARY / PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS ... A GALE WARNING MEANS WINDS OF 34 TO 47 KNOTS ARE IMMINENT OR OCCURRING . OPERATING A VESSEL IN GALE CONDITIONS REQUIRES EXPERIENCE AND PROPERLY EQUIPPED VESSELS . IT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED THAT MARINERS WITHOUT THE PROPER EXPERIENCE SEEK SAFE HARBOR PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF GALE CONDITIONS . A SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY MEANS THAT WIND SPEEDS OF 21 TO 33 KNOTS ARE EXPECTED TO PRODUCE HAZARDOUS WAVE CONDITIONS TO SMALL CRAFT . INEXPERIENCED MARINERS ... ESPECIALLY THOSE OPERATING SMALLER VESSELS SHOULD AVOID NAVIGATING IN THESE CONDITIONS . See also ( edit ) Severe weather terminology ( United States ) Severe weather terminology ( Canada ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Small Craft Advisory Definition '' . NWS . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COASTAL WARNING DISPLAY PROGRAM '' . NWS . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` COAST GUARD RE-ESTABLISHES STORM FLAG PROGRAM '' ( PDF ) . USCG . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Small Craft Advisory '' . National Weather Service Forecast Office Los Angeles / Oxnard , California . NOAA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Meteorological Service of Canada NOAA 's National Weather Service Marine Forecasts Weather Warnings - Transport Canada <Th_colspan="2"> hide Severe weather terminology in the United States Severe storms Thunderstorm Advisory Watch PDS Watch Warning Tornado Watch PDS Watch Warning PDS Warning Emergency Marine thunderstorm Special marine warning Winter weather Advisories Winter weather advisory Winter storm Watch Warning Blizzard / Blowing snow Blowing snow advisory Blizzard Watch Blizzard Warning Heavy snow Warning Lake - effect snow Advisory Watch Warning Snowsquall Warning Ice Freezing rain advisory Ice storm warning Tropical cyclones Tropical storms Watch Warning Hurricanes Watch Warning Inland advisories Inland Tropical Storm Watch Inland Tropical Storm Warning Inland Hurricane Watch Inland Hurricane Warning Hurricane Local Statement Flood Flood Watch Warning Flash flood Watch PDS Watch Warning Emergency Coastal flood Advisory Watch Warning Lakeshore flood Advisory Watch Warning Seiche Warning River flood Advisory Watch Warning Urban and small stream flood Advisory Apparent temperature Heat index Heat advisory Excessive heat watch Excessive heat warning Wind chill Advisory Watch Warning PDS Warning Extreme cold Watch Warning Freeze Watch Warning Hard Freeze Warning Frost Advisory Maritime and coastal weather Marine winds Small craft advisory Brisk wind advisory Lake Wind Advisory Gale Watch Warning Storm Watch Warning Hurricane - force wind Watch Warning Hazardous seas Watch Warning Freezing spray Freezing spray advisory Heavy freezing spray watch Heavy freezing spray warning High surf Advisory Warning Marine weather statement Rip current statement Wind Advisory - force winds Wind Advisory Gale - force winds High wind watch High wind warning Major hurricane - force winds Extreme wind warning Airborne particulates Dust / sand Blowing Dust Advisory Dust Storm Warning Fog / Smoke Dense Fog Advisory Dense Smoke Advisory Ash Ashfall Advisory Air pollution Air Stagnation Advisory Fire Fire weather watch Red flag warning Fire warning Evacuation Immediate Aviation Center Weather Advisory SIGMET Volcanic Ash Advisory Weather scales used by NWS Beaufort ( wind ) Enhanced Fujita ( tornadoes ) Saffir -- Simpson scale ( tropical cyclones ) Other Special weather statement Severe weather statement Hazardous weather outlook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_craft_advisory&oldid=850485490 '' Categories : Weather warnings and advisories Nautical terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 04 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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download song of movie ae dil h mushkil

Ae Dil Hai Mushkil - Wikipedia Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ae Dil Hai Mushkil <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster <Td_colspan="2"> Hindi ऐ दिल है मुश्किल <Td_colspan="2"> Directed by Karan Johar Produced by Apoorva Mehta Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Written by Karan Johar Niranjan Iyengar ( dialogues ) Starring Ranbir Kapoor Anushka Sharma Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Fawad Khan Music by Songs : Pritam Cinematography Anil Mehta Edited by Manik Dawar Production company Dharma Productions Distributed by Fox Star Studios Release date 28 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Running time 157 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 70 crore Box office est . ₹ 237.56 crore Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( English : O Heart , its difficult ) is a 2016 Indian romantic drama film written and directed by Karan Johar . It features Ranbir Kapoor , Anushka Sharma and Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in lead roles . It was released on 28 October 2016 on the Diwali weekend . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Screening issue 5 Box office 6 Critical reception 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Track listing 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In London , a chance meeting between Ayan Sanger ( Ranbir Kapoor ) and Alizeh Khan ( Anushka Sharma ) ends up with them kissing instinctively . They spend the night together knowing about each other and become close . Later , when they break up with their lovers , Lisa D'Souza and Dr. Faisal Khan , the two go to Paris to spend a week together . While Ayan falls in love with Alizeh , she considers him to be only a friend . One day , Alizeh stumbles upon DJ Ali ( Fawad Khan ) her ex-boyfriend , who wants to reconcile . Confused , Alizeh stops hanging out with Ayan and they cease communication . A few days later , Alizeh calls and invites Ayan to her wedding with Ali in Lucknow . Ayan is petrified on hearing this but agrees to the invitation . At the wedding , he tells Alizeh he loves her but she rejects his feelings causing Ayan to leave the ceremony heartbroken . At the airport to board a flight to Frankfurt , Ayan meets Saba ( Aishwarya Rai ) , a poetess , who is leaving for Vienna . She consoles Ayan and gives him a note with her poetry and number on it . Ayan calls after three months stating that he is in Vienna and wants to meet her . Saba meets him at a disco and they end up sleeping together . Ayan learns that Saba is divorced and has no place for love in her heart . Ayan also meets Saba 's ex-husband , Tahir Taliyar Khan ( Shahrukh Khan ) in a gallery , who tells him that one sided love is not a weakness but empowering . Ayan who had blocked Alizeh from everywhere , finally calls and reconnects with her . Ayan begins to send pictures of Saba to Alizeh to induce jealousy . One day Alizeh informs Ayan that she 's coming to Vienna and wants to meet him . Ayan invites her for dinner , but Alizeh thinks Ayan has found love in Saba and is happy for him . Meanwhile , Saba begins to develop feelings for Ayan , but he loves Alizeh . Seeing his love for Alizeh , Saba leaves Ayan . Ayan continues to harbour love for Alizeh and becomes a famous singer . He meets Ali one day and realises that they have parted ways . Ayan goes to Alizeh 's favourite point and waits there until she arrives . Alizeh tells Ayan that she is diagnosed with cancer stage IV and will not live much longer . Ayan and Alizeh try to make the best of their time together . Ayan tries to make Alizeh love him , but Alizeh is stubborn . This leads to a fight between the two , and Alizeh decides to leave Ayan . Eventually , Ayan makes peace with the fact that he and Alizeh can at best be friends and nothing more . The screen blacks out and goes back to the beginning where Ayan , still a popular singer , is giving an interview based on the love of his life . Ayan sings the song `` Channa Mereya '' which is inspired by Alizeh , then finishes the interview . Cast ( edit ) Ranbir Kapoor as Ayan Sanger Anushka Sharma as Alizeh Khan Aishwarya Rai Bachchan as Saba Taliyar Khan Lisa Haydon as Lisa D'Souza Imran Abbas as Dr. Faisal Khan ( Cameo Appearance ) Fawad Khan as DJ Ali ( Special Appearance ) Shah Rukh Khan as Tahir Taliyar Khan ( Cameo Appearance ) Alia Bhatt as DJ ( Cameo Appearance in `` The Breakup Song '' track ) Neha Dhupia as Voiceover Reporter ( Cameo Appearance ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` ... it is not a conventional love story or love triangle . It 's a film that dwells deeply on relationships , heartbreaks and how love completes you , defines you and yet leaves you wanting for more . I have never had , in my entire career , a film that has come to me so fast , so organically and so from within . '' -- Karan Johar speaking about the film in an interview with The Times of India The film was first announced in November 2014 . Writer - director Karan Johar said that for the past year and a half , he had been developing a story that he needed to work on for several months . However , while he was in New York , the idea for Ae Dil Hai Mushkil came to him and he wrote the screenplay in 30 days . When he came back to India , he spoke to the three lead actors and they all signed on immediately . Johar stated that he was motivated to cast Ranbir Kapoor and Anushka Sharma in the film after getting to know them by acting with them in Anurag Kashyap 's Bombay Velvet ( 2015 ) . He added that he was excited to cast Aishwarya Rai Bachchan after several unsuccessful attempts to cast her in his previous films like Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) , and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . Actor Fawad Khan was cast to play a role of a DJ , describing his role as `` not exactly a cameo but it becomes a backbone for a certain conflict of a character in the movie . '' Lisa Haydon has also confirmed that she will appear in the film . In September 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival , Johar confirmed that Shah Rukh Khan had also filmed a scene for the movie . In October 2016 , he confirmed that Alia Bhatt would also make a cameo appearance in the film . On 6 February at the India Conference at Harvard , Johar revealed that in the film Ranbir Kapoor plays the character of a Hindu boy named Ayan and Anushka Sharma plays a Muslim girl named Alizeh . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began in September 2015 with Kapoor and Sharma in London . At the end of September , the team filmed some portions in Paris . In October , they began shooting in various locations in Austria , including the city of Vienna . Aishwarya Rai Bachchan joined the crew in Vienna in mid-October after the release of her film Jazbaa . In March 2016 , Kapoor , Sharma , and Khan were seen filming in Mandawa , Rajasthan . In July 2016 , Johar tweeted a photo of Kapoor and Sharma on set in Mumbai for the last schedule . Release ( edit ) Screening issue ( edit ) On 8 October 2016 , Indian political party , Maharashtra Navnirman Sena ( MNS ) , proclaimed that they would not allow the release of the film , following nationwide protests surrounding the terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir on 18 September 2016 and the decision by Cinema Owners Exhibitors Association of India preventing the release of films with Pakistani actors in four states -- Maharashtra , Gujarat , Karnataka , and Goa . Citing the casting of Pakistani actor , Fawad Khan , in the film , the MNS warned theater owners around the country to not screen the film , threatening them with vandalism . Announcing that security will be tightened at theaters along with sufficient police protection , Maharashtra chief minister , Devendra Fadnavis , commented on the issue , saying , `` Anyone found taking the law into their hands will be dealt with firmly . '' He also informed that 12 MNS members were sent to judicial custody after they barged into a Mumbai theater and held a protest on 19 October 2016 . Commenting on the ruckus behind his film 's release , director Karan Johar said that the circumstances in which the film was filmed in 2015 were completely different . `` Going forward , I would like to say that of course , I will not engage with talent from the neighbouring country , given the circumstance . But with that same energy , I beseech you to know one thing -- that over 300 people in my Indian crew have put their blood , sweat , and tears into making my film , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . I do n't think it 's fair for them to face any kind of turbulence on account of other fellow Indians , '' he further added in a video statement . He was heavily criticized by news and social media for buckling under pressure . However , people from the film fraternity like Mukesh Bhatt and Shyam Benegal supported Johar and his film , and requested the people to consider the film and its release without giving importance to the actors ' nationalities . On 20 October 2016 , filmmaker Mukesh Bhatt said that his discussion with Union home minister , Rajnath Singh , had been consequential , and affirmed that the film will be screened throughout the country without any violence . However , he promised that he would not make any more films with Pakistani actors . Box office ( edit ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil was made on a total budget of over ₹ 100 crore ( $15 million ) , including marketing and distribution costs . Prior to its release , the film had already recouped ₹ 75 crore ( $11.2 million ) from music , satellite and digital rights , so it needed to recover only ₹ 25 crore ( $3.7 million ) from the domestic box office . Worldwide , the film earned ₹ 90.84 crore ( $13.6 million ) on its opening weekend , while ComScore reported an estimated $12.8 million from 14 markets . As of November , it has made $21.3 million worldwide . In India , its domestic market , the film had to compete with Shivaay which was released on the same day during the lucrative Diwali weekend . On its opening day the film made ₹ 13.30 crore , the third biggest for both Kapoor and Sharma , and the sixth biggest for a Bollywood film of the year . Through its opening weekend , It scored a debut of ₹ 35.60 crore ( $5.3 million ) net in its three days on 3,200 screens , equating to a gross ₹ 49.84 crore ( $7.65 million ) , the ninth - biggest debut of the year and the best ever debut for Johar , beating My Name is Khan ₹ 31.50 crore ( $4.7 million ) . On Monday , it saw a hike in ticket sales , earning ₹ 17.75 crore ( $2.65 million ) due to holiday . In its first full week , the film earned ₹ 80.19 crore ( $12 million ) in India alone and $20.2 million worldwide . The film continued to dominate the box office in its second weekend , earning $3.2 million from 2,000 screens ( − 1,200 screens ) . In just 10 days , the film earned ₹ 97.17 crore ( $14.6 million ) net and has become the sixth highest - grossing Bollywood film in the country . Morever , the film now ranks as the highest - earner for Aishwarya , beating Dhoom 2 's ₹ 82.30 crore ( $12.3 million ) in 2006 ; the fourth biggest for Anushka as well as for Ranbir . In the United Kingdom , it recorded the biggest Bollywood opening of the year with ₹ 4.88 crore ( $772,891 ) , debuting at eighth place at the U.K. box office . However , this is inclusive of previews . Including previews , Sultan would be the clear winner with a $1.3 million debut in July . But excluding previews , Ae Dil Hai Mushkil is ahead of the former . In the United States and Canada , the film received a limited release across 302 theaters and grossed ₹ 14 crore ( $2.13 million ) in its opening weekend finishing in tenth place . By the end of its theatrical run , the film grossed ₹ 160.69 crore in India and total ₹ 237.56 crore worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil received mixed to positive reviews , with critics praising the lead cast 's performances , soundtrack , and direction . However , criticizing the story and the runtime , Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 43 % score based on eight critic reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 40 out of 100 , based on four critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Bollywood Hungama gave 4 / 5 ratings and commented , `` a contemporary and a progressive take on relationships from the master story teller Karan Johar '' . Raja Sen and Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com respectively rated 4 / 5 and 3.5 / 5 and said , `` Thank you , Karan Johar for this film feels like a sob . Johar has improved massively as a storyteller , this film is more polished and assured than anything he 's done before . '' and , `` As evident by his body of work , Karan Johar has a sweet spot for this attribute , in the splendidly romantic and richly satisfying ADHM . '' Nihit Bhave of The Times of India rated 3.5 / 5 and said , `` a beautiful - looking film that is n't bereft of logic '' . Subhash K. Jha of Deccan Chronicle rated 2.5 / 5 and said , `` ADHM is one good looking film with actors who epitomise human beauty . '' Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times rated 2.5 / 5 , saying `` ADHM offers little in terms of story and fails to get the audience empathise or feel for the characters and events in the movie . '' Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express rated 2 / 5 and said , `` Johar is unable to go the extra mile , hope that Johar will come up with something newer and sharper the next time around . '' Mike McCahill of The Guardian rated 2 / 5 and said , `` Despite controversy over the casting , Karan Johar 's romance , has a failure of nerve about Hindu - Muslim relations . '' The Hindu commented , `` ADHM is the latest in the brand of cinema that is n't so much as plot driven as it is focused on characters , relationships and interactions . '' Reuters commented , `` ADHM has neither gravitas nor the charm to be worth remembering . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Ae Dil Hai Mushkil <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Pritam Released 26 October 2016 Recorded 2015 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 27 : 54 Language Hindi Label Sony Music India <Th_colspan="2"> Pritam chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Dishoom ( 2016 ) Dishoom 2016 Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2016 ) Dangal 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Singles from Ae Dil Hai Mushkil <Td_colspan="2"> `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Released : 30 August 2016 `` Bulleya '' Released : 15 September 2016 `` Channa Mereya '' Released : 29 September 2016 `` The Breakup Song '' Released : 13 October 2016 `` Cutiepie '' Released : 25 October 2016 `` Channa Mereya -- Remix By DJ Chetas '' Released : 14 December 2016 `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Mashup -- By DJ Veronika '' Released : 24 December 2016 <Td_colspan="2"> The film 's soundtrack was released on 26 October 2016 by Sony Music India . The film had five initial promotional singles released from the soundtrack . Audio Jukebox was released at YouTube on 2 November 2016 . Pritam received the Best Music Director distinction at the 62nd Filmfare Awards , while Arijit Singh won the `` Best Playback Singer Award '' for the title song of the film . Amitabh Bhattacharya won Best Lyricist '' Award for `` Channa Mereya '' . Track listing ( edit ) The soundtrack album and film score is composed by Pritam with song lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya . The reprised versions of songs `` Bulleya '' & `` Channa Mereya '' and `` Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo '' were released separately in the deluxe edition of the album , but not added in soundtrack album . However , the latter of these , which is written by Fayyaz Hashmi and was originally composed by Sohail Rana , was recreated and featured in the film too . All lyrics written by Amitabh Bhattacharya ; all music composed by Pritam . <Th_colspan="4"> Track listing No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Arijit Singh 4 : 29 2 . `` Bulleya '' Amit Mishra , Shilpa Rao 5 : 49 3 . `` Channa Mereya '' Arijit Singh 4 : 49 4 . `` The Breakup Song '' Arijit Singh , Jonita Gandhi , Badshah , Nakash Aziz 4 : 12 5 . `` Cutipie '' Pardeep Singh Sran , Nakash Aziz 3 : 51 6 . `` Alizeh '' Arijit Singh , Ash King , Shashwat Singh 4 : 42 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 27 : 54 <Th_colspan="4"> Deluxe edition No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 7 . `` Bulleya '' ( Reprise ) Arijit Singh , Shilpa Rao 5 : 48 8 . `` Channa Mereya '' ( Unplugged ) Arijit Singh 2 : 51 9 . `` Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo '' Shilpa Rao 2 : 45 Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of Ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Filmfare Awards 14 January 2017 Best Director Johar ! Karan Johar Nominated Best Actor Kapoor ! Ranbir Kapoor Nominated Best Actress Sharma ! Anushka Sharma Nominated Best Music Director Pritam ! Pritam Won Best Lyricist Bhattacharya ! Amitabh Bhattacharya for `` Channa Mereya '' Won Best Playback Singer -- Male Singh ! Arijit Singh for `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Won Mishra ! Amit Mishra for `` Bulleya '' Nominated RD Burman Award for New Music Talent Won Best Playback Singer -- Female Gandhi ! Jonita Gandhi for `` The Breakup Song '' Nominated Screen Awards 4 December 2016 Best Actor Kapoor ! Ranbir Kapoor Nominated Best Actress Sharma ! Anushka Sharma Nominated Best Supporting Actress Rai Bachchan ! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Nominated Best Music Director Pritam ! Pritam Won Best Male Playback Mishra ! Amit Mishra for `` Bulleya '' Won Best Lyricist Bhattacharya ! Amitabh Bhattacharya for `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Won Stardust Awards 20 December 2016 Best Film Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Nominated Best Director Johar ! Karan Johar Won Best Actor Kapoor ! Ranbir Kapoor Nominated Best Actress Sharma ! Anushka Sharma ( also for Sultan ) Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( Female ) Rai Bachchan ! Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Nominated Best Costume Design Manish Malhotra , Anaita Shroff Adajania and Samidha Wangnoo Nominated Best Music Album Sony Music India Won Best Music Director Pritam ! Pritam Won Best Lyricist Bhattacharya ! Amitabh Bhattacharya for `` Channa Mereya '' Won Bhattacharya ! Amitabh Bhattacharya for `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Nominated Best Playback Singer ( Male ) Singh ! Arijit Singh for `` Channa Mereya '' Won Singh ! Arijit Singh for `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' Nominated Best Playback Singer ( Female ) Gandhi ! Jonita Gandhi for `` The Breakup Song '' Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil vs Shivaay : Who will win at the box office ? '' . The Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil , Shivaay have close contest at box office ; KJo 's film has a 10 - cr lead '' . Firstpost . Retrieved Nov 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office : Worldwide Collection and Day Wise Breakup of Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dharma Productions Website Announcement with order of casting '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Dharma Productions Website Announcement with order of casting '' . ^ Jump up to : Gupta , Priya ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` Karan Johar to direct Aishwarya , Ranbir , and Anushka in ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Role in ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' not exactly a cameo : Fawad Khan '' . The Indian Express . 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Had fun filming ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' : Lisa Haydon '' . DNA India . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil : Karan Johar confirms Shah Rukh Khan cameo in film '' . The Indian Express . 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alia Bhatt Has a Cameo in Ae Dil Hai Mushkil . She Stars As ... '' NDTV . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood stars wo n't have much to do in our cinema : Karan Johar '' . Daily News and Analysis . 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Goswami , Parismita ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` After London , Ranbir Kapoor , Anushka Sharma fly to Paris for ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' shoot '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After London , Ranbir Kapoor , Anushka Sharma 's ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' in Paris , Austria '' . The Indian Express . 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ranbir , Anushka and Fawad kick start Ae Dil Hai Mushkil shoot in Rajasthan '' . Deccan Chronicle . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar begins shooting last leg of ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' '' . The Times of India . 17 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ MNS : Ae Dil Hai Mushkil : Cops set up helpline for movie theatres as MNS threat looms -- Times of India . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 20 October 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fresh threat to Ae Dil Hai Mushkil from MNS : India , News -- India Today . Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 19 October 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' will have a safe Diwali release : Mukesh Bhatt after meeting Rajnath Singh -- The Economic Times . Economictimes.indiatimes.com ( 20 October 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Koimoi.com Team ( 31 October 2016 ) . `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Grosses Over 115 Crores Worldwide In Its Opening Weekend '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Brews $86 M In Overseas Bow ; Tops Comps , Sets IMAX Records -- International Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Supreme With $240 M+ Overseas / $325 M+ Global ; ' Bridget Jones ' Delivers $200 M+ WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( 25 October 2016 ) . `` Bollywood Showdown : Ajay Devgn 's ' Shivaay ' Vs Karan Johar 's ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Joginder Tuteja ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ranbir & Anushka Register Their 3rd Biggest Opening Ever With Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Ae Dil Hai Mushkil becomes 2nd Highest opening weekend grosser of 2016 in the overseas '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Highest Opening Weekend Grossers Of 2016 '' . 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` Karan Johar Vs Ajay Devgn : Surprising Result In Bollywood Showdown '' . Forbes . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil box office collection day 5 : This is the hit Ranbir Kapoor needed '' . The Indian Express . November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Karan Johar And Ajay Devgn Set To Continue Their Hot Streaks In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` Karan Johar , Ajay Devgn , Ranbir Kapoor , Anushka Sharma And Aishwarya Reach New Peaks '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Doctor Strange sweeps into a new cosmic realm at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Brooks ( 30 October 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Shines With Over $900 K in 36 Theaters ; Magnolia 's ' Gimme Danger ' Solid in Debut -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . Bollywood Hungama. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ae Dil Hai Mushkil is an intense story of love '' . Rediff.com . Raja Sen. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Review : Splendidly romantic and richly satisfying '' . Rediff.com . Sukanya Verma. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Nihit Bhave. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil movie review : A flawed nugget , like life itself '' . Deccan Chronicle . Subhash K Jha. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil review : This Ranbir - Anushka film is hard to relate to '' . Hindustan Times . Sweta Kaushal. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil movie review : Karan Johar needs to deliver a newer , sharper film '' . The Indian Express . Shubhra Gupta. 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil review -- a traditional weepie , unlikely to offend '' . The Guardian . Mike McCahill. 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil : Sluggish narrative overtakes a fresh film '' . The Hindu . 28 October 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Ae Dil Hai Mushkil '' . The Express Tribune . Reuters. 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil music review : Play on a Loop '' . The Indian Express . Suanshu Khurana. 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Prarthna ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' full song released online : Where to listen to it for free '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil : ' Bulleya ' song crosses 12 million views in less then ( sic ) a week ! '' . dna. 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sony Music India . `` Channa Mereya -- Remix By DJ Chetas - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil - Karan - Ranbir - Anushka - Pritam - Arijit '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Sony Music India . `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Mashup - DJ VERONIKA - Ranbir - Anushka - Aishwarya - Karan - Pritam '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Songs '' . Saavn . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karan Johar - directed ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' soundtrack to be grand , romantic : Pritam Chakraborty '' . The Indian Express . 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ' soundtrack to be grand , romantic : Pritam '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Jukebox -- Ranbir Kapoor Anushka Sharma Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Pritam `` . Sony Music India . 2 November 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017 : Winners ' list '' . The Times of India . 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( Deluxe Edition ) '' . Saavn. 11 November 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Omair Alavi ( 10 August 2014 ) . `` I am Pakistan '' . The News International . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mimansa Shekhar ( 26 August 2016 ) . `` Arijit Singh 's soulful version of ' Aaj Jaane Ki Zidd ' can be played on the loop '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations '' . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Filmfare Awards 2017 Winners '' . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Screen Awards 2016 winners list '' . 5 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stardust Awards 2016 Full Winners List '' . 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil on IMDb Ae Dil Hai Mushkil on Facebook <Th_colspan="2"> Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films <Th_colspan="2"> Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Other Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> List of Dharma Productions films Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ae_Dil_Hai_Mushkil&oldid=815623064 '' Categories : 2016 films Hindi - language films Indian films Films featuring songs by Pritam Indian romantic drama films Films directed by Karan Johar Indian romance films 2010s Hindi - language films Films set in Lucknow Films set in London Films shot in Mandawa Hidden categories : Use Indian English from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मैथिली मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ کوردی اردو Vepsän kel ' Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 00 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Ae Dil Hai Mushkil - Indian romantic drama film 2. Ranbir Kapoor, Anushka Sharma, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan - Lead roles 3. Love triangle and relationships 4. Controversy surrounding the film's release 5. Box office success and critical reception

who has held the office of cheif minister of india

Chief Election Commissioner of India - wikipedia Chief Election Commissioner of India Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Chief Election Commissioner of India <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent Achal Kumar Jyoti since 6 July 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier ) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) per month Website Election Commission of India Republic of India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Union Government ( show ) Constitution of India Fundamental rights Executive : President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary of India Civil Services of India Parliament : Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha The Chairman The Speaker Judiciary : Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India High Courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner Political parties ( show ) National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) State Govt. and Local Govt. ( show ) Governor Chief Minister Chief Secretary State Level : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioner District magistrate Sub-divisional magistrate Rural bodies Zilla panchayats Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies Municipal Corporations Municipal councils Nagar Panchayats Other countries Atlas The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India , a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures . Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service . It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once elected by the president , as two - thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions . Despite the recent changes in the hierarchy , the system always had powers to impose unambiguous rules and guidelines that applied across the entire nation e.g. as to how the ballots will be cast and counted , what will be regarded as ' unqualified ' vote . India was probably one of the first countries in the World to go for a completely electronic ballot in the last elections . What made this remarkable was that the Office of the Chief Election Commissioner had successfully implemented this across the entire diverse Indian population that also consisted of the rural illiterate people . While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process , it gained significant public attention during the tenure of T.N. Seshan , from 1990 to 1996 . Seshan is widely credited with undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections . Though he made significant progress , several politicians attempted to derail these efforts . In particular , the expansion of the Election Commission to include the two Election Commissioners ( in addition to the Chief Commissioner ) was seen as a move to curtail the commissioner 's ability to act aggressively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appointment and removal 1.1 Suggested reforms 2 Compensation 3 Chief Election Commissioners 4 References Appointment and removal ( edit ) The President of India ( based on a recommendation from incumbent Govt of India ) appoints the Chief Election Commissioner . Conventionally , senior-most Election Commissioner is appointed as CEC . He has tenure of six years , or up to the age of 65 years , whichever is earlier . He enjoys the same official status , salary and perks as available to judges of the Supreme Court of India and High court . The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only through impeachment by the Parliament . Suggested reforms ( edit ) In June 2012 , Lal Krishna Advani , a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India ( as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament ) , suggested that appointment of CEC ( as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( CAG ) ) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister , the Chief Justice , the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . Subsequently , M Karunanidhi , the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supported the suggestion . Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because , according to him , the current system was open to `` manipulation and partisanship '' . Similar demand was made by many former CEC 's such as BB Tandon , N Gopalaswamy and SY Quraishi . Compensation ( edit ) By the `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' , the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India . Salary of Chief Election Commissioner Date Salary 1 January 2006 ₹ 90,000 ( US $1,400 ) monthly Chief Election Commissioners ( edit ) The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India . List of Chief Election Commissioners No . Name Took office Left office Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967 SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977 6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982 7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985 8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990 9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990 10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996 11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001 12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004 13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005 14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006 15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009 16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010 17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012 18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015 19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015 20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017 21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 Incumbent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ PTI . `` Achal K. Jyoti takes over as new Election Commissioner '' . TheHindu.com . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' . Vakil No. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` How is the Chief Election Commissioner of India appointed ? '' . Voteridcard.org.in. 28 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About ECI '' . Election Commission of India . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . Lok Sabha of India / National Informatics Centre , New Delhi . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's view on collegium to appoint CAG , EC '' . Times of India . 5 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's plea for collegium '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DMK 's Official Homepage - Chennai - Tamilnadu - India 800x600 screen resolution '' . Dmk.in. 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collegium needed to select EC : SY Quraishi '' . The Times of India . July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-CECs backed collegium , Law Ministry not too keen '' . Indian Express . 10 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Chief Election Commissioners '' . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . ECI.nic.in . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Achal Kumar Joti is next Chief Election Commissioner of India '' . ToI . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India&oldid=808840465 '' Categories : Chief Election Commissioners of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 14 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Chief Election Commissioner of India 2. Election Commission of India 3. Appointment and removal of Chief Election Commissioner 4. Role and powers of Chief Election Commissioner 5. Reforms suggested for the appointment process of Chief Election Commissioner

where did maleficent's parents go after leaving their baby in robins care

Maleficent - wikipedia Maleficent Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about the Disney character . For the film , see Maleficent ( film ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Maleficent <Td_colspan="2"> Sleeping Beauty character <Td_colspan="2"> Maleficent as she appears in Disney 's Sleeping Beauty First appearance Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) Created by Marc Davis ( animation ) Charles Perrault ( fairy tale ) The Brothers Grimm ( fairy tale ) Portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten ( Once Upon a Time , 2011 - 2015 ) Angelina Jolie ( Maleficent , 2014 ) Isobelle Molloy ( as a child ; Maleficent ) Ella Purnell ( as a teenager ; Maleficent ) Kristin Chenoweth ( Descendants , 2015 ) Voiced by Eleanor Audley ( original film ) Linda Gary ( Fantasmic ! ) Lois Nettleton ( Disney 's House of Mouse ) Susanne Blakeslee ( 2002 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Aliases Mistress of All Evil Queen of Darkness ( in Once Upon a Time only ) Mistress of the Universe ( in Descendants only ) Species Fairy Human ( in Once Upon a Time only ) Gender Female Occupation Fairy godmother Protector of the Moors ( in Maleficent only ) Queen of the Moors ( abdicated ; in Maleficent only ) Children Princess Aurora ( goddaughter ) Lilith `` Lily '' Page ( daughter ; in Once Upon a Time only ) Mal ( daughter ; in Descendants only ) Maleficent ( / məˈlɛfɪsənt / or / məˈlɪfɪsənt / ) is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 16th animated feature film Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) . She is an evil fairy and the self - proclaimed `` Mistress of All Evil '' who , after not being invited to a christening , curses the infant Princess Aurora to `` prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die '' before the sun sets on Aurora 's sixteenth birthday . Maleficent is based on the evil fairy godmother character in Charles Perrault 's fairy tale `` Sleeping Beauty '' , as well as the villainess who appears in the Brothers Grimm 's retelling of the story , `` Little Briar Rose '' . She was voiced by Eleanor Audley , who earlier voiced Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother , in Cinderella ( 1950 ) . Maleficent was animated by Marc Davis . A postmodernist revision of the character appeared as the protagonist in the 2014 live - action film Maleficent , portrayed by Angelina Jolie . She also serves as a minor antagonist in Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Lois Nettleton , and as a recurring antagonist in the Kingdom Hearts video game series , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee . She is also one of several antagonists in the TV series Once Upon a Time , portrayed by Kristin Bauer van Straten , and the Disney Channel movie Descendants , portrayed by Kristin Chenoweth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Appearances 2.1 Sleeping Beauty 2.2 Maleficent 2.3 Other appearances 2.3. 1 Maleficent 's Revenge 2.3. 2 Kingdom Hearts 2.3. 3 Disney 's House of Mouse 2.3. 4 Kingdom Keepers 2.3. 5 Dream Along With Mickey 2.3. 6 Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party 2.3. 7 World on Ice 2.3. 8 Diva Villains 2.3. 9 Mickey Mousecapade 2.3. 10 Once Upon a Time 2.3. 11 Descendants franchise 2.3. 11.1 Descendants : Isle of the Lost 2.3. 11.2 Descendants 2.3. 11.3 Descendants : Return to the Isle of the Lost 2.3. 12 Disney Infinity 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) This section is incomplete . This is because there is a reference to Mattinson without identifying who this is and relevance to the section . Most likely , it refers to Disney Legend Burny Mattinson , who was an assistant animator on Sleeping Beauty . ( March 2017 ) The character was animated by Marc Davis . The wicked sorceress or horned witch was aptly named `` Maleficent '' ( an adjective which means `` doing evil or harm '' ) . In determining Maleficent 's design , standard depictions of witches and hags were dismissed as Mattinson 's opted for an elegant , sinister , green - skinned beauty centered around the appearance of flames , ultimately crowning the villain with a black two - pointed headdress , often called an `` atora '' . According to Mattinson , Maleficent `` was designed like a giant vampire bat to create a feeling of menace . '' She was voiced by Eleanor Audley , who had previously performed Lady Tremaine , Cinderella 's evil stepmother , in Cinderella . Audley also provided some live - action recording for both of these characters , to inspire the animators . In addition , dancer Jane Fowler performed some live - action reference for Maleficent . Animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas , in their book The Disney Villain , describe animating Audley 's voice as `` a difficult assignment but a thrilling one , working to that voice track with so much innuendo mixed in with the fierce power . '' Maleficent transforms into a dragon in the original film , which was animated by Eric Cleworth , who said that the dragon was modeled on a rattlesnake , with `` powerful muscles moving a bulky body over the rocky terrain . '' Sound effects man Jim Macdonald searched for the sound of a dragon 's fiery breath by asking the U.S. Army to send him some training films on flame throwing . These films provided just the right sound for him . Appearances ( edit ) Sleeping Beauty ( edit ) Main article : Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 film ) Maleficent as she appears in the original film In the animated film , Maleficent arrives at King Stefan and Queen Leah 's castle during the christening of their newborn daughter , the Princess Aurora . She expresses displeasure about not receiving an invitation , to which the good fairy Merryweather replies that she was unwanted . Angered , she prepares to leave . Queen Leah asks her if she is offended , causing Maleficent to deny her rage , and subsequently offers to bestow a `` gift '' on Aurora to show that she `` bears no ill will '' . Maleficent confirms that Aurora will grow in grace and beauty , `` beloved by all who know her '' , but as revenge for not being invited , she places a curse on Aurora so that before the sun sets on her sixteenth birthday , she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and die . Laughing , her presence leaves , with the Royal Guards unable to seize her . Merryweather , who still has a gift to bestow , is unable to dispel Maleficent 's power , but is able to weaken the curse so that Aurora will fall into a deep sleep instead , with only a kiss from her true love needed to awaken her . Later , at her castle in the Forbidden Mountains , a frustrated Maleficent asks her bestial army why they have been unable to find Aurora , who had been hidden by the three good fairies . Maleficent learns that they have focused on searching for a baby the entire time , even though years have passed . Maleficent flies into a destructive rage , and soon desperately instructs her pet raven , Diablo , to find Aurora . The bird manages to succeed due to a magical quarrel between two of the fairies , which exposes their location . On the evening of Aurora 's sixteenth birthday , after the three fairies have momentarily left the depressed princess alone , Maleficent visits Aurora in the form of a will - o - the - wisp , luring the princess to a room where Maleficent transforms into a spinning wheel . Aurora pricks her finger on the spindle , fulfilling the curse . Maleficent transformed into a dragon at the film 's climax Later on , Maleficent and her goons capture Prince Phillip , Aurora 's true love , and imprison him . Maleficent then rests well , thinking she has triumphed . Maleficent later wakes up and , by seeing that Diablo has been turned to stone , discovers that the fairies have freed Philip from her dungeon . She climbs to the top of one of her castle 's towers and proceeds to blast Philip with lightning , and after the good fairies foil these attempts , she summons a forest of thorns , through which Philip slices his way out . Enraged , she blows away and confronts him in front of King Stefan 's castle , and transforms into a huge dark dragon . The three fairies cast an enhancing enchantment on Phillip 's Sword of Truth , which he throws into Maleficent 's heart , mortally wounding her before she falls off the crumbling cliff to her death . Maleficent ( edit ) Main article : Maleficent ( film ) Angelina Jolie as Maleficent in the 2014 live action remake film The 2014 live action remake film presents Maleficent as a good - hearted but tragic fairy who protects the Moors , a realm of supernatural beings , from the neighboring human kingdom . She is played by Angelina Jolie . Prior to sporting her iconic black attire , Maleficent had a pair of feathery fairy wings , wore a brown dress , and was always barefoot with an anklet on her left ankle . After healing a tree , Maleficent befriends and falls in love with a young peasant boy named Stefan , upon being alerted to his presence by Knotgrass , Thistletwit and Flittle , a trio of pixies . As an adult , Maleficent is betrayed by Stefan , who uses iron to burn off her wings so that he can ascend the throne of the human kingdom , as per a bounty declared by the dying King Henry , who bore a grudge against her . Taking a raven named Diaval as a servant , a now hate - filled Maleficent names herself ruler of the Moors and her outfit changes to a darker one . When she learns that Stefan is now king and has had a newborn daughter named Aurora ( Elle Fanning ) with his wife , Queen Leila , acting on the notion that true love is nonexistent , Maleficent places a curse on the newborn Aurora to sleep forever unless she receives the kiss of true love , as revenge on Stefan . Because the three pixies that were assigned to look after Aurora proved to be incompetent , however , Maleficent cares for and saves the child from afar in order to ensure that her curse is completed , only to eventually develop a maternal affection for her . That love proves essential for a repentant Maleficent to undo her own curse when she kisses Aurora on the forehead . After waking from her sleep , Aurora helps restore Maleficent 's wings to her when Stefan attempts to kill Maleficent , allowing her to defeat Stefan . Soon after Stefan 's death and Aurora 's ascension , Maleficent crowns Aurora as the ruler of the Moors to unite their kingdoms forever under one throne . Other appearances ( edit ) Maleficent 's revenge ( edit ) Maleficent was featured in the book sequel to Sleeping Beauty called Maleficent 's Revenge . Two years following the events of the film , a specific solar eclipse has an effect on fairy magic that causes Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather to feel weak . The spell on Diablo is negated enabling him to find Maleficent 's remains and use her staff to revive her . On the day of the celebration , Maleficent storms in and places a curse upon the castle turning every soul with the exception of Aurora to stone . Tortured and desperate , Aurora pleads for mercy upon Phillip and her people going as far as to asking Maleficent to turn her into stone , as well . Maleficent refuses as she 's unable to place a curse on the princess due to Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather 's protection spell , but she is able to grant a wish resulting in Aurora sacrificing her life in exchange for her loved ones and people . With Aurora once again put into a sleep - like state , the kingdom citizens are freed including Phillip , who rushes to the Forbidden Mountains to save his bride . There , a battle between Dragon Maleficent and the prince takes place . It is difficult for Prince Phillip since he does n't have the Sword of Truth with him . The evil dragon attempts to bite Phillip with her venomous fangs , but she accidentally strikes her own tail , killing herself instead . When Maleficent is defeated once and for all , Phillip once again wakes Aurora with a kiss of true love . Kingdom Hearts ( edit ) Maleficent appears as a major character in the Kingdom Hearts video game series , voiced by Susanne Blakeslee in the English versions and Toshiko Sawada in the Japanese versions . She has appeared in every game in the series except for Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , being one of the series ' key antagonists alongside Xehanort . She seeks to control the Heartless and use them to take over the many worlds , with Pete acting as her second - in - command . Disney 's House of Mouse ( edit ) Maleficent is a recurring character in the TV series Disney 's House of Mouse , voiced by Lois Nettleton . She also appeared as a villain in the film Mickey 's House of Villains . In the episode `` Halloween With Hades '' , Hades falls in love with her . Kingdom Keepers ( edit ) In the book series by Ridley Pearson , Kingdom Keepers , Maleficent appears as one of the first Overtakers encountered as she intends to leave the confines of Disney World to take over the world . She recruits Jez with a spell due to the girl 's abilities as a fairly ( almost like a fairy , but fairly human ) could reveal her plans , but fails . She breaks the seal to revive Chernabog as they escape in an ice truck to Disney 's Hollywood Studios . It is said that the temperature goes down when she is around ; later it is revealed she does this because warm temperatures weaken her magic . Later , in the fourth book , she and Chernabog are imprisoned in a hidden prison in Animal Kingdom , and during a blackout , the Evil Queen and Cruella de Vil make DHIs and rescue them . In the fifth book , Maleficent and the rest of the Overtakers ride the Dream on its first cruise , using Tia Dalma to revive Chernabog at full power . She meets her end in the sixth book when the Keepers ' leader , Finn , rips a hole in her with his DHI powers . However , at the end of the seventh book , Tia Dalma enacts a ritual to resurrect Maleficent . Dream along with Mickey ( edit ) In the Dream Along With Mickey stage show at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom , Maleficent is one of the villains who appear onstage to threaten Mickey Mouse , Minnie Mouse , Donald Duck and Goofy . Maleficent states that since people no longer believe in dreams , it is the perfect time for her to return to power and make the Magic Kingdom `` The Place Where Nightmares Come True '' . But Mickey leads the crowd in a chant of `` Dreams Come True ! '' and scares away Maleficent 's minions , Captain Hook and Smee , as well as defeating Maleficent herself . Mickey 's not - so - Scary Halloween Party ( edit ) Maleficent with the Queen of Hearts , and Captain Hook during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party 2009 . Maleficent also makes appearances during Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party at the Walt Disney World Resort . She makes an appearance through her voice in HalloWishes , a Halloween - themed fireworks show along with Ursula , Jafar , and Oogie Boogie . Susan Blakeslee provides Maleficent 's voice in those cases . Maleficent also appears during the Disney Villains Mix and Mingle stage show at that same event , appearing alongside fellow Disney Villains , including Captain Hook , Cruella de Vil , The Queen of Hearts , Jafar , and the Evil Queen . World on ice ( edit ) Maleficent appears in the new version of the show Disneyland Adventure ( replacing The Incredibles villain Syndrome ) . When she terrorizes the resort , she puts the entire kingdom to sleep and puts Minnie Mouse and Donald Duck into Sleeping Beauty Syndrome . She later took over It 's a Small World and Pirates of the Caribbean , but The Incredible Family managed to defeat her , though she vowed for revenge . Diva Villains ( edit ) Maleficent is part of the `` Diva Villains '' line - up , a sub-franchise of the main Disney Villains franchise . Maleficent is the last `` diva '' to appear in the event at Disneyland , just as the Evil Queen and Cruella de Vil are complaining on Madam Mim 's behavior . Next , Maleficent sings `` That Old Black Magic '' alone and later `` We 're Divas '' along with the whole cast of the show . Mickey Mousecapade ( edit ) Maleficent is the final boss in the North American version of the video game Mickey Mousecapade created in 1987 for the Nintendo Entertainment System . Once Upon a Time ( edit ) Kristin Bauer van Straten portrays Maleficent in Once Upon a Time . A version of Maleficent plays a role in the storylines for the 2011 American fantasy drama TV series Once Upon a Time , played by Kristin Bauer van Straten as a witch who is able to take the form of a fire - breathing dragon . Maleficent is first introduced as the `` only friend '' of the Evil Queen from Snow White . She is also somewhat responsible in her use of magic : she kept Rumpelstiltskin 's Dark Curse hidden to ensure it would never be used , and , upon learning she had been robbed by Robin Hood , allowed him to keep the gold on the condition that Will Scarlet return a dangerous mirror ( actually a portal to Wonderland ) he had stolen . She does have a bit of a temper , having gone after two generations of Sleeping Beauties : Queen Briar Rose and Princess Aurora , her daughter . Rumplestiltskin once assembled her , Cruella de Vil , and Ursula as the `` Queens of Darkness '' to obtain the Dark Curse from within Bald Mountain . All three of them had combined their talents to obtain it while having to avoid the Chernabog . Maleficent has a daughter named Lily whose egg was separated from her due to Isaac ( who was the Author at the time ; he was responsible for recording the stories but chose to alter them instead ) setting Snow White and Prince Charming down a path where they would be forced to choose between accepting that their daughter , the as - yet - unborn Emma , had free will and thus could become evil , or choosing to corrupt an innocent ( `` as yet unformed in the ways of old and evil '' ) and transfer Emma 's potential for darkness into the chosen vessel . They chose the latter and stole the as - yet - unhatched Lily from Maleficent ; Maleficent was weak from giving birth / laying the egg and was consequently unable to defend herself or her child . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , being controlled by Isaac , proceeded to transfer Emma 's potential for darkness into the egg containing Lily ; Lily was then transported to Earth alongside Ursula and Cruella de Vil , who were attempting to rescue her on Maleficent 's behalf ( It should be noted that Snow and Charming had been unaware that their chosen vessel would be sent to another world , not having asked about it 's fate , however , once realising that the egg contained a human infant as opposed to a dragooning they did attempt to prevent the hatching egg falling into the portal ) . When transported to Storybrooke , Maleficent was trapped in her dragon form and confined to the caves beneath the town library , and she was later killed by Emma Swan to obtain a vial of liquid True Love that had previously been hidden within her body by Prince Charming ( as part of a deal with Rumplestiltskin ) . She also returned in the second season as a wraith when Captain Hook was used as a distraction while Regina looked for a powerful object , the failsafe , so that she could blow up Storybrooke and escape with Henry ; Hook was able to defeat Maleficent and escaped with the help of Greg and Tamara . Upon being resurrected by Rumplestiltskin due to her ashes being exposed to Mary Margaret Blanchard and David Nolan 's blood , Maleficent worked with Rumplestiltskin , Cruella de Vil , and Ursula to ensure that villains and not heroes would be the ones with happy endings . During this time Maleficent makes a deal with Rumplestiltkin , despite her not fulfilling her end of the bargain Rumple , empathising as a parent who has lost their child , agrees to show her the fate of her child anyway . She learns that , despite Cruella having led her to believe that her child had perished during the journey to the Land Without Magic , her child , a daughter , did indeed survive and was soon adopted . Following Ursula reconciling with her father Poseidon and Cruella being killed by Emma in defence of Henry 's life ( or so she believed ) , Maleficent chooses to turn her back on Rumplestiltskin , pre-empting his inevitable betrayal ; with the help of Regina and Emma she is reunited with Lily and lays aside her plans to get revenge on Mary Margaret and David . Following Lily 's first transformation into a dragon , Maleficent convinces Lily to stay in Storybrooke so she can learn what it means to be a dragon . Lily later tells Emma that Maleficent does n't know who Lily 's father is , since the mating took place while both partners were in dragon form . Descendants franchise ( edit ) Kristin Chenoweth signed on to play Maleficent in Disney 's original Disney Channel movie Descendants , which follows the teenage children of Disney 's iconic heroes and villains. 20 years prior the movie , all the Disney villains ( including the ones who died after bring them back to life ) that resided on the United States of Auradon were isolated in the Isle of the Lost ( a place sealed with a magical barrier in order to prevent all the villains to escape or make magic ) after King Beast and Queen Belle united the kingdoms following their honeymoon . 20 years later , the son of Queen Belle and King Beast named Ben makes a proclamation to give a chance to the kids of the Isle of the Lost to join society again , starting with four kids , including Maleficient own daughter Mal ( portrayed by Dove Cameron ) . Descendants : Isle of the Lost ( edit ) In the prequel novel Isle of the Lost , it is stated that Maleficent became the official ruler of the Isle of the Lost . Since the Evil Queen also wanted to rule the Isle , they became rivals . In some point before the events of the book , Maleficent had a `` moment of weakness '' with an unknown human male ( who is never mentioned anymore after that incident ) and became pregnant with a girl . Maleficent named her baby girl her own name , but nicknamed her `` Mal '' since she did n't believe her daughter can be truly evil . She is half human . Six years later , after finding out that the Evil Queen did n't invite Mal to her daughter Evie 's birthday party , she banished both females from the main city and for eternity ; however , after ten years , Evie and her mother returned to the lone isle , but Maleficent was n't aware of that at first , as she does n't really care . When Carlos , the son of Cruella de Vil , breaks the magical barrier for a second , Maleficent 's pet Diablo is freed of his stone curse and senses that The Eye of the Dragon ( Maleficent 's staff ) awakes too . He travels to the city in the Isle of the Lost and finds Maleficent , who orders her daughter Mal to recover the Eye of the Dragon ( which is located in Maleficent 's Castle ) . Mal departs to find the Eye with Carlos , Evie and Jay ( the son of Jafar ) , but since Maleficent does n't trust Mal , she secretly orders Diablo to follow Mal and retrieve the Eye . Although her suspicious became true when Diablo comes back with the Eye and Mal with empty hands , she was shocked when she realized Mal was able to find the Eye of the Dragon in her old throne hall , but quickly becomes disappointed when Mal admits that she touched the Eye instead of tricking someone else to touch it first , since Maleficent cursed the Eye to make anyone else fall in a 1000 years sleep ( which was Mal 's original plan ; Mal wanted revenge on Evie , so she was supposed to force Evie to touch the Eye 's crystal . ) Descendants ( edit ) In the 2015 film Descendants , when Maleficent finds out about Prince Ben 's proclamation to take her daughter along with Evie , Carlos and Jay to Auradon and to join society again , Maleficent `` joins '' forces with the Evil Queen , Jafar and Cruella De Vil and orders Mal and her friends to steal the Fairy Godmother 's wand in order to use it to bend good and evil at her will . Much to her disbelief , Mal does n't want to go with the plan . Maleficent forces Mal into a magical `` staring contest '' in order to establish her power over Mal 's , who loses and finally accepts to go on with the plan with the other three . Maleficent gives Mal her own magical spell book in order to make the task easier and warns Mal not to blow it . When Mal and her friends show up in a museum to steal the magic wand , they find wax figures of their parents . Mal asks her mother to tell what to do and the Maleficent statue comes to life and encourages Mal to keep her evil ways , promising that they will rule together as mother and daughter and eventually she will take her place . A few weeks later she and the other three villains get a videochat call with the kids ; Maleficent makes jokes about the Fairy Godmother about the magic she performed in Cinderella ( which the Fairy Godmother does n't take the jokes very well ) and asks Mal ( hiding her real intentions as motherly love ) when she will have the wand ; she gets a little annoyed when Mal informs her mother that they need to wait until Ben 's coronation , but when Cruella interrupts her to scream to her son she can longer interrogate Mal about the plan . Days later , at Prince Ben 's coronation , she is shocked when she sees Mal looking like a princess and by Ben 's side , but prays to her daughter to `` do n't blow it '' . In the coronation , the Fairy Godmother 's daughter Jane steals her mother 's wand in order to give herself a magical makeover like Cinderella 's , but by mistake destroys the magical barrier of the Isle of the Lost . After recovering her old magic , Maleficient shows up in the coronation and orders Mal ( who took the magic wand out of Jane ) to give her the wand , unknowing that her daughter and her friends vow to be good moments earlier . Mal gives the magic wand to the Fairy Godmother , but Maleficent casts a frozen spell on everybody ( except herself , her daughter and her friends ) and take the wand out of the Fairy Godmother . Mal and her mother have an argument about Mal 's choices and , even for Maleficent 's astonishment , successfully casts a spell to take the wand out of Maleficent 's hand . Maleficent becomes furious and demands Mal to give the wand back to her . But Carlos says `` Maybe good really is more powerful than evil . '' Maleficent laughs at this and a dog comes up to her . She shoves it off and Jay comes and touches her staff , causing it to glow green . She thumps him on the forehead , laughs again , and transforms herself into a dragon . After Evie blinds her with light from her magic mirror , she and Mal have another staring contest , but Mal casts a spell three times ( # The strength of evil is good as none , when stands before four hearts as one ! `` ) and fights back . Maleficent ca n't stand all the goodness and love and transforms into a little lizard , which is the same size as the love in her heart . Later propaganda states that Maleficent was put in a `` tiny cell '' , but Auradon 's residents do n't know where she 's been kept . Descendants : return to the Isle of the Lost ( edit ) In the sequel novel Return to the Isle of the Lost , Maleficent remains a tiny lizard in a tiny cell , being safe - guarded constantly . Maleficent only sleeps in the cage , ignoring even Mal . When the citizens of Camelot Hights report spotting a dragon , they suspect it to be Maleficent 's doing . Later , it 's revealed that it was Madam Mim causing all the disturbances . Disney Infinity ( edit ) Maleficent is a playable character in the Disney Infinity video games series , voiced again by Susanne Blakeslee and sporting her modified appearance from the live - action Angelina Jolie film . As with the other playable characters in the game , a tie - in figure for Maleficent was also released . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) The original version of Maleficent has been called as `` one of the most sinister Disney Villains '' . Guillermo del Toro has stated that along with Vermithrax in Dragonslayer , Maleficent is his favorite cinematic , Disney dragon . Voice actress Eleanor Audley and supervising animator Marc Davis were also praised for their work on the character . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Well Do You Know ... Sleeping Beauty ? '' . Disney Insider . Disney . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com '' . 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Bell . Somatexts at the Disney Shop . From mouse to mermaid : the politics of film , gender , and culture . ^ Jump up to : `` Maleficent Character History '' . Disney Archives . Jump up ^ `` Lady Tremaine and Stepsisters Character History '' . Disney Archives . Jump up ^ `` Report : Disneyland 's October 26th Diva Villain 's Event , Intro and Merch - LaughingPlace.com : Disney World , Disneyland and More '' . laughingplace.com . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time ; : Meet Maleficent 's child , Lily -- all grown up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ episode mother Jump up ^ Kristin Chenoweth to play Maleficent in Disney 's original movie ' Descendants ' Entertainment Weekly , Retrieved May 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Disney Descendants -- `` Authorities have apprehended the lizard ... '' Tumblr.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Merida and Maleficent Are Coming to Disney Infinity '' . Disney Blogs . Jump up ^ `` Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) '' Archived 2012 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An Unexpected Party Chat transcript now available ! from Weta Holics '' ( PDF ) . WetaNZ.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maleficent . Disney Archives - Maleficent Maleficent on IMDb Maleficent at The Big Cartoon DataBase <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) `` Sleeping Beauty '' / `` Little Briar Rose '' by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Theatre La Belle au Bois Dormant ( opera ) The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) Variants Sun , Moon , and Talia The Young Slave The Glass Coffin Retellings Alinda of the Loch Enchantment The Light Princess `` Little Daylight '' The Ordinary Princess The Sleeping Beauty Quartet Spindle 's End The Gates of Sleep Films Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) Some Call It Loving ( 1973 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1987 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1995 ) Keys to the Kingdom ( 2007 ) Sleeping Betty ( 2008 ) Maleficent ( 2014 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Disney `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( song ) Sleeping Beauty Castle Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant `` Evil Like Me '' ( song ) Kingdom Hearts series Characters Prince Charming Wicked fairy godmother Disney 's Sleeping Beauty characters Princess Aurora Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather Maleficent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maleficent&oldid=815451901 '' Categories : Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 film ) characters Fairy royalty Female supervillains Fictional characters introduced in 1959 Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional witches Fictional dragons Fictional fairies and sprites Fictional kidnappers Fictional characters who use magic Fictional queens Fictional shapeshifters Kingdom Hearts characters Video game bosses Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Witchcraft in film Villains Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from March 2017 Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles to be expanded from May 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 22 : 24 . 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1. Maleficent - Disney character 2. Sleeping Beauty - fairy tale 3. Angelina Jolie - portrayal of Maleficent in live-action film 4. Once Upon a Time - TV series featuring Maleficent 5. Descendants - Disney Channel movie featuring Maleficent

when does katherine pierce die in vampire diaries

List of the vampire Diaries characters - Wikipedia List of the vampire Diaries characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The season six cast of the show ( Use cursor to identify ) The Vampire Diaries is an American fantasy - drama television series which was first broadcast on The CW from 2009 to 2017 , airing 171 episodes over 8 seasons . Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec adapted the TV series from L.J. Smith 's novel series of the same name . Some of the characters appeared in the spin - off series , The Originals . The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia . The focal points of the show are a love triangle -- involving Elena Gilbert and vampire brothers Stefan and Damon Salvatore -- and the town 's supernatural history , involving Elena 's friends and relatives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Elena Gilbert 1.2 Katherine Pierce 1.3 Stefan Salvatore 1.4 Damon Salvatore 1.5 Jeremy Gilbert 1.6 Jenna Sommers 1.7 Bonnie Bennett 1.8 Caroline Forbes 1.9 Matt Donovan 1.10 Vicki Donovan 1.11 Tyler Lockwood 1.12 Alaric Saltzman 1.13 Enzo St. John 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Elizabeth Forbes 2.2 Richard Lockwood 2.3 Carol Lockwood 2.4 Sheila Bennett 2.5 Emily Bennett 2.6 Lexi Branson 2.7 Anna 2.8 Isobel Flemming 2.9 John Gilbert 2.10 Meredith Fell 2.11 April Young 2.12 Liv Parker 2.13 Luke Parker 2.14 Malachai Parker 2.15 Lillian Salvatore 2.16 Valerie Tulle 3 Minor characters 3.1 Season one 3.2 Season two 3.3 Season four 3.4 Season five 3.5 Season six 3.6 Season seven 4 The Originals 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Main characters ( edit ) The following is a list of series regulars who appear in one or more of the series ' eight seasons . The characters are listed in the order they were first credited in the series . Key = Main cast ( actor receives `` Starring '' credit that season ) = Recurring cast ( actor appears in two or more episodes that season ) = Guest cast ( actor appears in only one episode that season ) Character Actor <Th_colspan="8"> Seasons 5 6 7 8 Elena Gilbert Nina Dobrev <Td_colspan="6"> Main Voice only Guest Katherine Pierce Recurring Main <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Main <Td_colspan="2"> Stefan Salvatore Paul Wesley <Td_colspan="8"> Main Damon Salvatore Ian Somerhalder <Td_colspan="8"> Main Jeremy Gilbert Steven R. McQueen <Td_colspan="6"> Main Guest Jenna Sommers Sara Canning <Td_colspan="2"> Main Guest Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Bonnie Bennett Kat Graham <Td_colspan="8"> Main Caroline Forbes Candice King <Td_colspan="8"> Main Matt Donovan Zach Roerig <Td_colspan="8"> Main Vicki Donovan Kayla Ewell Main Guest Recurring Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Tyler Lockwood Michael Trevino <Td_colspan="6"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Alaric Saltzman Matt Davis <Td_colspan="3"> Main <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main Klaus Mikaelson Joseph Morgan Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Main Guest Guest Voice only Enzo St. John Michael Malarkey <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Main Jump up ^ Nina Dobrev appears as Amara in three episodes of season five . ^ Jump up to : Uncredited . Jump up ^ Paul Wesley appears as Silas in one episode of season four and eight episodes of season five and as Tom Avery in two episodes of season five . Jump up ^ Steven R. McQueen is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 21 . In episode 6 × 22 , he is credited as a special guest star . Jump up ^ Kat Graham is credited as Katerina Graham from episode 1 × 01 to 2 × 16 . Jump up ^ Candice King is credited as Candice Accola from episode 1 × 01 to 6 × 22 . Jump up ^ Kayla Ewell is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 22 , she is not credited and does not appear . Jump up ^ Matt Davis is credited as a series regular from episode 1 × 14 to 1 × 22 . From episode 1 × 01 to 1 × 08 , he is not credited and does not appear . From episode 1 × 09 to 1 × 13 , he is credited as a special guest star . Elena Gilbert ( edit ) Main article : Elena Gilbert Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Guest starring season : 8 Nina Dobrev Elena Gilbert ( based on Elena Gilbert from the novels ) is the central character and the female lead of the series for the first six seasons . She is the biological daughter of John Gilbert and Isobel Flemming , and adopted daughter of Grayson and Miranda Gilbert . She has a younger adoptive brother named Jeremy Gilbert , who is later revealed to be her biological cousin . She has an adoptive aunt named Jenna Sommers who serves as her and Jeremy 's legal guardian in the first two seasons of the series . She is the descendant and doppelgänger of Katherine Pierce . In season one , surviving a car accident which killed her parents , Elena reluctantly returns to school for her junior year and begins dating a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Stefan 's brother , Damon , also begins falling for Elena . After Stefan and Elena sleep together , she finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that this woman caused the brothers to feud 145 years ago , and turned them into vampires . He says that she was adopted and is actually a descendant of Katherine , and that he saved her the night of her parents ' deaths . At the end of season one , Elena meets her birth mother , Isobel , who is now a vampire , and discovers that her uncle John , who she grew up hating , is her natural father . In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , exactly resembling Katherine Pierce , which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later takes place , but Elena is saved because John sacrificed himself for her after Bonnie magically enchants him . However , her Aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying from a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him . Damon is cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . However , in order to convince Klaus to give his blood to Damon , Stefan had to turn into his `` Ripper '' self and accompany Klaus . In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan regain his humanity , which he switched off to satisfy , and tolerate , Klaus . She grows closer to Damon while working together to save Stefan and try to defeat Klaus , eventually sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well , but that she never stopped loving Stefan . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parents ' death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system ; she then awakens as a vampire in transition . In season four , Elena must decide whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . After realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , Elena completes her transition . She claims that choosing Stefan was the best choice she 'd ever made . However , their relationship ends due to her heightened feelings for Damon . Damon later realizes there is a sire bond between them , complicating the truth behind their relationship . Damon makes Elena turn off her humanity to avoid her grief when Jeremy is killed searching for a cure for vampirism . Elena becomes ruthless without her emotions . When she turns on her emotions again , her sire bond to Damon has been broken , though she remains in love with him . During a confrontation with Katherine , Elena shoves the cure down Katherine 's throat , forcing her to become human again . In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College after spending the summer with Damon . She is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and learns that her father experimented on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of the past 500 years catching up with her , Katherine uses a spell to possess Elena . Elena 's friends trap Katherine when they realize this . Stefan stabbed her with the Traveler dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper - werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting her . Elena 's friends are eventually able to find an antidote . She loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but soon get back together . Once Markos and his Traveler army begin to take over Mystic Falls , Elena and company come up with a plan to neutralize the Travelers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering Bonnie -- who is now the anchor to the Other Side -- and creating a possible way out of the collapsing dimension . Elena and Damon cause an explosion at the Mystic Grill , killing themselves and most of the Travelers . She wakes up as a ghost and passes to the Other Side ; Elena and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards , but the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and Bonnie is stuck as the anchor , leaving those alive mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie . In season six , Elena begins medical school , unable to set foot in her hometown . She is unable to recover from Damon 's death and lurks at the edges of Mystic Falls -- preying on people , drinking their blood , and compelling them to forget . As spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , and he eventually succeeds . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but does n't want to go back to being unhappy again , and starts dating classmate Liam . After Damon comes back to life , Elena eventually decides to have the compulsion undone , but Alaric crosses into Mystic Falls and becomes human again . Elena is then left to face Damon and see if her feelings will return . Bonnie returns from the prison world with the cure to immortality which Elena takes , hoping to have family with Damon . However , in the season finale , Kai links Bonnie 's life to Elena 's , putting her in a magical sleep until Bonnie 's dies . In season eight , Elena appears in the final episode , appearing to Bonnie when her heart stops . However , Bonnie is brought back to life and Elena 's body is then taken over by Katherine and trapped in the boiler room to die with the Hellfire . Stefan sacrifices his life to save Elena . They are briefly reunited so he can say goodbye . Bonnie eventually breaks Kai 's spell on Elena and reunites her with Damon and her friends . Elena goes to medical school and marries Damon while continuing to write in her diary , thanking Stefan for saving her life in the pilot . She and Damon live long and happy human lives together before they die . In the afterlife , Elena finds peace by reuniting with Jenna , John and her parents . Katherine Pierce ( edit ) Played by Nina Dobrev Starring seasons : 2 and 5 Recurring seasons : 1 , 3 and 4 Guest starring season : 8 Nina Dobrev Katherine Pierce , born Katerina Petrova ( based on Katherine von Swartzschild from the novels ) , was part of a `` Traveler '' ( or Romani ) family , and was banished to England after bearing an illegitimate child . Upon meeting Klaus and Elijah , two of the original vampires , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger -- which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . She tricked other vampires into turning her , thereby making her useless to Klaus , then spent 500 years running and hiding to escape his wrath . She arrives in Mystic Falls , where both Stefan and Damon Salvatore fall in love with her . She escapes the burning of vampires in the town , and gives the brothers her blood so that they both turn into vampires after being shot . Damon spends 145 years trying to free Katherine from a tomb , though she is not there when he opens it . In the last episode of season one , Katherine returns to Mystic Falls . During season two , she tells Damon that she has always been in love with Stefan and never truly cared for Damon . It is later discovered that her real reason for returning is to appease Klaus by giving him the new doppelgänger , the moonstone , and a vampire , witch , and werewolf . Stefan and Damon lock her in the tomb when they realize her plan , and even when the spell trapping vampires in the tomb is broken , she is compelled by Elijah to stay in . Elijah temporarily dies and Katherine is freed , but chooses to help Stefan and Damon . When Klaus comes to Mystic Falls , he kidnaps her and tortures her in Alaric 's apartment . He eventually releases her , but she keeps track of Klaus and Stefan 's whereabouts . When she learns that a vampire hunter named Mikael is the key to killing Klaus , she finds and awakens him , but goes back into hiding when Mikael 's plan fails . Katherine returns in season four , allowing Jeremy to be killed by Silas so she can steal the cure . It is revealed that during her time away from Mystic Falls , she had begun a relationship with Elijah Mikaelson , having real feelings for him . She decides to give him the cure to prove that her love is real , though he eventually leaves her to be with his family in New Orleans . During a physical confrontation with Elena , Katherine is forced by Elena to drink the cure , leaving her human for the first time in 500 years . During season five Katherine struggles with being human again . She learns that her long - lost daughter , Nadia , is a vampire in Mystic Falls . Silas drains Katherine of all of her blood , to get the cure , and Katherine returns to life . However , she rapidly descends into old age from the 500 years of her existence . She uses her Traveler heritage to transfer her consciousness into Elena 's body as hers dies , eventually taking control of Elena 's body and masquerading as Elena to win Stefan 's affection . Stefan and Caroline learn her identity and Stefan stabs her with the Traveler 's Knife , releasing Katherine 's soul from Elena 's body . However , Katherine had injected Elena 's body with Dr. Wes Maxfield 's experimental `` Ripper Serum '' , to turn Elena into a vampire who feeds from other vampires along with werewolf venom . An unknown force denies Katherine access to the Other Side and she was left in a dark void . It is later revealed that Katherine was sucked into Hell , where she became a feared presence over six years . Katherine made a bet with Kai Parker , that whoever won would replace Cade as the ruler of Hell . Katherine 's manipulation resulted in Kai 's imprisonment in a Spirit Rule and her ascension as the queen of Hell . She then escaped Hell and proceeded to taunt Stefan and Caroline on their wedding day . She manipulates Kelly and Vicki Donovan into doing her bidding , resulting in Kelly nearly killing Caroline 's twins and Vicki ringing the bell . While everyone is distracted , Katherine steals Elena 's body and traps it in the boiler room to ensure Elena dies in the Hellfire . Katherine then impersonates Elena to torture the brothers . They attempt to kill her , but she continues returning from Hell . Stefan then stays with Katherine to ensure that they both finally die in the Hellfire , destroying Hell and giving Katherine what she wanted -- to spend the rest of her life with Stefan . Stefan Salvatore ( edit ) Main article : Stefan Salvatore Played by Paul Wesley and Sawyer Bell ( young Stefan ) Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 3 Paul Wesley Stefan Salvatore ( based on Stefan Salvatore from the novels ) was born and raised in Mystic Falls to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore , who died when he was young . Stefan is the younger brother of Damon , and the two were best friends in life . However , this changed when the brothers fell in love with Katherine Pierce . Once Stefan discovered Katherine was a vampire , Stefan was both scared and repulsed by Katherine and vampirism in general . Katherine , however , compelled Stefan to not be afraid of her , to keep her secret , and to drink her vampire blood against his will . In 1864 , Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father , with Katherine 's blood in his system , and accidentally killed his father . Damon , who turned into a vampire as well , promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan . A newborn vampire with uncontrollable bloodlust , Stefan became severely out of control ( later known as the Ripper ) and addicted to the blood , killing many people . However , Stefan was taught by a vampire named Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson , who later became Stefan 's best friend or companion . After decades of absence from Mystic Falls , Stefan returned to visit his home and Zach . Stefan heard the Gilbert 's car accident at Wickery Bridge and saved Elena , who he noticed looked exactly like Katherine . Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he reveals to her that he is a vampire . However , Damon returns to Mystic Falls and also falls in love with Elena . As the series progresses , Damon and Stefan rebuild their brotherly bonds . Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series , which left him weaker than other vampires . In season two , Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena 's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength . When Katherine returns , it is discovered that she has always been in love with Stefan and not Damon ; however , Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine . Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire . After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite , Klaus turns Stefan into a Ripper again . As an arrangement to save Damon , Stefan works for Klaus while trying to protect Elena by keeping Klaus away from Mystic Falls . Klaus later finds out Elena is alive and compels Stefan to kill her , making Stefan turn off his humanity when he resists . Stefan is later able to get his humanity back -- seen when he saves Klaus ' life to protect Damon -- but pretends not to care about Elena . He later takes it upon himself to kill Klaus . He steals Klaus ' family and tries using them as blackmail . When that fails Stefan threatens to turn Elena into a vampire if Klaus does not get his hybrids out of town ; Klaus agrees at the last minute . Stefan and Elena get into a fight , but Elena chooses Stefan over Damon . Later , Elena and Matt are trapped underwater ; Elena makes Stefan save Matt first and she drowns with vampire blood in her system . During season four , Stefan 's relationship with Elena is tested . He becomes fixated on finding the cure to vampirism for her , which results in Damon telling him that he can only love Elena as a human . Eventually , Stefan and Elena break up as a result of her feelings for Damon , which were amplified after being turned into a vampire . Stefan then forms a casual relationship with Rebekah ( with whom he had a brief affair in the 1920s ) . After Elena eventually turns her humanity off as a result of her sire bond to Damon and Jeremy 's death , Stefan and Damon attempt to find a way to force her to turn it back on . Eventually they do , but Elena remains in love with Damon and decides to be with him . Stefan is revealed to be the doppelgänger of Silas , who locks Stefan in a large metal safe and pushes it into the bottom of a lake . Stefan is rescued by the witch Qetsiyah , who brainwashes him and he falls in love with Elena again . He later regains his memories and kills Silas . Suffering from PTSD , Stefan manages to recover with the help of Katherine . The two begin a sort of relationship before Katherine 's body fails her . It is later revealed that Katherine took over Elena 's body and attempts to seduce Stefan ; he kills her after saying goodbye one last time . Julian ( in Tyler 's body ) ripped out Stefan 's heart , killing him and sending him to the disintegrating Other Side . He reunites with Lexie , who saves him from getting sucked into Hell . Stefan manages to return to the land of the living , though Damon and Bonnie apparently die in the process . By season six , Stefan has left Mystic Falls to attempt to live a normal life with a new girlfriend . However , a visit from Caroline and Enzo results in Enzo killing his girlfriend . Stefan returns to Mystic Falls to kill Enzo , but stays after reuniting with Damon . He later helps Caroline get through her mother 's cancer and develops romantic feelings for her . In season seven , Stefan is reunited with his mother and decides to forgive her . It is revealed that Stefan had slept with Valerie , one of the Heretics , while he was human , resulting in her pregnancy . Valerie lost the baby after Julian beat her . Stefan kills Julian and later develops a relationship with Valerie that ends soon after the encounter with Rayna . By season eight , Stefan had entered into a relationship ( and later engagement ) with Caroline while he searched for Damon . Stefan later gave himself up in servitude to Cade ( alongside Damon ) in order to save Caroline 's twins . Stefan 's humanity is shut off and he goes on a murderous rampage to deliver souls to Cade . He is later sent for Elena and kills Enzo , but Bonnie injects him with the cure , rendering him human . Stefan 's guilt greatly impacts his relationship with Caroline and friendship with Bonnie . He later kills Cade to save Damon and Bonnie . He reunites with Caroline and works towards earning Bonnie 's forgiveness . Stefan and Caroline use their ' wedding ' to lure Katherine out , and are married when she fails to appear . After their marriage , Stefan and Damon search for Elena 's body , taken by Katherine . Stefan and Bonnie then realize they can redirect the Hellfire at Katherine to destroy Hell , but someone must sacrifice themselves to ensure she 's hit while in Hell . Stefan and Damon argue over who should do it , as Stefan wants to find redemption for his killings and to give Damon a chance at happiness . Damon compels the human Stefan to leave , but Stefan had been taking vervain . Stefan injected Damon with his blood , giving him the cure , then shoves a human Damon aside and sacrifices his life to kill Katherine and save Mystic Falls . Stefan reunites with Elena , getting to say goodbye , then goes to the afterlife . Years later , Stefan is reunited with Damon . Damon Salvatore ( edit ) Main article : Damon Salvatore Played by Ian Somerhalder Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 Ian Somerhalder Damon Salvatore ( based on Damon Salvatore from the novels ) is a vampire , turned by Katherine Pierce one hundred and forty - five years prior to the beginning of the main storyline . He is the son of late Giuseppe Salvatore and the older brother of Stefan Salvatore . He is portrayed as a charming , handsome and snide person who loves tricking humans , and takes pleasure in feeding on them and killing them during the early episodes of the first season . During the first season , Damon gradually becomes kinder to the other characters , showing brief moments of compassion such as erasing Jeremy 's traumatic memory of vampires . Damon apologizes for turning Vicki Donovan into a vampire and admits it was wrong . Later , he admits to Elena he came to the town wanting to destroy it but actually found himself wanting to protect it . Damon and Elena begin to kiss passionately before getting interrupted -- it is later revealed that it was n't Elena he kissed , but Katherine Pierce . In season two , Katherine tells Damon that she loved Stefan and never loved him . Elena later says something similar , leaving Damon heartbroken . He snaps Jeremy 's neck ( though Jeremy is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures ) , incurring Elena 's wrath . Bonnie declares hatred for Damon when she learns his blood turned Caroline Forbes into a vampire . After saving Elena and Stefan , Damon confesses his love for Elena but then compels her to forget his selfish words . Damon joins Rose to find out why the Originals are after Elena ; they have sex , and Damon comforts Rose when she suffers a fatal werewolf bite . Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences , and Elena cares for Damon when he is bitten by Tyler at the end of the season . Expecting he will die , Elena gives him a kiss , but Damon is later cured by the blood of Klaus , the original hybrid . In the third season , Damon helps Elena bring Stefan back to Mystic Falls . He is at first reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts , and employs her guardian , Alaric Saltzman , in order to conceal that Elena is alive . Stefan 's change in attitude causes a rift between Elena and Stefan while Damon and Elena grow closer . Elena 's refusal to admit this incenses Damon , who reverts to previous uncaring and reckless behavior . This continues until , in a heated moment , Elena admits to loving both brothers . Elena chooses Stefan and Damon seems to accept this decision and his death by Alaric , but rushes to the hospital when he realizes Elena has died . Damon starts season four at Elena 's bedside after learning that she died with vampire blood in her system , and is transitioning . Damon tries to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake , but she overpowers him and escapes . Later , Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young . After dispatching the deputies , Damon is about to kill Matt when stopped by a vampiric Elena . Damon makes Elena drink his blood when she seeks his help from a new vampire hunter , which leads to a fight with Stefan over what kind of vampire Elena will become . Damon tasks Stefan with learning more about Connor , a vampire hunter , while Damon accompanies Elena to college to teach her how to hunt and erase memories from her victims . Damon declares that he loves Elena whether she 's human or vampire , and they eventually begin a relationship , though it is complicated by a sire bond between them ( his blood was used to turn her ) . Damon uses the sire bond to make Elena turn off her humanity to avoid the guilt of Jeremy 's death . Later , Damon and Stefan force her to turn it back on , at which point the sire bond has broken . However , Elena remains in love with Damon and they continue their relationship . In season six , Damon and Bonnie are trapped in a 1994 Prison World , which Damon initially believes is his own personal hell , as they continually relive a painful day from his past . While working with Bonnie to find a way back to Mystic Falls , and to take down Kai , Damon becomes friends with Bonnie . Eventually , Bonnie sends Damon back , leaving herself trapped with Kai . Damon tried to win Elena back , though she lost all her memories of their relationship . Damon is devastated when Liz dies . He reunites with Bonnie when she escapes the prison world with the cure for vampirism . Damon gave the cure to Elena -- which undoes Alaric 's compulsion -- intending to take the cure himself so they can be together as humans . However , Kai casts a spell which puts Elena into a magical sleep until the time of Bonnie 's death . In season seven , Damon travels with Bonnie and Alaric and learns to live without Elena . He refuses to forgive his mother for past mistakes on her deathbed . The guilt takes a toll on Damon , and after Julian is killed , he decides to let himself desiccate in a coffin next to Elena , waiting out the years until Bonnie dies . He 's later awakened by Stefan in order to help him fight Rayna . By season eight , Damon and Enzo have gone missing . It is revealed that the two were taken by the siren Sybil , who forces them to go on various killing sprees . Despite Sybil 's numerous attempts , Damon 's love for Elena wins out . He later is forced into servitude for Cade ; compelled to kill either Elena or Stefan , Damon instead kills himself with a piece of wood from Elena 's coffin . His life is saved by Bonnie , and Stefan manages to kill Cade . In the series finale , Damon desperately searches for Elena 's body , stolen by Katherine . Damon attempts to sacrifice his life to save Mystic Falls ( and Elena ) and kill Katherine with the Hellfire . However , Stefan injects Damon with the cure and takes his place . Damon and Elena marry and live a long and happy human life . Damon is then reunited with his brother in the afterlife . Jeremy Gilbert ( edit ) Played by Steven R. McQueen Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Special guest starring season : 8 Steven R. McQueen Jeremy Gilbert ( loosely based on Margaret Gilbert from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin . In the beginning of the series , Jeremy was emotionally damaged by the death of his parents and begins to use drugs . He was in love with Vicki Donovan , another drug user , causing a rivalry with her boyfriend , Tyler Lockwood . Vicki later breaks up with Tyler and starts a relationship with Jeremy . However , Jeremy witnesses Stefan kill Vicki ( after Damon turned her into a vampire ) . At Elena 's request , Damon makes Jeremy forget this , and Jeremy becomes more stable and stops using drugs . Jeremy then starts a relationship with a vampire named Anna , but John Gilbert , Jeremy 's uncle , kills Anna at the end of season one . Jeremy tries to become a vampire by overdosing while having Anna 's blood in his system , but he fails . He was later given John 's ring , which protects him from a death caused by anything supernatural . In season two , Jeremy falls in love with Bonnie Bennett and they start a relationship . Jeremy later loses both his aunt and uncle on the day of the sacrifice , leaving Elena and himself without a guardian . In the season two finale , Jeremy was accidentally shot to death by Sheriff Forbes , but Bonnie was able to bring him back . However , bringing Jeremy back from the dead allowed him to see and communicate with the ghosts of his former girlfriends , Anna and Vicki , whenever he thinks about them . When the doorway to the Other Side was opened , Jeremy was able to physically interact with Anna . Bonnie finds out , resulting in their break - up . When Bonnie closes the doorway to the Other Side , Jeremy and Anna decide to let each other go . After Jeremy kills a hybrid and was almost killed by Klaus , Elena asks Damon to compel Jeremy into leaving Mystic Falls in order to live a normal life . However , after Klaus and the other Originals find out where Jeremy was , Elena takes Jeremy back home . In season four , a vampire hunter , Connor , arrives in town , and only Jeremy can see his mysterious tattoos , later revealed to be a map to the cure for vampirism . When Connor is killed , Jeremy becomes part of The Five , a group of vampire hunters , and his ' hunter 's mark ' grows when he kills vampires . His urge to kill grows as well , and he attempts to murder Elena . Eventually , he finds a way to control this , and Damon trains him . After killing Kol , resulting in the death of his entire bloodline , Jeremy 's mark completes , revealing a map to the cure . However , once he and Bonnie reach Silas , Katherine reveals herself and allows Silas to feed on Jeremy in order to awaken . She steals the cure , and Jeremy is killed when Silas snaps his neck . Elena then burns the Gilbert house , creating a cover story for his death . When Bonnie drops the veil to the Other Side , Jeremy 's ghost returns , saving Elena from Kol . Bonnie performs a spell that allows Jeremy to stay alive . The spell , however , killed Bonnie in the process , though Jeremy can see her ghost . In season five , Jeremy attempts to keep Bonnie 's death a secret for her in order to preserve her friends ' happiness . However , Jeremy eventually reveals the truth to his friends . Bonnie and Jeremy are reunited after she becomes the new anchor to the Other Side , though she sacrifices her life once more in the finale to save Elena , Stefan , Enzo , Tyler and Alaric . It was revealed that Jeremy 's supernatural hunter status was inactive as a result of the anti-magic barrier around the town . In season six , Jeremy has become a drunk after Bonnie 's death , paying her cell phone bill just to hear her voicemail recording . After Kai absorbed the Travelers ' spell around Mystic Falls , Jeremy regained his hunter abilities . Later , Jeremy came to the conclusion that it was time for him to move on with his life and leave for Santa Fe , New Mexico . While nearly all of his friends and family are under the impression that Jeremy is going to art school there , in reality , Jeremy has moved there to hunt vampires , with only Alaric , who planned to feed him leads , knowing Jeremy 's true plans . Jeremy returns in the series finale , shown teaching gifted youngsters how to defend themselves against the supernatural at the Salvatore School . Jenna Sommers ( edit ) Played by Sara Canning Starring seasons : 1 -- 2 Guest starring seasons : 3 , 5 and 8 Sara Canning Jenna Sommers ( loosely based on Judith Maxwell from the novels ) was Elena and Jeremy Gilbert 's aunt . She was the sister of their mother , Miranda Sommers - Gilbert . After her sister and her sister 's husband were killed in a car crash , she took over as Elena 's and Jeremy 's legal guardian and moved into the Gilbert family home . In the beginning , Jenna had trouble coping as an authority figure , having been a partying college student , but as the series progresses she becomes better at it . She begins dating news reporter Logan Fell , who had cheated on her in the past . However , Logan was turned into a vampire by Anna and then killed by history teacher Alaric Saltzman ; Jenna was told that he had left town . She later begins a relationship with Alaric . In season two , John Gilbert begins to cause trouble between Jenna and Alaric , and Jenna suspects that Alaric is not completely honest with her . When Isobel Flemming , Alaric 's supposed dead wife , shows up at Jenna 's door , Jenna becomes angry with Elena and Alaric -- who then tell her everything about vampires . Jenna was later turned into a vampire by Klaus , to be used in the sacrifice to release his werewolf side . She attempts to kill Greta Martin , Klaus ' witch , to stop the sacrifice and saves Elena , at which point Klaus stakes her to death . In season three , Jenna is seen in the season finale , in flashbacks of the night Elena 's parents ' car went off Wickery Bridge . She is later seen as one of Katherine 's hallucinations in season five . Jenna then appears in the series finale , where she and her family reunite with Elena as she passes . Bonnie Bennett ( edit ) Played by Kat Graham Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 Kat Graham Bonnie Sheila Bennett ( based on Bonnie McCullough from the novels ) is Elena 's best friend . From season seven , she becomes one of two female leads . She is good friends with Caroline Forbes . In the beginning of the series , Bonnie discovers that she is a witch born from a line of witches . Her grandmother , Sheila Bennett , helps her learn to use her powers . When her grandmother dies , Bonnie continues training and becomes more and more powerful . In the midst of season two , she starts a relationship with Jeremy Gilbert , Elena 's younger brother . She later discovers , from warlock Luca Martin , that the only way to kill Klaus , the original vampire who wants to kill Elena , is for her to get the power of one - hundred dead witches . Once she does this , she pretends to be dead in a scheme of Damon 's to trick Klaus . But when she brings Klaus to the brink of death , Elijah does not kill him , as planned , and carries Klaus away before Bonnie could react . In the season two finale , Bonnie is able to save Jeremy from dying after she tells her dead ancestor Emily Bennett that she loves him . However , bringing Jeremy back from the dead allows him to see his dead ex-girlfriends . Bonnie later finds out that Jeremy kissed Anna when the doorway to the Other Side was temporarily opened , and she breaks up with him . Later on , Bonnie reconnects with her mother , Abby , who had abandoned her as a child , and who helps her to kill the original vampires . However , Abby is turned into a vampire by Damon and abandons Bonnie again . In the season three finale , Bonnie places Klaus ' soul into Tyler 's body , thus preventing him from being completely destroyed by Alaric and saving Tyler , Caroline , Damon , and Stefan from dying ( as part of Klaus ' bloodline ) . In the beginning of season four , Bonnie learns that there is a forbidden magic , but she is forced to use it to transfer Klaus back to his original body , as a result , angry spirits attack her grandmother 's ghost . Professor Atticus Shane mentors Bonnie in regaining her powers . However , unknown to her , this ' Art of Expression ' draws magic from the spirits of a massacre . It is revealed that Bonnie is a key component to finding the cure , as she was a descendant of the witch who entombed Silas , and is the only one who can open the tomb . During the course of the fourth season , she becomes closer to Jeremy again , hinting at a possible reunion between the two . However , upon finding the cure , Jeremy is killed by Silas . Feeling unimaginable grief , Silas , posing as Shane , manipulates Bonnie into believing that she can bring him back from the dead , but only if she brings back every supernatural creature who has died . When Bonnie drops the veil to the Other Side , she is overpowered by Silas . Bonnie manages to petrify Silas . Afterwards , Bonnie is determined to bring Jeremy back to life , despite Sheila 's warning . The spell ends up killing Bonnie , who awakens as a spirit . She eventually brings the veil back up , leaving Jeremy ( who she resurrected ) as the only one who can see her . In season five , Bonnie is resurrected -- but every supernatural who dies has to go through her to the afterlife , thus she feels the pain of their deaths . She and Damon are then trapped in another dimension together while the others think they are dead . In season six , Bonnie and Damon develop a friendship and find out from a psychotic killer , Kai , that they can get home by using her magic . However , the plan backfires when Kai tries to kill Bonnie and she sacrifices herself for Damon , which sends him back home . Later , Kai also returns to the living world , leaving Bonnie all alone . Bonnie eventually manages to come home but has a more - violent disposition . She got revenge when she left Kai in a prison world but he returned , due to the Heretics . At the end of the season , she is linked to Elena through a spell Kai made that put Elena in a coma as long as Bonnie lives . In season seven , Bonnie is more united with Damon and their relationship develops while she starts having feelings for Enzo . Her friendship with Damon ends because he left Bonnie while he desiccated himself in a coffin until Elena wakes , so Bonnie would never see him again . Three years later , she had romantic a relationship with Enzo . She discovers that the armory is looking for her so she hides with Enzo . They make a deal with Rayna , but she did not tell them that she was going to be the next huntress . When Bonnie woke up she tried to kill Damon , Enzo , and Caroline because Rayna marked them . She almost killed Enzo but Damon burned the last shaman in the armory so Bonnie was not the huntress anymore and saved Enzo . Finally , she forgave Damon . By season eight , Enzo and Damon disappeared and Bonnie could not locate them , leaving her without two of the people she most cared about . Bonnie manages to rescue Damon and Enzo from Sybil 's control using objects from the Armory , and resumes her relationship with Enzo . They plan for him to take the cure and live as humans together , but Stefan kills Enzo after his humanity shuts off . Bonnie injects him with the cure and her grief from Enzo 's death causes her to unlock her psychic abilities . She manages to forgive Stefan and uses her power to see Enzo , but she breaks off the connection in order to channel her power into saving Caroline 's twins . Inspired by her ancestors and Enzo , Bonnie gains new empowerment , saving Mystic Falls with the Hellfire . Her newfound strength allows her to break the spell over Elena and reunite with her best friend . Bonnie then fulfills her promise to Enzo to live her life , and leaves to travel the world as he watches over her . Caroline Forbes ( edit ) Played by Candice King and Mckenna Grace ( young Caroline ) Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 5 Candice King Caroline Forbes ( based on Caroline Forbes from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert and Bonnie Bennett 's best friend . From season seven she becomes one of two female leads . Caroline is the daughter of the Sheriff of Mystic Falls , Liz Forbes , with whom she had a troubled relationship that develops into a more - loving relationship . Her father , Bill Forbes , left her and her mother after coming out as gay . In the beginning of the series , Caroline is shown as shallow , self - absorbed and envious of Elena . However , Caroline 's character deepens and matures over the seasons . In season one , she was first attracted to Stefan but when he turns her down she pursues Damon . Damon used her in many ways , compelling her to forget much of it . During season one , she starts a relationship with Matt Donovan . At the end of season one , Caroline , Matt , and Tyler met an accident . In season two , Caroline was fed Damon 's blood to heal her injuries ; however , Katherine kills her and Caroline feeds on a bag of human blood at the hospital , turning into a vampire . Stefan helps Caroline control her bloodlust and they build a friendship . Caroline also becomes closer to Elena . She discovers that she is not able to control her bloodlust when she is around Matt , and tricks him into breaking up with her in order to protect him . When Tyler Lockwood starts his werewolf transformations , Caroline helps him and he starts to develop romantic feelings for her . However , Caroline is in love with Matt and they get back together as soon as Tyler leaves town . Matt later finds out that Caroline is a vampire ; feeling alienated and betrayed , he tells her mother . At first they do n't accept her , but when they realize that Caroline has retained her humanity , they soften . However , Matt breaks up with her , due to his aversion of the supernatural since the vampire death of his sister , Vicki . When Tyler returns to Mystic Falls , he and Caroline become closer and in the season three premiere , they sleep together . However , Carol Lockwood finds out Caroline is a vampire and contacts her father , Bill Forbes . He thinks Caroline is a monster and tries to `` fix '' her through torture , but she is saved by her mother and Tyler . Bill and Caroline eventually make amends , and she is devastated when he is killed during season three . Klaus Mikaelson takes a liking to Caroline during this season and she refuses to be wooed by him , staying loyal to her friends despite her attraction to him . In season four , Caroline helps Elena with her vampire transition . Her relationship with Tyler becomes strained with Klaus and the werewolf Hayley around . Caroline assumes something is going on between Hayley and Tyler , but Tyler denies it ( which is the truth ) . During the plan to get the cure , Caroline and Tyler watch over Klaus , who is trapped in the Gilbert home by Bonnie . They learn there is only one dose for the cure . After a talk with Klaus , it is revealed that Caroline would never take the cure , preferring herself as a vampire . When the spell wears off , Klaus tells Tyler to run , because Klaus would kill him for tormenting and teasing him . Caroline does n't want Tyler to go because she loves him but knows it is for the best . Caroline completes the Expression triangle by killing 12 witches in an attempt to save Bonnie , which opens up the gates to Other Side , letting all dead supernaturals loose in Mystic Falls . Caroline graduates high school with Bonnie , Matt , Stefan , and Elena , the ceremony interrupted by the 12 dead witches who make an attempt on Caroline 's life . She is saved by Klaus , who she had invited to the graduation , and who says goodbye and that he intended to be her last love . In season five , Caroline and Elena start college , both thinking Bonnie will come soon . Caroline assumes that Tyler will join them at Whitmore College . Outside a party , Caroline and Elena find their roommate Megan thrown from the second floor of a house with a bite mark on her neck , and realize there is another vampire at the college . Later , Caroline receives a message from Tyler that he ca n't return and they break - up when he refuses to give up his revenge upon Klaus . Klaus returns to Mystic Falls in an attempt to gloat over a dying Katherine , but is distracted by Caroline . She confesses her hidden desires for him , and they sleep together , Klaus vowing to never come back to Mystic Falls for her confession . Despite judgement from Tyler , Caroline refuses to feel guilty for her actions and builds a strange friendship with Enzo . In season six , she realizes she has feelings for Stefan , despite his attempts to ignore her all summer . She looks for ways to break the Travelers ' spell on Mystic Falls so that they can go home ( this is later accomplished when Kai absorbs the magic ) . Caroline 's mother , Liz , is diagnosed with cancer and Stefan attempts to comfort her . Caroline turns off her humanity as she ca n't deal with the pain of Liz dying . Stefan realizes that he has feelings for Caroline but is too late as her humanity is already off . Caroline asks for a year with no humanity where she promises to behave as long as they do n't attempt to trigger her humanity before then . They do not leave her alone , angering Caroline and as revenge she kidnaps Stefan and Damon 's niece , Sarah Salvatore , and blackmails Stefan to turn off his humanity . Stefan attempts to make Caroline lose control , and after numerous attempts he finally succeeds . Lily manages to trigger Stefan 's humanity , and he becomes determined to get Caroline back to normal . He pretends to Caroline that his humanity is off and they get locked up together in a bed and breakfast in Grove Hill by Damon and Elena . Caroline eventually turns her humanity back on . In season seven , Caroline and Stefan attempt to form a romantic relationship but his past with Valerie prevents this . She later discovers that the Gemini Coven had placed Alaric and Jo 's twins inside her to protect them . She gives birth to two girls , Josie and Lizzie ( named after Jo and her mother , Liz Forbes ) . Stefan decides to break - up with Caroline as he runs from the Hunter with Valerie . Caroline and Alaric move to Texas and become a family , where Caroline quickly steps into the motherly role . By season eight , Caroline is co-parenting her children with Alaric and soon becomes engaged to Stefan . Their relationship again becomes complicated when Stefan is forced to serve Cade in order to protect Caroline 's daughters . Caroline saves her kids and Alaric from the recently returned Kai and helps Alaric open a school for child witches . She and Stefan resume their engagement after he flips his switch back on , and the two stage a wedding in an attempt to draw out Katherine . Shortly after , Caroline is forced to say goodbye to Stefan when he sacrifices his life to save Elena and Damon . Caroline chooses to leave town with her daughters , though she and Stefan do get a bittersweet goodbye . Caroline and Alaric open a school for gifted supernatural children after receiving a large donation from Klaus , who praises her actions . It is implied from Alaric 's voiceover that the donation is the `` beginning of another story . '' Matt Donovan ( edit ) Played by Zach Roerig Starring seasons : 1 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 3 Zach Roerig Matthew G. `` Matt '' Donovan ( based on Matthew Honeycutt from the novels ) is Elena Gilbert 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend . Vicki Donovan is Matt 's older sister , who he takes care of as their troubled mother has left them . When Vicki dies , Matt is devastated . He is best friends with Tyler Lockwood . He is employed at the Mystic Grill as a busboy . Elena had broken up with Matt at beginning of the series , though Matt has feelings for her and wants to get back together , since Elena and Matt were each other 's `` first '' . However , he later starts a relationship with Caroline Forbes . When Caroline is turned into a vampire in season two , she tricks Matt into breaking up with her , for she ca n't control her bloodlust around him . However , they later get back together . When Matt learns that Caroline is a vampire , he suspects she had something to do with Vicki 's death . He asks her to make him forget , but he secretly has vervain in his system and only pretends to forget ; this was a plan of Sheriff Forbes . However , Matt finds out that Caroline is still the same person and tells her about the plan . He then breaks up with her due to the fact that he has too much to handle with work and school and does n't want to deal with the fact that Caroline is a vampire . In season three , Matt learns that Jeremy is able to see Vicki 's ghost ; after he drowns himself and is saved by Bonnie , he is able to see and speak to Vicki as well . She tells him that with his help , the original witch can make her come back whenever she wants without needing Matt to think about her . After he helps her , Matt finds out that the original witch wants Vicki to kill Elena in return ; with the help of Bonnie , Matt makes Vicki return to the Other Side and shuts her out of his thoughts . In season four , Matt blames himself for Elena 's vampire transformation -- Damon also blames him and wants Matt dead . Matt holds a grudge against Rebekah for trying to kill him and causing Elena 's transition . Matt later moves into the Gilbert house when Elena moves out , due to Jeremy 's urge to kill her . However , Elena moves back in , only for Jeremy to be killed soon after . Matt is shown to be devastated by the loss of his friend . He later develops a relationship with Rebekah Mikaelson and leaves Mystic Falls after graduation to travel with her . They part on good terms as she goes to New Orleans in season five . Another woman the two had encountered ( and slept with ) in Europe , Nadia , later appeared in Mystic Falls where she followed Matt . It is revealed that she is Nadia Petrova , and is searching for her mother , Katherine . Matt was possessed by a Traveler for a brief time and was involved with Nadia . Nadia later compelled him to forget that Elena was possessed by Katherine . After Nadia 's death , Matt helps his friends deal with the destruction of the Other Side with the help of Liv and Luke Parker . In season six , Matt helps Jeremy cope with the apparent death of Bonnie and the two attempt to kill Enzo . After Elena falls into a magical , coma - like slumber , Matt takes on more responsibility and eventually becomes the sheriff of Mystic Falls . During this time , Matt ejects all vampires from Mystic Falls . In season seven , Matt falls in love with his partner , Penny Ares . A vampire makes Matt kill Penny , and he becomes hellbent on getting revenge on Stefan . However , after a series of events forces Matt to try and save Bonnie from being a bloodthirsty supernatural Huntress , Matt is exhausted of the war between humans and vampires ; he decides to leave Mystic Falls and start a normal life . In season eight , Matt is reunited with his long - lost father , Peter Maxwell , who had abandoned him and Vicki when they were children . Peter reveals that Matt 's ancestors were the founders of Mystic Falls before the ' founding ' families took it over . They had built a bell in the Clock Tower , that upon being hit twelve times by a Maxwell descendant , would unleash the Hellfire and kill everyone around it . Stefan compels Matt to ring the bell , but Damon manages to stop him on the eleventh ring . This inadvertently allows several individuals to escape Hell , including Matt 's own mother and sister ( and also Cade , Katherine and Kai ) . His mother and sister later go to work for Katherine in order to stay out of Hell : Kelly injures Peter before dying again and Vicki plans on ringing the bell . Matt tells Peter about Vicki ; they all go up the clock tower and Matt watches Peter and Vicki reuniting and hugging . Matt and Peter later watch the tower erupt in flames after the twelfth ring of the bell . After Hell is destroyed , Matt continues to be sheriff and is about to run for mayor , where he 's watched over by his sister and Tyler . Vicki Donovan ( edit ) Played by Kayla Ewell Starring season : 1 Recurring seasons : 2 , 3 , 5 and 8 Kayla Ewell Vicki Donovan ( loosely based on Vickie Donovan from the novels ) was Matt Donovan 's older sister . Vicki was a troubled drug - addict , taken care of by Matt as their mother had left them . In the beginning of the series , she was dating Tyler Lockwood . Vicki and Jeremy hooked - up a few times but Vicki did n't want people to find out , since Jeremy was younger than her . Later , acknowledging that she had feelings for Jeremy , Vicki breaks - up with Tyler and starts a relationship with Jeremy . She was later turned into a vampire by Damon . She was unable to control her bloodlust and when she attacked Jeremy , Stefan kills her . Stefan and Damon make it seem as if Vicki had left town . Her body is later found by Caroline Forbes , devastating Matt and Jeremy . Later , when Jeremy is brought back to life , he was able to see and communicate with Vicki , who asks for his help . Matt learns of this and engineers a near - death experience so he can also see Vicki . She tells him that with his help , the original witch can make sure she can come back whenever she wants . However , Matt later finds out that the original witch ordered Vicki to kill Elena in return ; with the help of Bonnie , Matt makes Vicki return to the Other Side and shuts her out of his thoughts . Vicki later returns in season five , to ask Jeremy and Bonnie to tell Matt to stop sleeping with Rebekah . She reappears on the Other Side when Liz Forbes kills Matt , and is later pulled away from the Other Side in a similar way to Katherine . Vicki returns in season eight and appears in Damon 's mind , when he has flashbacks of his attack upon her in the pilot episode . It is later revealed that Vicki managed to escape Hell alongside Katherine and her mother . Vicki went on a killing spree before going to the Mystic Falls Clock Tower to ring the bell and bring the hellfire to destroy Mystic Falls . Vicki is then reunited with her brother and father and completely breaks down . She had wanted to get out of the torturous Hell by ringing the bell for Katherine , but her family inspires her to become the person she always wanted to be . She goes through with their plan to save Mystic Falls and kill Katherine . Vicki then finds peace in the afterlife with Tyler , where they continue to watch over Matt . Tyler Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Michael Trevino Starring seasons : 1 -- 6 Recurring seasons : 7 -- 8 The Originals special guest starring season : 1 Michael Trevino Tyler Lockwood ( based on Tyler Smallwood from the novels ) is the son of Mayor Richard Lockwood and Carol Lockwood . He plays for the Mystic Falls High School football team and is best friends with Matt Donovan . Tyler does not have a good relationship with his father , who sometimes acts violently towards him . However , when his father dies , Tyler is shown to be genuinely upset . In the beginning of the series Tyler is an arrogant bully . He is dating Vicki Donovan , who breaks - up with him for Jeremy Gilbert , causing them to become rivals . Tyler is shown to have a short temper and in season two Tyler learns from his uncle , Mason Lockwood , that he acts this way due to the werewolf gene . After Tyler accidentally kills Sarah , a classmate who was compelled by Katherine to provoke him , his fears come true as he has triggered the werewolf curse . Caroline Forbes , a young vampire , helps him prepare for his new life , and Tyler eventually falls in love with Caroline . A werewolf named Jules comes to town and tells Tyler that Caroline , Stefan and Damon are responsible for his uncle 's death , making Tyler feel betrayed . After Caroline is captured by a group of werewolves and Tyler hesitates to come to her rescue , Caroline breaks off their friendship . Hurt by Caroline 's decision and wishing to protect his friends , Tyler later leaves town with Jules . However , he returns when his mother is in the hospital and makes amends with Caroline , deciding to stay in Mystic Falls . Tyler and Caroline 's friendship deepens and in the season three premiere , they end up sleeping together . After his mother learns that Caroline is a vampire and kidnaps her as she is trying to sneak out , Tyler reveals that he is a werewolf by transforming in front of her . After he helps Sheriff Forbes rescue Caroline from her father , they begin an official relationship . Tyler is later turned into a hybrid by Klaus . Due to his transformation to a hybrid , he is sired to Klaus , and would do anything to protect Klaus as his master . When Tyler tells Caroline that he is okay with this , she breaks up with him . Tyler eventually realizes that the sire bond is n't in his favor , and breaks it by repeatedly turning into a werewolf . He and Caroline get back together , but in the season three finale , Bonnie places Klaus ' spirit in Tyler 's body in order to save his bloodline ( which includes Katherine , Stefan , Abby , Damon , Caroline and Tyler himself ) . It is unknown what happened to Tyler 's spirit during this time , or if he agreed to the plan . Klaus later forces Bonnie to return him to his original body ; once the transfer is complete , Tyler regains control of his body . Tyler , along with a new friend , Hayley , begin to secretly unsire all of Klaus ' hybrids . However , on learning about this , Klaus murders them all , along with Tyler 's mother . As a result , Tyler is eventually forced to leave town , knowing that Klaus will seek revenge upon him . He returns briefly for prom . Klaus later grants Caroline a graduation present , allowing Tyler to return to Mystic Falls . Later , Tyler became possessed by Julian , a Traveler . After the Travelers used the Body Sealing Spell on Tyler , Julian gained permanent control of Tyler 's body and due to Markos destroying the Traveler 's Knife that was needed to remove Passengers , Julian could not be banished . Later , Julian was captured by the Travelers and they brought Julian to Mystic Falls , where they had cast a spell that can undo magic , including vampirism . Thus , when Julian entered Mystic Falls , he lost Tyler 's vampirism and they both died , because vampirism was what kept them alive . Tyler ended up on the Other Side , but thanks to Bonnie and Damon 's sacrifices , he was able to come back to life and he discovered that he was no longer a hybrid . In season six , Tyler struggles to stay human , and develops a relationship with the witch Liv Parker . At the end of the season , Liv 's brother Kai attacks and critically injures them both , and Liv convinces Tyler to kill her in order to trigger his curse and thereby heal . Tyler reluctantly agrees , knowing that she was going to die anyway . He manages to injure Kai and save Alaric 's life . Tyler leaves Mystic Falls after saying goodbye to Elena . Tyler returns in season seven in order to take Elena 's coffin to protect her from the Heretics . He returns again in season eight and is killed by Damon. Tyler is seen in the series finale as having been reunited with Vicki , where the two find peace together and continue to watch over Matt . Alaric Saltzman ( edit ) Played by Matt Davis Starring seasons : 1 -- 3 and 6 -- 8 Recurring seasons : 4 -- 5 The Originals special guest starring seasons : 4 -- 5 Matthew Davis Alaric J. Saltzman , known as `` Ric '' ( based on Alaric K. Saltzman from the novels ) , was the history teacher at Mystic Falls High School . Alaric originally comes to town to kill Damon , to avenge his wife . However , it was later revealed that his wife , Isobel Flemming , requested that Damon turn her into a vampire . Alaric then starts to become friends with Damon . Alaric owns a Gilbert Ring , which he obtained from Isobel , which prevents him from being killed by anything supernatural . However , John Gilbert later claims the ring . Alaric starts a relationship with Jenna Sommers . In the second season , Gilbert starts causing trouble between Jenna and Alaric , and Jenna leaves when she meets Isobel and knows Alaric has been keeping secrets from her . His body was later possessed by Klaus to gain the group 's trust . Eventually Klaus releases Alaric , who gets back together with Jenna , but soon afterwards Klaus turns Jenna into a vampire and kills her for his sacrifice ritual , leaving Alaric heartbroken . In season three , Alaric moves in with Elena and Jeremy to take care of them , and represents the Gilbert family on the Founders ' Council . He later starts dating council - member Meredith Fell , a local doctor . It is later learned that Alaric was unknowingly killing people , due to the Gilbert ring giving him a vampire - hating alter ego , which was referred to as `` The Darkness '' or `` Evil - aric '' . He was later turned into an Original vampire by Esther in order to kill Klaus with an indestructible White Oak stake . In the season three finale , he dies when Elena drowns because their lives had been linked by Esther . He appears to Jeremy as a ghost to say goodbye , stating that he will always be there for them , and later at his grave where he listens to Damon lament about his responsibilities . Late in season four , Alaric 's ghost appears to Damon when Bonnie partially drops the veil to the Other Side . In the season five finale , Alaric came back to life by passing through Bonnie . Alaric is a regular in season six , having trouble adjusting to life as a vampire . He gets a job at Whitmore College as the occult studies professor . After Elena is unable to recover from Damon 's death , she begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon -- which he can do as an enhanced Original . Alaric starts forming a relationship with Jo , a doctor at the college , but decides it would be best if they were n't together and attempts to compel her into thinking she did n't enjoy their time together ; this fails to work as Jo is a witch . After Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion . Damon and Enzo are abducted by Tripp Cooke , who plans to kill them by driving them into Mystic Falls . Alaric and Stefan attempt to save them , but Alaric passes the border and begins to succumb to the injuries that caused his death until Jo arrives to keep him alive in a human state . This prevents him from reversing his compulsion on Elena . In season six , Alaric and Jo are married and expecting a baby . Jo is killed at their wedding and in season seven he attempts to resurrect her . In season seven , it is revealed that the Gemini Coven placed Alaric and Jo 's twins inside Caroline Forbes for protection . Caroline gives birth to the twins , named Josie and Lizzie ( after Jo and Liz Forbes ) . They eventually move to Texas and become a family . Caroline and Alaric do not remain together as she begins a relationship with Stefan . In season eight , Alaric and Caroline co-parent their children , who 've begun using magic . Alaric later turns the armory into a school for kids like his daughters , to teach them to control their powers . In the series finale , Alaric opens a school for gifted youngsters with Caroline in Stefan 's name , where he and his daughters are watched over by Jo . Enzo St. John ( edit ) Played by Michael Malarkey Starring seasons : 6 -- 8 Recurring seasons : 5 Michael Malarkey Lorenzo `` Enzo '' St. John is a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society , where he was Damon 's cellmate in the 1950s . He and Damon later revive their friendship while he searches for his lost lover , Maggie . Enzo shuts off his humanity after Damon reveals that he was the one who killed Maggie and then killed himself by having Stefan rip his heart out . He was resurrected in the season finale . Enzo is a series regular in season six , helping Caroline discover a way to resurrect Damon and Bonnie . After they visit Stefan and learn that he had been lying about searching for a solution , Enzo kills Stefan 's human girlfriend , Ivy . In response to this , Stefan later finds Enzo , incapacitates him , and turns him over to Tripp Cooke , a vampire hunter with a familial link to Mystic Falls . It is later revealed that Enzo had made Ivy drink his blood , and she became a vampire . Enzo wo n't reveal the names of other vampires , so Tripp plans to drive him and Damon into Mystic Falls to kill them , reuniting the two friends ( in chains once again ) , who are narrowly saved by Stefan and Alaric . In season seven , out of love for Lily , Enzo allies himself with the Heretics . Eventually , he begins working for The Armory due to his interest in his past and later to learn his family 's purposes . Enzo hides Bonnie from the Armory as they need her to open a mysterious vault . He gives her pills to mute her magic and the two fall in love . Enzo pursues Damon into a vault in the Armory when discolored and long - clawed hands grab his face and pull him backward . In season eight , Enzo falls under the control of the siren Sybil , killing many humans across the country with Damon . His love for Bonnie , however , prevents him from falling completely under Sybil 's control . Bonnie rescues him and the two resume their relationship , eventually planning for Enzo to take the cure and buy a house together in New York . Enzo is murdered by Stefan ( on Cade 's orders ) , which causes Bonnie to unleash her psychic powers . She sees visions of Enzo but breaks their connection in order to channel her powers into saving Caroline 's daughters . Enzo makes her promise to live her life and swears he will see her again before she lets him go . Enzo then makes Bonnie realize her strength , and continues to watch over her as she fulfills her promise by living her life as she happily travels the world . Recurring characters ( edit ) The following is a list of characters that are , or at one time were , a recurring guest on the series ( but never starring ) . They are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Actor Character <Th_colspan="8"> Season 5 6 7 8 Marguerite MacIntyre Sheriff Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Guest Robert Pralgo Mayor Richard Lockwood Recurring <Td_colspan="7"> Susan Walters Carol Lockwood <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Jasmine Guy Sheila Bennett Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Guest Bianca Lawson Emily Bennett Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Arielle Kebbel Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson <Td_colspan="5"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Special Appearance Malese Jow Annabelle `` Anna '' Recurring Guest Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Kelly Hu Pearl Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Mia Kirshner Isobel Flemming <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="6"> David Anders Johnathan `` John '' Gilbert <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Guest <Td_colspan="2"> Special Appearance Taylor Kinney Mason Lockwood Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Lauren Cohan Rose - Marie `` Rose '' Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="5"> Daniel Gillies Elijah Mikaelson <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Jack Coleman William `` Bill '' Forbes <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Claire Holt Rebekah Mikaelson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="3"> Sebastian Roché Mikael <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Torrey DeVitto Dr. Meredith Fell <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Guest <Td_colspan="4"> Persia White Abby Bennett Wilson <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Guest Alice Evans Esther <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Caspar Zafer Finn Mikaelson <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="5"> Grace Phipps April Young <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> David Alpay Professor Atticus Shane <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Phoebe Tonkin Hayley Marshall <Td_colspan="3"> Recurring <Td_colspan="4"> Olga Fonda Nadia Petrova <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Rick Cosnett Dr. Wesley `` Wes '' Maxfield <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Janina Gavankar Qetsiyah / `` Tessa '' <Td_colspan="4"> Recurring <Td_colspan="3"> Penelope Mitchell Olivia `` Liv '' Parker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Chris Brochu Lucas `` Luke '' Parker <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring <Td_colspan="2"> Tristin Mays Sarah Nelson <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring Guest Chris Wood Malachai `` Kai '' Parker <Td_colspan="5"> Recurring Recurring Jodi Lyn O'Keefe Josette `` Jo '' Laughlin <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Special Appearance Annie Wersching Lily Salvatore <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> Recurring Katie Lumpkin ( season 6 ) / Elizabeth Blackmore ( season 7 ) Valerie Tulle <Td_colspan="5"> Guest Recurring Natalie Romaine ( season 6 ) / Scarlett Byrne ( season 7 ) Nora Hildegard <Td_colspan="5"> Guest Recurring Fe Read ( season 6 ) / Teressa Liane ( season 7 ) Mary - Louise <Td_colspan="5"> Guest Recurring Charlie Johnson ( season 6 ) / Jaiden Kaine ( season 7 ) Beau <Td_colspan="5"> Guest Recurring Todd Lasance Julian <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Leslie - Anne Huff Rayna Cruz <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Ana Nogueira Penny Ares <Td_colspan="6"> Recurring Nathalie Kelley Sybil <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Kristen Gutoskie Seline <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Allison Scagliotti Georgina `` Georgie '' Dowling <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Demetrius Bridges Dorian Williams <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Wolé Parks Arcadius `` Cade '' <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Joel Gretsch Peter Maxwell <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Sammi Hanratty Violet Fell <Td_colspan="7"> Recurring Elizabeth Forbes ( edit ) Played by Marguerite MacIntyre Seasons : 1 -- 6 and 8 Elizabeth `` Liz '' Forbes is the Sheriff of Mystic Falls and the mother of Caroline Forbes . Her husband , Bill Forbes , who was a member of the town 's council , had left her for another man after revealing that he was gay . She is first introduced at a Founders Day party at Mayor Lockwood 's house . There , she is shown to have a strained relationship with her daughter . However , she does care a lot for her well - being , which is shown when she arrests a bartender after Caroline gets drunk . She is revealed to be a member of the Founders ' Council , a secret organization dedicated to protecting Mystic Falls from vampires . Liz becomes friends with Damon after he saves her from Lexi Branson , and is seen letting him know about the council 's plans . In the season one finale , she is handcuffed by John Gilbert for disagreeing with his plan to use the town as bait to capture the tomb vampires . She is later saved by Carol Lockwood , but they are unable to save Mayor Lockwood , who is burned with the vampires . Liz then finds out that her daughter has been in a car crash and goes to the hospital , where she is comforted by Damon . In season two , Carol accuses Liz of getting Mayor Lockwood killed . Liz is later informed by Mason Lockwood that Damon and Stefan are vampires , though she is skeptical , particularly regarding Damon . She tests him by slipping vervain into his drink and he reacts negatively to it . When Damon and Stefan assume Mason did it and attempt to take care of him in the woods , Liz ambushes and shoots the brothers and has them injected with vervain . Liz tortures Damon in an attempt to learn how he and Stefan can walk in the sun , but is interrupted when Elena appears , followed by Caroline , who kills the deputies . Liz is locked in the cellar at the Salvatore House so that the vervain can get out of her system and she can be compelled to forget everything . Liz asks Damon to keep Caroline away from her , but after a talk Liz eventually accepts Caroline being a vampire ; Caroline decides to compel her and Liz loses her memory of the whole ordeal . After Matt discovers the truth about vampires from Caroline , he tells Liz , who comes up with a plan to make Matt pretend to be compelled to forget , while he actually has vervain in his system . Liz then uses Matt to spy on Caroline , who she believes is a monster . Liz tries to capture and kill Damon , but accidentally shoots Jeremy instead . Believing she has killed Jeremy , she is shocked to discover that Bonnie is able to resurrect him . She finds out that Matt came clean to Caroline . After confessing that neither wanted to secretly live in fear of one another , Liz accepts her daughter for what she is . After Caroline is locked in a cellar by her father for being a vampire , Liz and Tyler come to her rescue . Liz assists her daughter and her friends throughout the series as their relationship continues to improve and she becomes closer friends with Damon , before it is revealed that she 's dying from cancer in season six . Liz is seen in the series finale watching over Caroline . Richard Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Robert Pralgo Season : 1 Richard Lockwood was Tyler Lockwood 's father , the mayor of Mystic Falls and the head of the Founders ' Council . He had a bad relationship with his son and acts very authoritative towards him . It seems that he thinks of Tyler as a disappointment and when Tyler gets into a fist - fight with Matt Donovan at a party , Richard tells him to never embarrass his family again . When Tyler gets into a fight with Jeremy , he takes them outside and tells them to fight rather than talk to solve their problems . He had an unhappy marriage with Carol Lockwood and they constantly fight ; he also flirts with Pearl . Although he seems kind and amicable to the outside world , he was actually quite selfish . In the season one finale , during Founders Day , he helps John Gilbert execute his plan to kill the tomb vampires . However , it backfires when he is affected by the device that neutralizes the vampires , due to carrying the werewolf gene . The deputies believe him to be a vampire and lock him in the basement , where he was killed by one of the tomb vampires . Carol Lockwood ( edit ) Played by Susan Walters Seasons : 1 -- 4 Carol Lockwood was the wife ( and later widow ) of Mayor Richard Lockwood and the mother of Tyler Lockwood . She was a member of The Founders ' Council and knows of the existence of vampires , but not of the existence of werewolves . Throughout season one , Carol was locked in a hostile relationship with her best friend . She acts as a bad influence on her son Tyler , with much of his negative behavior emerging as a direct result of her snobbish behavior and emotional outbursts . In the season finale she shows , for the first time , that she cares for Richard . After releasing Liz , they vainly try to save Richard from the burning basement . Carol was shaken and upset by her husband 's death and blames it on the deputies . Carol finds Tyler in his father 's study thrashing the room in an angry tantrum ; this behavior frightens her and she was further shaken after Mason Lockwood calms Tyler . Carol later informs Damon that she was replacing Richard as the mayor until the next election and asks him to lead the council , which he accepts . After Tyler has turned into a werewolf and runs away , she finds a note from Tyler . It was later revealed that Elijah , one of the original vampires , convinced Carol to stop taking vervain in order to compel her . When Elena frees Elijah , he compels Carol to let him take refuge in the Lockwood Mansion . Later , Carol was compelled to make a phone call to Tyler , saying that she was in the hospital and wanted him to come and visit ; Maddox then uses his powers to push her off the stairs , and she is hospitalized . In season three , Carol learns that Caroline Forbes is a vampire ; after Caroline sleeps with Tyler in the Lockwood Mansion , Carol shoots her with vervain darts . Carol then calls Caroline 's father , Bill Forbes , and tells him about her . The next day , Carol slips vervain in Tyler 's coffee to test if he is a vampire , and is relieved that he is n't . However , Tyler discovers this and confronts his mother , who says Caroline a monster . Tyler then shows Carol that he is a werewolf , and Carol promises that she will make sure Caroline is n't hurt . However , when she later calls Bill , she was unable to persuade him to free Caroline . When the doorway to the Other Side was opened , the ghosts of the tomb vampires decide to take revenge on the founding families and attack Carol . Caroline comes to Carol 's rescue and holds them until the doorway is closed . In the ninth episode of season four , Carol was killed by Klaus as payback for Tyler 's plan to kill him . Sheila Bennett ( edit ) Played by Jasmine Guy Seasons : 1 , 3 -- 5 and 8 Jasmine Guy Sheila Bennett was the grandmother of Bonnie Bennett and a very powerful witch . She died after overusing her magic to seal away the tomb vampires . She usually appears to Bonnie ( as a spirit ) to help guide her whenever she overuses magic or is having trouble with her powers . Sheila continues to appear throughout the series , ensuring Bonnie 's ( and indirectly Damon 's ) survival . She makes an appearance in the series finale to help Bonnie save Mystic Falls with the rest of the Bennet witches . Emily Bennett ( edit ) Played by Bianca Lawson Seasons : 1 , 2 and 5 Bianca Lawson Emily Bennett was the handmaiden of Katherine Pierce in 1864 and a powerful witch . She was a direct descendant of one of the women accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 . Emily was an ancestor of Bonnie Bennett through Sheila Bennett . She was the one who gave Katherine , Pearl , Anna , Harper , Damon and Stefan the jewelry which enabled them to walk in the sun . Although she helped these vampires , she secretly fought against them , for she enchanted Jonathan Gilbert 's inventions , including a device which could hurt vampires . When the vampires were rounded - up by the Founding Families , she and Damon made a bargain : Damon would protect Emily 's descendants and Emily would use her grimoire to protect Katherine by entombing her with 26 other vampires under the old Fell 's Church . Emily was later burned at the stake by the Founding Families and her possessions , including her grimoire , were taken and buried in Giuseppe Salvatore 's grave . Damon rescued Emily 's children when the townspeople came for her . In season one , Emily possesses Bonnie in order to stop Damon from freeing Katherine from the tomb . In season two , Bonnie takes on the power of a hundred dead witches , including Emily , by performing a spell on the place where the witches were burned . Bonnie and Stefan later go there again to ask the witches if they know a cure for a werewolf bite ( inflicted on Damon ) . Emily possesses Bonnie and tells Stefan there is n't a cure , but when Bonnie is herself again , she tells Stefan that Emily mentioned Klaus , whose blood turns out to be the cure for a werewolf bite . When Jeremy dies , Bonnie was able to save him with help of Emily after she tells Emily that she loves him . Lexi Branson ( edit ) Played by Arielle Kebbel Seasons : 1 -- 5 and 8 Arielle Kebbel Alexia `` Lexi '' Branson was a vampire and Stefan 's best friend and companion . She had known Stefan and his brother Damon for over a century . Damon killed her to make the town council think that she was the vampire terrorizing Mystic Falls . Lexi returned as a ghost to help save Stefan . She later choked Damon for killing her but let him go . She and Stefan stayed together for the most part drinking and later parting on good terms . Through flashbacks when Damon was killing people in New York as `` Son of Sam '' , Stefan sent Lexi to help Damon . For about 6 months they hung out while Lexi would ask Damon about Katherine , trying to help him remember love . One night Damon claimed that he did n't love Katherine and that he had fallen for Lexi , and they had a night of wild sex ; the next morning he locked her on a rooftop with the sun coming up as punishment for her spying . She came back for a scene at the end of the series finale , where Stefan hugs her . Anna ( edit ) Played by Malese Jow Seasons : 1 -- 3 Malese Jow Annabelle `` Anna '' was a vampire who comes to Mystic Falls in order to free her mother from the tomb . She was in Mystic Falls in 1864 with her mother , Pearl , and wants to open the tomb to free her mother . Anna turned Noah and Ben McKittrick into vampires to make them help her save her mother , turned Logan Fell to get Honoria Fell 's diaries , and befriended Jeremy Gilbert to obtain his ancestor 's journal . Anna later kidnaps Elena and Bonnie in order to make Bonnie open the tomb , but they are saved by Stefan , who kills Ben in the process . After Bonnie opens the tomb for Damon to free Katherine , Anna succeeds in freeing her mother and bringing her back to life . Anna later reveals to Damon that she knew Katherine was n't in the tomb , but needed him to believe it in order to free her mother . Anna developed romantic feelings for Jeremy , who suspects that she was not human and tests it by forcing her to drink his blood . Anna confronts Jeremy over this , and refuses his requests to turn him into a vampire . She initially attempts to hide her involvement with Jeremy from Pearl , and Anna and Pearl eventually get into a fight . Anna agrees to turn Jeremy but learns his motive is to get over his first love , Vicki . After a short period of distance , they make up , both admitting to having used each other , but have fallen in love along the way . Anna enrolls in high school in order to spend time with Jeremy , and they begin a romantic relationship . Pearl is killed by Jeremy 's uncle John Gilbert , devastating Anna , who is consoled by Jeremy . On Founder 's Day , Anna gives Jeremy a vial of her blood , telling him that if he drinks it he will die and become a vampire . She goes to the remaining tomb vampires , then reveals their plans to Damon -- possibly to protect Jeremy . Damon warns her about the device ; she is protecting Jeremy when John Gilbert sets it off , and was immediately incapacitated . A policeman finds her with Jeremy , injects her with vervain and takes her to the Gilbert building to be burned with other vampires , repeating the 1864 plan to eradicate their kind . When John Gilbert sees Anna lying in the building with the other vampires , he stakes her ; her body is burned with the others . Damon sees this and later tells Jeremy how Anna died , regretting that he was n't able to help . Jeremy questions whether it would be better to be a vampire and Damon admits it would be easier to turn the emotions off . Later , Jeremy drinks Anna 's blood and takes all of Elena 's sleeping pills . In the season two finale , Anna and Vicki 's spirits appear to Jeremy , after he was brought back to life by a spell of Bonnie 's . In season three , Anna and Vicki appear more often to Jeremy , and Anna warns Jeremy not to trust Vicki , who asks Jeremy to help her come back to life . Later , Anna tells Jeremy that she was `` on the other side '' . She tells Jeremy that she understands he had to move on with Bonnie . They later get in an argument when Anna warns Jeremy about the darkness , popping - up at an awkward time . Jeremy shuts Anna out , leaving her alone on the Other Side . When Jeremy tells Bonnie , she asks him to no longer talk to Anna and completely shut her out . To make Anna reveal the location of Mikael , Katherine and Damon kidnap and begin hurting Jeremy . Anna and Jeremy seem to be talking again , working together to stop Vicki . Anna 's re-appearances indicate that Jeremy is thinking about her , even when he 's with Bonnie . When the doorway to the Other Side is opened , they are able to touch and secretly hang out . Elena sees them as they kiss , and Bonnie is influenced to close the doorway when she learns of this . Elena continues to fight with Jeremy and Anna over their relationship . It is revealed that Anna stole a necklace which is the key to keeping the door open , in hopes of finding her mother . Crying , she tells Jeremy she did n't meant for anyone to get hurt and she just did n't want to be alone anymore . Jeremy consoles her , and she gives him the necklace , letting him know it is alright to let her go . Before the door is closed , Anna finds her mother and they make peace . Isobel Flemming ( edit ) Played by Mia Kirshner Seasons : 1 -- 2 Mia Kirshner Isobel Flemming was Elena 's birth mother and a descendant of Katherine Pierce . When Isobel was a teenager , she had a relationship with John Gilbert , by whom she later had a baby , Elena . When Isobel was pregnant , John brought her to his brother , Grayson Gilbert , who helped her through labor . After Elena 's birth , a heartbroken Isobel gave her daughter to Grayson and his wife Miranda Gilbert . Isobel attended Duke University where she studied supernatural beings . Later in life , she met and married Alaric Saltzman . However , Isobel became obsessed with vampires and after being romantically involved with him , she asked Damon to turn her . She was assumed dead by the police and Alaric thought that she was killed by Damon after seeing them together . In season one , Alaric comes to Mystic Falls to seek revenge on Damon , who admits that he killed Isobel , but that he also turned her into a vampire on her own request . Elena reaches out when she learns that Isobel is her biological mother , but Isobel avoids contact . Isobel later shows up at the Mystic Grill , greets Alaric , and threatens to kill everyone in town if she does n't meet Elena . She is later visited by John in a loaned house , where she had two human minions , Cherie and Frank . It was revealed that Isobel , just like John , wants Jonathan 's Gilbert 's device -- because Katherine , whom she seemingly befriended , wants all the tomb vampires dead . In season two , it was revealed that Isobel wants them dead in order to protect Elena from Klaus . She asks Elena to make Damon give her the device , threatening to hurt Matt and Jeremy . Elena convinces Damon to give her the device by saying that Bonnie can despell it . However , it is later revealed that Bonnie only pretended to despell it . Elena gives Isobel the device , saying that Damon gave it out of love for her . It was revealed that Isobel cares about Elena and they plot to use the device to kill all the tomb vampires and the Salvatore brothers in order to protect her . Before leaving town , Isobel compels Alaric to get over her and tells him that she realizes it was a mistake to become a vampire . In season two , Isobel returns and introduces herself to Jenna Sommers as Elena 's mother , but Elena refuses to invite her in and slams the door in her face . However , John invites her in the next day . Isobel asks Elena to join her at a place safe from Klaus , but Elena refuses . Isobel later tells Katherine that she made a deal with Klaus for Katherine 's freedom , but she has to give Klaus the moonstone and the Petrova doppelgänger , Elena . Isobel tells Katherine to retrieve the moonstone from the Salvatore brothers . It was revealed that she asked John to break up Jenna and Alaric because she was jealous . Isobel then kidnaps Alaric and takes Elena to a graveyard where her parents placed a tombstone for her . It is revealed that Klaus compelled Isobel to devise a plan to capture Katherine and retrieve the moonstone , which was why she returned . Isobel tells Elena that as a human she dreamt of meeting her daughter , but instead Elena has only met the part of her that would betray her own flesh and blood . She then receives a message from Maddox to set Elena free and kill herself by taking off her necklace , exposing herself to sunlight and being burned to death . John Gilbert ( edit ) Played by David Anders Seasons : 1 , 2 , 5 and 8 David Anders Johnathan `` John '' Gilbert II was Grayson Gilbert 's younger brother , Elena 's biological father and Jeremy 's uncle . In their youth , Grayson taught him about the vampires through the journals of their ancestor , Johnathan Gilbert . They inherited one ring each , which prevented them from being killed by supernatural forces . John had a crush on Isobel Flemming - Saltzman and sent her to Damon when she wanted to become a vampire . After her transformation , Isobel found John and they formed a partnership to obtain a mysterious invention created by Jonathan Gilbert . John arrived in Mystic Falls for Founder 's Day and was shown as a member of the Founders ' Council . However , he knew Damon was a vampire , that there had been a tomb under the Fell 's Church , and he knew about Katherine . He tried to intimidate Damon into helping him find the invention but Damon threatened to kill him and everyone in the Council . Alaric and Damon discovered John was watching the vampires who had been in the tomb . John confronts Pearl about her possession of the invention but Pearl had already given it to Damon . When Isobel returns to town , John obtains the invention , and it is revealed Isobel and John were working for Katherine and planning to kill the tomb vampires . Unofficially , their goal was to kill the Salvatore brothers and save Elena from suffering in a life filled with vampires . John was additionally responsible for staking Pearl . John 's fingers ( including one wearing the wring ) are cut off by Katherine who stabs him , posing as Elena to gain access to the Gilbert house in the season one finale . In the season two premiere , John was rushed to hospital and was confronted by Stefan and Elena about Katherine 's attack on him . Stefan then tells John that Elena does not want him there and Stefan threatens to turn John into a vampire if he does not leave . John packs his bags and gives his ring to Jeremy , though it was not made clear whether he had actually left Mystic Falls . John later returns to Mystic Falls and tells Jenna that he was Elena 's biological father . It was revealed that he and Isobel were working together to free Katherine . Elena had trouble believing and trusting John , especially after he invites Isobel into their house ; Elena rejects them and leaves . Isobel kills John at a party at the Lockwood Mansion , but he was seen wearing his ring and was brought back to life hours later . Upon learning that Isobel had committed suicide , John comes to the conclusion that he 's no longer wanted anywhere in Mystic Falls and prepares to leave . Elena asks him to stay as he 's the only parent she had left . Later , he goes through with a spell to save Elena from turning into a vampire , at the cost of his own life . He leaves Elena his ring and a letter saying he would have loved her as a human or vampire . Meredith Fell ( edit ) Played by Torrey DeVitto Seasons : 3 -- 4 Torrey DeVitto Dr. Meredith Fell is a local doctor and a member of the Founders ' Council . She uses vampire blood to cure people and starts dating Alaric . She knows that Alaric is unknowingly killing people because of his ring and wants to help him . April young ( edit ) Played by Grace Phipps Seasons : 4 Grace Phipps April Young is a girl from Elena and Jeremy 's past ; Elena used to babysit her . She returns to Mystic Falls for her father 's memorial service . She is openly nice and befriends almost everyone . April becomes Rebekah 's first real friend . She was unaware of the existence of supernatural creatures in Mystic Falls and was visibly frightened by Connor Jordan , who attacked her twice during his vampire hunts . When Rebekah disappears , April finds her and frees her by removing the dagger . She learns about the existence of vampires in Mystic Falls from Rebekah and helps her gain information from Elena , Stefan and Caroline about the cure for vampirism . Liv Parker ( edit ) Played by Penelope Mitchell Seasons : 5 -- 6 Penelope Mitchell Olivia `` Liv '' Parker is a powerful and talented witch . She is in a coven -- one which hates everything the Travelers stand for -- that protects doppelgängers from the Travelers , especially Elena . She was a witch of the Gemini Coven and the twin sister of the late Luke Parker . Liv was the younger sister of Josette Parker , Malachai Parker , Joey Parker and three deceased unnamed siblings . She was the youngest daughter of Joshua Parker . In season five , Liv was seen attending Whitmore College . She was introduced as an inexperienced witch and sought out Bonnie Bennett to help her . However , Liv and her brother were secretly sent by their coven to stop Markos and the Travelers . After Caroline Forbes snaps Luke 's neck sending him to the Other Side , Liv was forced to perform a spell that allows the deceased to be resurrected . Luke was revived and , as Liv became weaker , he told her to stop the spell . The two then fled , leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped in the collapsing Other Side . In season six , Liv continued attending college and had developed a romantic relationship in Tyler Lockwood . She carefully watched over Tyler , doing everything to make sure his werewolf gene did n't trigger . Liv and Luke are later reunited with their long - lost sister , Jo ; they reveal that , as the twin children of the Gemini Coven 's leader , they must merge their powers on their twenty - second birthday -- the stronger of the two will become more powerful while the weaker will die . In the season six finale , Liv was killed by Tyler -- at her request -- so that he could trigger his werewolf gene in order to heal the wounds inflicted on him by Kai . Luke Parker ( edit ) Played by Chris Brochu Seasons : 5 -- 6 Lucas `` Luke '' Parker is a warlock and Liv 's twin brother . He is protective of his sister and is in the same coven as her . He is openly gay . He is a younger brother of twins Josette and Malachai Parker , Joey Parker and three unnamed deceased siblings . He was the youngest son of Joshua Parker . In season five , Luke was seen attending Whitmore College . He quickly found himself working with Elena and her friends in an effort to stop Markos and the Travelers . Luke 's neck was snapped by Caroline Forbes in order to motivate Liv to cast a spell to resurrect him , Stefan and the rest of their deceased friends on the rapidly disintegrating Other Side . Liv eventually revived Luke , and when he saw how the spell was draining her of her life force , he used his magic to force her to stop the spell . The two then fled , leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped on the Other Side when it collapsed . In season six , it was revealed that Luke felt bad for leaving Damon and Bonnie trapped on the Other Side , and started providing hallucinogenic herbs to Elena so she could communicate with Damon . Luke explained to the group about his family 's dark past and how he would eventually have to merge with his twin , Liv . He completed the merge ceremony with Kai through a loophole because he did n't want to kill Liv , nor did he want Kai to do the same to Jo and take the leadership of their coven . He went into the ceremony believing that he could win , but he ended up losing the merge ceremony and his life essence was absorbed by Kai , along with his ability to possess magic ( something Kai was not born with ) . An unintended side - effect of the merge was Kai absorbing Luke 's personality traits , such as his compassion and empathy , which have tempered his own sociopathic personality . Malachai Parker ( edit ) Played by Chris Wood Seasons : 6 and 8 Malachai `` Kai '' Parker is the twin brother of Josette , the older brother of Olivia , Lucas , Joey , and three other unnamed and deceased Parker siblings . He is a Siphoner , a witch born without the ability to generate his own magic but possessing a rare power that allows him to siphon and use magic from other sources . Because of this , Kai 's parents and the rest of the Gemini Coven ( excluding his siblings ) treated him as an abomination , which eventually caused him to go insane and kill the siblings born to replace him . The coven then harnessed the power of a solar eclipse to trap him in a purgatory dimension , which kept him trapped in a snapshot of May 10 , 1994 for 20 years . Lillian Salvatore ( edit ) Played by Annie Wersching Seasons : 6 -- 7 Annie Wersching Lillian `` Lily '' Salvatore is the mother of Stefan and Damon Salvatore and the widow of the late Giuseppe Salvatore . It has been suggested that she was kinder than her husband , Giuseppe . When Lily was very sick with consumption , she was sent away by Giuseppe . An unknown nurse ( who was assumed to have been a vampire ) fed her vampire blood while she was in the tuberculosis ward in 1858 . Lily died of consumption , triggering her transformation into a vampire . Realizing this , Lily faked her death and abandoned her family , protecting them from the threat she posed . When she fled to Europe , she succumbed to her bloodlust and became a Ripper vampire , slaughtering victims for blood in the most gruesome ways . Lily moved from city to city , killing many people , until she was encountered by the Gemini Coven in Manhattan . As a punishment for killing so many people , they trapped her in a prison world on October 31 , 1903 , where she was stuck for over a century . Valerie tulle ( edit ) Played by Elizabeth Blackmore ( season 7 ) and Katie Lumpkin ( season 6 ) Seasons : 6 -- 7 Valerie is a witch - vampire hybrid , and a member of the Heretics . She had a short romance with Stefan in 1863 , when she was human . Valerie shelters in Stefan 's house after being disowned and nearly killed by her own family . Valerie later helps Alaric find his unborn twin daughters , who had been spelled into Caroline 's vampire womb . Valerie and Stefan discover a desiccated Caroline and realize the talisman did n't work . Valerie gathers the remaining Heretics and together they perform a spell to attract the babies into being born . As others are forced to leave , Valerie stays behind , and Bonnie arrives to tell her of Beau 's death . Bonnie and Valerie then perform a spell and the babies are born . Valerie speaks to Stefan of a magical safehouse for supernatural travelers in New Orleans , though then loses contact with him and informs Bonnie about it . She works with Matt -- despite their antagonistic relationship -- to help Stefan escape from Rayna Cruz . Valerie informs Damon of the Armory 's dark intentions . While Valerie and Stefan spend three years running from Rayna , they search for a magical herb to cloak Stefan 's Hunter scar from Rayna 's tracking abilities , and later begin a romantic relationship . Damon gets Valerie to reveal that she knew all along about a cure for Stefan 's Hunter scar , but did n't want to lose Stefan to Damon or Caroline . Valerie is subdued by Damon before she can transfer the scar onto Damon , which buys Rayna enough time to stab Stefan with her sword and trap him in the Phoenix Stone . Valerie flees on an airplane , distressed about Stefan 's entrapment . Minor characters ( edit ) The following is a list of minor characters who have had a story arc on the series that lasted four episodes or more . They are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Season one ( edit ) Zach Salvatore , portrayed by Chris William Martin , is Damon and Stefan 's great - great - great - nephew , in the first five episodes of the series before being killed by Damon after Zach locked him in a cellar . Logan Fell , portrayed by Chris J. Johnson in season one , is a news reporter who has a short romantic relationship with Jenna , but is later killed by Damon . He returns as a vampire , having been fed blood by Anna , but is eventually killed by Alaric . Harper , portrayed by Sterling Sulieman in season one , is a kind - hearted vampire that escapes from the tomb when it is opened , but he is killed by John Gilbert . Kelly Donovan , portrayed by Melinda Clarke in season one , is the mother of Matt and Vicki Donovan , who returns to Mystic Falls and learns her daughter has died . After a long absence from the series , Kelly makes a brief return in season eight . She claims to have died 2 years prior to her appearance and was sent to hell ; when Matt rings the Maxwell bell earlier in season eight he opened a door to hell and Katherine helped her and Vicki ( Kelly 's daughter and Matt 's sister ) escape in exchange for later help in destroying Mystic Falls . She almost kills Matt 's father . Season two ( edit ) Luka Martin , portrayed by Bryton James in season two , is a warlock who befriends Bonnie , but it is later found out that he and his father work for Elijah . He is burned to death by Damon 's flamethrower when he tries to invisibly save Elijah . Jonas Martin , portrayed by Randy J. Goodwin in season two , is Luka 's father . He is a warlock and is introduced as a friend of Elijah 's who can help defeat Klaus in order to save his daughter . He is later killed by Stefan . Jules , portrayed by Michaela McManus in season two , is a werewolf who comes to town looking for answers regarding Mason 's death . She helps Tyler deal with being a werewolf , but is later killed during the sacrifice . Andie Star , portrayed by Dawn Olivieri in season two and the first episode of season three , is a love - interest for Damon . He first uses her for feeding and sex , but later grows fond of her . She is killed by Stefan when he wants to prove to Damon that he is not worth saving . Maddox , portrayed by Gino Anthony Pesi at the end of season two , is a warlock who works for Klaus . He is shot by Matt in the back and killed by Damon . Dana , portrayed by Anna Enger , is a student at Mystic Falls High School who was compelled by Klaus ( in Alaric 's body ) at the decade dance to tell Elena to save the last dance for him . She makes her second and final appearance on the show in season three , when Elena and all her classmates are at prank night and Klaus compels Stefan to kill both Dana and a student named Chad . Season four ( edit ) Connor Jordan , portrayed by Todd Williams in season four , is a vampire hunter and one of `` The Five '' , a group of supernatural vampire hunters . He comes to Mystic Falls to kill all the vampires there , but is killed by Elena . He later returns as a ghost trying to cure and kill Silas , but is stopped by the ghost of Alaric . Rudy Hopkins , portrayed by Rick Worthy in season four , is Bonnie 's father and the town 's new mayor , replacing Carol Lockwood . He is killed by Silas in the season five premiere . Galen Vaughn , portrayed by Charlie Bewley in season four , is a vampire hunter and one of `` The Five '' . He attacks the group on the island to stop the waking of Silas , but gets stuck in a well and starves to death . He later returns as a ghost trying to cure and kill Silas , but is stopped by the ghost of Alaric . Season five ( edit ) Silas , portrayed by Paul Wesley in the season four finale and season five , is the first immortal being on earth . After being awakened he tries to destroy the Other Side , then take the cure so he can be with his true love , Amara . He is eventually killed by Stefan . Jesse , portrayed by Kendrick Sampson in season five , is a student at Whitmore College who likes Caroline . He gets turned into a vampire who feeds on other vampires by Professor Maxfield , but is killed by Elena when he attacks Damon . Aaron Whitmore , portrayed by Shaun Sipos in season five , is a student at Whitmore College . Professor Maxfield became his legal guardian after Damon had killed his family . He is killed by Damon , after Katherine ( in Elena 's body ) breaks up with him . Markos , portrayed by Raffi Barsoumian in season five , is the leader of the Travelers , who comes back from the dead . He wants to break the curse the witches put on the Travelers using Elena and Stefan 's blood . Damon and Elena eventually kill him and all the remaining Travelers . Season six ( edit ) Tripp Cooke , portrayed by Colin Ferguson in season six , is a vampire hunter and descendent of the Fell family . Ivy , portrayed by Emily C. Chang in season six , is first introduced as Stefan 's human girlfriend who is later turned into a vampire after a visit from Enzo and Caroline . She is killed by Tripp who drove her and other vampires across the Mystic Falls border via the Traveler 's spell . Liam Davis , portrayed by Marco James Marquez , is a medical student at Whitmore College who Elena briefly dates . Malcolm , portrayed by Kent Wagner in season six and by Justice Leak in season seven , is described as being Lily 's favorite Heretic . Oscar Addams , portrayed by Wing Liu in season six and by Tim Kang in season seven , is a Heretic . Released from the 1903 Prison World by Kai , Oscar and five other Heretics are cloaked away ( also by Kai ) . In season seven , Lily sends him on a mission to retrieve her one true love 's body . Later , it is revealed he was sent by Lily to check on Damon during his time in the war . He is described as the fun or humorous Heretic . Season seven ( edit ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Saltzman , portrayed by Tierney Mumford , is a siphon , the twin sister of Josie and the daughter of Alaric Saltzman and Josette Laughlin . Josette `` Josie '' Saltzman , portrayed by Lily Rose Mumford , is a siphon , the twin sister of Lizzie and the daughter of Alaric Saltzman and Josette Laughlin . Alexandria `` Alex '' St. John , portrayed by Mouzam Makkar , is a distant cousin of Enzo and the former leader of the Armory . She is looking for a Bennett witch ( particularly Bonnie ) to undo a spell that has her sister , Yvette , trapped in the Armory 's vault . The Originals ( edit ) Main article : List of The Originals characters In 2013 , a spin - off television series based around the Mikaelson clan of vampires , called The Originals , was ordered to series by The CW . Many of the characters on The Originals initially appeared on The Vampire Diaries , including Klaus , Elijah and Rebekah Mikaelson . See also ( edit ) The Vampire Diaries Original Vampires ( The Vampire Diaries ) List of The Originals characters List of The Vampire Diaries episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` CW picks up ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire Diaries ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Matt Davis Returning to The Vampire Diaries As Series Regular for Season 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Vampire Diaries ' : Michael Malarkey will be a series regular Inside TV EW.com Jump up ^ Kevin Bray ( director ) Sean Reycraft & Gabrielle Stanton ( writer ) ( 2009 - 08 - 10 ) . `` You 're Undead To Me '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ J. Miller Tobin ( director ) Andrew Chambliss ( writer ) ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Katerina '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 09 . The CW . Jump up ^ Michael Katleman ( director ) Caroline Dries ( writer ) ( 2011 - 02 - 24 ) . `` The House Guest '' . The Vampire Diaries . Season 2 . Episode 16 . The CW . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 3 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Scoop : Meet the Newest Vampire Diaries Hottie ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Official website The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Vampire_Diaries_characters&oldid=843303452 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Lists of science fiction television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of fantasy television characters Lists of American television series characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 07 : 31 . 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1. The Vampire Diaries characters 2. Elena Gilbert 3. Katherine Pierce 4. Stefan Salvatore 5. Damon Salvatore

which of the following was not a successful motown group

Motown - Wikipedia Motown This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the city nicknamed Motown , see Detroit . <Th_colspan="2"> Motown <Td_colspan="2"> Parent company Universal Music Group Founded January 12 , 1959 ; 59 years ago ( 1959 - 01 - 12 ) in Detroit , Michigan , U.S. Founder Berry Gordy Jr . Distributor ( s ) Capitol Music Group ( in the US ) Virgin EMI Records ( in the UK ) Universal Music Group ( worldwide ) Genre Various Country of origin United States Location Detroit New York City Los Angeles Official website Official website Motown is an American record company . The record company was founded by Berry Gordy Jr. as Tamla Records on January 12 , 1959 , and was incorporated as Motown Record Corporation on April 14 , 1960 , in Detroit , Michigan . The name , a portmanteau of motor and town , has also become a nickname for Detroit . Motown played an important role in the racial integration of popular music as an African American - owned record label that achieved significant crossover success . In the 1960s , Motown and its subsidiary labels ( including Tamla Motown , the brand used outside the US ) were the most successful proponents of what came to be known as the Motown Sound , a style of soul music with a distinct pop influence . During the 1960s , Motown achieved spectacular success for a small record company : 79 records in the Top Ten of the Billboard Hot 100 record chart between 1960 and 1969 . Following the events of the Detroit Riots of 1967 , and the loss of key songwriting / production team Holland - Dozier - Holland the same year over pay disputes , Gordy began relocating Motown to Los Angeles . The move was completed in 1972 and Motown expanded into television and film production , remaining an independent company until June 28 , 1994 . The company was then sold to MCA Inc . Motown was later sold to PolyGram in 1994 , before being sold again to MCA Records ' successor , Universal Music Group , when it acquired PolyGram in 1999 . Motown spent much of the 2000s headquartered in New York City as a part of the Universal Music subsidiaries Universal Motown and Universal Motown Republic Group . From 2011 to 2014 , Motown was a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group division of Universal Music . On April 1 , 2014 , Universal Music Group announced the dissolution of Island Def Jam ; subsequently Motown relocated back to Los Angeles to operate under the Capitol Music Group . It now operates out of the landmark Capitol Tower . For many decades , Motown was the highest - earning African American business in the United States . Motown Records was inducted into Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame class of 2018 on June 3 , 2018 at the Charles H. Wright Museum . Motown legend Martha Reeves received the award for Motown Records . Contents 1 History 1.1 West Grand Boulevard 1.2 Detroit : 1959 -- 1972 1.3 Los Angeles : 1972 -- 1998 1.4 Final years of the Motown label : 1999 -- 2005 1.5 Universal Motown : 2005 -- 2011 1.6 Relaunch : 2011 -- present 2 Motown Sound 2.1 The Funk Brothers 3 Artist development 4 Motown subsidiary labels 4.1 Major divisions 4.2 Secondary R&B labels 4.3 Additional genre labels 4.3. 1 Country 4.3. 2 Hip hop / rap 4.3. 3 Jazz 4.3. 4 Rock 4.3. 5 Other 4.4 Independent labels distributed by Motown 4.5 Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown 5 British ( pre-Tamla Motown ) labels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Berry Gordy got his start as a songwriter for local Detroit acts such as Jackie Wilson and the Matadors . Wilson 's single `` Lonely Teardrops '' , written by Gordy , became a huge success , but Gordy did not feel he made as much money as he deserved from this and other singles he wrote for Wilson . He realized that the more lucrative end of the business was in producing records and owning the publishing . The Hitsville U.S.A. Motown building , at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit , Motown 's headquarters from 1959 to 1968 , which became the Motown Historical Museum in 1985 In 1959 , Billy Davis and Berry Gordy 's sisters Gwen and Anna started Anna Records . Davis and Gwen Gordy wanted Berry to be the company president , but Berry wanted to strike out on his own . On January 12 , 1959 , he started Tamla Records , with an $800 loan from his family and royalties earned writing for Jackie Wilson . Gordy originally wanted to name the label Tammy Records , after the hit song popularized by Debbie Reynolds from the 1957 film Tammy and the Bachelor , in which Reynolds also starred . When he found the name was already in use , Berry decided on Tamla instead . Tamla 's first release , in the Detroit area , was Marv Johnson 's `` Come to Me '' in 1959 ( released nationally on United Artists ) . Its first hit was Barrett Strong 's `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' ( 1959 ) , which made it to number 2 on the Billboard R&B charts ( released nationally on Anna Records ) . Gordy 's first signed act was the Matadors , who immediately changed their name to the Miracles . ( They were not the Matadors who recorded for Sue . ) Their first release , `` Got a Job '' , was an answer record to the Silhouettes ' `` Get a Job '' ( issued on George Goldner 's End Records ) . The Miracles ' first , minor hit was their fourth single , 1959 's `` Bad Girl '' , released in Detroit as the debut record on the Motown imprint , and nationally on the Chess label . ( Most early Motown singles were released through other labels , such as End , Fury , Gone and Chess . ) Miracles lead singer William `` Smokey '' Robinson became the vice president of the company ( and later named his daughter `` Tamla '' and his son `` Berry '' ) . Several of Gordy 's family members , including his father Berry Sr. , brothers Robert and George , and sister Esther , were given key roles in the company . By the middle of the decade , Gwen and Anna Gordy had joined the label in administrative positions as well . West grand boulevard ( edit ) Also in 1959 , Gordy purchased the property that would become Motown 's Hitsville U.S.A. studio . The photography studio located in the back of the property was modified into a small recording studio , and the Gordys moved into the second - floor living quarters . Within seven years , Motown would occupy seven additional neighboring houses : Hitsville U.S.A. , 1959 -- ( ground floor ) administrative office , tape library , control room , Studio A ; ( upper floor ) Gordy living quarter ( 1959 -- 62 ) , artists and repertoire ( 1962 -- 72 ) Jobete Publishing office , 1961 -- sales , billing , collections , shipping , and public relations Berry Gordy Jr . Enterprise , 1962 -- offices for Berry Gordy Jr. and Esther Gordy Edwards Finance department , 1965 -- royalties and payroll Artist personal development , 1966 -- Harvey Fuqua ( head of artist development and producer of stage performances ) , Maxine Powell ( instructor in grooming , poise , and social graces for Motown artists ) , Maurice King ( vocal coach , musical director and arranger ) , Cholly Atkins ( house choreography ) , and rehearsal studios Two houses for administrative offices , 1966 -- sales and marketing , traveling and traffic , and mixing and mastering ITMI ( International Talent Management Inc . ) office , 1966 -- management Motown had hired over 450 employees and had a gross income of $20 million by the end of 1966 . Detroit : 1959 -- 1972 ( edit ) Early Tamla / Motown artists included Mable John , Eddie Holland and Mary Wells . `` Shop Around '' , the Miracles ' first number 1 R&B hit , peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960 . It was Tamla 's first million - selling record . On April 14 , 1960 , Motown and Tamla Records merged into a new company called Motown Record Corporation . A year later , the Marvelettes scored Tamla 's first US number - one pop hit , `` Please Mr. Postman '' . By the mid-1960s , the company , with the help of songwriters and producers such as Robinson , A&R chief William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , Brian Holland , Lamont Dozier , and Norman Whitfield , had become a major force in the music industry . From 1961 to 1971 , Motown had 110 top 10 hits . Top artists on the Motown label during that period included the Supremes ( initially including Diana Ross ) , the Four Tops , and the Jackson 5 , while Stevie Wonder , Marvin Gaye , the Marvelettes , and the Miracles had hits on the Tamla label . The company operated several labels in addition to the Tamla and Motown imprints . A third label , which Gordy named after himself ( though it was originally called `` Miracle '' ) featured the Temptations , the Contours , and Martha and the Vandellas . A fourth , V.I.P. , released recordings by the Velvelettes , the Spinners , the Monitors , and Chris Clark . A fifth label , Soul , featured Jr . Walker & the All Stars , Jimmy Ruffin , Shorty Long , the Originals , and Gladys Knight & the Pips ( who had found success before joining Motown , as `` The Pips '' on Vee - Jay ) . Many more Motown - owned labels released recordings in other genres , including Workshop Jazz ( jazz ) Earl Washington Reflections and Earl Washington 's All Stars , Mel - o - dy ( country , although it was originally an R&B label ) , and Rare Earth ( rock ) , which featured the band Rare Earth themselves . Under the slogan `` The Sound of Young America '' , Motown 's acts were enjoying widespread popularity among black and white audiences alike . Smokey Robinson said of Motown 's cultural impact : Into the 1960s , I was still not of a frame of mind that we were not only making music , we were making history . But I did recognize the impact because acts were going all over the world at that time . I recognized the bridges that we crossed , the racial problems and the barriers that we broke down with music . I recognized that because I lived it . I would come to the South in the early days of Motown and the audiences would be segregated . Then they started to get the Motown music and we would go back and the audiences were integrated and the kids were dancing together and holding hands . Berry Gordy House , known as Motown Mansion in Detroit 's Boston - Edison Historic District In 1967 Berry Gordy purchased what is now known as Motown Mansion in Detroit 's Boston - Edison Historic District as his home , leaving his previous home to his sister Anna and then husband Marvin Gaye ( where photos for the cover of his album What 's Going On were taken ) . In 1968 , Gordy purchased the Donovan building on the corner of Woodward Avenue and Interstate 75 , and moved Motown 's Detroit offices there ( the Donovan building was demolished in January 2006 to provide parking spaces for Super Bowl XL ) . In the same year Gordy purchased Golden World Records , and its recording studio became `` Studio B '' to Hitsville 's `` Studio A '' . In the United Kingdom , Motown 's records were released on various labels : at first London ( only the Miracles ' `` Shop Around '' / `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' and `` Ai n't It Baby '' ) , then Fontana ( `` Please Mr. Postman '' by the Marvelettes was one of four ) and then Oriole American ( `` Fingertips '' by Little Stevie Wonder was one of many ) . In 1963 , Motown signed with EMI 's Stateside label ( `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by the Supremes and `` My Guy '' by Mary Wells were Motown 's first British top - 20 hits ) . Eventually EMI created the Tamla Motown label ( `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' by the Supremes was the first Tamla Motown release in March 1965 ) . Los Angeles : 1972 -- 1998 ( edit ) After the songwriting trio Holland -- Dozier -- Holland left the label in 1967 over royalty - payment disputes , Norman Whitfield became the company 's top producer , turning out hits for The Temptations , Marvin Gaye , Gladys Knight & the Pips and Rare Earth . In the meantime Berry Gordy established Motown Productions , a television subsidiary which produced TV specials for the Motown artists , including TCB , with Diana Ross & the Supremes and the Temptations , Diana ! with Diana Ross , and Goin ' Back to Indiana with the Jackson 5 . The company loosened its production rules , allowing some of its longtime artists the opportunity to write and produce more of their own material . This resulted in the recordings of successful and critically acclaimed albums such as Marvin Gaye 's What 's Going On ( 1971 ) and Let 's Get it On ( 1973 ) , and Stevie Wonder 's Music of My Mind ( 1972 ) , Talking Book ( 1972 ) , and Innervisions ( 1973 ) . Motown had established branch offices in both New York City and Los Angeles during the mid-1960s , and by 1969 had begun gradually moving more of its operations to Los Angeles . The company moved all of its operations to Los Angeles in June 1972 , with a number of artists , among them Martha Reeves , the Four Tops , Gladys Knight & the Pips , and Motown 's Funk Brothers studio band , either staying behind in Detroit or leaving the company for other reasons . By re-locating , Motown aimed chiefly to branch out into the motion - picture industry , and Motown Productions got its start in film by turning out two hit - vehicles for Diana Ross : the Billie Holiday biographical film Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) , and Mahogany ( 1975 ) . Other Motown films would include Scott Joplin ( 1977 ) , Thank God It 's Friday ( 1978 ) , The Wiz ( 1978 ) and The Last Dragon ( 1985 ) . Ewart Abner , who had been associated with Motown since the 1960s , became its president in 1973 . By the 1970s , the Motown `` hit factory '' had become a target of a backlash from some fans of rock music . Record producer Pete Waterman recalls of this period : `` I was a DJ for years and I worked for Motown -- the press at the time , papers like NME , used to call it Toytown . When I DJ 'd on the Poly circuit , the students wanted me to play Spooky Tooth and Velvet Underground . Things do n't change . Nowadays , of course , Motown is hip . '' Despite losing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland , Norman Whitfield , and some of its other hitmakers by 1975 , Motown still had a number of successful artists during the 1970s and 1980s , including Lionel Richie and the Commodores , Rick James , Teena Marie , the Dazz Band , Jose Feliciano and DeBarge . By the mid-1980s Motown had started losing money , and Berry Gordy sold his ownership in Motown to MCA Records ( which began a US distribution deal with the label in 1983 ) and Boston Ventures in June 1988 for $61 million . In 1989 , Gordy sold the Motown Productions TV / film operations to Motown executive Suzanne de Passe , who renamed the company de Passe Entertainment and continues to run it as of 2018 . During the 1990s , Motown was home to successful recording artists such as Boyz II Men and Johnny Gill , although the company itself remained in a state of turmoil . MCA appointed a revolving door of executives to run the company , beginning with Berry Gordy 's immediate successor , Jheryl Busby . Busby quarreled with MCA , alleging that the company did not give Motown 's product adequate attention or promotion . In 1991 , Motown sued MCA to have its distribution deal with the company terminated , and began releasing its product through PolyGram . PolyGram purchased Motown from Boston Ventures three years later . In 1994 , Busby was replaced by Andre Harrell , the entrepreneur behind Uptown Records . Harrell served as Motown 's CEO for just under two years , leaving the company after receiving bad publicity for being inefficient . Danny Goldberg , who ran PolyGram 's Mercury Records group , assumed control of Motown , and George Jackson served as president . Final years of the Motown label : 1999 -- 2005 ( edit ) By 1998 , Motown had added stars such as 702 , Brian McKnight , and Erykah Badu to its roster . In December 1998 , PolyGram was acquired by Seagram , and Motown was absorbed into the Universal Music Group . Seagram had purchased Motown 's former parent MCA in 1995 , and Motown was in effect reunited with many of its MCA corporate siblings ( Seagram had hoped to build a media empire around Universal , and started by purchasing PolyGram ) . Universal briefly considered shuttering the label , but instead decided to restructure it . Kedar Massenburg , a producer for Erykah Badu , became the head of the label , and oversaw successful recordings from Badu , McKnight , Michael McDonald , and new Motown artist India. Arie . Diana Ross , Smokey Robinson , Stevie Wonder , and the Temptations had remained with the label since its early days , although all except Wonder recorded for other labels for several years . Ross left Motown for RCA Records from 1981 to 1988 , but returned in 1989 and stayed until 2002 . Robinson left the label in the early 1990s , and the Temptations left a second time in 2004 ( the first time being in 1977 ) . As of 2018 , Wonder is the only artist from Motown 's early period still on the label . Universal Motown : 2005 -- 2011 ( edit ) Further information : Universal Motown Records In 2005 , Massenburg was replaced by Sylvia Rhone , former CEO of Elektra Records . Motown was merged with Universal Records to create the Universal Motown Records and placed under the newly created umbrella division of Universal Motown Republic Group . Notable artists on Universal Motown included Drake Bell , Ryan Leslie , Melanie Fiona , Forever the Sickest Kids , and Four Year Strong . In late 2008 , Motown began celebrating its fiftieth anniversary ( January 12 , 2009 ) , including the release of a The Complete No. 1 's box set containing Motown number - one hits from Billboard ′ s pop , R&B , and disco charts , reissues of classic - era Motown albums on CD , and other planned events , which were released in collaboration with Universal Music Group 's catalog division Universal Music Enterprises . Relaunch : 2011 -- present ( edit ) As of summer of 2011 , Universal Motown has been separated from Universal Motown Republic Group , has reverted to the original Motown brand , has hired Ethiopia Habtemariam as its Senior Vice President , and is now operated under The Island Def Jam Music Group . Artists from Universal Motown have been transferred to the newly revitalized Motown label . On January 25 , 2012 , it was announced that Ne - Yo would join the Motown label both as an artist as well as the new Senior Vice President of A&R . On April 1 , 2014 , it was announced that Island Def Jam will no longer be running following the resignation of CEO Barry Weiss . In a press release sent out by Universal Music Group , the label will now be reorganizing Def Jam Recordings , Island Records and Motown Records all as separate entities . Motown would then begin serving as a subsidiary of Capitol Records . Motown Sound ( edit ) Motown specialized in a type of soul music it referred to with the trademark `` The Motown Sound '' . Crafted with an ear towards pop appeal , the Motown Sound typically used tambourines to accent the back beat , prominent and often melodic electric bass - guitar lines , distinctive melodic and chord structures , and a call - and - response singing style that originated in gospel music . In 1971 , Jon Landau wrote in Rolling Stone that the sound consisted of songs with simple structures but sophisticated melodies , along with a four - beat drum pattern , regular use of horns and strings and `` a trebly style of mixing that relied heavily on electronic limiting and equalizing ( boosting the high range frequencies ) to give the overall product a distinctive sound , particularly effective for broadcast over AM radio '' . Pop production techniques such as the use of orchestral string sections , charted horn sections , and carefully arranged background vocals were also used . Complex arrangements and elaborate , melismatic vocal riffs were avoided . Motown producers believed steadfastly in the `` KISS principle '' ( keep it simple , stupid ) . Despite the growth of popular music being written and performed by black artists , the songs would not become popular or recognized unless the music was being performed by white performers . However , the Motown Sound became distinctly unique . The `` real '' Motown Sound became more favorable than the altered renditions . The Motown production process has been described as factory - like . The Hitsville studios remained open and active 22 hours a day , and artists would often go on tour for weeks , come back to Detroit to record as many songs as possible , and then promptly go on tour again . Berry Gordy held quality control meetings every Friday morning , and used veto power to ensure that only the very best material and performances would be released . The test was that every new release needed to fit into a sequence of the top five selling pop singles of the week . Several tracks that later became critical and commercial favorites were initially rejected by Gordy ; the two most notable being the Marvin Gaye songs `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' and `` What 's Going On '' . In several cases , producers would re-work tracks in hopes of eventually getting them approved at a later Friday morning meeting , as producer Norman Whitfield did with `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' and The Temptations ' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' . Many of Motown 's best - known songs , including all the early hits for the Supremes , were written by the songwriting trio of Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( Lamont Dozier and brothers Brian and Eddie Holland ) . Other important Motown producers and songwriters included Norman Whitfield , William `` Mickey '' Stevenson , Smokey Robinson , Barrett Strong , Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson , Frank Wilson , Pamela Sawyer & Gloria Jones , James Dean & William Weatherspoon , Johnny Bristol , Harvey Fuqua , Gil Askey , Stevie Wonder , and Gordy himself . The style created by the Motown musicians was a major influence on several non-Motown artists of the mid-1960s , such as Dusty Springfield and the Foundations . In the United Kingdom , the Motown Sound became the basis of the northern soul movement . Smokey Robinson said the Motown Sound had little to do with Detroit : People would listen to it , and they 'd say , ' Aha , they use more bass . Or they use more drums . ' Bullshit . When we were first successful with it , people were coming from Germany , France , Italy , Mobile , Alabama . From New York , Chicago , California . From everywhere . Just to record in Detroit . They figured it was in the air , that if they came to Detroit and recorded on the freeway , they 'd get the Motown sound . Listen , the Motown sound to me is not an audible sound . It 's spiritual , and it comes from the people that make it happen . What other people did n't realize is that we just had one studio there , but we recorded in Chicago , Nashville , New York , L.A. -- almost every big city . And we still got the sound . The Funk Brothers ( edit ) Main article : The Funk Brothers In addition to the songwriting process of the writers and producers , one of the major factors in the widespread appeal of Motown 's music was Gordy 's practice of using a highly - select and tight - knit group of studio musicians , collectively known as the Funk Brothers , to record the instrumental or `` band '' tracks of a majority of Motown recordings . Among the studio musicians responsible for the `` Motown Sound '' were keyboardists Earl Van Dyke , Johnny Griffith , and Joe Hunter ; guitarists Joe Messina , Robert White , and Eddie Willis ; percussionists Eddie `` Bongo '' Brown and Jack Ashford ; drummers Benny Benjamin , Uriel Jones , and Richard `` Pistol '' Allen ; and bassists James Jamerson and Bob Babbitt . The band 's career and work is chronicled in the 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown , which publicised the fact that these musicians `` played on more number - one records than The Beatles , Elvis , The Rolling Stones , and The Beach Boys combined . '' Much of the Motown Sound came from the use of overdubbed and duplicated instrumentation . Motown songs regularly featured two drummers instead of one ( either overdubbed or in unison ) , as well as three or four guitar lines . Bassist James Jamerson often played his instrument with only the index finger of his right hand , and created many of the basslines apparent on Motown songs such as `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' by The Supremes . Artist development ( edit ) Artist development was a major part of Motown 's operations instituted by Berry Gordy . The acts on the Motown label were fastidiously groomed , dressed and choreographed for live performances . Motown artists were advised that their breakthrough into the white popular music market made them ambassadors for other African - American artists seeking broad market acceptance , and that they should think , act , walk and talk like royalty , so as to alter the less - than - dignified image commonly held of black musicians by white Americans in that era . Given that many of the talented young artists had been raised in housing projects and lacked the necessary social and dress experience , this Motown department was not only necessary , it created an elegant style of presentation long associated with the label . The artist development department specialized primarily in working with younger , less - experienced acts ; experienced performers such as Jr . Walker and Marvin Gaye were exempt from artist - development classes . Many of the young artists participated in an annual package tour called the `` Motortown Revue '' , which was popular , first , on the `` chitlin ' circuit '' , and , later , around the world . The tours gave the younger artists a chance to hone their performance and social skills and learn from the more experienced artists . Motown subsidiary labels ( edit ) In order to avoid accusations of payola should DJs play too many records from the original Tamla label , Gordy formed Motown Records as a second label in 1960 . The two labels featured the same writers , producers and artists . Many more subsidiary labels were established later under the umbrella of the Motown parent company , including Gordy Records , Soul Records and VIP Records ; in reality the Motown Record Corporation controlled all of these labels . Most of the distinctions between Motown labels were largely arbitrary , with the same writers , producers and musicians working on all the major subsidiaries , and artists were often shuffled between labels for internal marketing reasons . All of these records are usually considered to be `` Motown '' records , regardless of whether they actually appeared on the Motown Records label itself . Major divisions ( edit ) Tamla Records : Established 1959 , Tamla was a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B / soul music . Tamla is actually the company 's original label : Gordy founded Tamla Records several months before establishing the Motown Record Corporation . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Gordy in 1982 , and the label was merged with Motown in 1988 . Notable Tamla artists included Smokey Robinson & the Miracles , Marvin Gaye , Stevie Wonder , and the Marvelettes . Tamla was briefly re-activated in 1996 as a reggae label , but only released a 12 '' single by Cocoa Tea called `` New Immigration Law '' . Tamla also had a sub-label called Penny Records in 1959 ; artists on that label included Bryan Brent And The Cut Outs , who recorded a single for the label entitled `` Vacation Time '' b / w `` For Eternity '' ( 2201 ) . Tamla Records slogan : `` The Sound that Makes the World Go ' Round '' . Motown Records : Established 1960 , Motown was and remains the company 's main label for mainstream R&B / soul music ( and , today , hip - hop music as well ) . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Tamla and Gordy in 1982 , and the label ( and company ) was purchased by MCA in 1988 . Notable Motown artists have included Mary Wells , the Supremes , Four Tops , Michael Jackson , the Jackson 5 , Boyz II Men , Commodores , Lionel Richie , Dazz Band , Brian McKnight , 98 Degrees , and Erykah Badu . Motown Records slogan : `` The Sound of Young America '' . Gordy Records : Established 1962 , Gordy was also a primary subsidiary for mainstream R&B / soul music . Originally known as Miracle Records ( slogan : `` If It 's a Hit , It 's a Miracle '' ) , the name was changed in 1962 to avoid confusion with the Miracles singing group . The label 's numbering system was combined with those of Motown and Tamla in 1982 , and the label was merged with Motown in 1988 . Notable Gordy artists included the Temptations , Martha and the Vandellas , the Contours , Edwin Starr , Rick James , the Mary Jane Girls , Teena Marie , Switch , and DeBarge . Gordy Records slogan : `` It 's What 's in the Grooves that Counts '' . Tamla Motown Records : Motown 's non-US label , established in March 1965 and folded into the regular Motown label in 1976 . Distributed by EMI , Tamla Motown issued the releases on the American Motown labels , using its own numbering system . In some cases , Tamla Motown would issue singles and albums not released in the United States ( for example , the singles `` I Second That Emotion '' and `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' by Diana Ross & the Supremes with the Temptations , as well as the successful Motown Chartbusters series of albums ) . Secondary R&B labels ( edit ) Check - Mate Records : Short - lived ( 1961 -- 1962 ) R&B / soul subsidiary , purchased from Chess Records . Notable artists included David Ruffin and The Del - Phis ( later Martha and the Vandellas ) . Miracle Records : Short - lived ( 1961 ) R&B / soul subsidiary that lasted less than a year . Some pressings featured the infamous tagline , `` If it 's a hit , it 's a Miracle . '' Renamed Gordy Records in 1962 . Notable releases included early recordings by Jimmy Ruffin and the Temptations . MoWest Records : MoWest was a short - lived ( 1971 -- 1973 ; 1976 in UK ) subsidiary for R&B / soul artists based on the West Coast . Shut down when the main Motown office moved to Los Angeles . Notable artists included G.C. Cameron , the Sisters Love , Syreeta Wright , the Four Seasons , Commodores ( their first two singles in 1972 and 1973 ) , and Los Angeles DJ Tom Clay . Unlike other Motown releases in the UK that were released by Tamla Motown , MoWest retained its US label design and logo for its UK releases as well . In fact , MoWest lasted longer in the UK up until 1976 . Motown Yesteryear : a label created in late 1970s and used through the 1980s for the reissues of 7 - inch singles from all eras of the company 's history , after printing in the initial label has ceased . One Motown Yesteryear single made Billboard ′ s Top 40 -- the Contours ' `` Do You Love Me '' , in 1988 , when its inclusion in the film Dirty Dancing revived interest . Soul Records : Established in 1964 , Soul was a R&B / soul subsidiary for releases with less of a jazz feel and / or more of a blues feel . Notable Soul artists included Jr . Walker & the All - Stars , Shorty Long , Gladys Knight & the Pips , the Originals , the Fantastic Four , and Jimmy Ruffin . The label was dissolved in 1978 . This label has no affiliation with the short - lived S.O.U.L. Records - an early 1990s imprint that was founded by the production team the Bomb Squad . V.I.P. Records : Established in 1964 , V.I.P. was an R&B / soul subsidiary . Notable artists included the Velvelettes , the Spinners , the Monitors , the Elgins and Chris Clark . The label was dissolved in 1974 . Weed Records : A very short - lived subsidiary . Only one release , Chris Clark 's 1969 CC Rides Again album , was issued . This release featured the tongue - in - cheek tagline : `` Your Favorite Artists Are On Weed '' . The logo was a parody of the `` Snapping Fingers '' logo for Stax Records , but the hand in this case is holding up a peace sign . The name `` Weed Records '' is now owned by the Tokyo / New York - based Weed Records . Additional genre labels ( edit ) Country ( edit ) Mel - o - dy Records. : Established in 1962 as a secondary R&B / soul music subsidiary , Mel - o - dy later focused on white country music artists . Notable Mel - o - dy artists include Dorsey Burnette . The label was dissolved in 1965 . Triple Tigers Records. : Established in 2017 country music artists . Scotty McCreery . Hitsville Records. : Founded as Melodyland Records in 1974 . After the Melodyland Christian Center threatened legal action , the name was changed to Hitsville in 1976 . Like Mel - o - dy before it , Hitsville focused on country music . Run by Mike Curb and Ray Ruff , Hitsville 's notable artists included Ronnie Dove , Pat Boone , T.G. Sheppard and Jud Strunk . The label was dissolved in 1977 . In the UK , Melodyland / Hitsville material was released on MoWest . M.C. Records : Operated 1977 to 1978 as a continuation of the Hitsville label . A joint venture between Gordy and Mike Curb . The Mel - o - dy , Hitsville , and M.C. catalogs are now managed by Mercury Nashville Records . Hip hop / rap ( edit ) Wondirection Records. : A record label owned by Stevie Wonder , it had one 12 - inch dance release , the 10 ' 35 '' rap track `` The Crown '' by Gary Byrd and the G.B. Experience . Mad Sounds Recordings. : Short - lived hip - hop / rap subsidiary label , released five albums in the mid-1990s - including Zig Zag by Tha Mexakinz , Trendz by Trendz of Culture and Rottin ta da Core by Rottin Razkals . Jazz ( edit ) Workshop Jazz Records. : Motown 's jazz subsidiary , active from 1962 to 1964 . Notable Workshop Jazz artists included the George Bohannon Trio , Earl Washington All Stars , and Four Tops ( whose recordings for the label went unissued for 30 years ) . The Workshop Jazz catalog is currently managed by Verve Records . Blaze Records. : A short - lived label featuring a Jack Ashford instrumental released in September 1969 , `` Do The Choo - Choo '' with b - side `` Do The Choo - Choo Pt II '' written by L. Chandler , E. Willis , J. Ashford , with label number 1107 . Mo Jazz Records. : Another jazz label created in the 1990s , this was Motown 's most successful jazz imprint . Notable artists included Norman Brown , Foley , Norman Connors , and J. Spencer . It also reissued instrumental albums like Stevie Wonder 's 1968 album Eivets Rednow and Grover Washington Jr. 's CTI / Kudu albums under the Classic Mo Jazz subsidiary . This label ( including its roster and catalog ) was folded into Verve Records after the PolyGram / Universal merger . Rock ( edit ) Rare Earth Records. : Established in 1969 after the signing of Rare Earth ( after whom the label was named ) , Rare Earth Records was a subsidiary focusing on rock music by white artists . Notable acts included Rare Earth , R. Dean Taylor , the Pretty Things , Love Sculpture , Kiki Dee , Toe Fat , The Cats and Shaun Murphy ( both solo and her collaborations with Meat Loaf ) . The label also was the subsidiary to house the first white band signed to Motown , the Rustix . Prodigal Records. : Purchased by Motown in 1976 , Motown used Prodigal Records as a second rock music subsidiary ; a successor label to Rare Earth Records . The Rare Earth band moved over to the label following the Rare Earth label 's demise . Pop singer Charlene 's # 3 pop single for Motown I 've Never Been To Me was originally released and charted on this label in 1977 ( # 97 ) . Prodigal was dissolved in 1978 . Morocco Records. : Acronym for `` MOtown ROCk COmpany '' . As the name suggests , Morocco was a rock music subsidiary . Active from 1983 to 1984 , it was a short - lived attempt to revive the Rare Earth Records concept . Only seven albums were released on the label . Its two most promising acts , Duke Jupiter and the black new wave trio Tiggi Clay ( via their lead singer , Fizzy Qwick ) eventually moved to the parent label . Other ( edit ) Divinity Records. : Short - lived ( 1962 -- 1963 ) gospel subsidiary . With five releases by artists - Wright Specials , Gospel Stars , Bernadettes , and Liz Lands . Label sequence starts at 99004 to 99008 , the final recording being `` We Shall Overcome '' ( for label number 99008 ) that was recorded in the Graystone Ballroom , was withdrawn and transferred to GORDY 7023B as `` I Have A Dream '' speech by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr ... Black Forum Records. : A spoken - word subsidiary that focused mainly on albums featuring progressive political and pro-civil rights speeches / poetry . Black Forum issued recordings by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , Stokely Carmichael , Elaine Brown , Langston Hughes , Margaret Danner , and others from 1970 until 1973 . Natural Resources : This label was active from 1972 to 1973 and in 1976 as a minor subsidiary for white artists and instrumental bands . It served as a label for Motown , Tamla and Gordy reissues and Motown compilation albums in 1978 and 1979 . Motown Latino Records. : Short - lived ( 1982 ) subsidiary for Spanish - language Latin American music . Its only artist was Jose Feliciano . Ocean Front Records. : Catalog division , founded in company 's heyday . Closed in 1983 Gaiee Records. : Only one single was released on this label in 1975 ; Valentino 's `` Gay / Lesbian '' anthem `` I Was Born This Way '' , which was later covered by fellow Motown artist Carl Bean in 1977 . Independent labels distributed by Motown ( edit ) Biv 10 Records : A hip - hop / R&B label that was founded by Bell Biv Devoe / New Edition member Michael Bivins . The label operated throughout most of the 1990s . Its roster included Another Bad Creation , Boyz II Men , and 702 . Chisa Records : Motown released output for Chisa , a label owned by Hugh Masekela , from 1969 to 1972 ( prior to that , the label was distributed by Vault Records ) . CTI Records : Motown distributed output for CTI Records , a jazz label owned by Creed Taylor , from 1974 to 1975 . CTI subsidiaries distributed by Motown included Kudu Records , Three Brothers Records and Salvation Records . Three Brothers Records : A short - lived sublabel of CTI Records that had two single releases . One was by a Spike Jones influenced group called The Clams . With a few exceptions , the bulk of CTI 's recordings is now owned by Sony Music Entertainment . Ecology Records : A very short - lived label owned by Sammy Davis Jr. and distributed by Motown . Only release : single `` In My Own Lifetime '' / `` I 'll Begin Again '' , by Davis in 1971 . Gull Records : A UK - based label still in operation , Motown released Gull 's output in the US in 1975 . Gull had Judas Priest on its roster in 1975 , but their LP Sad Wings of Destiny , intended for release by Motown in the US , was issued after the Motown / Gull Deal had fallen through . Manticore Records : A record label created by the members of the rock group Emerson , Lake & Palmer . Manticore released albums by ELP and various other Progressive rock artists . Manticore was originally distributed in the U.S. by Atlantic Records from 1973 to 1975 but switched to Motown distribution until the label folded in 1977 . Miscellaneous labels associated with Motown ( edit ) Rayber Records IPG Records Rich Records Summer Camp Records Inferno Records Tabu Records Ric - Tic Records Groovesville Records British ( pre-tamla Motown ) labels ( edit ) London American Records issued the releases for Motown from 1960 to 1961 . Fontana Records issued the releases for Motown from 1961 to 1962 . Oriole American Records issued the releases for Motown from 1962 to 1963 . Stateside Records issued the releases for Motown from 1963 to 1964 , when the Tamla Motown label was created . See also ( edit ) Motown discography Hitsville USA Music of Detroit References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Gilbert ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` A Brief History of Motown '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - Classic Motown '' . Motown Records . Motown Records . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Woodford , Arthur M. ( 2001 ) . This is Detroit , 1701 - 2001 ( 1 ed . ) . Detroit , Mich. : Wayne State Univ . Press . p. 198 . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 2914 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Sound of the City , Charlie Gillett , Sphere Books , 1971 , p. 247 ^ Jump up to : `` Ethiopia Habtemariam Named Senior Vice President of Motown Records '' . Billboard.biz . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Sisario , `` A Young Music Executive Takes Over at Motown '' , New York Times , August 10 , 2011 . Archived January 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Brandon Creed Joins Universal Republic And Island Def Jam Motown '' . Universal Music . August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A revitalized Capitol Records forges a new path forward '' . LA Times . 2015 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Motown Museum '' . Motown Museum . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ron Thibodeaux , `` My Smokey Valentine '' , The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , La . ) , February 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Motown Mansion ! '' . Motownmansion.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Nineties : What the F * * ck Was That All About ? By John Robb , Random House 1999 , p138 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Ne - Yo Leaves Def Jam For Motown Records '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Rob Markham , `` Ne - Yo Leaves Def Jam To Become Motown Exec '' , MTV News , January 25 , 2012 `` . MTV News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Island Def Jam Is Over '' . XXL . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency Magazine '' . Frequencynews.com . May 2014 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Motown Story '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Chin , Brian & David Nathan , `` Reflections Of ... '' The Supremes ( CD boxed - set liner notes ) ( New York : Motown Record Co. / Universal Music , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Williams , Otis & Patricia Romanowski , Temptations ( Lanham , MD : Cooper Square , 1988 ; updated 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1218 - 5 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Pitts , Leonard . `` The Motown Factor . '' Jazziz Magazine . December 2013 , Vol. 20 , No. 12 , pp. 60 - 62 . Print . Jump up ^ Yourse , Robyn - Denise ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Diana Ross : old wine in ' Blue ' bottles '' . The Washington Times . News World Communications . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hirshey , Gerri ( 1994 ( 1984 ) ) . Nowhere to Run : The Story of Soul Music . New York : Da Capo Press . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80581 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Justman , Paul ( 2002 ) . Standing in the Shadows of Motown ( DVD ) . Santa Monica , California : Artisan Entertainment . Jump up ^ Pitts , Leonard , Jr . `` The Motown Factor '' . Jazziz . Issue 20.12 . Dec. 2003 . 60 - 62 . Print . Jump up ^ Laurie , Timothy ( 2012 ) . `` Crossover Fatigue : The Persistence of Gender at Motown Records '' . Feminist Media Studies . 14 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 105 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , Patrice Eyries , David Edwards . `` Gordy Album Discography , Part 1 ( 1962 - 1981 ) '' . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Miracle Motown Junkies '' . article . motownjunkies.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Diana-web.com '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` Weed Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( October 4 , 2005 ) . `` Obituaries - Ray Ruff '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` M.C. Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Sounds Recordings '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Callahan , David Edwards . `` Prodigal Album Discography '' . article . bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Rickey Vincent , `` Louder Than a Bomb : On The Sounds of Black Power '' ( review of Pat Thomas , Listen , Whitey ! : the Sights and Sounds of Black Power 1965 - 1975 ) Archived April 19 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Los Angeles Review of Books , October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Clams '' . Petelevin.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official Motown Records website Official Classic Motown website The Motown Museum Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown singles Complete discography of pre-1986 Motown albums Motown artists interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Motown Labels Universal Motown Records The Island Def Jam Music Group People Cholly Atkins The Funk Brothers Harvey Fuqua Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Berry Gordy Esther Gordy Edwards Andre Harrell George Jackson Kedar Massenburg General Hitsville U.S.A. 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when was the last time america declared war

Declaration of war by the United States - wikipedia Declaration of war by the United States Jump to : navigation , search Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the declaration of war against Japan on December 8 , 1941 A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another . The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war . For the United States , Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution says `` Congress shall have power to ... declare War '' . However , that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a `` declaration of war '' nor does the Constitution itself use this term . In the courts , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , in Doe v. Bush , said : `` ( T ) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an ' authorization ' of such a war . '' in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional `` Declaration of War '' was not required by the Constitution . This article will use the term `` formal declaration of war '' to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase `` declaration of war '' in the title . Elsewhere , this article will use the terms `` authorized by Congress '' , `` funded by Congress '' or `` undeclared war '' to describe other such conflicts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Declarations of war 2.1 Formal 3 Undeclared wars 3.1 Military engagements authorized by Congress 3.2 Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress 3.3 Other undeclared wars 4 The War Powers Resolution 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times , each upon prior request by the President of the United States . Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun . James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787 , the phrase `` make war '' was changed to `` declare war '' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress . Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President 's authority in this regard . Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars , particularly during the 1930s , was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . Several Constitutional Amendments , such as the Ludlow Amendment , have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam , Congress passed the War Powers Resolution ( Pub. L. 93 -- 148 ) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president 's claimed powers . The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress . Declarations of war ( edit ) Formal ( edit ) The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations . The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany , against which the United States has declared war twice ( though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria - Hungary ) . In World War II , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . Germany and Italy , led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini , declared war on the United States , and the U.S. Congress responded in kind . War Declaration Opponent ( s ) Date of declaration <Th_colspan="2"> Votes President Result Senate House War of 1812 Declaration of War upon the U.K. United Kingdom June 18 , 1812 19 -- 13 79 -- 49 James Madison Treaty of Ghent ( December 24 , 1814 ) Mexican -- American War `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico . '' Mexico Mexico May 13 , 1846 40 -- 2 173 -- 14 James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( February 2 , 1848 ) Spanish -- American War Declaration of War upon Spain Spain April 25 , 1898 42 -- 35 310 -- 6 William McKinley Treaty of Paris ( December 10 , 1898 ) World War I Declaration of War upon Germany Germany April 6 , 1917 82 -- 6 373 -- 50 Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Berlin ( August 25 , 1921 ) Declaration of War upon Austria - Hungary Austria - Hungary December 7 , 1917 74 -- 0 365 -- 1 1921 U.S. -- Austrian Peace Treaty ( August 24 , 1921 ) , 1921 U.S. - Hungarian Peace Treaty ( August 29 , 1921 ) World War II Declaration of War upon Japan Japan December 8 , 1941 82 -- 0 388 -- 1 Franklin D. Roosevelt V-J Day , Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( September 2 , 1945 ) , Treaty of San Francisco ( September 8 , 1951 ) Declaration of War upon Germany Germany December 11 , 1941 88 -- 0 393 -- 0 V-E Day , German Instrument of Surrender ( May 8 , 1945 ) , Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ( September 12 , 1990 ) , Treaty of Vienna with Austria ( May 15 , 1955 ) Declaration of War upon Italy Italy 90 -- 0 399 -- 0 Paris Peace Treaty ( February 10 , 1947 ) Declaration of War upon Bulgaria Bulgaria June 5 , 1942 73 -- 0 357 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Hungary Hungary 360 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Romania Romania 361 -- 0 Undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagements authorized by Congress ( edit ) In other instances , the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress . War or conflict Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization <Th_colspan="2"> Votes President Result Senate House Quasi-War France An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States July 9 , 1798 18 -- 4 John Adams Treaty of Mortefontaine First Barbary War Morocco Tripolitania February 6 , 1802 Thomas Jefferson War ended 1805 Second Barbary War Algiers May 10 , 1815 James Madison War ended 1816 Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban ; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders Slave traders and pirates `` Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade '' 1819 James Monroe 1822 first African - American settlement founded in Liberia , 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols Redress for attack on U.S. Navy 's USS Water Witch Paraguay 1858 . James Buchanan Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Veracruz Mexico H.J.R. 251 , 38 Stat. 770 April 22 , 1914 337 -- 37 Woodrow Wilson Force withdrawn after six months . However , the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition . In the Senate , `` when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use - of - force resolution had been approved , Republicans reacted angrily '' saying it was a violation of the Constitution , but eventually after the action had already started , a resolution was passed after the action to `` justify '' it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war . Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Commune of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Latvia Mongolian People 's Party Russia Ukraine 1918 Woodrow Wilson Lebanon crisis of 1958 Lebanese Opposition Al - Mourabitoun Lebanese Communist Party Progressive Socialist Party H.J. Res. 117 , Public Law 85 - 7 , Joint Resolution `` To promote peace and stability in the Middle East '' , March 9 , 1957 72 -- 19 355 -- 61 Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. forces withdrawn , October 25 , 1958 Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War China National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Korea North Vietnam Pathet Lao South Vietnam Việt Cộng Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , August 7 , 1964 88 -- 2 416 -- 0 Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27 , 1973 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia and Druze militias ; Syria S.J. Res. 159 Pub. L. 98 -- 119 September 29 , 1983 54 -- 46 253 -- 156 Ronald W. Reagan Forces withdrawn in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq H.J. Res. 77 January 12 , 1991 . 52 -- 47 250 -- 183 George H.W. Bush The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease - fire , April 3 , 1991 War in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan Operation Freedom 's Sentinel al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War Somali Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa War in North - West Pakistan Moro conflict Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Iraqi Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Syrian Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Second Libyan Civil War Afghanistan Quetta Shura Taliban Haqqani network Mullah Dadullah Front al - Qaeda 055 Brigade Al - Nusra Front Khorasan group al - Qaeda Emirate in Yemen Aden - Abyan Islamic Army Islamic Jihad of Yemen al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al - Sharia al - Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent Lashkar al - Zil Harakat Ahrar al - Sham al - Islamiyya Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat - ul - Ahrar Jundallah Lashkar - e-Islam Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Tehreek - e-Nafaz - e-Shariat - e-Mohammadi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan High Council of the Islamic Emirate Fidai Mahaz al - Itihaad al - Islamiya Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Harakat al - Shabaab Mujahedeen Hizbul Islam Islamic Courts Union Jabhatul Islamiya Mu'askar Anole Ras Kamboni Brigades Abu Sayyaf Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Islamic State Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Maute group Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao S.J. Res. 23 September 14 , 2001 98 -- 0 420 -- 1 George W. Bush Iraq War Iraq H.J. Res. 114 , March 3 , 2003 77 -- 23 296 -- 132 George W. Bush Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003 . U.S. combat operations ended August 31 , 2010 . War ended December 15 , 2011 . Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011 -- present . Military engagements authorized by United nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress ( edit ) In many instances , the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress . Military engagement Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization President Result Korean War China North Korea Soviet Union UNSCR 84 , 1950 Harry S. Truman Korean Armistice Agreement , 1953 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia militias , Druze militias , Syria UNSCR 425 , 1978 UNSCR 426 , 1978 Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan U.S. forces withdrew in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq UNSCR 678 , 1990 George H.W. Bush UNSCR 689 , 1991 Bosnian War Republika Srpska UNSCR 770 , 1992 UNSCR 776 , 1992 UNSCR 836 , 1993 Bill Clinton Reflagged as IFOR in 1995 , Reflagged as SFOR in 1996 , Completed in 2004 Second Liberian Civil War Peacekeeping UNSCR 1497 , 2003 George W. Bush U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established . Haitian coup d'état UNSCR 1529 , 2004 UNSCR 1542 , 2004 First Libyan Civil War 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Unified Protector Libya UNSCR 1973 , 2011 Barack Obama Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , October 31 , 2011 Other undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagement Opponent ( s ) President Result American Revolutionary War Great Britain Quebec Loyalists German auxiliaries Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Hanover Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst Native Americans Iroquois Confederacy None Peace of Paris On at least 125 occasions , the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress . These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine -- American War from 1898 -- 1903 , in Nicaragua in 1927 , as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999 , and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria . The United States ' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation . During that entire 46 - year period , there was never more than 90 days of peace . The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements . These localized conflicts , with Native Americans , began with European colonists coming to North America , long before the establishment of the United States . For the purpose of this discussion , the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America . They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918 . The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890 -- 1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups . The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war , because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states . The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power , a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports . This recognition of the CSA 's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy , and the United States never did so . The war Powers Resolution ( edit ) Main article : War Powers Resolution In 1973 , following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War , a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war . A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution . This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long . It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments , and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war . Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested , it is usually followed , most notably during the Grenada Conflict , the Panamanian Conflict , the Somalia Conflict , the Persian Gulf War , and the Iraq War . The only exception was President Clinton 's use of U.S. troops in the 78 - day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War . In all other cases , the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval , but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act . On March 21 , 2011 , a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission . Obama explained his rationale in a two - page letter , stating that as commander in chief , he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes , which would be limited in scope and duration , and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya . See also ( edit ) United States portal War portal Cold War Declaration of war by Canada Declaration of war by the United Kingdom Just War Theory Police action Timeline of United States military operations War on Terror War on Drugs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doe v. Bush , 03 - 1266 , ( March 13 , 2003 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Phillip G. ( 2000 ) . The presidency then and now . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9739 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : August 17 , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , retrieved Feb 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Petition for a Constitutional Amendment to Hold National Referendums on Declarations of War from Danville , Ohio '' . The National Archives of the United States . 1938 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress Jump up ^ BBC News , On This Day Jump up ^ Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America ... the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared . The War Resolution Jump up ^ United States Congress ( May 13 , 1846 ) . `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United States of America . Government of the United States of America . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of James Madison , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Expenses - Paraguay Expedition , House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , Mis . Doc . No. 86 ( May 11 , 1860 ) , p. 142 Jump up ^ Cyrulik , John M. , A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition into Mexico , 1916 - 1917 . Fort Leavenworth , KS , 2003 . ( Master 's thesis ) Jump up ^ Wolfensberger , Don . Congress and Woodrow Wilson 's Introductory Forays into Mexico , an Introductory Essay . Congress Project Seminar On Congress and U.S. Military Interventions Abroad . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Monday , May 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ A History of Russia , 7th Edition , Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg , Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.shafr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/U.S.-Congress-Approval-of-the-Eisenhower-Doctrine-1957.pdf Jump up ^ Obama 's full speech : Operation Iraqi Freedom is Over , MSNBC Jump up ^ Londoño , Ernesto ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ s : Korean Armistice Agreement Jump up ^ Onondaga , Mohawk , Cayuga , Seneca , Mi'kmaq ( from 1779 ) , Cherokee , Odawa , Muscogee , Susquehannock , Shawnee Jump up ^ The President 's Constitutional Authority To Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them Jump up ^ Army Continues to Parade Wounded Knee Battle Streamer , National Congress of American Indians . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford University Press US . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531366 - 6 . Jump up ^ Obama Attacked for No Congressional Consent on Libya , New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Grotius , Hugo ( 2004 ) . On The Law Of War And Peace . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 3875 - 1 . Edwin Meese ; Matthew Spalding ; David F. Forte ( 2005 ) . The Heritage guide to the Constitution . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 001 - 3 . Kenneth A. Schultz , Tying Hands and Washing Hands : The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention , Ch. 4 , pp 105 -- 142 , in Daniel Drezner , Ed . Locating the Proper Authorities : The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions , University of Michigan Press , 2003 . External links ( edit ) The House of Rep , Republican Study Committee of War and Military Authorized Conflicts. 2003 . Declarations of war and votes Text of Declaration of War on Japan Text of Declaration of War on Germany Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria Authorization for Use of Military Force -- signed September 18 , 2001 House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq -- signed October 16 , 2002 Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad , 1798 -- 1993 A partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2006 U.S. - Africa Chronology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States&oldid=806132574 '' Categories : Wars involving the United States United States military law United States defense policymaking Declarations of war by the United States Article One of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 22 : 30 . 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1. Declaration of war by the United States 2. Formal declarations of war 3. Undeclared wars 4. War Powers Resolution 5. Military engagements authorized by Congress

last time houston astros have been to the world series

Houston Astros - wikipedia Houston Astros Jump to : navigation , search `` Astros '' redirects here . For other uses , see Astro . <Th_colspan="2"> Houston Astros <Td_colspan="2"> 2018 Houston Astros season <Td_colspan="2"> Established in 1962 <Td_colspan="2"> Team logo Cap insignia <Th_colspan="2"> Major league affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> American League ( 2013 -- present ) West Division ( 2013 -- present ) National League ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 2012 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Retired numbers 5 7 24 25 32 33 34 40 49 42 <Th_colspan="2"> Colors <Td_colspan="2"> Navy blue , orange , white <Th_colspan="2"> Name <Td_colspan="2"> Houston Astros ( 1965 -- present ) Houston Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> ' Stros <Th_colspan="2"> Ballpark <Td_colspan="2"> Minute Maid Park ( 2000 -- present ) Astrodome ( 1965 -- 1999 ) Colt Stadium ( 1962 -- 1964 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Major league titles World Series titles ( 1 ) 2017 AL Pennants ( 1 ) 2017 NL Pennants ( 1 ) 2005 AL West Division titles ( 1 ) 2017 NL West / Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1980 1986 1997 1998 1999 2001 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2005 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the Los Angeles Dodgers in the NLDS . <Th_colspan="2"> Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Crane Manager A.J. Hinch General Manager Jeff Luhnow President of Baseball Operations Reid Ryan The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston , Texas . The Astros compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division , having moved to the division in 2013 after spending their first 51 seasons in the National League ( NL ) . The Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000 . The Astros were established as the Houston Colt . 45s and entered the National League as an expansion team in 1962 along with the New York Mets . The current name -- reflecting Houston 's role as the control center of the U.S. space program -- was adopted three years later , when they moved into the Astrodome , the world 's first domed sports stadium . The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 . They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993 , and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012 . While a member of the NL , the Astros played in one World Series , in 2005 , against the Chicago White Sox , in which they were swept in four games . In 2017 , they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL , when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS . They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers , winning four games to three , earning the team , and Texas , its first World Series title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Major League Baseball comes to Texas 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : The Colt . 45s 1.3 1965 -- 1970 : The Great Indoors 1.4 1971 -- 1974 : The boys in orange 1.4. 1 The Big Trade 1.5 1975 -- 1979 : The rainbow era 1.6 1980 : On the Brink 1.7 1981 -- 1985 1.8 1986 : Lighting a Fire 1.9 1987 -- 1990 : Out with the old , in with the new 1.10 2000 -- 2004 : New stadium 1.11 2005 : First World Series in Texas 1.12 2006 -- 2010 : The decline 1.13 2010 -- 2014 : move to the AL West 1.14 2015 : Sudden success and a return to the playoffs 1.15 2016 : Inconsistency 1.16 2017 : World Series champions 2 Achievements 2.1 Franchise record 2.2 Awards 2.3 Team captains 2.4 Team records 2.5 Retired numbers 2.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 3 Hall of Fame 3.1 Baseball Hall of Fame members 3.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.3 Texas Sports Hall of Fame 4 Current roster 5 Minor league affiliations 6 Radio and television 7 Mascots 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Major League Baseball comes to Texas ( edit ) See also : Houston Buffaloes From 1888 until 1961 , Houston 's professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes . Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962 , Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior . There were four men chiefly responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston : George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan , who had led a futile attempt to purchase the St. Louis Cardinals in 1952 ; R.E. `` Bob '' Smith , a prominent oilman and real estate magnate in Houston who was brought in for his financial resources ; and Judge Roy Hofheinz , a former Mayor of Houston and Harris County Judge who was recruited for his salesmanship and political style . They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston . Given MLB 's refusal to consider expansion , Kirksey , Cullinan , Smith , and Hofheinz joined forces with would - be owners from other cities and announced the formation of a new league to compete with the established National and American Leagues . They called the new league the Continental League . Wanting to protect potential new markets , both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten . However , plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner , Marty Marion , could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team . To make matters worse , the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960 . However , on October 17 , 1960 , the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season . According to the Major League Baseball Constitution , the Houston Sports Association was required to obtain territorial rights from the Houston Buffaloes in order to play in the Houston area , and again negotiations began to purchase the team . Eventually , the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes , at this point majority - owned by William Hopkins , on January 17 , 1961 . The Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the city 's NL club . The new Houston team was named the Colt . 45s after a `` Name The Team '' contest was won by William Irving Neder . The Colt . 45 was well known as `` the gun that won the west . '' The colors selected were navy blue and orange . The first team was formed mostly through an expansion draft after the 1961 season . The Colt . 45s and their expansion cousins , the New York Mets , took turns choosing players left unprotected by the other National League franchises . Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league . Manager Harry Craft , who had joined Houston in 1961 , remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season . General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager , but was later promoted again to the same position with the Astros from 1967 until 1975 . Although most players for the major league franchise were obtained through the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft , Buffs players J.C. Hartman , Pidge Browne , Jim Campbell , Ron Davis , Dave Giusti , and Dave Roberts were chosen to continue as major league ball players . Similarly , the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise . Loel Passe worked alongside Gene Elston as a color commentator until he retired from broadcasting in 1976 . Elston continued with the Astros until 1986 . The Colt . 45s began their existence playing at Colt Stadium , a temporary venue built just north of the construction site of the indoor stadium . 1962 -- 1964 : the Colt . 45s ( edit ) Colt . 45s logo , 1962 -- 1964 The Colt . 45s started their inaugural season on April 10 , 1962 , against the Chicago Cubs with Harry Craft as the Colt . 45s ' manager . Bob Aspromonte scored the first run for the Colt . 45s on an Al Spangler triple in the first inning . They started the season with a three - game sweep of the Cubs but eventually finished eighth among the National League 's ten teams . The team 's best pitcher , Richard `` Turk '' Farrell , lost 20 games despite an ERA of 3.02 . A starter for the Colt . 45s , Farrell was primarily a relief pitcher prior to playing for Houston . He was selected to both All - Star Games in 1962 . The 1963 season saw more young talent mixed with seasoned veterans . Jimmy Wynn , Rusty Staub , and Joe Morgan all made their major league debuts in the 1963 season . However , Houston 's position in the standings did not improve . In fact , the Colt . 45s finished in ninth place with a 66 -- 96 record . The team was still building , trying to find that perfect mix to compete . The 1964 campaign began on a sad note , as relief pitcher Jim Umbricht died of cancer at the age of 33 on April 8 , just before Opening Day . Umbricht was the only Colt . 45s pitcher to post a winning record in Houston 's first two seasons . He was so well liked by players and fans that the team retired his jersey number , 32 , in 1965 . Just on the horizon , the structure of the new domed stadium was more prevalent and it would soon change the way that baseball was watched in Houston and around the league . On December 1 , 1964 , the team announced the name change from Colt . 45s to `` Astros . '' 1965 -- 1970 : the great indoors ( edit ) Astros logo , 1965 -- 1974 with the Astrodome With Judge Roy Hofheinz now the sole owner of the franchise and the new venue complete , the renamed `` Astros '' moved into their new domed stadium , the Astrodome , in 1965 . The name honored Houston 's position as the center of the nation 's space program ; NASA 's new Manned Spacecraft Center had recently opened southeast of the city . The Astrodome , coined the `` Eighth Wonder of the World '' , did little to improve the home team 's results on the field . While several `` indoor '' firsts were accomplished , the team still finished ninth in the standings . The attendance was high not because of the team accomplishments , but because people came from miles around to see the Astrodome . Just as the excitement was settling down over the Astrodome , the 1966 season found something new to put the domed stadium in the spotlight once again -- the field . Grass would not grow in the new park , since the roof panels had been painted to reduce the glare that was causing players on both the Astros and the visiting teams to miss routine pop flies . A new artificial turf was created called `` AstroTurf '' and Houston would be involved in yet another change in the way the game was played . With new manager Grady Hatton the Astros started the 1966 season strong . By May they were in second place in the National League and looked like a team that could contend . Joe Morgan was named as a starter on the All - Star Team . The success did not last as they lost Jimmy Wynn for the season after he crashed into an outfield fence in Philadelphia and Morgan had broken his knee cap . 1967 saw first baseman Eddie Mathews join the Astros . The slugger hit his 500th home run while in Houston . He would be traded late in the season and Doug Rader would be promoted to the big leagues . Rookie Don Wilson pitched a no - hitter on June 18 . Wynn also provided some enthusiasm in 1967 . The 5 ft 9 in Wynn was becoming known not only for how often he hit home runs , but also for how far he hit them . Wynn set club records with 37 home runs , and 107 RBIs . It was also in 1967 that Wynn hit his famous home run onto Interstate 75 in Cincinnati . As the season came to a close , the Astros found themselves again in ninth place and with a winning percentage below . 500 . The team looked good on paper , but could not make it work on the field . April 15 , 1968 saw a pitching duel for the ages . The Astros ' Don Wilson and the Mets ' Tom Seaver faced each other in a pitching duel that lasted six hours . Seaver went ten innings , allowing no walks and just two hits . Wilson went nine innings , allowing five hits and three walks . After the starters exited , eleven relievers ( seven for the Mets and four for the Astros ) tried to end the game . The game finally ended in the 24th inning when Aspromonte hit a shot toward Mets shortstop Al Weis . Weis had been perfect all night at short , but he was not quick enough to make the play . The ball zipped into left field , allowing Norm Miller to score . With baseball expansion and trades , the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969 . Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos , in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon . However , Clendenon refused to report to Houston , electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company . The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade , but he refused . Instead , he awarded Jack Billingham and a left - handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade . Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary . Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards , infielder Denis Menke , and pitcher Denny Lemaster . Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no - hitter of his career . In that game , he struck out 18 batters , tying what was then the all - time single - game mark . He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no - hit wins . Wilson 's no - hitter lit the Astros ' fire after a miserable month of April , and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game . By May 's end the Astros had put together a ten - game winning streak . The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve , providing power at the plate and great defense . Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs . The Menke / Morgan punch was beginning to come alive , and the team was responding to Walker 's management style . The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins , the New York Mets , that season . In one game at New York , Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning , against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year . The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins , 81 losses , marking their first season of . 500 ball . In 1970 , the Astros were expected to be a serious threat in the National League West . In June , 19 - year - old César Cedeño was called up and immediately showed signs of being a superstar . The Dominican outfielder batted . 310 after being called up . Not to be outdone , Denis Menke batted . 304 and Jesús Alou batted . 306 . The Astros ' batting average was up by 19 points compared to the season before . The team looked good , but the Astros ' ERA was up . Larry Dierker and Don Wilson had winning records , but the pitching staff as a whole had an off season . Houston finished in fourth place in 1970 . 1971 -- 1974 : the boys in orange ( edit ) The fashion trends of the 1970s had started taking root in baseball . Long hair and loud colors were starting to appear on team uniforms , including the Astros ' . In 1971 the Astros made some changes to their uniform : they kept the same style they had in previous seasons , but inverted the colors . What was navy blue was now orange and what was orange was now a lighter shade of blue . The players ' last names were added to the back of the jerseys . In 1972 , the uniform fabric was also changed to what was at the time revolutionizing the industry -- polyester . Belts were replaced by elastic waistbands , and jerseys zipped up instead of having buttons . The uniforms became popular with fans , but would last only until 1975 , when the Astros would shock baseball and the fashion world . The uniforms were about the only thing that did change in 1971 . The acquisition of Roger Metzger from the Chicago Cubs in the off - season moved Menke to first base and Bob Watson to the outfield . The Astros got off to a slow start and the pitching and hitting averages were down . Larry Dierker was selected to the All - Star game in 1971 , but due to an arm injury he could not make it . César Cedeño led the club with 81 RBIs and the league with 40 doubles , but batted just . 264 and had 102 strikeouts in his second season with the Astros . Pitcher J.R. Richard made his debut in September of the 1971 season against the Giants . The big trade ( edit ) See also : The Big Red Machine In November 1971 the Astros and Cincinnati Reds made one of the biggest blockbuster trades in the history of the sport , and helped create The Big Red Machine of the 1970s , with the Reds getting the better end of the deal . Houston sent second baseman Joe Morgan , infielder Denis Menke , pitcher Jack Billingham , outfielder César Gerónimo and prospect Ed Armbrister to Cincinnati for first baseman Lee May , second baseman Tommy Helms and infielder Jimmy Stewart . The trade left Astros fans and the baseball world scratching their heads as to why General Manager Spec Richardson would give up so much for so little . The Reds , on the other hand , would shore up many problems . They had an off year in 1971 , but were the National League Pennant winner in 1972 . The Astros ' acquisition of Lee May added more power to the lineup in 1972 . May , Wynn , Rader and Cedeño all had 20 or more home runs and Watson hit 16 . Cedeño also led the Astros with a . 320 batting average , 55 stolen bases and made spectacular plays on the field . Cedeño made his first All - Star game in 1972 and became the first Astros player in team history to hit for the cycle in August versus the Reds . The Astros finished the strike - shortened season at 84 - 69 , their first winning season . Astros fans had hoped for more of the same in 1973 , but it was not to be . The Astros run production was down , even though the same five sluggers the year before were still punching the ball out of the park . Lee May led the Astros with 28 home runs and Cesar Cedeño batted . 320 with 25 home runs . Bob Watson hit the . 312 mark and drove in 94 runs . Doug Rader and Jimmy Wynn both had 20 or more home runs . However , injuries to their pitching staff limited the Astros to an 82 -- 80 fourth - place finish . The Astros again finished in fourth place the next year under new manager Preston Gómez . 1975 -- 1979 : the rainbow ERA ( edit ) Astros logo , 1975 -- 1993 with the Astrodome With the $38 million deficit of the Astrodome , control of the Astrodomain was passed from Judge Roy Hofheinz to GE Credit and Ford Motor Credit . This included the Astros . The creditors were just interested in preserving asset value of the team , so any money spent had to be found or saved somewhere else . Tal Smith returned to the Astros from the New York Yankees to find a team that needed a lot of work and did not have a lot of money . However , there would be some bright spots that would prove to be good investments in the near future . The year started on a sad note . Pitcher Don Wilson was found dead in the passenger seat of his car on January 5 , 1975 . Cause of death was asphyxiation by carbon monoxide . Wilson was 29 years old . Wilson 's number 40 was retired on April 13 , 1975 . The 1975 season saw the introduction of the Astros ' new uniforms . Many teams were going away from the traditional uniform and the Astros were no exception . The uniforms had multishade stripes of orange , red and yellow in front and in back behind a large dark blue star over the midsection . The same stripes ran down the pant legs . Players numbers not only appeared on the back of the jersey , but also on the pant leg . The bright stripes were meant to appear as a fiery trail like a rocket sweeping across the heavens . The uniforms were panned by critics , but the public liked them and versions started appearing at the high school and little league level . The uniform was so different from what other teams wore that the Astros wore it both at home and on the road until 1980 . Besides the bright new uniforms there were some other changes . Lee May was traded to Baltimore for much talked about rookie second baseman Rob Andrews and utility player Enos Cabell . In Baltimore , Cabell was stuck behind third baseman Brooks Robinson , but he took advantage of his opportunity in Houston and became their everyday third baseman . Cabell would go on to become a big part of the team 's success in later years . With May gone , Bob Watson was able to move to first base and was a bright spot in the line up , batting . 324 with 85 RBI . The two biggest moves the Astros made in the offseason were the acquisitions of Joe Niekro and José Cruz . The Astros bought Niekro from the Braves for almost nothing . Niekro had bounced around the big leagues with minimal success . His older brother Phil Niekro had started teaching Joe how to throw his knuckleball and Joe was just starting to use it when he came to the Astros . Niekro won six games , saved four games and had an ERA of 3.07 . José Cruz was also a steal , in retrospect , from the Cardinals . Cruz became a fixture in the Astros ' outfield for several years and would eventually have his number 25 retired . Despite high expectations , 1975 was among the Astros ' worst in franchise history . Their record of 64 -- 97 was far worse than even the expansion Colt . 45 's and would remain the worst record in franchise history until 2011 . It was the worst record in baseball and manager Preston Gómez was fired late in the season and replaced by Bill Virdon . The Astros played . 500 ball under Virdon in the last 34 games of the season . With Virdon as the manager the Astros improved greatly in 1976 finishing in third place with an 80 -- 82 record . A healthy César Cedeño was a key reason for the Astros ' success in 1976 . Bob Watson continued to show consistency and led the club with a . 313 average and 102 RBI . José Cruz became Houston 's everyday left fielder and hit . 303 with 28 stolen bases . 1976 saw the end of Larry Dierker 's playing career as an Astro , but before it was all over he would throw a no - hitter and win the 1,000 th game in the Astrodome . The Astros finished in third place again in 1977 with a record of 81 -- 81 . One of the big problems the Astros had in the late 1970s was that they were unable to compete in the free agent market . Ford Motor Credit Company was still in control of the team and was looking to sell the Astros , but they were not going to spend money on better players . Most of the talent was either farm grown or bought on the cheap . The 1979 season would prove to be a big turnaround in Astros history . During the offseason , the Astros made an effort to fix some of their problem areas . They traded Floyd Bannister to Seattle for shortstop Craig Reynolds and acquired catcher Alan Ashby from Toronto for pitcher Mark Lemongello . Reynolds and Ashby were both solid in their positions and gave Houston some much needed consistency . The season started with a boost from pitcher Ken Forsch , who threw a no - hitter the Braves the second game of the season . In May 1979 , New Jersey shipping tycoon Dr. John McMullen had agreed to buy the Astros . Now with an investor in charge , the Astros would be more likely to compete in the free agent market . The Astros were playing great baseball throughout the season . José Cruz and Enos Cabell both stole 30 bases . Joe Niekro had a great year with 21 wins and 3.00 ERA . J.R. Richard won 18 games and set a new personal strikeout record at 313 . Joe Sambito came into his own with 22 saves as the Astros closer . Things were going as they should for a team that could win the west . The Astros and Reds battled the final month of the season . The Reds pulled ahead of the Astros by a game and a half . Later that month they split a pair and the Reds kept the lead . That would be how it would end . The Astros finished with their best record to that point at 89 -- 73 and 11⁄2 games behind the NL winner Reds . With Dr. McMullen as sole owner of the Astros , the team would now benefit in ways a corporation could not give them . The rumors of the Astros moving out of Houston started to crumble and the Astros were now able to compete in the free - agent market . McMullen showed the city of Houston that he too wanted a winning team , signing nearby Alvin , Texas native Nolan Ryan to the first million - dollar - a-year deal . Ryan had four career no - hitters already and had struck out 383 in one season . 1980 : on the brink ( edit ) Joe Morgan returned in 1980 . Now back in Houston with two MVP awards and two World Series rings , Morgan wanted to help make the Astros a pennant winner . The 1980 pitching staff was one of the best Houston ever had , with the fastball of Ryan , the knuckleball of Joe Niekro and the terrifying 6 ft 8 in frame of J.R. Richard . Teams felt lucky to face Ken Forsch , who was a double - digit winner in the previous two seasons . Richard became the first Astros pitcher to start an All - Star game . After a medical examination three days later , Richard was told to rest his arm and he collapsed during a July 30 workout . He had suffered a stroke after a blood clot in the arm apparently moved to his neck and cut off blood flow to the brain . Surgery was done to save his life , but the Astros had lost their ace pitcher after a 10 -- 4 start with a stingy 1.89 ERA . Richard attempted a comeback , but would never again pitch a big league game . After the loss of Richard and some offensive struggles , the Astros slipped to third place in the division behind the Dodgers and the Reds . They bounced back to first with a ten - game winning streak , but the Dodgers had regained a two - game lead when they arrived in Houston on September 9 . The Astros won the first two games of that series and the two teams were tied for the division lead . The Astros held a three - game lead over the Dodgers with three games left in the season against the Dodgers . The Dodgers swept the series games , forcing a one - game playoff the next day . The Astros would however win the one - game playoff 7 - 1 , and advance to their first post-season . The team would face the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1980 National League Championship Series . The Phillies sent out Steve Carlton in game one of the NLCS after a six - hour flight the night before . The Phillies would win the opener after the Astros got out to a 1 - 0 third - inning lead . Ken Forsch pitched particularly strong fourth and fifth innings , but Greg Luzinski hit a sixth - inning two - run bomb to the 300 level seats of Veterans Stadium . The Phillies added an insurance run on the way to a 3 -- 1 win . Houston bounced back to win games two and three . Game four went into extra innings , with the Phillies taking the lead and the win in the tenth inning . Pete Rose started a rally with a one - out single , then Luzinski doubled off the left field wall and Rose bowled over catcher Bruce Bochy to score the go - ahead run . The Phillies got an insurance run on the way to tying the series . Rookie Phillies pitcher Marty Bystrom was sent out by Philadelphia manager Dallas Green to face veteran Nolan Ryan in Game Five . The rookie gave up a run in the first inning , then held the Astros at bay until the sixth inning . An Astros lead was lost when Bob Boone hit a two - out single in the second , but the Astros tied the game in the sixth with an Alan Ashby single scoring Denny Walling . Houston took a 5 -- 2 lead in the seventh , however the Phillies came back with five runs in the inning . The Astros came back against Tug McGraw with four singles and two two - out runs . Now in extra innings , Garry Maddox doubled in Del Unser with one out to give the Phillies an 8 -- 7 lead . The Astros failed to score in the bottom of the tenth . 1981 -- 1985 ( edit ) Astros starting pitcher Nolan Ryan in 1983 A 1981 player strike ran between June 12 and August 10 . Ultimately , the strike would help the Astros get into the playoffs . Nolan Ryan and Bob Knepper picked up steam in the second half of the season . Ryan threw his fifth no - hitter on September 26 and finished the season with a 1.69 ERA . Knepper finished with an ERA of 2.18 . In the wake of the strike , Major League Baseball took the winners of each `` half '' season and set up a best - of - five divisional playoff . The Reds won more games than any other team in the National League , but they won neither half of the strike - divided season . The Astros finished 61 -- 49 overall , which would have been third in the division behind the Reds and the Dodgers . Advancing to the playoffs as winners of the second half , Houston beat Los Angeles in their first two playoff games at home , but the Dodgers took the next three in Los Angeles to advance to the NLCS . By 1982 , only four players and three starting pitchers remained from the 1980 squad . The Astros were out of pennant contention by August and began rebuilding for the near future . Bill Virdon was fired as manager and replaced by original Colt . 45 Bob Lillis . Don Sutton asked to be traded and was sent to the Milwaukee Brewers for cash and the team gained three new prospects , including Kevin Bass . Minor league player Bill Doran was called up in September . Bass also got a look in the outfield . The Astros finished fourth in the west , but new talent was starting to appear . Before the 1983 season , the Astros traded Danny Heep to the Mets for pitcher Mike Scott , a 28 - year - old who had struggled with New York . Art Howe sat out the 1983 season with an injury , forcing Phil Garner to third and Ray Knight to first . Doran took over at second , becoming the everyday second baseman for the next seven seasons . The Astros finished third in the National League West . The 1984 season started off badly when shortstop Dickie Thon was hit in the head by a pitch and was lost for the season . In September , the Astros called up rookie Glenn Davis after he posted impressive numbers in AAA . The Astros finished in second place . In 1985 , Mike Scott learned a new pitch , the split - finger fastball . Scott , who was coming off of a 5 -- 11 season , had found his new pitch and would become one of Houston 's most celebrated hurlers . In June , Davis made the starting lineup at first base , adding power to the team . In September , Joe Niekro was traded to the Yankees for two minor league pitchers and lefty Jim Deshaies . The Astros finished in fourth place in 1985 . 1986 : lighting a fire ( edit ) After finishing fourth in 1985 , the Astros fired general manager Al Rosen and manager Bob Lillis . The former was supplanted by Dick Wagner , the man whose Reds defeated the Astros to win the 1979 NL West title . The latter was replaced by Hal Lanier who , like his manager mentor in St. Louis , Whitey Herzog , had a hard - nosed approach to managing and espoused a playing style that focused on pitching , defense , and speed rather than home runs to win games . This style of baseball , known as Whiteyball , took advantage of stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf , both of which were characteristics of the Astrodome . Lanier 's style of baseball took Houston by storm . Before Lanier took over , fans were accustomed to Houston 's occasional slow starts , but with Lanier leading the way , Houston got off to a hot start , winning 13 of their first 19 contests . Prior to the start of the season the Astros acquired outfielder Billy Hatcher from the Cubs for Jerry Mumphrey . Lainer also made a change in the pitching staff , going with a three - man rotation to start the season . This allowed Lanier to keep his three starters ( Nolan Ryan , Bob Knepper , and Mike Scott ) sharp and to slowly work in rookie hurler Jim Deshaies . Bill Doran and Glenn Davis held down the right side of the field but Lainer rotated the left side . Denny Walling and Craig Reynolds faced the right - handed pitchers while Phil Garner and Dickie Thon batted against left - handers . Lainer knew the Astros had talent and he put it to work . The Astrodome was host to the 1986 All - Star Game in which Astros Mike Scott , Kevin Bass , Glenn Davis , and Dave Smith represented the host field . The Astros kept pace with the NL West after the All - Star break . They went on a streak of five straight come - from - behind wins . Houston swept a key 3 - game series over the San Francisco Giants in late September to clinch the division title . Mike Scott took the mound in the final game of the series and pitched a no - hitter -- the only time in MLB history that any division was clinched via a no - hitter . Scott would finish the season with an 18 -- 10 record and a Cy Young Award . The 1986 National League Championship Series against the New York Mets was noted for great drama and is considered one of the best postseason series ever . In Game 3 , the Astros were ahead at Shea Stadium , 5 -- 4 , in the bottom of the 9th when closer Dave Smith gave up a two - run home run to Lenny Dykstra , giving the Mets a dramatic 6 -- 5 win . However , the signature game of the series was Game 6 . Needing a win to get to Mike Scott ( who had been dominant in the series ) in Game 7 , the Astros jumped off to a 3 -- 0 lead in the first inning but neither team would score again until the 9th inning . In the 9th , starting pitcher Bob Knepper would give up two runs , and once again the Astros would look to Dave Smith to close it out . However , Smith would walk Gary Carter and Darryl Strawberry , giving up a sacrifice fly to Ray Knight , tying the game . Despite having the go - ahead runs on base , Smith was able to escape the inning without any further damage . There was no scoring until the 14th inning when the Mets would take the lead on a Wally Backman single and an error by left fielder Billy Hatcher . The Astros would get the run back in the bottom of the 14th when Hatcher ( in a classic goat - to - hero - conversion - moment ) hit one of the most dramatic home runs in NLCS history , off the left field foul pole . In the 16th inning , Darryl Strawberry doubled to lead off the inning and Ray Knight drove him home in the next at - bat . The Mets would score a total of three runs in the inning to take what appeared an insurmountable 7 -- 4 lead . With their season on the line , the Astros would nonetheless rally for two runs to come to within 7 -- 6 . Kevin Bass came up with the tying and winning runs on base ; however Jesse Orosco would strike him out , ending the game . At the time the 16 - inning game held the record for the longest in MLB postseason history . The Mets won the series , 4 - 2 . 1987 -- 1990 : out with the old , in with the new ( edit ) After the 1986 season , the team had difficulty finding success again . Several changes occurred . The `` rainbow '' uniforms were phased out , the team electing to keep a five - stripe `` rainbow '' design on the sleeves . From 1987 to 1993 , the Astros wore the same uniform for both home and away games ; the only team in Major League Baseball to do so during that period . Its favorites Nolan Ryan and José Cruz moved on and the team entered a rebuilding phase . Craig Biggio debuted in June 1988 , joining new prospects Ken Caminiti and Gerald Young . Biggio would become the everyday catcher by 1990 . A trade acquiring Jeff Bagwell in exchange for Larry Andersen would become one of the biggest deals in Astros history . Glenn Davis was traded to Baltimore for Curt Schilling , Pete Harnisch and Steve Finley in 1990.1990 -- 1999 : Fine tuning The early 1990s were marked by the Astros ' growing discontent with their home , the Astrodome . After the Astrodome was renovated for the primary benefit of the NFL 's Houston Oilers ( who shared the Astrodome with the Astros since the 1960s ) , the Astros began to grow increasingly disenchanted with the facility . Faced with declining attendance at the Astrodome and the inability of management to obtain a new stadium , in the 1991 off - season Astros management announced its intention to sell the team and move the franchise to the Washington , D.C. area . However , the move was not approved by other National League owners , thus compelling the Astros to remain in Houston . Shortly thereafter , McMullen ( who also owned the NHL 's New Jersey Devils ) sold the team to Texas businessman Drayton McLane in 1993 , who committed to keeping the team in Houston . Shortly after McLane 's arrival , which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio , the Astros began to show signs of consistent success . After finishing second in their division in 1994 ( in a strike year ) , 1995 , and 1996 , the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997 , 1998 , and 1999 . In the 1998 season , the Astros set a team record with 102 victories . However , each of these titles was followed by a first - round playoff elimination , in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves . The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker , who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros . During this period , Bagwell , Biggio , Derek Bell , and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname `` The Killer Bs '' . In later seasons , the name came to include other Astros , especially Lance Berkman . Coinciding with the change in ownership , the team switched uniforms and team colors after the 1993 season in order to go for a new , more serious image . The team 's trademark rainbow uniforms were retired , and the team 's colors changed to midnight blue and metallic gold . The `` Astros '' font on the team logo was changed to a more aggressive one , and the team 's traditional star logo was changed to a stylized , `` flying '' star with an open left end . It marked the first time since the team 's inception that orange was not part of the team 's colors . Despite general agreement that the rainbow uniforms identified with the team had become tired ( and looked too much like a minor league team according to the new owners ) , the new uniforms and caps were never especially popular with many Astros fans . Astros logo , 1994 -- 1999 Final Astros regular season game in the Astrodome on October 3 , 1999 Off the field , in 1994 , the Astros hired one of the first African American general managers , former franchise player Bob Watson . Watson would leave the Astros after the 1995 season to become general manager of the New York Yankees and helped to lead the Yankees to a World Championship in 1996 . He would be replaced by Gerry Hunsicker , who until 2004 would continue to oversee the building of the Astros into one of the better and most consistent organizations in the Major Leagues . However , in 1996 , the Astros again nearly left Houston . By the mid-1990s , McLane ( like McMullen before him ) wanted his team out of the Astrodome and was asking the city to build the Astros a new stadium . When things did not progress quickly toward that end , he put the team up for sale . He had nearly finalized a deal to sell the team to businessman William Collins , who planned to move them to Northern Virginia . However , Collins was having difficulty finding a site for a stadium himself , so Major League owners stepped in and forced McLane to give Houston another chance to grant his stadium wish . Houston voters , having already lost the Houston Oilers in a similar situation , responded positively via a stadium referendum and the Astros stayed put . 2000 -- 2004 : new stadium ( edit ) Astros logo , 2000 -- 2012 The 2000 season saw a move to a new stadium . Originally to be named The Ballpark at Union Station due to being located on the site of Union Station ( Houston ) , it was renamed Enron Field by the season opening after the naming rights were sold to energy corporation Enron . The stadium was to feature a retractable roof , a particularly useful feature with unpredictable Houston weather . The ballpark also featured more intimate surroundings than the Astrodome . In 2002 , naming rights were purchased by Houston - based Minute Maid , after Enron went bankrupt . The park was built on the grounds of the old Union Station . A locomotive moves across the outfield and whistles after home runs , paying homage to a Houston history which had eleven railroad company lines running through the city by 1860 . The ballpark previously contained quirks such as `` Tal 's Hill '' , which was a hill in deep center field on which a flagpole stood , all in fair territory . Tal 's Hill was replaced in the 2016 -- 2017 offseason . The wall was moved in to 409 feet , which the team hoped would generate more home runs . A similar feature was located in Crosley Field . Over the years , many highlight reel catches have been made by center fielders running up the hill to make catches . With the change in location also came a change in attire . Gone were the blue and gold uniforms of the 1990s in favor a more `` retro '' look with pinstripes , a traditional baseball font , and the colors of brick red , sand and black . These colors were chosen because ownership originally wanted to rename the team the Houston Diesels . The `` shooting star '' logo was modified but still retained its definitive look . The Astros moved into Minute Maid Park in 2000 After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance , the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant . They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio . Roger Clemens , who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees , agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004 . The one - year deal included unique conditions , such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he was n't scheduled to pitch . Despite the early predictions for success , the Astros had a mediocre 44 -- 44 record at the All - Star break . A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues . After being booed at the 2004 All - Star Game held in Houston , manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner , a star on the division - winning 1986 Astros . The Astros enjoyed a 46 -- 26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot . The Astros defeated the Braves 3 -- 2 in the Division Series , but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004 . Additionally , the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run . Despite midseason trade rumors , Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team 's hopes , hitting eight home runs in the postseason . Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros , Beltrán signed a long - term contract with the New York Mets on January 9 , 2005 . 2005 : first World Series in Texas ( edit ) Main article : 2005 Houston Astros season In 2005 , the Astros started poorly and found themselves with a 15 - 30 record in late May . The Houston Chronicle had written them off with a tombstone emblazoned with `` RIP 2005 Astros '' . However , from that low point until the end of July , Houston went 42 -- 17 and found themselves in the lead for an NL wild card spot . July saw the best single month record in the club 's history at 22 - 7 . Offensive production had increased greatly after a slow start in the first two months . The Astros had also developed an excellent pitching staff , anchored by Roy Oswalt ( 20 -- 12 , 2.94 ) , Andy Pettitte ( 17 -- 9 , 2.39 ) , and Roger Clemens ( 13 -- 8 with a league - low ERA of only 1.87 ) . The contributions of the other starters -- Brandon Backe ( 10 -- 8 , 4.76 ) and rookie starters Ezequiel Astacio ( 3 -- 6 , 5.67 ) and Wandy Rodríguez ( 10 -- 10 , 5.53 ) -- were less remarkable , but enough to push the Astros into position for a playoff run . The Astros won a wild card berth on the final day of the regular season , becoming the first team since the world champion 1914 Boston Braves to qualify for the postseason after being 15 games under . 500 . The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves , 3 - 1 , with a game four that set postseason records for most innings ( 18 ) , most players used by a single team ( 23 ) , and longest game time ( 5 hours and 50 minutes ) . Trailing by a score of 6 - 1 , Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6 -- 5 . In the bottom of the ninth , catcher Brad Ausmus , hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings . In the bottom of the tenth inning , Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance , but was inches foul . This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings . In the top of the fifteenth inning , Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance , pitching three shutout innings , notably striking out Julio Franco , at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old ; Clemens was himself 43 . In the bottom of the eighteenth inning , Clemens came to bat again , indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning , if it came to that . Clemens struck out , but the next batter , Chris Burke , hit a home run to left field for the Astros win , 7 -- 6 . Oddly enough , a fan in the `` Crawford Boxes '' in left field had previously caught Berkman 's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke 's home run . The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS . The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis , but would win the next three games , with Roy Oswalt getting the win . Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston , Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two - out three - run home run to Albert Pujols , forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis , where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance . Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP , having gone 2 -- 0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series . Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy . Warren Giles , William 's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969 , had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960 . The Astros faced the Chicago White Sox in the World Series . Chicago had been considered the slight favorite but would win all four games , the first two at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago and the final two in Houston . Game 3 marked the first World Series game held in the state of Texas , and was the longest game in World Series history , lasting 5 hours and 41 minutes . This World Series was marked by a controversy involving the Minute Maid Park roof . MLB & Commissioner Bud Selig insisted that the Astros must play with the roof open which mitigated the intensity and enthusiasm of the cheering Astros fans . 2006 -- 2010 : the decline ( edit ) In the 2006 offseason , the team signed Preston Wilson and moved Berkman to first base , ending the long tenure of Jeff Bagwell . The Astros renewed the contract with Clemens and traded two minor league prospects to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for left - handed hitter Aubrey Huff . By August , Preston Wilson complained about his playing time after the return of Luke Scott from AAA Round Rock . The Astros released Wilson and he was signed by St. Louis . A dramatic season end included wins in 10 of their last 12 games , but the Astros missed a playoff appearance when they lost the final game of the season to the Atlanta Braves . On October 31 , the Astros declined a contract option on Jeff Bagwell for 2007 , ending his 15 - year Astros career and leading to his retirement . Roger Clemens and Andy Pettitte filed for free agency . On December 12 , the Astros traded Willy Taveras , Taylor Buchholz , and Jason Hirsh to the Colorado Rockies for Rockies pitchers Jason Jennings and Miguel Asencio . A trade with the White Sox , involving the same three Astros in exchange for Jon Garland , had been nixed a few days earlier when Buchholz reportedly failed a physical . In the end , Taveras continued to develop and Hirsh had a strong 2007 rookie campaign , while Jennings was often injured and generally ineffective . Astros ' outfielder Orlando Palmeiro , 2007 On April 28 , 2007 , the Astros purchased the contract of top minor league prospect Hunter Pence . He debuted that night , getting a hit and scoring a run . By May 2007 , the Astros had suffered one of their worst recent losing streaks ( 10 games ) . On June 28 , second baseman Craig Biggio became the 27th MLB player to accrue 3,000 career hits . Biggio needed three hits to reach 3,000 and on that night he had five hits . That night , Carlos Lee hit a towering walk - off grand slam in the eleventh inning. Lee later quipped to the newsmedia that `` he had hit a walk - off grand slam and he got second billing '' , considering Biggio 's achievement . On July 24 , Biggio announced that he would retire at the end of the season . He hit a grand slam in that night 's game which broke a 3 -- 3 tie and led to an Astros win . In Biggio 's last at bat , he grounded out to Chipper Jones of the Atlanta Braves . On September 20 , Ed Wade was named General Manager . In his first move , he traded Jason Lane to the Padres on September 24 . On September 30 , Craig Biggio retired after twenty years with the team . In November , the Astros traded RHP Brad Lidge and SS Eric Bruntlett to the Philadelphia Phillies for OF Michael Bourn , RHP Geoff Geary , and minor leaguer Mike Costanzo . Utility player Mark Loretta accepted Houston 's salary arbitration and Kazuo Matsui finalized a $16.5 million , three - year contract with the team . In December the Astros traded OF Luke Scott , RHP Matt Albers , RHP Dennis Sarfate , LHP Troy Patton , and minor - league 3B Mike Costanzo , to the Baltimore Orioles for SS Miguel Tejada . On December 14 , they sent infielder Chris Burke , RHP Juan Gutiérrez , and RHP Chad Qualls to the Arizona Diamondbacks for RHP José Valverde . On December 27 , the Astros came to terms on a deal with All - star , Gold Glove winner Darin Erstad . In January and February 2008 , the Astros signed Brandon Backe , Ty Wigginton , Dave Borkowski and Shawn Chacón to one - year deals . The starting rotation would feature Roy Oswalt and Brandon Backe as numbers one and two . Wandy Rodríguez , Chacón and Chris Sampson rounded out the bottom three slots in the rotation . Woody Williams had retired after a 0 -- 4 spring training and Jason Jennings was now with Texas . On the other side of the roster , the Astros would start without Kazuo Matsui , who was on a minor league rehab assignment after a spring training injury . The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009 , finishing with records of 86 -- 75 and 74 -- 88 , respectively . Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season . 2010 -- 2014 : move to the AL West ( edit ) The 2010 season was the first season as Astros manager for Brad Mills , who was previously the bench coach of the Boston Red Sox . The Astros struggled throughout a season that was marked by trade - deadline deals that sent longtime Astros to other teams . On July 29 , the Astros ' ace starting pitcher , Roy Oswalt , was dealt to the Philadelphia Phillies for J.A. Happ and two minor league players . On July 31 , outfielder Lance Berkman was traded to the New York Yankees for minor leaguers Jimmy Paredes and Mark Melancon . The Astros finished with a record of 76 - 86 . On July 30 , 2011 , the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence , the team 's 2010 leader in home runs , to the Philadelphia Phillies . On July 31 , they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves . On September 17 , the Astros clinched their first 100 - loss season in franchise history , On September 28 , the Astros ended the season with an 8 -- 0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals . Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game , two - hit shutout in the game , enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card , where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series , with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory . The Astros finished with a record of 56 -- 106 , the worst single - season record in franchise history ( a record which would be broken the following season ) . In November 2010 , Drayton McLane announced that the Astros were being put up for sale . McLane stated that because the Astros were one of the few franchises in Major League Baseball with only one family as the owners , he was planning his estate . McLane was 75 years old as of November 2011 . In March 2011 , local Houston businessman Jim Crane emerged as the front - runner to purchase the franchise . In the 1980s , Crane founded an air freight business which later merged with CEVA Logistics , and later founded Crane Capital Group . McLane and Crane had a previous handshake agreement for the franchise in 2008 , but Crane abruptly changed his mind and broke off discussions . Crane also attempted to buy the Chicago Cubs in 2008 and the Texas Rangers during their 2010 bankruptcy auction . Crane came under scrutiny because of previous allegations of discriminatory hiring practices regarding women and minorities , among other issues . This delayed MLB 's approval process . During the summer of 2011 , a frustrated Crane hinted that the delays might threaten the deal . In October 2011 , Crane met personally with MLB Commissioner Bud Selig , in a meeting that was described as `` constructive '' . On November 15 , 2011 , it was announced that Crane had agreed to move the franchise to the American League for the 2013 season . The move was part of an overall divisional realignment of MLB , with the National and American leagues each having 15 teams in three geographically balanced divisions . Crane was given a $70 million concession by MLB for agreeing to the switch ; the move was a condition for the sale to the new ownership group . Two days later , the Astros were officially sold to Crane after the other owners unanimously voted in favor of the sale . It was also announced that 2012 would be the last season for the Astros in the NL . After over fifty years of the Astros being a part of the National League , this move was unpopular with many Astros fans . Astros second baseman José Altuve in 2013 In 2012 , the Astros were eliminated from the playoffs before September 5 . On September 27 , the Astros named Bo Porter to be the manager for the 2013 season . On October 3 , the Astros ended over 50 years of NL play with a 5 -- 4 loss to the Chicago Cubs and began to look ahead to join the American League . Winning only 20 road games during the entire season , the Astros finished with a 55 -- 107 record , the worst record in all of Major League Baseball for the 2012 season , and surpassing the 2011 season for the worst record in Astros history . On November 2 , 2012 , the Astros unveiled their new look in preparation for their move to the American League for the 2013 season . The uniform is navy blue and orange , going back to the original 1960s team colors , as well as debuting a new version of the classic navy blue hat with a white `` H '' over an orange star . On November 6 , 2012 , the Astros hired former Cleveland Indians director of baseball operations David Stearns as the team 's new assistant general manager . The Astros would also go on to hire former St. Louis Cardinals front office executive Jeff Luhnow as their general manager . The Houston Astros played their first game as an American League team on March 31 , 2013 , where they were victorious over their in - state division competitor , the Texas Rangers , with a score of 8 -- 2 . On September 29 , the Astros completed their first year in the American League , losing 5 -- 1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees . The Astros finished the season with a 51 -- 111 record ( a franchise worst ) with a season ending 15 game losing streak , again surpassing their worst record from last season . The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics , further adding to their futility . This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season . They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row . They improved on their season in 2014 , going 70 -- 92 , finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers . 2015 : sudden success and a return to the playoffs ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After a slow start , the Astros took over first place in the AL West on April 19 and stayed there until shortly before the All - Star Break in mid-July . The Astros retook first place on July 29 , but fell from first on September 15 . In September 2015 , four men died who had been closely associated with the team : Yogi Berra , Gene Elston , Milo Hamilton , and John McMullen . McMullen and Hamilton passed on the same Thursday , September 17 , 2015 , Elston on September 5th , and Berra on September 22 . McMullen , after being a co-owner of the New York Yankees , purchased the Astros in 1979 . He also brought Nolan Ryan to the Astros . In 1980 , the Astros played the Philadelphia Phillies for the NL pennant with Gene Elston on the radio . In 1985 , McMullen brought Yogi Berra in to be a bench coach for the new Astros manager Hal Lanier for the 1986 season , with Milo Hamilton on the radio . Dallas Keuchel led the AL with 20 victories , going 15 -- 0 at home , an MLB record . Key additions to the team included Scott Kazmir and SS Carlos Correa who hit 22 home runs , being called up in June 2015 . 2B José Altuve picked up where he left off as the star of the Astros ' offense . On July 30 , the Astros picked up Mike Fiers and Carlos Gómez from the Milwaukee Brewers . Fiers threw the 11th no - hitter in Astros history on August 21 against the LA Dodgers . Houston got the final AL playoff spot and faced the Yankees in the Wild Card Game on October 6 at New York . They defeated the Yankees 3 -- 0 , but lost to the Kansas City Royals in the American League Division Series . The Astros split the first two games of the ALDS best - of - five series in Kansas City . The Astros won the first game at Minute Maid to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the ALDS . In game 4 , after 7 innings , the Astros had a 6 -- 2 lead . In the top half of the eighth inning , which took about 45 minutes to end , the Royals had taken 7 -- 6 lead with a series of consecutive base hits . The Astros suffered a 9 -- 6 loss and the ALDS was tied at 2 -- 2 . Then the series went back to Kansas City , where the Royals clinched the series in the fifth game , 7 - 2 . 2016 : inconsistency ( edit ) The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season . After a bad start to their season , with Houston going just 7 -- 17 in April , the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months , including an 18 -- 8 record in June . But after going 12 -- 15 in September , the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention . They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84 -- 78 . On August 10 , 2016 Gómez was designated for assignment by the Astros after a dreadful campaign with the team . He was released on August 18 , 2016 . Gomez finished his Astros career batting a career low average of . 210 and only hitting 5 HR through 85 games with the club . Gómez later signed with division rival Texas . The season was marked by the Astros 4 -- 15 record against their in - state division rival ( and eventual division winner ) Texas Rangers . The Astros finished the 2016 season eleven games behind the Rangers . 2017 : World Series Champions ( edit ) Main article : 2017 World Series Many buildings in the skyline of Downtown Houston participated in cheering for the Astros during the 2017 World Series . In 2014 , Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process . As of June 9 , the Astros were 41 -- 16 , which gave them a 13.5 - game lead over the rest of their division , and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league . This was the best start in the Astros ' 55 - year history . As the games of June 23 concluded , the Astros had an 11.5 - game lead over the rest of the division . The Astros entered the All - Star Break with an American League best 60 -- 29 record and a 16 - game lead in the division , although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All - Star Break by just one game . With Hurricane Harvey causing massive flooding throughout Houston and southeast Texas , the Astros ' three - game series against the Texas Rangers for August 29 -- 31 , was relocated to Tropicana Field ( home of the Tampa Bay Rays ) , in St. Petersburg , Florida . The Astros greatly improved against the Rangers in 2017 , going 12 -- 7 against them and winning the season series . At the August 31 waiver - trade deadline GM Jeff Luhnow acquired veteran starting pitcher and Cy Young Award winner Justin Verlander to bolster the starting rotation . Verlander won each of his 5 regular season starts with the Astros , yielding only 4 runs over this stretch . He carried his success into the playoffs , posting a record of 4 - 1 in his 6 starts , and throwing a complete game shutout in Game 2 of the ALCS . Verlander was named the 2017 ALCS MVP . The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division , and first division title overall since 2001 . They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions : National League West in 1980 and 1986 , National League Central from 1997 -- 1999 and 2001 , and American League West in 2017 . On September 29 , the Astros won their 100th game of the season , the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins , the first being in 1998 . They finished 101 -- 61 , with a 21 - game lead in the division , and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs . The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one , and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees . The Astros won the ALCS four games to three , and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers . The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series , winning the first championship in franchise history . The city of Houston celebrated the team 's accomplishment with a parade on the afternoon of November 3 , 2017 . Houston 's Independent School District gave the students and teachers the day off to watch the parade . On November 16 , 2017 Jose Altuve was named the American League Most Valuable Player , capping off a historic season in which he accumulated 200 hits for the fourth consecutive season , led the majors with a . 346 BA , and was the unquestioned clubhouse leader of the World Series Champions . Achievements ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros seasons Franchise record ( edit ) As of the completion of the 2017 season Team name Games Wins Losses Ties W-L % Colt . 45s ( 1962 -- 1964 ) 486 196 288 . 405 NL Astros ( 1965 -- 2012 ) 7652 3803 3846 . 497 AL Astros ( 2013 -- present ) 810 392 418 -- . 484 Overall total 8948 4391 4552 5 . 491 Playoff record 80 35 45 -- . 438 Source : Awards ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders Darryl Kile Award See also : Houston Astros award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Award Two awards are presented each year , one to a Houston Astro and one to a St. Louis Cardinal , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Team captains ( edit ) 23 Enos Cabell , 3B / 1B , 1984 -- 1985 Team records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Astros team records Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers No . Name Position Date retired 5 Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell 1B , Coach August 26 , 2007 7 Biggio , Craig Craig Biggio C , OF , 2B August 17 , 2008 24 Wynn , Jimmy Jimmy Wynn OF June 25 , 2005 25 Cruz , José José Cruz OF , Coach October 3 , 1992 32 Umbricht , Jim Jim Umbricht April 12 , 1965 33 Scott , Mike Mike Scott October 3 , 1992 34 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan September 29 , 1996 40 Wilson , Don Don Wilson April 13 , 1975 49 Dierker , Larry Larry Dierker P , Manager May 19 , 2002 42 Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson All MLB April 15 , 1997 The number 42 is retired by Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson . Source : Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 57 : Has not been reissued since former Astros pitcher Darryl Kile died as an active player with the St. Louis Cardinals in 2002 . 17 : Has not been reissued since Lance Berkman was traded in 2010 . Hall of Fame ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame members ( edit ) <Th_colspan="1"> Houston Astros Hall of Famers <Th_colspan="1"> Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Houston Colt . 45s Nellie Fox Houston Astros Jeff Bagwell Craig Biggio Leo Durocher Randy Johnson Eddie Mathews Joe Morgan Robin Roberts Iván Rodríguez Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Colt . 45s or Astros cap insignia . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Houston Astros Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Gene Elston Milo Hamilton Harry Kalas Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Colt . 45s or Astros . Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Texas Sports Hall of Fame <Td_colspan="5"> Astros in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Lee Ballanfant Scout 1961 -- 1970 Born in Waco Pete Runnels IF 1963 -- 1964 Born in Lufkin 5 Jeff Bagwell 1B Coach 1991 -- 2005 7 Craig Biggio 2B / C 1988 -- 2007 8 , 12 , 18 , 35 Joe Morgan 2B 1963 -- 1971 1980 Played mainly with the Cincinnati Reds ; born in Bonham 11 Eddie Mathews 3B 1967 Played mainly with the Boston / Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves ; born in Texarkana 12 , 77 Iván Rodríguez 2009 Played mainly with the Texas Rangers 17 Lance Berkman OF / 1B 1999 -- 2010 Born and raised in Waco , attended Rice University 21 Andy Pettitte 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the New York Yankees ; grew up in Houston 22 Roger Clemens 2004 -- 2006 Played mainly with the Boston Red Sox ; grew up in Houston , attended the University of Texas at Austin 34 Nolan Ryan 1980 -- 1988 Born in Refugio , grew up in Alvin 38 Robin Roberts 1965 -- 1966 Played mainly with the Philadelphia Phillies 49 Larry Dierker Manager 1964 -- 1977 1997 -- 2001 Current roster ( edit ) <Th_colspan="10"> Houston Astros 2018 spring training roster view talk <Td_colspan="4"> 40 - man roster <Td_colspan="2"> Non-roster invitees <Td_colspan="1"> Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Buddy Boshers 45 Gerrit Cole -- Dean Deetz 47 Chris Devenski 53 Ken Giles -- Anthony Gose 64 Reymin Guduan 61 Jandel Gustave 36 Will Harris 51 James Hoyt 60 Dallas Keuchel 58 Francis Martes 43 Lance McCullers 31 Collin McHugh 50 Charlie Morton 63 David Paulino 41 Brad Peacock -- Cionel Pérez 62 Brady Rodgers 56 Héctor Rondón 29 Tony Sipp 38 Joe Smith 35 Justin Verlander Catchers 11 Evan Gattis 16 Brian McCann 12 Max Stassi Infielders 27 José Altuve 2 Alex Bregman 1 Carlos Correa 28 J.D. Davis 10 Yuli Gurriel † 23 A.J. Reed 13 Tyler White Outfielders 21 Derek Fisher 9 Marwin González 18 Tony Kemp 6 Jake Marisnick 22 Josh Reddick 4 George Springer Pitchers -- Matt Ramsey Catchers -- Tim Federowicz Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( assistant hitting ) 85 Javier Bracamonte ( bullpen catcher ) 37 Alex Cintrón ( first base ) -- Joe Espada ( bench ) 39 Dave Hudgens ( hitting ) 8 Gary Pettis ( third base ) 56 Brent Strom ( pitching ) -- Doug White ( bullpen ) 96 Carlos Munoz ( bullpen catcher ) 38 active , 1 inactive , 2 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated January 17 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Astros minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Fresno Grizzlies Pacific Coast League Fresno , California AA Corpus Christi Hooks Texas League Corpus Christi , Texas Advanced A * Buies Creek Astros Carolina League Buies Creek , North Carolina Quad Cities River Bandits Midwest League Davenport , Iowa Short Season A Tri-City ValleyCats New York -- Penn League Troy , New York Rookie GCL Astros Gulf Coast League West Palm Beach , Florida DSL Astros Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic * In December 2016 , the Astros agreed to a 30 - year deal to field a Class - A Advanced team in Fayetteville , North Carolina , beginning in 2019 . The team will play the 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in Fayetteville . Radio and television ( edit ) See also : Houston Astros Radio Network As of 2013 , the Astros ' new flagship radio station is KBME , Sportstalk 790AM ( a Fox Sports Radio affiliate ) , leaving KTRH , 740AM after a partnership with them since 1999 ( both stations are owned by iHeartMedia ) . This change suddenly made it difficult for listeners outside of Houston itself to hear the Astros , as KTRH runs 50 kilowatts of power day and night , and KBME runs only five kilowatts . As a result , KTRH is audible across much of Central , East , and South Texas , whereas KBME can only be heard in Houston , especially after dark . Milo Hamilton , a veteran voice who was on the call for Hank Aaron 's 715th career home run in 1974 , retired at the end of the 2012 season , after broadcasting play - by - play for the Astros since 1985 . Dave Raymond and Brett Dolan shared play - by play duty for road games , while Raymond additionally worked as Hamilton 's color analyst ( while Hamilton called home games only for the past few seasons before his retirement ) ; they were not retained and instead brought in Robert Ford and Steve Sparks to begin broadcasting for the 2013 season . Spanish language radio play - by - play is handled by Francisco Romero , and his play - by - play partner is Alex Treviño , a former backup catcher for the club . During the 2012 season Astros games on television were announced by Bill Brown and Jim Deshaies . In the seven seasons before then , Astros games were broadcast on television by Fox Sports Houston , with select games shown on broadcast TV by KTXH . As part of a ten - year , $1 billion deal with Comcast that includes a majority stake jointly held by the Astros and the Houston Rockets , Houston Astros games moved to the new Comcast SportsNet Houston at the beginning of the 2013 season . On September 27 , 2013 CSN Houston filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy and surprising the Astros who own the largest stake . After being brought out of bankruptcy by DirecTV Sports Networks and AT&T , the channel 's name was changed to Root Sports Southwest then later AT&T SportsNet Southwest . The current television team consists of Todd Kalas and Geoff Blum . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Orbit ( mascot ) Orbit , Houston Astros mascot from 1990 -- 1999 , 2013 -- present Orbit is the name given to MLB 's Houston Astros mascot , a lime - green outer - space creature wearing an Astros jersey with antennae extending into baseballs . Orbit was the team 's official mascot from the 1990 through the 1999 seasons until the 2000 season , where Junction Jack was introduced as the team 's mascot with the move from the Astrodome to then Enron Field . Orbit returned on November 2 , 2012 at the unveiling of the Astros new look for their 2013 debut in the American League . The name Orbit pays homage to Houston 's association with NASA and nickname Space City . The Astros had been represented by a trio of rabbit mascots named Junction Jack , Jesse and Julie from 2000 through 2012 . In April 1977 the Houston Astros introduced their very first mascot , Chester Charge . Created by Ed Henderson , Chester Charge was a Texas cavalry soldier on a horse . Chester appeared on the field at the beginning of each home game , during the seventh inning stretch and then ran around the bases at the conclusion of each win . At the blast of a bugle , the scoreboard would light up and the audience would yell , `` Charge ! '' References ( edit ) General A Six - Gun Salute : An Illustrated History of the Houston Colt . 45s , by Robert Reed ( Rowman - Littlefield Publishing , Boston , 1999 ) In - line citations Jump up ^ `` Astros officially launch new identity '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Barry M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Sale of Astros to Jim Crane , move to American League in 2013 approved '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media LP . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Headed to American League as New Team Owner Approved '' . Businessweek . November 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Houston Astros . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elston , Gene . `` George Kirksey Papers '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Colt . 45s '' . AstrosDaily . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Drops Plans to Buy Buff Franchise '' . Bonham Daily Favorite . January 24 , 1960 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New York - Houston Get National Franchises '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . October 11 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Baseball Muddled for ' 61 '' . The Victoria Advocate. 1960 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Will Get Emphasis , Paul Declares '' . Observer -- Reporter. 1961 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Herskowitz , Mickey ( 2005 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Astros out to make history their history '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ian , Fleming ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` April 10 , 1962 Chicago Cubs at Houston Colt . 45 's Play by Play and Box Score '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Coons , Ron ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Richard `` Turk '' Farrell `` . find a grave . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht , Colts pitcher , dies of cancer '' . Morning Record . Meriden , Connecticut . Associated Press . April 9 , 1964 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Umbricht Incredible-people.com '' . Profiles.incredible-people.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Colts become Astros '' . Florence Times . Alabama . Associated Press . December 2 , 1964 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colts now ' Astros ' '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . December 2 , 1964 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Astrodome Houston-Astros.com '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Astrodome - history , photos and more Ballparks of Baseball . ^ Jump up to : Jimmy Wynn Statistics Baseball-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Baseball-Reference.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Cesar Cedeno '' . BaseballLibrary.com. 1985 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Astros History '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Cedeno Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Treder , Steve . `` Offseason blockbusters : November ( Part two : 1966 -- 1981 ) '' . Hardball Times . Jump up ^ `` Lee May Baseball Stats , facts , biography , images and video '' . The Baseball Page . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hofheinz , Roy Mark tshonline.org '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Interview -- Tal Smith -- Pres . Baseball Ops -- Astros '' . Bizofbaseball.com. 2005 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Enos Cabell '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Joe Niekro '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Encyclopedia -- Michael Eisenbath -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com. 1999 - 05 - 14 . ISBN 9781566397032 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1979 Houston Astros Trades and Transactions '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( September 18 , 2005 ) . `` John J. McMullen Dies at 87 ; Ex-Owner of Devils and Astros '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . August 18 , 1980 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` One - game playoff history -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball 's Best MLB.com : Programming '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Doran Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Lanier Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Ball '' . Hardballtimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Real Insight . Real Fans. Real Conversations '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Houston Astros Schedule by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/mlb/2013/4/11/4213250/houston-astros-uniforms-craig-biggio-jeff-bagwell-jimmy-winn-cesar-cedeno Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros history -- 1987 season '' . Astrosdaily.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Haller , Dave ( October 20 , 2005 ) . `` Prospectus Notebook : Astros , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris . `` Astros rebrand in 2013 ? History says , Yes ! '' . thescore.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam . `` THE ROOF STAYS OPEN AS MLB CLOSES CASE '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 1 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Oswalt headed to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Oswalt accepts trade to Phillies '' . Jump up ^ `` Yankees make Berkman Deal Official '' . Yankees.lhblogs.com . July 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Astros finalize Berkman deal with Yankees '' . Pressbox.mlb.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Owner Drayton McLane officially puts the Houston Astros up for sale abc13.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2010 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` McLane ' close ' in deal to sell Astros to Jim Crane -- Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Frustrated Jim Crane ' offended ' by speculation about delays in Astros sale process '' . Blog.chron.com. 2011 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Levine , Zachary ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Jim Crane has ' constructive ' meeting with Bud Selig '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros To The American League : MLB Gives New Owner A $70 Million Discount , According To Reports '' . SB Nation . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Astros bring welcome change to American League West astros.com : News '' . Houston.astros.mlb.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN.com . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Steve ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Local attorney says Astros ' move to AL violates lease agreement '' . Houston Chronicle ( Ultimate Astros blog ) . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Astros , fans celebrate unveiling of team 's new look '' . Houston Astros . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stearns hired as Astros ' assistant GM '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 2012 - 11 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Illustrated has very , very , very high hopes for the 2017 Astros '' . Jump up ^ `` TEX - HOU moved to Rays ' park ; millions donated '' . MLB.com . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Astros ' Justin Verlander trade came together at the last second '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ AP Newswire ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Astros win 1st World Series crown , top Dodgers 5 - 1 in Game 7 '' . statesman.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Team History & Encyclopedia - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Darryl Kile Award . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Astros Retired Numbers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Retired Numbers : Houston Astros - Baseball Essential '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Pope , Thomas ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Buies Creek to be home to Astros ' Carolina League team the next two seasons '' . Fayeteville Observer . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Coleman , David ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Astros Announce New Radio Team '' . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comcast SportsNet Houston plans October launch '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 13 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CSN Houston bankruptcy filing surprises Astros '' . 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros Mascot -- Orbit '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Look at Astros Mascots '' . AstrosTalk. 2013 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Astros . Baseball portal Houston portal Houston Astros official website Houston Astros news from the Houston Chronicle Astros team page on Baseball-Reference.com Houston Astros Video on ESPN Video Archive Houston Astros history Preceded by Chicago Cubs 2016 World Series champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals National League champions Houston Astros 2005 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2006 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 2016 American League champions Houston Astros 2017 Succeeded by Incumbent <Th_colspan="2"> Houston Astros <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the Houston Colt . 45s Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Expansion Draft History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers All articles Ballparks <Td_colspan="2"> Colt Stadium Houston Astrodome Minute Maid Park Spring training : Geronimo Park Cocoa Expo Stadium Osceola County Stadium The Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Lore 1980 NL West tie - breaker game Killer B 's 2015 AL Wild Card Game Houston Strong Culture AstroTurf Orbit Crawford Boxes Tal 's Hill Continental League Houston Buffs Houston College Classic Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) The Bad News Bears in Breaking Training Murder at the World Series Night Game `` The Hot Tub '' ( Seinfeld episode ) Boyhood `` Holy Toledo ! '' Sunshine Kids Darryl Kile Award Key personnel Owner : Jim Crane President : Reid Ryan General Manager : Jeff Luhnow Manager : A.J. Hinch World Series Championships ( 1 ) 2017 League pennants ( 2 ) National League : 2005 American League : 2017 Division titles ( 8 ) NL West : 1980 1981 1986 NL Central : 1997 1998 1999 2001 AL West : 2017 Wild card titles ( 3 ) NL : 2004 2005 AL : 2015 Minors AAA : Fresno Grizzlies AA : Corpus Christi Hooks A Adv. : Buies Creek Astros A : Quad Cities River Bandits Short A : Tri-City ValleyCats Rookie : GCL Astros Rivalries Texas Rangers Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Houston Astros Radio Network Announcers Todd Kalas Geoff Blum <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Seasons ( 57 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Houston Astros managers <Td_colspan="2"> Harry Craft ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Lum Harris ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Grady Hatton ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Harry Walker ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Salty Parker ( 1972 ) Leo Durocher ( 1972 -- 1973 ) Preston Gómez ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Virdon ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Bob Lillis ( 1982 -- 1985 ) Hal Lanier ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Art Howe ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Terry Collins ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Larry Dierker ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Jimy Williams ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Phil Garner ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Cecil Cooper ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Dave Clark ( 2009 ) Brad Mills ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Tony DeFrancesco ( 2012 ) Bo Porter ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Tom Lawless ( 2014 ) A.J. Hinch ( 2015 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> Houston Astros retired numbers <Td_colspan="2"> 5 Jeff Bagwell 7 Craig Biggio 24 Jimmy Wynn 25 José Cruz 32 Jim Umbricht 33 Mike Scott 34 Nolan Ryan 40 Don Wilson 49 Larry Dierker <Th_colspan="2"> Houston Astros 2017 World Series champions <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Carlos Correa 2 Alex Bregman 3 Cameron Maybin 4 George Springer ( World Series MVP ) 9 Marwin González 10 Yuli Gurriel 11 Evan Gattis 15 Carlos Beltrán 16 Brian McCann 21 Derek Fisher 22 Josh Reddick 27 José Altuve ( AL MVP ) 30 Juan Centeno 31 Collin McHugh 35 Justin Verlander ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Will Harris 41 Brad Peacock 43 Lance McCullers Jr . 44 Luke Gregerson 46 Francisco Liriano 47 Chris Devenski 50 Charlie Morton 53 Ken Giles 59 Joe Musgrove 60 Dallas Keuchel <Td_colspan="2"> Manager 14 A.J. Hinch Bench Coach 26 Alex Cora First Base Coach 48 Rich Dauer Third Base Coach 8 Gary Pettis Pitching Coach 56 Brent Strom Hitting Coach 39 Dave Hudgens Assistant Hitting Coach 55 Alonzo Powell Bullpen Coach 52 Craig Bjornson Bullpen Catcher 85 Javier Bracamonte Bullpen Catcher 96 Carlos Muñoz <Td_colspan="2"> Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants <Td_colspan="2"> Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 <Td_colspan="2"> Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL <Th_colspan="2"> American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball <Th_colspan="2"> National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball <Th_colspan="2"> Sports teams based in Texas Baseball MLB Houston Astros Texas Rangers PCL El Paso Chihuahuas Round Rock Express TL Corpus Christi Hooks Frisco RoughRiders Midland RockHounds San Antonio Missions AA Cleburne Railroaders Texas AirHogs ALPB Sugar Land Skeeters PL Alpine Cowboys SWL Royse City Griffins Waco BlueCats Basketball NBA Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets San Antonio Spurs G League Austin Spurs Rio Grande Valley Vipers Texas Legends WNBA Dallas Wings ABA Dallas Impact IBL Texas Lone Star Strikers Football NFL Dallas Cowboys Houston Texans CIF Amarillo Venom Dallas Marshals Texas Revolution LFL Austin Acoustic WFA Arlington Impact Austin Outlaws Dallas Elite Houston Power IWFL Austin Yellow Jackets Houston Energy San Antonio Regulators South Texas Lady Crushers Hockey NHL Dallas Stars AHL San Antonio Rampage Texas Stars ECHL Allen Americans NAHL Amarillo Bulls Corpus Christi IceRays Lone Star Brahmas Odessa Jackalopes NA3HL Mid-Cities Junior Stars Texas Jr . Brahmas WSHL El Paso Rhinos Soccer MLS FC Dallas Houston Dynamo USL Rio Grande Valley FC Toros San Antonio FC NPSL Corinthians FC of San Antonio Dallas City FC Fort Worth Vaqueros FC Houston Dutch Lions Liverpool Warriors Midland - Odessa FC PDL Brazos Valley Cavalry F.C. Corpus Christi FC FC Cleburne Houston FC Texas United FC Tyler FC MASL Dallas Sidekicks El Paso Coyotes RGV Barracudas NWSL Houston Dash UWS Houston Aces Lacrosse MLL Dallas Rattlers Australian rules football USAFL Austin Crows Dallas Magpies Houston Lonestars Roller derby WFTDA Alamo City Rollergirls Assassination City Roller Derby Cowboy Capital Rollergirls Dallas Derby Devils Houston Roller Derby Spindletop Roller Girls Texas Rollergirls West Texas Roller Dollz Rugby union MLR Austin Elite Rugby Houston SaberCats TGU Alamo City Rugby Football Club Austin Huns Corpus Christi Rugby Football Club Dallas Harlequins R.F.C. Softball NPF Scrap Yard Dawgs Ultimate AUDL Austin Sol Dallas Roughnecks eSports OWL Dallas Fuel Houston Outlaws College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) ACU Baylor Houston Houston Baptist UIW Lamar North Texas PVAMU Rice Sam Houston State SMU Stephen F. Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV <Th_colspan="3"> City of Houston <Td_colspan="3"> Nickname : Space City Topics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History Timeline Media Newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Art Car Parade Bayou Place Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium Free Press Summer Fest The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Texas Medical Center Theater District Waterwall Park Business Districts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also : List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education State universities University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Baptist University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K - 12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy - Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See : List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood / Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt / Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place ( Lamar Terrace ) Sunset Terrace / Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood ( subdivision ) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Dash Houston Dynamo Houston Rockets Houston SaberCats Houston Texans Scrap Yard Dawgs <Td_colspan="3"> Harris County Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Astros&oldid=821831433 '' Categories : Houston Astros Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Baseball teams established in 1962 Professional baseball teams in Texas 1962 establishments in Texas Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 58 . 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1. Houston Astros 2. Major League Baseball 3. Minute Maid Park 4. World Series champions 5. Franchise history

who played floyd talbert in band of brothers

Matthew Leitch - wikipedia Matthew Leitch Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Matthew Leitch ( 1975 - 03 - 19 ) 19 March 1975 ( age 43 ) London , England , UK Occupation Actor Years active 1998 - Present Matthew Leitch ( born 19 March 1975 ) is an English actor perhaps best known for his portrayal of Floyd Talbert in the award winning HBO mini-series , Band of Brothers . After Band of Brothers , he starred in the action flick `` The Detonator '' . He is currently busy in filming Country of Hotels . Biography ( edit ) He started his acting career in the television series Renford Rejects on Nickelodeon and then in Miami 7 . His breakthrough role was on Band of Brothers as Floyd Talbert . He then went on to star in the British film AKA , with his Band of Brothers co-star Peter Youngblood Hills . Leitch has also had minor roles in the films Below and The Dark Knight . Mat ( t ) recently guest starred as a judge in an episode of `` Pasty Bake - off '' where he later admitted that a Virginia baker tried to bribe him for his vote . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Va . Bakery Wins British Baking Contest , Infuriating Brits '' . NBC4 Washington . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Matthew Leitch on IMDb BNF : cb166310942 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 3381 560X VIAF : 274107807 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Leitch&oldid=837147859 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people English male television actors Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations BLP articles lacking sources from July 2009 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Español Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Matthew Leitch - English actor 2. Band of Brothers - HBO mini-series 3. The Detonator - action flick 4. Renford Rejects - television series 5. AKA - British film

who dies in avengers age of ultron comic

Age of Ultron - Wikipedia Age of Ultron This article is about the 2013 comic book crossover event . For the 2015 superhero film , see Avengers : Age of Ultron . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Age of Ultron <Td_colspan="2"> Age of Ultron # 1 ( May 2013 ) Cover art by Bryan Hitch and Paul Neary <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics Schedule Thrice Monthly ( first 6 issues ) , Twice monthly ( last 4 issues ) Format Limited series Genre Superhero Publication date March -- June 2013 No. of issues 10 Main character ( s ) Avengers Hank Pym Wolverine Invisible Woman Ultron Avengers Unity Squad Fearless Defenders <Th_colspan="2"> Creative team Created by Brian Michael Bendis Bryan Hitch Written by Brian Michael Bendis Artist ( s ) Bryan Hitch ( # 1 - 5 , 10 ) Brandon Peterson ( # 6 - 10 ) Carlos Pacheco ( # 6 - 7 , 9 - 10 ) Butch Guice ( # 10 ) Alex Maleev ( # 10 ) David Marquez ( # 10 ) Joe Quesada ( # 10 ) Inker ( s ) Paul Neary ( # 1 - 5 , 10 ) Roger Bonet ( # 9 - 10 ) Roger Martinez ( # 6 - 7 , 9 ) Tom Palmer ( # 10 ) Letterer ( s ) Cory Petit Colorist ( s ) Paul Mounts Jose Villarrubia ( # 6 - 7 , 9 ) Richard Isanove ( # 10 ) Editor ( s ) Tom Brevoort Lauren Sankovitch `` Age of Ultron '' ( abbreviated AU ) is a 2013 comic book fictional crossover storyline published by Marvel Comics that involved the conquest of the Earth by the sentient robot tyrant Ultron . The storyline consisted of an eponymous , 10 - issue core miniseries , and a number of tie - in books . The storyline was published between March and June 2013 and featured a storyline by Brian Michael Bendis . Artist Bryan Hitch provided the art for issues one through five , and Brandon Peterson for issues six through nine . Other artists who contributed to the series include Carlos Pacheco and Joe Quesada , the latter of whom drew part of the final issue . Marvel stated that all art for the series was completed before it was solicited , ensuring deadlines were met and that there were no more than thirteen tie - ins to the four - month event . This story takes place on two different Earths : the alternate Earth where Ultron annihilated humanity is referred to as Earth - 61112 , and the alternate reality where Morgan le Fay took over half the world is referred to as Earth - 26111 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Plot 2.1 Main story 2.2 Tie - in books 3 Titles involved 4 Collected editions 5 Other versions 5.1 What If ? 5.2 Secret Wars ( 2015 ) 6 In other media 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2013 ) In mid-November , 2012 , Marvel Comics released a cryptic teaser written `` Age of Ultron '' in binary code . Three days later the event was officially announced , although by this point it had been over a year since the event had been originally announced . Neil Gaiman 's Angela character was introduced into the Marvel Universe in the last issue of the Age of Ultron miniseries , although the issue was shipped in a polybag to prevent other details of the story 's ending from being publicized too early . An Age of Ultron # 10 A.I. one - shot by writer Mark Waid and artist Andre Lima Araujo will delve into the repercussions of the storyline for Hank Pym . Following the conclusion of Age of Ultron , a new ongoing series titled Avengers A.I. by writer Sam Humphries and Andre Lima Araujo will launch in July . In addition , a mini-series originally solicited as Age of Ultron # 10 U.C. but now titled The Hunger will round out the event , dealing with the implications of the changes in the Marvel Universe status quo . For example , The Hunger serves as a catalyst for the Cataclysm event in the Marvel Ultimate Comics universe , which involves its Universe 's war against Galactus . Plot ( edit ) Main story ( edit ) New York is in ruins . Ultron has returned and has taken over . Ultron Sentinels are guarding the streets , looking for fugitives . After locating where Spider - Man is being held by the Owl and Hammerhead , Hawkeye attempts to rescue him . Ultron locates the two heroes and launches an assault to kill them . Hawkeye destroys the Ultron Sentinels , and the two make their way to an underground area beneath Central Park , where Iron Man , Emma Frost , She - Hulk , Luke Cage , Invisible Woman and Wolverine have taken refuge . Defending the rescue , Hawkeye states that at least he did not give up on the world . Iron Man responds that they have not as he shows Hawkeye a saddened Captain America sitting by his broken shield . Sneaking around a decimated San Francisco , a disfigured Black Widow meets with Moon Knight in one of Nick Fury 's old bases . Back in New York , Spider - Man recalls how he woke up and found the world under attack . As the heroes wonder why Ultron took over the world just to make deals with criminals like Owl and Hammerhead , Captain America declares that he has a plan . He explains that if heroes can be offered to Ultron as Spider - Man was , they could offer up someone who can damage the inside of Ultron 's fortress . Luke Cage and She - Hulk volunteer . Luke delivers She - Hulk to Ultron 's forces . A group of Ultron Sentinels guide Luke Cage and She - Hulk through the fortress to make the deal . Cage is shocked when he discovers that they are to negotiate with the Vision instead of Ultron . The Vision reveals that Ultron is using him as a conduit and is punishing humankind from the future . After learning this , She - Hulk is killed while trying to get Cage out of Ultron 's lair . Cage survives a nuclear explosion while the other superheroes flee from Manhattan . In the San Francisco base , Black Widow and Moon Knight find Fury 's fail - safe plans for different apocalyptic scenarios , including one involving Ultron taking over the Earth . Later , the heroes who had escaped from New York arrive in the Savage Land where they meet Ka - Zar , who leads them to a refuge area . The heroes arrive as Luke Cage dies from radiation poisoning after telling them what he has learned . Red Hulk , Moon Knight , and Black Widow arrive and reveal a plan made by Nick Fury to defeat Ultron . The heroes find a hidden bunker in the Savage Land . They meet Nick Fury , who reveals his plan to use Doctor Doom 's Time Platform to go into the future to defeat Ultron before he attacks the present . Tony Stark points out that Ultron will be ready for them . Wolverine suggests going back in time to kill Henry Pym before he creates Ultron but others disagree with this idea . Valkyrie suggests going back to tell Pym to not build Ultron , but Wolverine points out that will just dare Pym to do it . Iron Man , Captain America , Nick Fury , Red Hulk , Storm , Quake and Quicksilver go into the future . After they leave , Wolverine plans to carry out his idea to travel back and kill Henry Pym so that Ultron 's creation never comes to pass . While the heroes travel to the future , Wolverine arrives in the past , only to learn that Invisible Woman has followed him . Despite her reluctance with his plan , she accompanies him when stealing a S.H.I.E.L.D. hovercar from a young Nick Fury to travel to New York . As the heroes in the future are overwhelmed by an army of Ultron Sentinels , Logan and Sue find Hank Pym analyzing Dragon Man . Sue protests to find another way and while Logan acknowledges the good Pym has done , he reminds her of what Ultron has done and will do , including killing her family and children , although Hank protests to Sue that he would never consciously endanger the world . Despite this , Logan goes through with killing him . Logan and Sue return to the present only to find the Savage Land covered with crashed ships . Sue recognizes them as Kree and theorizes that in this new timeline , the Kree - Skrull War came to Earth . They then go to New York City , where there are multiple S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarriers . Their flying car is shot down and they are attacked by the Defenders ( a one - eyed Captain America , Doctor Strange , Hulk , Wolverine , Thing , a one - eyed Scott Summers as Cable , Wasp in Captain Marvel 's costume , and Star - Lord ) . The Thing is surprised to see Susan is `` back '' but the rest believe the two are Skrulls . A fight breaks out , with the time - traveling Wolverine putting down his double . The Defenders realize they are not Skrulls and reluctantly realize they have to talk to `` him . '' Suddenly , a cyborg Tony Stark flies in with a platoon of robots demanding to know what is going on . Iron Man runs a psychic scan on Wolverine and the Invisible Woman , stunned to see the alternate reality . Stark believes Morgan le Fay planted them as spies . Iron Man meets the original timeline Wolverine and explains that his injuries are from a war between Latveria and Asgard in which Thor vanished and Morgana conquered half the world . Wolverine is shown the footage of Henry Pym 's death while Iron Man recounts that the Avengers broke up afterward and magic overcame technology and `` you broke the world . '' At the Helicarrier , the Defenders ' Wolverine decides to talk to his other self and the others help him push past Emma Frost with the Thing wanting to help the Invisible Woman . Iron Man chastises Wolverine for simply killing Hank Pym saying he could have convinced Pym to develop a virus to stop Ultron instead . The Invisible Woman breaks free , leading Stark to believe this is all another of Morgan le Fey 's tricks . At that moment , Morgan le Fey attacks with a swarm of Doombots . The Defenders fight them and Iron Man accuses le Fey for the time travelers . She claims innocence and then points out to Iron Man that a pair of Helicarriers are crashing into the heart of New York City . The explosion kills most of the heroes present as Wolverine pulls himself from the wreckage . A dying Stark tells him he can not simply go back and try to change this again , that time is a living organism that will break if ripped too much . In the past , the previous Wolverine is about to kill Henry Pym when the newer Wolverine ( clad in his classic costume ) comes to stop him . After convincing his double of who he is , the newer Wolverine warns that killing Goliath will only lead to disaster worse than Ultron . Hank states that he can prevent everything by simply not building Ultron , but Logan admits he must in order to allow history to continue . Pym says he can create a better A.I. , and unlike before , install a fail - safe to destroy Ultron when the time comes . Sue arrives to tell him he must forget the situation as well , leaving Hank confused as to do so . The Invisible Woman and the two Wolverines return to the Savage Land . The two Wolverines enter a cave . The Logan from Ultron 's future tells his double that he does n't want live with memories from his ruined future . The past Wolverine resolves to killing his future self , leaving Sue speechless and stunned . Back at his laboratory , Pym is putting together the first version of Ultron , who calls him `` Daddy . '' Months before Ultron 's attack , Hank is working in his lab when he is given a package from a hidden Sue . It is recording of himself from the past , which he has forgotten somehow . The recording explains a complicated algorithm to destroy Ultron . The Avengers attack the headquarters of the Intelligencia to rescue Spider - Woman , the event that led to Ultron 's reactivation . Once Ultron promptly does this , Pym contacts Iron Man to supply him with his fail - safe and have them uploaded to Ultron . Ultron is jarred to realize he is defeated despite holding off the Avengers . The code is uploaded and the virus destroys him . Susan and Logan return to the present New York City which is back to normal . Before they can celebrate , a massive shockwave across time and space seemingly shatters reality before putting it back together . At Avengers Tower , Giant - Man , Iron Man and Beast theorize that Wolverine 's time travel journeys caused too much stress to the space - time continuum and has created tears across the multiverse . In the Ultimate Marvel universe , Miles Morales is out as Spider - Man when a flash of light reveals Galactus . Pym talks to himself on what went wrong and suddenly realizes what he has to do . High above Earth , Angela appears vowing revenge on whoever has pulled her from her world . Hank is reviewing the data that Wolverine has brought back and is starting to slip into insanity . Two apocalyptic timelines were in Logan 's data and neither would have happened if he had acted differently . Depressed at the truth , he considers suicide . A sudden thought occurs : the other timeline was worse because he was gone . Not just as Hank Pym , the workaholic scientist , but as Ant - Man , the size - changing , adventuring superhero and Avenger . Hank remembers that despite his shortcomings , he has had a positive influence on the world , and can continue to do so by doing what he does best : superheroism with strong scientific flair . Tie - in books ( edit ) While traveling through time and space , the Fantastic Four are contacted by the Black Panther , who informs them that Ultron has taken over the Earth with an army of Ultron Sentinels . After returning to Earth , the team discovers that Manhattan is almost in ruins . While looking for survivors , they are attacked by the Ultron Sentinels . Mister Fantastic , the Human Torch , and the Thing seemingly die in the attack while the Invisible Woman escapes with She - Hulk where they join the resistance . While visiting her old friends George Smith ( the former Stunt - Master ) and Richard Fenster in San Francisco , Black Widow was spending the day with them . When a squadron of Ultron Sentinels start attacking San Francisco and killing people , Richard becomes one of the victims while Black Widow and George escape . Afterwards , George Smith 's tech - prosthetic arm fell under Ultron 's control and he started obeying Ultron . Black Widow was forced to kill George Smith and was partially disfigured in the process . Captain Marvel is vacationing in London when the Ultron Sentinels invade . She fights them alongside Captain Britain and MI - 13 . After Computer Graham and Magic Boots Mel are killed , Captain Marvel and Captain Britain sacrifice their lives to destroy Ultron 's main forces in London . Victor Mancha was bringing some children to one of the Runaways ' old bases in Los Angeles . Victor believes that if he uses his machine abilities , he will help Ultron 's victory . He does not tell any of his new - found friends about his background because he is afraid they will not accept him . In a flashback , it is shown that his Runaways teammates were all killed by Ultron and that Victor has stored digital versions of them in his memory banks , but these files seem to be corrupted since they are telling him to become more machine and less human . The Ultron Sentinels find the hideout and start killing some of the kids whom Victor had saved . Victor decides to fight the Ultron Sentinels , deciding that if this is the end he will go down fighting . After being rescued by Hawkeye , Otto Octavius ( whose mind secretly took over Spider - Man 's body weeks before Ultron 's attack ) reflects on how the world has gone bad following Ultron 's invasion . Iron Man finds him and persuades him to assist the heroes . Octavius ' work at Horizon Labs could be a key element in defeating Ultron . While the heroes are planning a way to get into Ultron 's fortress , Iron Man reveals to Otto a device he had developed during the time when he was the Director of S.H.I.E.L.D. The device in question can send a determined area through a portal into the Negative Zone , but lacks the Negative Zone tech to build the central device . The Baxter Building , which would have had the tech they needed , is gone , but Iron Man reveals that Max Modell has some of it at Horizon Labs . They plan to get inside Horizon so Otto can build the Central Device while Quicksilver places the remaining parts around Ultron 's fortress . Otto and Quicksilver reach Horizon Labs , where Max Modell had died . Otto decides to prepare his own counter-plan instead of staying with Iron Man 's plan . After activating his Spider - Bot and luring Ultron 's minions to the lab , Otto uses his Spider - Bots to gain control over the Ultron Sentinels . He plans to use the Ultron Sentinels to infiltrate Ultron 's fortress and defeat him . While reaching through what he believes is Ultron , Otto senses the pain and agony in the central unit is suffering . Otto suddenly realizes that it is not Ultron , but someone being manipulated by him . Ultron 's defenses push Otto outside making him lose control of the Ultron Sentinels , forcing him to escape . After time - traveling to the past , and immediately after stealing Nick Fury 's hovercar , Wolverine and Invisible Woman discuss the plan of confronting Henry Pym about his creation of Ultron , with Invisible Woman reminding Wolverine that they must keep their actions at a minimum or risk causing a massive Butterfly Effect . In the middle of the trip , their car breaks down , so they locate an underground S.H.I.E.L.D. base to find an energy cell for the car and return to their mission . Upon entering the base , they take separate paths with Wolverine heading for the energy cell while the Invisible Woman searches for Henry Pym 's location . Wolverine bumps into a laboratory where a Brood creature was contained . Wolverine breaks it out of its confinement but it attacks him and attempts to procreate inside his body . Wolverine fights the Brood creature and removes its offspring from his body . He then discovers that the other Brood creatures in the laboratory have started to evolve and adapt from the damage inflicted by Wolverine 's attacks . Meanwhile , the Invisible Woman breaks into the surveillance room to find Henry Pym 's location . She discovers that S.H.I.E.L.D. has been monitoring every location including the Baxter Building . She then starts having doubts about crossing the line and wonders if she should tell the past version of Mister Fantastic that S.H.I.E.L.D. has been monitoring him . Once their work is done , they both leave the S.H.I.E.L.D. base and head off to search for Pym with the roles reversed : Logan attempting to reason with Pym and Sue determined to do whatever it takes . During the Apocalypse Twins ' adolescences , Kang the Conqueror brings them from concentration camps to his palace in the year AD 4145 . They are then dispatched on a mission to murder Colonel America at the time when history was altered by Wolverine and the Invisible Woman . The Apocalypse Twins ' mission fails but they succeed in killing that reality 's Havok and Rogue , who were the first lives they ever took . As punishment for their failure , Kang sends the Twins back to the concentration camps . In the divergent timeline created by Henry Pym 's death , Morgana le Fey and her husband Doctor Doom conquer half the planet . Le Fey and Doom 's daughter Caroline recruits Hippolyta to seek revenge for abandoning her as a child . In Latveria , Caroline and Hippolyta discover that Doctor Doom has died and has been replaced by Hippolyta 's father Ares . Hippolyta defeats Ares and takes back command of the Amazons ( who were subdued by Ares ) . Titles involved ( edit ) Title Issue ( s ) Citation ( s ) <Th_colspan="3"> Core miniseries Age of Ultron # 1 - 10 <Th_colspan="3"> Tie - ins Fantastic Four # 5AU The Superior Spider - Man # 6AU Avengers Assemble # 14AU - 15AU Wolverine and the X-Men # 27AU Ultron # 1AU Uncanny Avengers # 8AU Fearless Defenders # 4AU <Th_colspan="3"> Epilogue Age of Ultron # 10A. I . <Th_colspan="3"> Aftermath Hunger # 1 - 4 The Indestructible Hulk # 11 - 15 Avengers 12.1 Free Comic Book Day 2012 Point one 1 Avengers A.I. Guardians of the galaxy 5 - 7 Collected editions ( edit ) Title Material collected ISBN Age of Ultron ( Hardcover ) Age of Ultron # 1 - 10 , 10AI , Avengers Assemble # 14AU - 15AU , Fantastic Four # 5AU , Fearless Defenders # 4AU , Superior Spider - Man # 6AU , Ultron # 1AU , Uncanny Avengers # 8AU , Wolverine & the X-Men # 27AU 978 - 0785155652 Age of Ultron ( Paperback ) Avengers # 12.1 , Age of Ultron # 1 - 10 978 - 1846535406 Age of Ultron Companion Avengers Assemble # 14AU - 15AU , Fantastic Four # 5AU , Fearless Defenders # 4AU , Superior Spider - Man # 6AU , Ultron # 1AU , Uncanny Avengers # 8AU , Wolverine & the X-Men # 27AU , Age of Ultron # 10AI 978 - 0785184850 What If ? Age of Ultron What If ? Age of Ultron # 1 - 5 978 - 0785190547 Indestructible Hulk , Vol. 3 : S.M.A.S.H. Time Indestructible Hulk # 11 - 15 978 - 0785188858 Guardians of the Galaxy , Vol. 2 : Angela Guardians of the Galaxy # 4 - 10 978 - 0785166085 Other versions ( edit ) What if ? ( edit ) There is a five issue What If ? mini-series centered on the Age of Ultron storyline , four issues looking at what would have happened if one of the other original five Avengers - counting Captain America rather than the Hulk as a founder - had died instead of Pym , and a fifth looking at a world where Pym is the last surviving human under Ultron 's reign . It is collected in paperback . Secret Wars ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The Ultron portion of the Age of Ultron appeared in the 2015 Secret Wars storyline as part of the series Age of Ultron vs. Marvel Zombies . The Age of Ultron 's domain of Battleworld is called Perfection where it , The Deadlands ( Marvel Zombies ) , and New Xandar ( Annihilation Wave ) are separated from the other Battleworld domains by The Wall , which keeps them contained from the other realities due to the dangers of their worlds . It is later established that this is not the Age of Ultron seen in the original storyline , but another world in which Ultron killed Pym immediately after achieving sentience . It eliminated Dane Whitman when he tried to infiltrate the Masters of Evil and killed the Avengers before creating a drone army that overwhelmed the remaining heroes . Although the zombies and the Ultron drones eventually form an alliance by combining the two `` species '' , a resistance to Ultron exists in the Deadlands , led by surviving heroes the Vision , Wonder Man , and Jim Hammond , who gather those exiled beyond the Wall into a secure city they have established . They eventually manage to rescue a version of Hank Pym exiled from a Wild - West - era zone . He is able to use his counterpart 's notes to devise a means of shutting down the hive mind of Ultron 's drones at the cost of sacrificing the Vision and Wonder Man . Wonder Man 's android lover is reconfigured so that she can die in Hammond 's place . In other media ( edit ) On July 20 , 2013 , Joss Whedon and Marvel Studios announced at the San Diego Comic - Con International that the sequel to the 2012 film The Avengers would be titled Avengers : Age of Ultron and feature Ultron as the titular main antagonist but the film is not based on the comic book , simply borrowing its title . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( March 8 , 2013 ) . `` Joe Quesada Joins the Age of Ultron '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Quesada will be back at the drawing board this year to help cap off Brian Michael Bendis ' Age of Ultron mini-series . Quesada join regular series artists Bryan Hitch and Carlos Pachecho on Age of Ultron # 10 this June ^ Jump up to : Phegley , Kiel ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Bendis Prepares Age of Ultron For 2013 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Goes Binary For The Age of Ultron '' . Comic Book Resources . November 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sunu , Steve ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gaiman Returns to Marvel , Brings Spawn 's Angela '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Later this year , writer Neil Gaiman makes his return to Marvel Comics ... Perhaps even more intriguing is the announcement that Gaiman plans to introduce Angela to the Marvel U . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` More to Age of Ultron 's Ending than Angela , Marvel Says '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alonso , Axel ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Axel - In - Charge : Mark Waid 's Super Science Hits Age of Ultron # 10A. I . '' Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . So when the idea of doing a Hank Pym one - shot in the aftermath of `` Age of Ultron '' was thrown on the table at a conference , I leapt on that like black on a bowling ball . I love that character and had a really clear vision in my head of what that character could be . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 30 , 2013 ) . `` Vision of the future : Avengers A.I. comes alive '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Marvel Comics ' most notable robots , from the classic Avenger the Vision to a Doombot on the road to redemption , take center stage in Avengers A.I. , a new ongoing series launching in July from writer Sam Humphries and artist Andre Lima Araujo and spinning out of Age of Ultron . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's New Post-Age of Ultron Avengers Series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( p ) , Neary , Paul ( i ) . Age of Ultron 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( p ) , Neary , Paul ( i ) . Age of Ultron 2 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( p ) , Neary , Paul ( i ) . Age of Ultron 3 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( p ) , Neary , Paul ( i ) . Age of Ultron 4 ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Hitch , Bryan ( p ) , Neary , Paul ( i ) . Age of Ultron 5 ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Pacheco , Carlos ( p ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Martinez , Roger ( i ) . Age of Ultron 6 ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Pacheco , Carlos ( p ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Martinez , Roger ( i ) . Age of Ultron 7 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Peterson , Brandon ( p ) , Peterson , Brandon ( i ) . Age of Ultron 8 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Pacheco , Carlos ( p ) , Peterson , Brandon ; Bonet , Roger ( i ) . Age of Ultron 9 ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Maleev , Alex ; Hitch , Bryan ; Guice , Butch ; Peterson , Brandon ; Pacheco , Carlos ; Marquez , David ; Quesada , Joe ( p ) , Maleev , Alex ; Neary , Paul ; Guice , Butch ; Peterson , Brandon ; Bonet , Roger ; Palmer , Tom ; Marquez , David ; Quesada , Joe ( i ) . Age of Ultron 10 ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Waid , Mark ( w ) , Araujo , Andre Lima ( p ) , Araujo , Andre Lima ( i ) . Age of Ultron 10 AI ( August 2013 ) Jump up ^ Fraction , Matt ( w ) , Araujo , Andre ( p ) , Araujo , Andre ( i ) . `` The Death of the Family Richards During the Bloody Age of Ultron ! '' Fantastic Four v4 , 5AU ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Ewing , Al ( w ) , Guice , Butch ( p ) , Palmer , Tom ( i ) . Avengers Assemble 14AU ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Ewing , Al ( w ) , Guice , Butch ( p ) , Palmer , Tom ; Magyar , Rick ( i ) . Avengers Assemble 15AU ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Immonen , Kathryn ( w ) , Pinna , Amilcar ( p ) , Pinna , Amilcar ( i ) . Ultron 1AU ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Soy , Dexter ( p ) , Soy , Dexter ( i ) . `` Doomsday Scenario '' The Superior Spider - Man 6AU ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Kindt , Matt ( w ) , Medina , Paco ( p ) , Vlasco , Juan ( i ) . `` Age of Ultron : Road Trip '' Wolverine and the X-Men 27AU ( June 2013 ) Jump up ^ Remender , Rick ; Duggan , Gerry ( w ) , Kubert , Adam ( p ) , Kubert , Adam ( i ) . Uncanny Avengers 8AU ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Bunn , Cullen ( w ) , Jimenez , Phil ( p ) , Kesel , Karl ; McConnell , Aaron ( i ) . Fearless Defenders 4AU ( July 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for March , 2013 '' . Comic Book Resources . December 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for April , 2013 '' . Comic Book Resources . January 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel Comics ' Full May 2013 Solicitations '' . Newsarama . February 14 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for June , 2013 '' . Comic Book Resources . March 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel heralds a big ( purple ) appetite for Age of Ultron # 10 U.C. '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Re-Write History in What If : Age of Ultron # 1 '' . Marvel Comics . March 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . 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1. Age of Ultron comic book crossover event 2. Conquest of Earth by Ultron 3. Avengers and other superheroes fighting against Ultron 4. Time travel and alternate realities 5. Hank Pym's role in the storyline

what is the tribe of judah in the bible

Tribe of Judah - wikipedia Tribe of Judah This article is about the Hebrew tribe . For the musical band , see Tribe of Judah ( band ) . Tribe of Judah <Td_colspan="2"> The territory of Judah appears in orange at the south on this map of the tribes . The text is partially in German . Geographical range West Asia Major sites Hebron , Bethlehem Preceded by New Kingdom of Egypt Followed by Kingdom of Israel ( united monarchy ) Tribes of Israel The Tribes Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Issachar Zebulun Joseph Manasseh Ephraim Benjamin Related topics Leaders Israelites Ten Lost Tribes Jews Samaritans According to the Hebrew Bible , the Tribe of Judah ( שֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה ‬ , Shevet Yehudah , `` Praise '' ) was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel . Contents 1 Biblical account 2 Territory and main cities 3 Origin 4 Character 5 Fate 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Biblical account ( edit ) The Tribe of Judah , its conquests , and the centrality of its capital in Jerusalem for the worship of the god Yahweh figure prominently in the Deuteronomistic history , encompassing the books of Deuteronomy through II Kings , which most scholars agree was reduced to written form , although subject to exilic and post-exilic alterations and emendations , during the reign of the Judahist reformer Josiah from 641 -- 609 BCE . According to the account in the Book of Joshua , following a partial conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes ( the Jebusites still held Jerusalem ) , Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes . Judah 's divinely ordained portion is described in Joshua 15 as encompassing most of the southern portion of the Land of Israel , including the Negev , the Wilderness of Zin and Jerusalem . However , the consensus of modern scholars is that it never occurred . Other scholars point to extra-biblical references to Israel and Canaan as evidence for the potential historicity of the conquest . In the opening words of the Book of Judges , following the death of Joshua , the Israelites `` asked the Lord '' which tribe should be first to go to occupy its allotted territory , and the tribe of Judah was identified as the first tribe . According to the narrative in the Book of Judges , the tribe of Judah invited the tribe of Simeon to fight with them in alliance to secure each of their allotted territories . As is the case with Joshua , most scholars do not believe that the book of Judges contains reliable history . The Book of Samuel describes God 's repudiation of a monarchic line arising from the northern Tribe of Benjamin due to the sinfulness of King Saul , which was then bestowed onto the Tribe of Judah for all time in the person of King David . In Samuel 's account , after the death of Saul , all the tribes other than Judah remained loyal to the House of Saul , while Judah chose David as its king . However , after the death of Ish - bosheth , Saul 's son and successor to the throne of Israel , all the other Israelite tribes made David , who was then the king of Judah , king of a re-united Kingdom of Israel . The Book of Kings follows the expansion and unparalleled glory of the United Monarchy under King Solomon . A majority of scholars believe that the accounts concerning David and Solomon 's territory in the `` united monarchy '' are exaggerated , and a minority believe that the `` united monarchy '' never existed at all . Disagreeing with the latter view , Old Testament scholar Walter Dietrich contends that the biblical stories of circa 10th - century BCE monarchs contain a significant historical kernel and are not simply late fictions . On the accession of Rehoboam , Solomon 's son , in c. 930 BCE , the ten northern tribes under the leadership of Jeroboam from the Tribe of Ephraim split from the House of David to create the Northern Kingdom in Samaria . The Book of Kings is uncompromising in its low opinion of its larger and richer neighbor to the north , and understands its conquest by Assyria in 722 BCE as divine retribution for the Kingdom 's return to idolatry . The tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to the House of David . These tribes formed the Kingdom of Judah , which existed until Judah was conquered by Babylon in c. 586 BCE and the population deported . When the Jews returned from Babylonian exile , residual tribal affiliations were abandoned , probably because of the impossibility of reestablishing previous tribal land holdings . However , the special religious roles decreed for the Levites and Kohanim were preserved , but Jerusalem became the sole place of worship and sacrifice among the returning exiles , northerners and southerners alike . Territory and main cities ( edit ) The Valley of Elah , near Adullam , in the territorial boundary of Judah According to the biblical account , at its height , the Tribe of Judah was the leading tribe of the Kingdom of Judah , and occupied most of the territory of the kingdom , except for a small region in the north east occupied by Benjamin , and an enclave towards the south west which was occupied by Simeon . Bethlehem and Hebron were initially the main cities within the territory of the tribe . The lion is the symbol of the Tribe of Judah . It is often represented in Jewish art , such as this sculpture outside a synagogue The size of the territory of the tribe of Judah meant that in practice it had four distinct regions : The Negev ( Hebrew : south ) -- the southern portion of the land , which was highly suitable for pasture The Shephelah ( Hebrew : lowland ) -- the coastal region , between the highlands and the Mediterranean sea , which was used for agriculture , in particular for grains The wilderness -- the barren region immediately next to the Dead Sea , and below sea level ; it was wild , and barely inhabitable , to the extent that animals and people which were made unwelcome elsewhere , such as bears , leopards , and outlaws , made it their home . In biblical times , this region was further subdivided into three sections -- the wilderness of En Gedi ( 1 Samuel 24 : 1 ) , the wilderness of Judah ( Judges 1 : 16 ) , and the wilderness of Maon ( 1 Samuel 23 : 24 ) . The hill country -- the elevated plateau situated between the Shephelah and the wilderness , with rocky slopes but very fertile soil . This region was used for the production of grain , olives , grapes , and other fruit , and hence produced oil and wine . Origin ( edit ) According to the Torah , the tribe consisted of descendants of Judah , the fourth son of Jacob and of Leah . Some Biblical scholars view this as an etiological myth created in hindsight to explain the tribe 's name and connect it to the other tribes in the Israelite confederation . With Leah as a matriarch , Biblical scholars regard the tribe as having been believed by the text 's authors to have been part of the original Israelite confederation . Like the other tribes of the kingdom of Judah , the tribe of Judah is entirely absent from the ancient Song of Deborah , rather than present but described as unwilling to assist in the battle between Israelites and their enemy . Traditionally , this has been explained as being due to the southern kingdom being too far away to be involved in the battle , but Israel Finkelstein et al. claim the alternative explanation that the southern kingdom was simply an insignificant rural backwater at the time the poem was written . Character ( edit ) As depicted by the Deuteronomists and post-exilic writers , the tribe of Judah was the leading tribe of the Kingdom of Judah . David and the royal line belonged to the tribe , and the line continued even after the fall of the Kingdom of Judah in the Exilarchs . The traditional Jewish belief is that the ( Jewish ) Messiah will be of the Davidic line , based on the LORD 's promise to David of an everlasting throne for his offspring ( Isaiah 9 : 6 -- 7 , Jeremiah 33 : 15 - 21 , 2 Samuel 7 : 12 -- 16 , Psalms 89 : 35 -- 37 ) . Indeed , many of the Jewish leaders and prophets of the Hebrew Bible claimed membership in the tribe of Judah . For example , the literary prophets Isaiah , Amos , Habakkuk , Joel , Micah , Obadiah , Zechariah , and Zephaniah , all belonged to the tribe . Later , during the Babylonian Exile , the Exilarchs ( officially recognised community leaders ) claimed Davidic lineage , and when the Exile ended , Zerubbabel ( the leader of the first Jews to return to Yehud province ) was also said to be of the Davidic line , as were Shealtiel ( a somewhat mysterious figure ) and Nehemiah ( one of the earliest and most prominent Achamenid - appointed governors of Yehud ) . In the time of Roman rule , all the holders of the office of Nasi ( prince ) after Shemaiah , claimed Davidic lineage , through Hillel , who was rumoured to have maternal lineage from the Davidic line . In Matthew 1 : 1 -- 6 and Luke 3 : 31 -- 34 of the New Testament , Jesus is described as a member of the tribe of Judah by lineage . Revelation 5 : 5 also mentions an apocalyptic vision of the Lion of the tribe of Judah . Fate ( edit ) The Lion of Judah on the municipal emblem of Jerusalem As part of the kingdom of Judah , the tribe of Judah survived the destruction of Israel by the Assyrians , and instead was subjected to the Babylonian captivity ; when the captivity ended , the distinction between the tribes were lost in favour of a common identity . Since Simeon and Benjamin had been very much the junior partners in the Kingdom of Judah , it was Judah that gave its name to the identity -- that of the Jews . After the fall of Jerusalem , Babylonia ( modern day Iraq ) , would become the focus of Jewish life for 1000 years . The first Jewish communities in Babylonia started with the exile of the Tribe of Judah to Babylon by Jehoiachin in 597 BCE as well as after the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 586 BCE . Many more Jews migrated to Babylon in CE 135 after the Bar Kokhba revolt and in the centuries after . Ethiopia 's traditions , recorded and elaborated in a 13th - century treatise , the `` Kebre Negest '' , assert descent from a retinue of Israelites who returned with the Queen of Sheba from her visit to King Solomon in Jerusalem , by whom she had conceived the Solomonic dynasty 's founder , Menelik I. Both Christian and Jewish Ethiopian tradition has it that these immigrants were mostly of the Tribes of Dan and Judah ; hence the Ge'ez motto Mo ` a ' Anbessa Ze'imnegede Yihuda ( `` The Lion of the Tribe of Judah has conquered '' ) , one of many names for Jesus of Nazareth . The phrase `` The Lion of the Tribe of Judah has conquered '' is also found in the Book of Revelation . See also ( edit ) History of ancient Israel and Judah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon & Schuster . pp. 369 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Kenneth A. ( 2003 ) , On the Reliability of the Old Testament ( Grand Rapids , Michigan . William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company ) ( ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4960 - 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Besides the rejection of the Albrightian ' conquest ' model , the general consensus among OT scholars is that the Book of Joshua has no value in the historical reconstruction . They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period -- either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period . '' K. Lawson Younger , Jr. ( 1 October 2004 ) . `` Early Israel in Recent Biblical Scholarship '' . In David W. Baker ; Bill T. Arnold . The Face of Old Testament Studies : A Survey of Contemporary Approaches . Baker Academic . p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2871 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` It behooves us to ask , in spite of the fact that the overwhelming consensus of modern scholarship is that Joshua is a pious fiction composed by the deuteronomistic school , how does and how has the Jewish community dealt with these foundational narratives , saturated as they are with acts of violence against others ? '' Carl S. Ehrlich ( 1999 ) . `` Joshua , Judaism and Genocide '' . Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century , Volume 1 : Biblical , Rabbinical , and Medieval Studies . Brill . p. 117 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11554 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Recent decades , for example , have seen a remarkable reevaluation of evidence concerning the conquest of the land of Canaan by Joshua . As more sites have been excavated , there has been a growing consensus that the main story of Joshua , that of a speedy and complete conquest ( e.g. Josh . 11.23 : ' Thus Joshua conquered the whole country , just as the LORD had promised Moses ' ) is contradicted by the archaeological record , though there are indications of some destruction and conquest at the appropriate time . Adele Berlin ; Marc Zvi Brettler ( 17 October 2014 ) . The Jewish Study Bible : Second Edition . Oxford University Press . p. 951 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 939387 - 9 . Jump up ^ Görg , Görg . `` Israel in Hieroglyphen '' . Biblischen Notizen. 106 : 21 -- 27 . `` Jump up ^ Frendo , Anthony . `` Two Long - Lost Phoenician Inscriptions and the Emergence of Ancient Israel '' . Palestine Exploration Quarterly . 134 : 37 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Judges 1 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` In any case , it is now widely agreed that the so - called ' patriarchal / ancestral period ' is a later ' ' literary ' ' construct , not a period in the actual history of the ancient world . The same is the case for the ' exodus ' and the ' wilderness period , ' and more and more widely for the ' period of the Judges . ' '' Paula M. McNutt ( 1 January 1999 ) . Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 22265 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The biblical text does not shed light on the history of the highlands in the early Iron I . The conquest and part of the period of the judges narratives should be seen , first and foremost , as a Deuteronomist construct that used myths , tales , and etiological traditions in order to convey the theology and territorial ideology of the late monarchic author ( s ) ( e.g. , Nelson 1981 ; Van Seters 1990 ; Finkelstein and Silberman 2001 , 72 -- 79 , Römer 2007 , 83 -- 90 ) . '' Israel Finkelstein ( 2013 ) . The Forgotten Kingdom : The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel ( PDF ) . Society of Biblical Literature . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 912 - 0 . Jump up ^ '' In short , the so - called ' period of the judges ' was probably the creation of a person or persons known as the deuteronomistic historian . '' J. Clinton McCann ( 2002 ) . Judges . Westminster John Knox Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8042 - 3107 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Although most scholars accept the historicity of the united monarchy ( although not in the scale and form described in the Bible ; see Dever 1996 ; Na'aman 1996 ; Fritz 1996 , and bibliography there ) , its existence has been questioned by other scholars ( see Whitelam 1996b ; see also Grabbe 1997 , and bibliography there ) . The scenario described below suggests that some important changes did take place at the time . '' Avraham Faust ( 1 April 2016 ) . Israel 's Ethnogenesis : Settlement , Interaction , Expansion and Resistance . Routledge . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 94215 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` In some sense most scholars today agree on a ' minimalist ' point of view in this regard . It does not seem reasonable any longer to claim that the united monarchy ruled over most of Palestine and Syria . '' Gunnar Lebmann ( 2003 ) . Andrew G. Vaughn ; Ann E. Killebrew , eds . Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology : The First Temple Period . Society of Biblical Lit . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58983 - 066 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` There seems to be a consensus that the power and size of the kingdom of Solomon , if it ever existed , has been hugely exaggerated . '' Philip R. Davies ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` Why do we Know about Amos ? '' . In Diana Vikander Edelman ; Ehud Ben Zvi . The Production of Prophecy : Constructing Prophecy and Prophets in Yehud . Routledge . p. 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 49031 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Tracing the development of the Bible 's stories about kings from the earliest sources ( now embedded in 1 -- 2 Samuel ) to the biblical books themselves , Dietrich argues that some of the stories are dated close to the time of the events they describe . His approach identifies a series of ideologies within the text , providing evidence for the development of Israelite ideas rather than grounds for dismissing the stories as fiction . '' Dietrich , Walter ( 2007 ) . The Early Monarchy in Israel : The Tenth Century B.C.E. Translated by Joachim Vette . Leiden , The Netherlands : Brill . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon & Schuster . pp. 261 -- 265 . Jump up ^ Peake 's Commentary on the Bible ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel ( 2002 ) . The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts . Simon & Schuster . pp. 138 -- 140 . ^ Jump up to : ( מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס רותת `` עם ישראל - תולדות 4000 שנה - מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלום '' , ע `` מ 95 . ( Translation : Mordechai Vermebrand and Betzalel S. Ruth . `` The People of Israel -- the history of 4000 years -- from the days of the Forefathers to the Peace Treaty '' , 1981 , p. 95 ) Jump up ^ Amos 9 : 7 : לוא כבני כשיים אתם לי בני ישראל נאם ־ יהוה הלוא את ־ ישראל העליתי מארץ מצרים ופלשתיים מכפתור וארם מקר ׃ `` Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me , O children of Israel ? saith the LORD . Have not I brought up Israel out of the land of Egypt ? and the Philistines from Caphtor , and the Syrians from Kir ? '' External links ( edit ) Tribe of Judah ( Jewish Encyclopedia ) WorldCat Identities GND : 119550881 VIAF : 3283354 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribe_of_Judah&oldid=863786194 '' Categories : Tribes of Israel Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2018 Pages with numeric Bible version references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 01 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Tribe of Judah 2. Hebrew tribe 3. Biblical account 4. Territory and main cities 5. Fate

what is the secret in the series of unfortunate events

A series of Unfortunate Events - wikipedia A series of Unfortunate Events Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book series . For the film , see Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . For the TV series , see A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) . A Series of Unfortunate Events <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Author Lemony Snicket Illustrator Brett Helquist Cover artist Brett Helquist Country United States Language English Genre Gothic fiction , absurdist fiction , mystery , steampunk , comedy - drama , children 's fiction , black comedy Publisher HarperCollins EgmontUK Published September 30 , 1999 -- October 14 , 2006 A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen children 's novels by Lemony Snicket , the pen name of American author Daniel Handler . The books follow the turbulent lives of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire . After their parents ' death in a fire , the children are placed in the custody of a murderous relative , Count Olaf , who attempts to steal their inheritance and , later , orchestrates numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee . As the plot progresses , the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society known as V.F.D. , with connections to both Olaf and their parents . The series is narrated by Snicket , who dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest , Beatrice , and often attempts to dissuade the reader from reading the Baudelaires ' story . Characterized by Victorian Gothic tones and absurdist textuality , the books are noted for their dark humor , sarcastic storytelling , and anachronistic elements , as well as frequent cultural and literary allusions . They have been classified as postmodern and metafictional writing , with the plot evolution throughout the later novels being cited as an exploration of the psychological process of transition from the idyllic innocence of childhood to the moral complexity of maturity . Likewise , the final installments of the series are also acknowledged for their escalatingly intricate ethical ambiguity toward philosophical ambivalence , as the nature of some of the Baudelaires ' actions becomes increasingly harder to discern from those of their antagonist counterparts and more characters are revealed to be responsible for permanent wrongdoing , despite their identification with the self - proclaimed good side of the tale . Since the release of the first novel , The Bad Beginning , in September 1999 , the books have gained significant popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide , spawning a film , a video game , assorted merchandise and a television series on Netflix . The main thirteen books in the series have collectively sold more than 60 million copies and have been translated into 41 languages . Several companion books set in the same universe of the series have also been released , including Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , The Beatrice Letters and the noir prequel tetralogy All the Wrong Questions , which chronicles Snicket 's youth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Origins 3 Genre 4 Recurring themes and concepts 4.1 Narration style 4.2 Thematic approaches 4.3 Transtextuality 4.4 Allusions 5 Distribution 5.1 Books 5.2 All the Wrong Questions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Board games 6.5 Card games 6.6 Audio 6.6. 1 Audio books 6.6. 2 Album 7 Reception 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Criticism 7.3 Sales 7.4 Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The books seem to be set in an alternate , `` timeless '' world with stylistic similarities to both the 19th century and the 1930s , though with contemporary , and seemingly anachronistic scientific knowledge . For instance , in The Hostile Hospital , the Baudelaire children send a message via Morse code on a telegraph , yet in the general store they are in , there is fiber - optic cable for sale . An `` advanced computer '' appears in The Austere Academy ; this computer 's exact functions are never stated , as its only use in the book is to show a picture of Count Olaf . In a companion book to the series , The Unauthorized Autobiography , the computer is said to be capable of advanced forgery . The setting of the world has been compared to Edward Scissorhands in that it is `` suburban gothic '' . Although the film version sets the Baudelaires ' mansion in the city of Boston , Massachusetts , real places rarely appear in the books , although some are mentioned . For example , in The Ersatz Elevator , a book in Jerome and Esmé Squalor 's library was titled Trout , In France They 're Out ; there are also references to the fictional nobility of North American regions , specifically the Duchess of Winnipeg and the King of Arizona , perhaps allusions to the setting of Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Slapstick , which features similar North American fictional nobility . Interestingly , Vonnegut 's novel focuses on artificial family as the cure for loneliness and strife , which seems to also be the aim of the `` artificial family '' of V.F.D. Plot ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters The series follows the adventures of three siblings called the Baudelaire orphans . Snicket explains that very few positive things happen to the children . Violet Baudelaire , the eldest , is fourteen when the series begins and is an inventor . Klaus Baudelaire , the middle child , is twelve when the series begins ; he loves books and is an extraordinary speed reader with a first - class eidetic memory . Sunny Baudelaire is a baby in the beginning of the series , and enjoys biting things with her abnormally large teeth ; she develops a love for cooking later in the series . The children are orphaned after their parents are killed in a fire at the family mansion . In The Bad Beginning , they are sent to live with a distant relative named Count Olaf after briefly living with Mr. Poe , a banker in charge of the orphans ' affairs . The siblings discover that Count Olaf intends to get his hands on the enormous Baudelaire fortune , which Violet is to inherit when she reaches 18 years of age . In the first book , he attempts to marry Violet , pretending it is the storyline for his latest play , but the plan falls through when Violet uses her non-dominant hand to sign the marriage document . In the following six books , Olaf disguises himself , finds the children and , with help from his many accomplices , tries to steal their fortune , committing arson , murder , and other crimes . In the eighth through twelfth books , the orphans adopt disguises while on the run from the police after Count Olaf frames them for his own murder . The Baudelaires routinely try to get help from Mr. Poe , but he , like many of the adults in the series , is oblivious to the dangerous reality of the children 's situation . As the books continue , the children uncover more of the mystery surrounding their parents ' deaths and find that their parents were in a secret organization , V.F.D. , along with several other adults they meet . After the acronym first appears at the end of The Austere Academy , the siblings find several red herrings that share the initials . They then start to meet `` volunteers '' and gradually learn about the organization , although they discover several mysteries that are never explained . In The End , the children find a diary written by their parents that answers many of their questions but also raises many more . The children leave with another young orphan on a boat from a remote island at the end of the series , their fates left unknown . Origins ( edit ) Author Daniel Handler The author of the series , Daniel Handler ( who uses the pseudonym Lemony Snicket ) , has said in an interview with The A.V. Club that he decided to write a children 's story when he was trying to find a publisher for his first novel , The Basic Eight . One of the publishers , HarperCollins , passed on The Basic Eight , but they were interested in him writing a story for children . Handler thought it was a terrible idea at first , but met with the publishers to discuss the book . They challenged him to write the book he wished he could have read when he was 10 . He retooled a manuscript he had for a mock - Gothic book for adults , which became `` the story of children growing through all these terrible things '' , a concept which the publishers liked , to Handler 's surprise . The first book in the series was The Bad Beginning , released September 30 , 1999 . When asked in a Moment Magazine interview about the Baudelaire children and Handler 's own Jewish heritage he replied , `` Oh yeah ! Yes . The Baudelaires are Jewish ! I guess we would not know for sure but we would strongly suspect it , not only from their manner but from the occasional mention of a rabbi or bar mitzvah or synagogue . The careful reader will find quite a few rabbis . '' Genre ( edit ) This series is most commonly classified as children 's fiction , but it has also been classified in more specific genres such as gothic fiction , or some variety thereof , whether it is mock - gothic , a satire of gothic literature , neo-Victorian or `` suburban gothic '' . Another genre that the series has been described as is absurdist fiction , because of its strange characters , improbable storylines , and black comedy . Recurring themes and concepts ( edit ) The plots of the first seven books follow the same basic pattern : the Baudelaires go to a new guardian in a new location , where Count Olaf appears and attempts to steal their fortune . The books following pick up where the previous book ended . There are thirteen books in the series and each book has thirteen chapters . The last book in the series , The End , contains two stories : The End , which has 13 chapters , and a separate `` book '' that is titled Chapter Fourteen . The location of each book 's events is usually identified in the book 's title ; the first twelve book titles are alliterative . In most books , the children 's skills are used to help them defeat Count Olaf 's plots ; for instance , Violet invents a lockpick in The Reptile Room . Occasionally , the children 's roles switch or other characters use their skills to assist the Baudelaires ( e.g. Quigley 's cartography skills help Violet and Klaus in The Slippery Slope ) . Narration style ( edit ) Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket frequently explains words and phrases in incongruous detail . When describing a word the reader may not be aware of , he typically says `` a word which here means ... , '' sometimes with a humorous definition , or one that is relevant only to the events at hand ( for example , he describes `` adversity '' as meaning `` Count Olaf '' ) . Despite the general absurdity of the books ' storyline , Lemony Snicket continuously maintains that the story is true and that it is his `` solemn duty '' to record it . Snicket often goes off into humorous or satirical asides , discussing his opinions or personal life . The details of his supposed personal life are largely absurd , incomplete , and not explained in detail . For example , Snicket claims to have been chased by an angry mob for 16 miles . Some details of his life are explained somewhat in a supplement to the series , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography . Lemony Snicket 's narration and commentary is characteristically cynical and despondent . In the blurb for each book , Snicket warns of the misery the reader may experience in reading about the Baudelaire orphans and suggests abandoning the books altogether . However , he also provides ample comic relief with wry , dark humor . In the excerpt for The Grim Grotto , he writes : `` ... the horrors ( the Baudelaire children ) encounter are too numerous to list , and you would n't even want me to describe the worst of it , which includes mushrooms , a desperate search for something lost , a mechanical monster , a distressing message from a lost friend and tap - dancing . '' Snicket 's narration has been described as `` self - conscious '' and `` post-modern '' . Snicket translates for the youngest Baudelaire orphan , Sunny , who in the early books almost solely uses words or phrases that make sense only to her siblings . As the series progresses , her speech often contains disguised meanings . Some words are spelled phonetically : ' surchmi ' in The Slippery Slope and ' Kikbucit ? ' in The End ; some are spelled backwards : ' edasurc ' in The Carnivorous Carnival , and ' cigam ' in The Miserable Mill . Some contain references to culture or people : for instance , when Sunny says `` Busheney '' ( combining the last names of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney , presumably ) , it is followed by the definition of `` you are a vile man who has no regard for anyone else '' . Some words Sunny uses are foreign , such as `` Shalom '' , `` Sayonara '' or `` Arrete '' . Some are more complex , such as when she says `` Akrofil , meaning , ' they were not afraid of heights ' '' , which phonetically translates to acrophile , meaning one who loves heights . She begins to use standard English words towards the end of the books ; one of her longer sentences being `` I 'm not a baby '' in The Slippery Slope . When describing a character whom the Baudelaires have met before , Snicket often describes the character first and does not reveal the name of the character until they have been thoroughly described . Lemony Snicket starts each book with a `` post-modern dissection of the reading experience '' before linking it back to how he presents the story of the Baudelaires and what their current situation is . Snicket often uses alliteration to name locations , as well as book titles , throughout the story . Many of the books start with a theme being introduced that is continually referenced throughout the book -- such as the repeated comparisons of the words `` nervous '' and `` anxious '' in The Ersatz Elevator , the consistent use of the phrase `` where there 's smoke , there 's fire '' in The Slippery Slope and the descriptions of the water cycle in The Grim Grotto . Thematic approaches ( edit ) A theme that becomes more prevalent as the series continues is the simultaneous importance and worthlessness of secrets . In the final book , The End , the concept is especially important , as demonstrated by a several - page - long discussion of the phrase `` in the dark . '' The children hear of a massive schism within the organization of V.F.D. , which was once noble but became filled with corruption and split into two sides , `` volunteers '' and `` villains . '' While many of the critical plot points are given answers , Snicket explains that no story can be fully devoid of questions as every story is intertwined with numerous others and every character 's history is shared in a great web of mysteries and unfortunate events that make up the world 's legacy , making it impossible for anyone to know all the answers to every question . The Baudelaire children and Count Olaf 's story is said to be merely a fragment of a much bigger story between numerous characters with the central connection being the organization of V.F.D. Social commentary is a major element in the books , which often comment on the seemingly inescapable follies of human nature . The books consistently present the Baudelaire children as free - thinking and independent , while the adults around them obey authority and succumb to mob psychology , peer pressure , ambition , and other social ills . A high account is given to learning : those who are `` well read '' are often sympathetic characters , while those who shun knowledge are villains . The books have strong themes of moral relativism , as the Baudelaires become more confused during the course of the series about the difference between right and wrong , feeling they have done wicked things themselves and struggling with the question of whether the end justifies the means . In the final book , in an allusion to the Book of Genesis , a snake offers the children a life - giving apple ( which the other characters in The End refuse to eat despite the fact that it is a cure for a fatal illness ) . Evil characters are shown to have sympathetic characteristics and often have led difficult lives . Similarly , good characters ' flaws become major problems . Almost every major character in the books has lived a life as difficult as that of the Baudelaires , especially the villains . The books highlight the inevitability of temptation and moral decision - making , regardless of external situation . This indicates that regardless of one 's outside influences , one always has the final choice in whether they will be good or bad . Characters that make brave decisions to fight back and take charge are almost always `` good , '' and characters that just go along end up as `` bad . '' However , some characters suggest that people are neither good nor bad , but a mix of both . Transtextuality ( edit ) There is a full page picture at the end of each book , showing a hint or clue about the content of the next book . This may be showing a flyer or piece of paper drifting by , though sometimes by a significant object : a snake appears at the end of The Bad Beginning , referring to Montgomery 's snake collection in the following book . The same picture is used at the start of the succeeding book . This practice continued at the end of The End which shows a boat sailing off into the sunset and at the start of Chapter Fourteen . The picture at the end of Chapter Fourteen includes a shape of a question mark . Following the picture is a letter to the editor , which explains to the editor how to get a manuscript of the next book . Snicket is writing from the location of the next book and usually reveals its title . Snicket notes that the editors will find various objects along with the manuscript , all of them having some impact in the story . Starting with the fourth book ( which previews the fifth ) , each letter has a layout relating to the next book , such as torn edges , fancy stationery , sopping wet paper , or telegram format . The letters change dramatically starting with the letter at the end of The Hostile Hospital -- for this preview letter , the letter is ripped to shreds and only a few scraps remain . The remaining letters are difficult to read , and some do not reveal the title . The final letter appears at the end of The End and simply has `` The end of THE END can be found at the end of THE END . '' There is no letter after Chapter Fourteen . Each book begins with a dedication to a woman named Beatrice , and references to her are made by Snicket throughout the series , describing her as the woman he still loves while emphasizing the fact that she apparently died long ago . At the end of the Chapter Fourteen epilogue , it is revealed that Beatrice was the Baudelaires ' late mother , who married their father after an unknown event caused her to return Snicket 's engagement ring , alongside a two - hundred page book explaining all the reasons she could not marry him . Allusions ( edit ) To see more examples of allusions to literature and the real world in A Series of Unfortunate Events , see the individual article for any book in the series . While the books are marketed primarily to children , they are written with adult readers in mind as well ; the series features numerous references more likely to make sense to adults , such as allusions to Monty Python ( the Baudelaire children 's uncle Monty has a large snake collection , including a python , and a reference to the Self Defense Against Fresh Fruit sketch ) . Many of the characters ' names allude to other fictional works or real people with macabre connections ; locations may also allude to fiction , or contain foreign or obscure words with negative connotations . Lake Lachrymose appears in The Wide Window ; `` lachrymose '' means `` tearful . '' As the series progresses , more literature appears in the series -- either through quotes , explicit mentions or both . For instance , T.S. Eliot 's The Waste Land is important to the plot of The Grim Grotto , the eleventh book . The Baudelaire orphans are named after Charles Baudelaire ; Violet 's name also comes from the T.S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , specifically its verses concerning the `` violet hour , '' and Sunny and Klaus take their first names from Claus and Sunny von Bülow , while Mr. Poe is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe ( his sons are named Edgar and Albert ) . In the seventh installment , The Vile Village , Count Olaf 's disguise , Detective Dupin , is an allusion to C. Auguste Dupin , a fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe . Isadora and Duncan Quagmire are named after Isadora Duncan , a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger . In the fourth book , The Miserable Mill , Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell . Orwell finished his famous book 1984 in 1948 , and in the sixth book , The Ersatz Elevator , it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories . The Squalors ' names reference Jerome David `` J.D. '' Salinger and his short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor , while in an auction on which the plot hinges , Lot 49 is skipped , i.e. not cried , an allusion to Thomas Pynchon 's The Crying of Lot 49 . Both Salinger and Pynchon were reputed at one time not to be actual persons . The ninth book in the series , The Carnivorous Carnival , takes place at Caligari Carnival ; the carnival 's name is a nod to the 1920 silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Subsequently , many of the inhabitants of the island in which the Baudelaires find themselves on in The End are named after characters from The Tempest , a play by William Shakespeare , while some are named after characters from Robinson Crusoe , Moby Dick and others after general nautical or island - based literature . The name of Beatrice , Snicket 's dedicatee , may be an allusion to the poem La Beatrice by Charles Baudelaire . The poem references an `` actor without a job , '' like the actor Count Olaf . The poem also begins with the line `` In a burnt , ash - grey land without vegetation , '' similar to the Baudelaire mansion burning down at the beginning of the series . The name Beatrice could also be an allusion to Italian poet Dante . Dante dedicated all of his works to `` Beatrice , '' with whom he was obsessed , and who was also dead , like Snicket 's Beatrice . Distribution ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The series includes thirteen novels as follows : The Bad Beginning ( 1999 ) The Reptile Room ( 1999 ) The Wide Window ( 2000 ) The Miserable Mill ( 2000 ) The Austere Academy ( 2000 ) The Ersatz Elevator ( 2001 ) The Vile Village ( 2001 ) The Hostile Hospital ( 2001 ) The Carnivorous Carnival ( 2002 ) The Slippery Slope ( 2003 ) The Grim Grotto ( 2004 ) The Penultimate Peril ( 2005 ) The End ( 2006 ) There are books that accompany the series , such as The Beatrice Letters , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , and The Puzzling Puzzles ; journals The Blank Book and The Notorious Notations ; and short materials such as The Dismal Dinner and 13 Shocking Secrets You 'll Wish You Never Knew About Lemony Snicket . The books were at one point published at the rate of three or four books per year . The endpapers were `` designed in a suitably Victorian style '' , with cloth binding on the spines matching the colors of the cover . A paperback release of the series , featuring restyled covers , new illustrations and a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade happened with The Bad Beginning : or , Orphans ! , The Reptile Room : or , Murder ! , and The Wide Window : or , Disappearance ! , but stopped after the third . Humorous quotes from the series were used in a book published under the Snicket name , Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid . All the Wrong Questions ( edit ) Main article : All the Wrong Questions See also : Lemony Snicket bibliography Lemony Snicket 's All the Wrong Questions is a four - part young adult series focused on Snicket 's childhood working for V.F.D. It is set in the same universe as A Series of Unfortunate Events and features several of the same characters and locations . The first book was titled Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , and was released in October 2012 . The second , When Did You See Her Last ? , was released in October 2013 , and the third , Should n't You Be in School ? , was released in September 2014 . The final book , Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? was released on September 29 , 2015 . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) Poster of the first season from the Netflix adaptation Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced in November 2014 its plans to adapt the books into an original TV series with 26 total episodes spanning 3 seasons , with 2 episodes dedicated to each book , with the exception of the 13th book , The End . Author Daniel Handler will serve as a writer and executive producer . On September 4 , 2015 , it was announced that filmmaker Barry Sonnenfeld and True Blood showrunner Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers . Daniel Handler is penning the scripts . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire , with the casting call confirming that the series would begin production in March 2016 . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project and they have not yet named a replacement showrunner . However , it was announced that Sonnenfeld and Handler were both still on board , and that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes are cast as Violet and Klaus . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman and Patrick Warburton were cast as Mr. Poe and Lemony Snicket respectively . The first season , consisting of eight episodes that cover the first four books , was released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a second season , which was released on March 30 , 2018 , and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series . The television series was also renewed for a third and final season , which will air in early 2019 and will also adapt the four remaining books ( The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto , The Penultimate Peril , and The End . The last season will have 7 episodes , The End only being one episode instead of the standard two episodes . ( It is assumed Handler will remain on as screenwriter of the new seasons . Film ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in the film adaptation Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a film adaptation of the first three titles in the series , mixing the various events and characters into one story . It was released on December 17 , 2004 . Directed by Brad Silberling , it stars Jim Carrey as Count Olaf , Meryl Streep as Aunt Josephine , Billy Connolly as Uncle Monty , Emily Browning as Violet , Liam Aiken as Klaus , Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe , and Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket . The film was successful , however it was also criticized because the tone was comical , when the books were solemn and serious with occasional wry humor . Considering the success of the movie , the director and some of the lead actors hinted that they were keen on making a sequel , but no script was written . When I took the decision to take the movie I said I 'd obviously do it with the right to refusal , I 'm not going to give in to anything . I asked the studio how they were going to deal with the sequel . But they did n't want to talk about it until the first film was out . It 's amazing ; a script has not yet been worked on for the sequel , which I find a bit baffling . -- Brad Silberling , Browning has said that further films would have to be produced quickly , as the children do not age much throughout the book series . In 2008 , Daniel Handler stated in a Bookslut Interview that another film was in the works , but had been delayed by corporate shake - ups at Paramount Pictures . In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . `` In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now I 'm afraid I 'm going to have to show you the real thing . ' '' Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( video game ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) that was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and PC . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the White - Faced Women , and the Bald Man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game there are some references to V.F.D. such as while in the first level a package is delivered from the `` Very Fast Delivery Service . '' The note attached to the package also reads at the end `` P.S. The world is quiet here , '' which is the motto of V.F.D. and the way to confirm the allegiance of a V.F.D. member . Board Games ( edit ) A board game based on the books was distributed by Mattel in 2004 , prior to the movie . The Perilous Parlor Game is for 2 -- 4 players , ages 8 and up . One player assumes the role of Count Olaf , and the other players play the Baudelaire children . Count Olaf 's objective in the game is to eliminate the guardian , while the children try to keep the guardian alive . The game employs Clever Cards , Tragedy Cards , Secret Passage Tiles , and Disguise Tiles in play . Card Games ( edit ) The Catastrophic Card Game is the second game based on the books . In this card game , players are looking to complete sets of characters . There are 4 different sets : The Baudelaire Orphans , Count Olaf in Disguise , Olaf 's Henchmen and the Orphans Confidants . Players take turns drawing a card from either the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile in hopes of completing their sets . For 2 -- 4 players , ages 14 and under . Audio ( edit ) Audio books ( edit ) Most of the series of unabridged audio books are read by British actor Tim Curry , though Handler as Lemony Snicket reads books 3 to 5 . Of narrating the audio books , Handler has said : `` It was very , very hard . It was unbelievably arduous . It was the worst kind of arduous . '' As such , future narrating duties were handed back to Curry , of whom Handler states : `` he does a splendid job '' . The `` Dear Reader '' blurb is usually read by Handler ( as Snicket ) at the beginning , although it is missing in The Hostile Hospital . Handler usually reads the `` To my Kind Editor '' blurb about the next book at the end . Starting at The Carnivorous Carnival there is another actor who replaces Handler in reading the two blurbs , although they are skipped entirely in The Grim Grotto . All of the recordings include a loosely related song by The Gothic Archies , a novelty band of which Handler is a member , featuring lyrics by Handler 's Magnetic Fields bandmate Stephin Merritt . Album ( edit ) Main article : The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events In October 2006 , The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events by The Gothic Archies was released . The album is a collection of thirteen songs written and performed by Stephin Merritt ( of The Magnetic Fields ) , each one originally appearing on one of the corresponding thirteen audiobooks of the series . Two bonus songs are included . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Reviews for A Series of Unfortunate Events have generally been positive , with reviewers saying that the series is enjoyable for children and adults alike , and that it brings fresh and adult themes to children 's stories . The Times Online refer to the books as `` a literary phenomenon '' , and discuss how the plight of the Baudelaire orphans helps children cope with loss -- citing the rise in sales post September 11 , 2001 as evidence . Although the series has often been compared to Harry Potter due to the young heroes and the sales of the two series , reviewer Bruce Butt feels that the series ' tone is closer to Roald Dahl and Philip Ardagh . Handler acknowledges Edward Gorey and Roald Dahl as influences . Mackey attributes the series ' success to the `` topsy - turvy moral universe '' . Langbauer feels that the series `` offers a critique of the pieties '' of earlier generations and `` imparting its own vision of ethics '' . Criticism ( edit ) Czech translation The series has come under criticism from some school districts for its dark themes , citing objections to the suggested incest ( referring to Olaf 's attempt to marry his distant cousin Violet in The Bad Beginning , although his motivation was not sexual in nature , but rather an attempt to gain the Baudelaire fortune ) and the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' being said in The Reptile Room . Handler later commented that the word 's use was `` precipitated by a long discussion of how one should never say this word , since only a villain would do so vile a thing ! This is exactly the lily - liveredness of children 's books that I ca n't stand . '' Access to the books was similarly restricted at Katy ISD Elementary School in Katy , Texas . The series has also been criticized for formulaic and repetitive storytelling . Sales ( edit ) French translations A Series of Unfortunate Events has been printed in 41 different languages , selling at least sixty - five million copies as of 2015 . Awards ( edit ) In addition to its strong reviews , The Bad Beginning won multiple literary awards , including the Colorado Children 's Book Award , the Nevada Young Readers Award and the Nene Award . It was also a finalist for the Book Sense Book of the Year . Its sequels have continued this trend , garnering multiple awards and nominations . Among these are three IRA / CBC Children 's Choice Awards , which it received for The Wide Window , The Vile Village , and The Hostile Hospital ; a best book prize at the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , and a 2006 Quill Book Award , both for The Penultimate Peril . While not technically awards , The Ersatz Elevator was named a Book Sense 76 Pick , and The Grim Grotto is an Amazon.com Customers ' Favorite . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal Lemony Snicket bibliography References ( edit ) Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The End . HarperColins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 441016 - 8 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Making Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Series '' ... Slashfilm . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jean . `` Steampunk Style Jewelry : Victorian , Fantasy , and Mechanical Necklaces , Bracelets , and Earrings '' ... Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Cruickshank and Kevin McFarland ( October 25 , 2012 ) . Dissecting the repetition and hidden messages of A Series Of Unfortunate Events . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lemony Who ? '' . ansible.co.uk . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Danel . 21st - Century Gothic : Great Gothic Novels Since 2000 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cross , Julie . Humor in Contemporary Junior Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Charney , Maurice . Irony in Children 's Literature . Comedy : A Geographic and Historical Guide , Volume 2 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sadenwasser , Tim . The Gothic Fairy Tale in Young Adult Literature : Essays on Stories from Grimm to Gaiman . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Sara ( May / June 2013 ) . Performative Metafiction : Lemony Snicket , Daniel Handler and The End of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The Looking Glass : New Perspectives on Children 's Literature , Vol 17 , No 1 ( 2013 ) . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Lenika ( October 23 , 2014 ) . Postmodernism -- for Kids . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Tison . Innocence , Heterosexuality , and the Queerness of Children 's Literature . What , Then , Does Beatrice Mean ? : Hermaphroditic Gender , Predatory Sexuality , and Promiscuous Allusion in Daniel Handler / Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlin , Charlotte ( February 18 , 2016 ) . What A Series Of Unfortunate Events Taught Me About Justice . Bustle.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . ( July 6 , 2015 ) . Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube . Variety . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemony Snicket Sneaks Back with ' File Under : 13 Suspicious Incidents ' . Publisher 's Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R. della Cava , Marco ( October 22 , 2012 ) . Daniel Handler 's new Snicket series dives into noir . USA Today . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Butt , Bruce ( December 2003 ) . `` ' He 's behind you ! ' : Reflections on Repetition and Predictability in Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Children 's Literature in Education . Springer . 34 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 286 . doi : 10.1023 / B : CLID. 0000004895.65809. 71 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) . The Hostile Hospital . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0612 - 8 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2000 ) ( 2000 - 08 - 31 ) . The Austere Academy . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440863 - 9 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2001 ) ( 2001 - 02 - 19 ) . The Ersatz Elevator . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0872 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 1999 ) ( 1999 - 09 - 30 ) . The Bad Beginning . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440766 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Handler -- AVClub.com -- Interview by Tasha Robinson , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mysterious Mr. Snicket '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nadine Epstein ( February 2007 ) . `` The Jewish Secrets of Lemony Snicket '' . Moment Magazine . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( August 8 , 2002 ) . `` Author suggests you read something else -- Making light of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Moira . `` Tales of a Seventh - Grade Scare Tactic -- The new Gothicism of children 's books '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fierman , Daniel ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Lemony Snicket is the new Harry Potter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2004 ) ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441014 - 5 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) . The Slippery Slope . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441013 - 7 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( October 4 , 2004 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 1527 - 5 . People are n't either wicked or noble , '' the hook - handed man said . `` They 're like chef 's salads , with good things and bad things chopped and mixed together in a vinaigrette of confusion and conflict . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 15 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Melody Joy ( October 12 , 2006 ) . A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions . National Public Radio . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket '' . Quidditch.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved January 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Weldy , Lance . Crossing Textual Boundaries in International Children 's Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books '' . lemonysnicket.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Beatrice Letters '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Puzzling Puzzles '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Blank Book '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Notorious Notations '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Books by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Lemony Snicket . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? '' ( All the Wrong Questions ) : Lemony Snicket , Seth : 9780316123044 : Amazon.com : Books `` . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . lemonysnicketcasting.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Set To Star In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton to Star as Lemony Snicket in Netflix Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . unfortunateeventsmovie.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books -- The Bad Beginning : Movie Tie - in Edition '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 10 . I 'm sorry to say that the book you are holding in your hands is extremely boring . If you are looking for a good time , you would have a better time watching a motion picture starring a handsome count . -- Count Olaf Jump up ^ `` The latest on Snicket sequel '' . moviehole.net. April 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Emily Browning -- Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . darkhorizons.com . December 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ronnie ( October 2008 ) . `` AN INTERVIEW WITH DANIEL HANDLER '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lemony Snicket Director Brad Silberling Plans To Do Each Film In Different Medium '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Game News '' . kidzworld.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking With Lemony Snicket '' . audiofilemagazine.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Archies Theme Songs for Lemony Snicket Audio Books '' . houseoftomorrow.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Gothic Archies The Tragic Treasury : Songs From A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . tragictreasury.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning '' . ypress.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Robinson . `` Life Is n't Fair : Adult Lessons for Children from Dahl and Snicket '' ( PDF ) . San Jose State University . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Betts , Hannah ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` Unhappily ever after '' . Times Online . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Margaret ( January 2003 ) . `` Risk , Safety , and Control in Young People 's Reading Experiences '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . Edmonton. 9 ( 1 ) : 50 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Langbauer , Laurie ( March 2007 ) . `` The Ethics and Practice of Lemony Snicket : Adolescence and Generation X '' . PMLA. 122 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 521 . doi : 10.1632 / pmla. 2007.122. 2.502 . JSTOR 25501718 . Jump up ^ Vaux , Anna ( December 4 , 2001 ) . `` Move over Harry Potter '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Banned Books Report '' ( PDF ) . ACLU TX . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Snicket Letters '' . Books For Keeps . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Friday the 13th closes the book on Lemony Snicket '' . USAToday . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 1 : The Bad Beginning '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ABA : The Book Sense Book of the Year '' . bookweb.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 3 : The Wide Window '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 7 : The Vile Village '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 8 : The Hostile Hospital '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2005 '' . Nickelodeon . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards '' . thequills.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 6 : The Ersatz Elevator '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 11 : The Grim Grotto '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events Official website A Series of Unfortunate Events at the Internet Book List Daniel Handler 's official website A Series of Unfortunate Events on Netflix <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events&oldid=843437545 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events Absurdist fiction Black comedy books British Book Award - winning works American children 's novels Novels about orphans Series of children 's books HarperCollins books Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. A Series of Unfortunate Events - book series 2. Lemony Snicket - author 3. Baudelaire orphans - main characters 4. Count Olaf - antagonist 5. Gothic fiction - genre

1. it is a(n) population that accounts for the wide variety of cultures found in some neighborhoods

Doha - wikipedia Doha For other uses , see Doha ( disambiguation ) . City in Ad - Dawhah , Qatar <Th_colspan="2"> Doha الدوحة ‎ <Td_colspan="2"> City <Td_colspan="2"> Doha skyline in the morning <Td_colspan="2"> Doha Location of Doha within Qatar <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 25 ° 17 ′ 12 '' N 51 ° 32 ′ 0 '' E  /  25.28667 ° N 51.53333 ° E  / 25.28667 ; 51.53333 Coordinates : 25 ° 17 ′ 12 '' N 51 ° 32 ′ 0 '' E  /  25.28667 ° N 51.53333 ° E  / 25.28667 ; 51.53333 Country Qatar Municipality Ad - Dawhah Established 1825 <Th_colspan="2"> Area metropolis 132 km ( 51 sq mi ) <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2016 ) metropolis 1,351,000 Density 10,000 / km ( 27,000 / sq mi ) Metro N / A Time zone AST ( UTC + 3 ) Doha ( Arabic : الدوحة ‎ , ad - Dawḥa or ad - Dōḥa , pronounced ( adˈdawħa ) ) is the capital and most populous city of the State of Qatar . Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in the city proper with the population close to 1.5 million . The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country . It is Qatar 's fastest growing city , with over 50 % of the nation 's population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs , and it is also the economic centre of the country . Doha was founded in the 1820s as an offshoot of Al Bidda . It was officially declared as the country 's capital in 1971 , when Qatar gained independence from being a British Protectorate . As the commercial capital of Qatar and one of the emergent financial centres in the Middle East , Doha is considered a world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . Doha accommodates Education City , an area devoted to research and education . The city was host to the first ministerial - level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations . It was also selected as host city of a number of sporting events , including the 2006 Asian Games , the 2011 Pan Arab Games and most of the games at the 2011 AFC Asian Cup . In December 2011 , the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha . Additionally , the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host a large number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup . In May 2015 , Doha was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan , La Paz , Durban , Havana , Beirut and Kuala Lumpur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Establishment of Al Bidda 2.2 Formation of Doha 2.3 Arrival of Al Thani 2.4 20th century 2.5 Post-independence 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Ethnicity and languages 4.2 Religion 5 Administration 5.1 Districts 6 Economy 7 Infrastructure 7.1 Architecture 7.2 Atmosphere 7.3 Planned communities 8 Transportation 9 Education 10 Sports 10.1 Football 10.2 Basketball 10.3 Volleyball 10.4 Other sports 10.5 Stadiums and sport complexes 11 Culture 11.1 Arts 11.2 Media 11.3 Film 12 Twin towns and sister cities 13 Gallery 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Etymology ( edit ) According to the Ministry of Municipality and Environment , the name `` Doha '' originated from the Arabic term `` dohat '' , meaning `` roundness '' -- a reference to the rounded bays surrounding the area 's coastline . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Doha and Al Bidda A satellite view of Doha on the East coast of Qatar . As with most world cities , Doha developed on the water front around the Souq Waqif area today . It gradually spread out in a radial pattern with the use of ring roads . Establishment of Al Bidda ( edit ) The city of Doha was formed seceding from another local settlement known as Al Bidda . The earliest documented mention of Al Bidda was made in 1681 , by the Carmelite Convent , in an account which chronicles several settlements in Qatar . In the record , the ruler and a fort in the confines of Al Bidda are alluded to . Carsten Niebuhr , a German explorer who visited the Arabian Peninsula , created one of the first maps to depict the settlement in 1765 in which he labelled it as ' Guttur ' . David Seaton , a British political resident in Muscat , wrote the first English record of Al Bidda in 1801 . He refers to the town as ' Bedih ' and describes the geography and defensive structures in the area . He stated that the town had recently been settled by the Sudan tribe ( Al - Suwaidi ) , whom he considered to be pirates . Seaton attempted to bombard the town with his warship , but returned to Muscat upon finding that the waters were too shallow to position his warship within striking distance . In 1820 , British surveyor R.H. Colebrook , who visited Al Bidda , remarked on the recent depopulation of the town . He wrote : Guttur -- Or Ul Budee ( Al ‐ Bidda ) , once a considerable town , is protected by two square Ghurries ( forts ) near the sea shore ; but containing no fresh water they are incapable of defence except against sudden incursions of Bedouins , another Ghurry is situated two miles inland and has fresh water with it . This could contain two hundred men . There are remaining at Ul Budee about 250 men , but the original inhabitants , who may be expected to return from Bahrein , will augment them to 900 or 1,000 men , and if the Doasir tribe , who frequent the place as divers , again settle in it , from 600 to 800 men . The same year , an agreement known as the General Maritime Treaty was signed between the East India Company and the sheikhs of several Persian Gulf settlements ( some of which were later known as the Trucial Coast ) . It acknowledged British authority in the Persian Gulf and sought to end piracy and the slave trade . Bahrain became a party to the treaty , and it was assumed that Qatar , perceived as a dependency of Bahrain by the British , was also a party to it . Qatar , however , was not asked to fly the prescribed Trucial flag . As punishment for alleged piracy committed by the inhabitants of Al Bidda and breach of treaty , an East India Company vessel bombarded the town in 1821 . They razed the town , forcing between 300 and 400 natives to flee and temporarily take shelter on the islands between the Qatar and the Trucial Coast . Formation of Doha ( edit ) Doha was founded in the vicinity of Al Bidda sometime during the 1820s . In January 1823 , political resident John MacLeod visited Al Bidda to meet with the ruler and initial founder of Doha , Buhur bin Jubrun , who was also the chief of the Al - Buainain tribe . MacLeod noted that Al Bidda was the only substantial trading port in the peninsula during this time . Following the founding of Doha , written records often conflated Al Bidda and Doha due to the extremely close proximity of the two settlements . Later that year , Lt. Guy and Lt. Brucks mapped and wrote a description of the two settlements . Despite being mapped as two separate entities , they were referred to under the collective name of Al Bidda in the written description . Al Bidda : View from the bay , 1823 In 1828 , Mohammed bin Khamis , a prominent member of the Al - Buainain tribe and successor of Buhur bin Jubrun as chief of Al Bidda , was embroiled in controversy . He had murdered a native of Bahrain , prompting the Al Khalifa sheikh to imprison him . In response , the Al - Buainain tribe revolted , provoking the Al Khalifa to destroy the tribe 's fort and evict them to Fuwayrit and Ar Ru'ays . This incident allowed the Al Khalifa additional jurisdiction over the town . With essentially no effective ruler , Al Bidda and Doha became a sanctuary for pirates and outlaws . In November 1839 , an outlaw from Abu Dhabi named Ghuleta took refuge in Al Bidda , evoking a harsh response from the British . A.H. Nott , a British naval commander , demanded that Salemin bin Nasir Al - Suwaidi , chief of the Sudan tribe in Al Bidda , take Ghuleta into custody and warned him of consequences in the case of non-compliance . Al - Suwaidi obliged the British request in February 1840 and also arrested the pirate Jasim bin Jabir and his associates . Despite the compliance , the British demanded a fine of 300 German krones in compensation for the damages incurred by pirates off the coast of Al Bidda ; namely for the piracies committed by bin Jabir . In February 1841 , British naval squadrons arrived in Al Bidda and ordered Al - Suwaidi to meet the British demand , threatening consequences if he declined . Al - Suwaidi ultimately declined on the basis that he was uninvolved in bin Jabir 's actions . On 26 February , the British fired on Al Bidda , striking a fort and several houses . Al - Suwaidi then paid the fine in full following threats of further action by the British . Isa bin Tarif , a powerful tribal chief from the Al Bin Ali tribe , moved to Doha in May 1843 . He subsequently evicted the ruling Sudan tribe and installed the Al - Maadeed and Al - Kuwari tribes in positions of power . Bin Tarif had been loyal to the Al Khalifa , however , shortly after the swearing in of a new ruler in Bahrain , bin Tarif grew increasingly suspicious of the ruling Al Khalifa and switched his allegiance to the deposed ruler of Bahrain , Abdullah bin Khalifa , whom he had previously assisted in deposing of . Bin Tarif died in the Battle of Fuwayrit against the ruling family of Bahrain in 1847 . Arrival of Al Thani ( edit ) The Al Thani migrated to Doha from Fuwayrit shortly after Bin Tarif 's death in 1847 under the leadership of Mohammed bin Thani . In the proceeding years , the Al Thani assumed control of the town . At various times , they swapped allegiances between the two prevailing powers in the area : the Al Khalifa and the Saudis . In 1867 , a large number of ships and troops were sent from Bahrain to assault the towns Al Wakrah and Doha over a series of disputes . Abu Dhabi joined on Bahrain 's behalf due to the conception that Al Wakrah served as a refuge for fugitives from Oman . Later that year , the combined forces sacked the two Qatari towns with around 2,700 men in what would come to be known as the Qatari -- Bahraini War . A British record later stated `` that the towns of Doha and Wakrah were , at the end of 1867 temporarily blotted out of existence , the houses being dismantled and the inhabitants deported '' . A part of Doha as seen in January 1904 . Most development was low - rise and use of locally available natural materials like rammed earth and palm fronds was common practice . The joint Bahraini - Abu Dhabi incursion and subsequent Qatari counterattack prompted the British political agent , Colonel Lewis Pelly , to impose a settlement in 1868 . Pelly 's mission to Bahrain and Qatar and the peace treaty that resulted were milestones in Qatar 's history . It implicitly recognized the distinctness of Qatar from Bahrain and explicitly acknowledged the position of Mohammed bin Thani as an important representative of the peninsula 's tribes . The city 's coastline in 1904 largely highlights the local community which was based on fishing and pearl diving . Shortly after the war , the Ottomans took up a rather nominal control of the country , constructing a base in Doha , with the acquiescence of Jassim Al Thani who wished to consolidate his control of the area . Prior to this , the town of Doha served as a stronghold for Bedouin fighters who resisted Ottoman rule . By December 1871 , Jassim Al Thani authorized the Ottomans to send 100 troops and equipment to Al Bidda . Major Ömer Bey compiled a report on Al Bidda in January 1872 , stating that it was an `` administrative centre '' with around 1,000 houses and 4,000 inhabitants . Disagreement over tribute and interference in internal affairs arose , eventually leading to the Battle of Al Wajbah in March 1893 . Al Bidda fort served as the final point of retreat for Ottoman troops . While they were garrisoned in the fort , their corvette fired indiscriminately at the townspeople , killing a number of civilians . The Ottomans eventually surrendered after Jassim Al Thani 's troops cut off the town 's water supply . An Ottoman report compiled the same year reported that Al Bidda and Doha had a combined population of 6,000 inhabitants , jointly referring to both towns by the name of ' Katar ' . Doha was classified as the eastern section of Katar . The Ottomans held a passive role in Qatar 's politics from the 1890s onward until fully relinquishing control during the beginning of the first World War . 20th century ( edit ) An old district in Doha planned with narrow streets and rough plastered walls gives a glimpe of the city 's past . Pearling had come to play a pivotal commercial role in Doha by the 20th century . The population increased to around 12,000 inhabitants in the first half of the 20th century due to the flourishing pearl trade . A British political resident noted that should the supply of pearls drop , Qatar would ' practically cease to exist ' . In 1907 , the city accommodated 350 pearling boats with a combined crew size of 6,300 men . By this time , the average prices of pearls had more than doubled since 1877 . The pearl market collapsed that year , forcing Jassim Al Thani to sell the country 's pearl harvest at half its value . The aftermath of the collapse resulted in the establishment of the country 's first custom house in Doha . In April 1913 , the Ottomans agreed to a British request that they withdraw all their troops from Qatar . Ottoman presence in the peninsula ceased , when in August 1915 , the Ottoman fort in Al Bidda was evacuated shortly after the start of World War I. One year later , Qatar agreed to be a British protectorate with Doha as its official capital . Buildings at the time were simple dwellings of one or two rooms , built from mud , stone and coral . Oil concessions in the 1920s and 1930s , and subsequent oil drilling in 1939 , heralded the beginning of slow economic and social progress in the country . However , revenues were somewhat diminished due to the devaluation of pearl trade in the Persian Gulf brought on by introduction of the cultured pearl and the Great Depression . The collapse of the pearl trade caused a significant population drop throughout the entire country . It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that the country saw significant monetary returns from oil drilling . A view of Doha in the 1980 's showing the Sheraton hotel , Westbay ( pyramid - like building in the background ) without any of the high - rises around it . Qatar was not long in exploiting the new - found wealth from oil concessions , and slum areas were quickly razed to be replaced by more modern buildings . The first formal boys ' school was established in Doha in 1952 , followed three years later by the establishment of a girls ' school . Historically , Doha had been a commercial port of local significance . However , the shallow water of the bay prevented bigger ships from entering the port until the 1970s , when its deep - water port was completed . Further changes followed with extensive land reclamation , which led to the development of the crescent - shaped bay . From the 1950s to 1970s , the population of Doha grew from around 14,000 inhabitants to over 83,000 , with foreign immigrants constituting about two - thirds of the overall population . Post-independence ( edit ) Qatar officially declared its independence in 1971 , with Doha as its capital city . In 1973 , the University of Qatar was opened by emiri decree , and in 1975 the Qatar National Museum opened in what was originally the ruler 's palace . During the 1970s , all old neighborhoods in Doha were razed and the inhabitants moved to new suburban developments , such as Al Rayyan , Madinat Khalifa and Al Gharafa . The metropolitan area 's population grew from 89,000 in the 1970s to over 434,000 in 1997 . Additionally , land policies resulted in the total land area increasing to over 7,100 hectares ( about 17,000 acres ) by 1995 , an increase from 130 hectares in the middle of the 20th century . Developments in Doha 's West bay district has seen an increase in the population density of the area with the construction of several high - rises . In 1983 , a hotel and conference center was developed at the north end of the Corniche . The 15 - storey Sheraton hotel structure in this center would serve as the tallest structure in Doha until the 1990s . In 1993 , the Qatar Open became the first major sports event to be hosted in the city . Two years later , Qatar stepped in to host the FIFA World Youth Championship , with all the matches being played in Doha - based stadiums . Qatar Petroleum tower , Palm tower B , Tornado tower , Doha tower and Al Jassimya tower seen ( Left to Right ) in the West Bay area in 2015 . The Al Jazeera Arabic news channel began broadcasting from Doha in 1996 . In the late 1990s , the government planned the construction of Education City , a 2,500 hectare Doha - based complex mainly for educational institutes . Since the start of the 21st century , Doha attained significant media attention due to the hosting of several global events and the inauguration of a number of architectural mega-projects . One of the largest projects launched by the government was The Pearl - Qatar , an artificial island off the coast of West Bay , which launched its first district in 2004 . In 2006 , Doha was selected to host the Asian Games , leading to the development of a 250 - hectare sporting complex known as Aspire Zone . During this time , new cultural attractions were constructed in the city , with older ones being restored . In 2006 , the government launched a restoration program to preserve Souq Waqif 's architectural and historical identity . Parts constructed after the 1950s were demolished whereas older structures were refurbished . The restoration was completed in 2008 . Katara Cultural Village was opened in the city in 2010 and has hosted the Doha Tribeca Film Festival since then . Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Qatar A view of Doha from the International Space Station in 2010 highlights the rapid development the city underwent since the discovery of oil in the 1960 's . Doha is located on the central - east portion of Qatar , bordered by the Persian Gulf on its coast . Its elevation is 10 m ( 33 ft ) . Doha is highly urbanized . Land reclamation off the coast has added 400 hectares of land and 30 km of coastline . Half of the 22 km2 of surface area which Hamad International Airport was constructed on was reclaimed land . The geology of Doha is primarily composed of weathered unconformity on the top of the Eocene period Dammam Formation , forming dolomitic limestone . The Pearl is a purpose - built artificial island off the coast of Doha , connected to the mainland by a bridge . The Pearl is an artificial island in Doha with a surface area of nearly 400 ha ( 1,000 acres ) The total project has been estimated to cost $15 billion upon completion . Other islands off Doha 's coast include Palm Tree Island , Shrao 's Island , Al Safia Island , and Alia Island . Climate ( edit ) Doha has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ) . Summer is very long , from May to September , when its average high temperatures surpass 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) and often approach 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) . Humidity is usually the lowest in May and June . Dewpoints can surpass 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in the summer . Throughout the summer , the city averages almost no precipitation , and less than 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) during other months . Rainfall is scarce , at a total of 75 mm ( 2.95 in ) per year , falling on isolated days mostly between October to March . Winters are cool and the temperature rarely drops below 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) . <Th_colspan="14"> hide Climate data for Doha ( 1962 -- 2013 , extremes 1962 -- 2013 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 46.0 ( 114.8 ) 47.7 ( 117.9 ) 49.0 ( 120.2 ) 50.4 ( 122.7 ) 48.3 ( 118.9 ) 45.5 ( 113.9 ) 43.4 ( 110.1 ) 38.0 ( 100.4 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 50.4 ( 122.7 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 41.6 ( 106.9 ) 41.9 ( 107.4 ) 40.9 ( 105.6 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 35.4 ( 95.7 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 33.05 ( 91.49 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 18.5 ( 65.3 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 26.4 ( 79.5 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) 34.5 ( 94.1 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 27.3 ( 81.1 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 17.3 ( 63.1 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) 30.2 ( 86.4 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 15.6 ( 60.1 ) 22.5 ( 72.5 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.5 ( 50.9 ) 15.2 ( 59.4 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.5 ( 74.3 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) 20.3 ( 68.5 ) 16.6 ( 61.9 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 13.2 ( 0.52 ) 17.1 ( 0.673 ) 16.1 ( 0.634 ) 8.7 ( 0.343 ) 3.6 ( 0.142 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) ( 0.043 ) 3.3 ( 0.13 ) 12.1 ( 0.476 ) 75.2 ( 2.961 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 1.7 2.1 1.8 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 1.3 8.8 Average relative humidity ( % ) 71 70 63 52 44 41 49 55 62 63 66 71 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 244.9 224.0 241.8 273.0 325.5 342.0 325.5 328.6 306.0 303.8 276.0 241.8 3,432.9 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.9 8.0 7.8 9.1 10.5 11.4 10.5 10.6 10.2 9.8 9.2 7.8 9.4 <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : NOAA <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Qatar Meteorological Department ( Climate Normals 1962 -- 2013 ) <Th_colspan="12"> Doha mean sea temperature Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 20.5 ° C ( 68.9 ° F ) 19.1 ° C ( 66.4 ° F ) 20.9 ° C ( 69.6 ° F ) 23.7 ° C ( 74.7 ° F ) 28.2 ° C ( 82.8 ° F ) 30.9 ° C ( 87.6 ° F ) 32.8 ° C ( 91.0 ° F ) 33.9 ° C ( 93.0 ° F ) 33.1 ° C ( 91.6 ° F ) 31.0 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) 27.4 ° C ( 81.3 ° F ) 23.1 ° C ( 73.6 ° F ) Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of Qatar <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1820 250 -- 1893 6,000 + 2300.0 % 1970 80,000 + 1233.3 % 1986 217,294 + 171.6 % 2001 299,300 + 37.7 % 339,847 + 13.5 % 2005 400,051 + 17.7 % 796,947 + 99.2 % <Th_colspan="2"> Total population of the Doha metropolitan area Year Metro population 434,000 644,000 2008 998,651 A significant portion of Qatar 's population resides within the confines of Doha and its metropolitan area . The district with the highest population density is the central area of Al Najada , which also accommodates the highest total population in the country . The population density across the greater Doha region ranges from 20,000 people per km2 to 25 people per km2 . Ethnicity and languages ( edit ) The population of Doha is overwhelmingly composed of expatriates , with Qatari nationals forming a minority . The largest portion of expatriates in Qatar are from South - East and South Asian countries , mainly India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Philippines , and Bangladesh with large numbers of expatriates also coming from the Levant Arab countries , North Africa , and East Asia . Doha is also home to a large number of expatriates from Europe , North America , South Africa , and Australia . A typical bilingual traffic sign in Doha denotes the zone numbers , street names and street numbers of 2 perpendicular streets . Arabic is the official language of Qatar . English is commonly used as a second language , and a rising lingua franca , especially in commerce . As there is a large expatriate population in Doha , languages such as Malayalam , Tamil , Bengali , Tagalog , Spanish , French , Urdu and Hindi are widely spoken . In 2004 , the Foreign Ownership of Real Estate Law was passed , permitting non-Qatari citizens to buy land in designated areas of Doha , including the West Bay Lagoon , the Qatar Pearl , and the new Lusail City . Prior to this , expatriates were prohibited from owning land in Qatar . Ownership by foreigners in Qatar entitles them to a renewable residency permit , which allows them to live and work in Qatar . <Th_colspan="4"> Registered live births in Doha by nationality Year Qatari Non-Qatari Total 2001 2,080 3,619 5,699 2002 1,875 3,657 5,532 2003 2,172 4,027 6,199 2,054 3,760 5,814 2005 1,767 3,899 5,666 2006 1,908 4,116 6,024 2007 1,913 4,708 6,621 2008 1,850 5,283 7,133 2009 2,141 5,979 8,120 1,671 5,919 7,590 2011 1,859 6,580 8,439 Each month , thousands immigrate to Qatar , and as a result , Doha has witnessed explosive growth rates in population . Doha 's population currently stands at around one million , with the population of the city more than doubling from 2000 to 2010 . Due to the high influx of expatriates , the Qatari housing market saw a shortage of supply which led to a rise in prices and increased inflation . The gap in the housing market between supply and demand has narrowed , however , and property prices have fallen in some areas following a period which saw rents triple in some areas . According to Qatar Chamber , expatriate workers have remitted $60 bn between 2006 and 2012 . 54 percent of the workers ' remittances of $60 bn were routed to Asian countries , followed by Arab nations that accounted for nearly half that volume ( 28 percent ) . India was the top destination of the remittances , followed by the Philippines , while the US , Egypt and the neighbouring UAE trailed . Religion ( edit ) The majority of residents in Doha are Muslim . Catholics account for over 90 % of the 150,000 Christian population in Doha . Following decrees by the Emir for the allocation of land to churches , the first Catholic church , Our Lady of the Rosary , was opened in Doha in March 2008 . The church structure is discreet and Christian symbols are not displayed on the outside of the building . Several other churches exist in Doha , including the ( 1 ) St. Isaac and St. George Greek Orthodox Church of Qatar the Syro - Malabar Church , Malankara Orthodox Church , Mar Thoma Church ( affiliated with the Anglicans , but not part of the Communion ) , CSI Church , Syro - Malankara Church and a Pentecostal church . A majority of mosques are either Muwahhid or Sunni - oriented . Administration ( edit ) Districts ( edit ) Main article : List of communities in Doha At the turn of the 20th century , Doha was divided into 9 main districts . In the 2010 census , there were more than 60 districts recorded in Doha Municipality . Some of the districts of Doha include : Doha 's Al Dafna area with the high - rises seen on the water front and the villa compounds and other residential areas seen in the background . Al Bidda ( البدع ) Al Dafna ( الدفنة ) Al Ghanim ( الغانم ) Al Markhiya ( المرخية ) Al Sadd ( السد ) Al Waab ( الوعب ) Bin Mahmoud ( فريج بن محمود ) Madinat Khalifa ( مدينة خليفة ) Musheireb ( مشيرب ) Najma ( نجمه ) Old Airport ( المطار القديم ) Qutaifiya ( القطيفية ) Ras Abu Aboud ( راس أبو عبود ) Rumeilah ( الرميلة ) Umm Ghuwailina ( ام غو يلينه ) West Bay ( الخليج الغربي ) Shortly after Qatar gained independence , many of the districts of old Doha including Al Najada , Al Asmakh and Old Al Hitmi faced gradual decline and as a result much of their historical architecture has been demolished . Instead , the government shifted their focus toward the Doha Bay area , which housed districts such as Al Dafna and West Bay . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of Qatar West Bay serves as the commercial district of Doha and houses offices of many local and global companies . Doha is the economic centre of Qatar . The city is the headquarters of numerous domestic and international organizations , including the country 's largest oil and gas companies , Qatar Petroleum , Qatargas and RasGas . Doha 's economy is built primarily on the revenue the country has made from its oil and natural gas industries . Beginning in the late 20th century , the government launched numerous initiatives to diversify the country 's economy in order to decrease its dependence on oil and gas resources . Doha International Airport was constructed in a bid to solidify the city 's diversification into the tourism industry . This was replaced by Hamad International Airport in 2014 . The new airport is almost twice the size of the former and features two of the longest runways in the world . As a result of Doha 's rapid population boom and increased housing demands , real estate prices have raised significantly . Real estate prices experienced a further spike after Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup . Al Asmakh , a Qatari real estate firm , released a report in 2014 which revealed substantial increases in real estate prices following a peak in 2008 . Prices increased 5 to 10 % in the first quarter of 2014 from the end of 2013 . A 2015 study conducted by Numbeo , a crowd - sourced database , named Doha as the 10th most expensive city to live in globally . This rate of growth has led to the development of planned communities in and around the city . Thirty - nine new hotels were under construction in 2011 . Doha was included in Fortune 's 15 best new cities for business in 2011 . Infrastructure ( edit ) See also : List of tallest buildings in Qatar Architecture ( edit ) Museum of Islamic Art park in the Doha Port area with the West Bay district in the background ( across the bay ) . Most traditional architecture in the Old Doha districts have been demolished to make space for new buildings . As a result , a number of schemes have been taken to preserve the city 's cultural and architectural heritage , such as the Qatar Museums Authority 's ' Al Turath al Hai ' ( ' living heritage ' ) initiative . Katara Cultural Village is a small village in Doha launched by sheikh Tamim Al Thani to preserve the cultural identity of the country . Skyline of the water front area as seen form the Doha Corniche . In 2011 , more than 50 towers were under construction in Doha , the largest of which was the Doha Convention Center Tower . Constructions were suspended in 2012 following concerns that the tower would impede flight traffic . In 2014 , Abdullah Al Attiyah , a senior government official , announced that Qatar would be spending $65 bn on new infrastructure projects in upcoming years in preparation for the 2022 World Cup as well as progressing towards its objectives set out in the Qatar National Vision 2030 . Atmosphere ( edit ) Due to excessive heat from the sun during the summer , some Doha - based building companies have implemented various forms of cooling technology to alleviate the extremely torrid climatic conditions . This can include creating optical phenomena such as shadows , as well as more expensive techniques like ventilation , coolants , refrigerants , cryogenics , and dehumidifiers . Discussions regarding temperature control have also been features of various scheduled events involving large crowds . There are other initiatives that attempt to counter the heat by altering working hours , weather alteration methods such as cloud seeding , and using whiter and brighter construction materials to increase the albedo effects . Nonetheless , despite these measures , Doha and other areas of Qatar could become uninhabitable for humans due to climate change by the 2070s . Al Waab City is a planned 3 district development in Doha designed to house over 8000 residents . Planned communities ( edit ) One of the largest projects underway in Qatar is Lusail City , a planned community north of Doha which is estimated to be completed by 2020 at a cost of approximately $45 bn . It is designed to accommodate 450,000 people . Al Waab City , another planned community under development , is estimated to cost QR 15 bn . In addition to housing 8,000 individuals , it will also have shopping malls , educational , and medical facilities . Transportation ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Doha Dukhan Highway connects the city of Dukhan on the West coast of the country with the country 's capital , Doha . Since 2004 , Doha has been undergoing a huge expansion to its transportation network , including the addition of new highways , the opening of a new airport in 2014 , and the currently ongoing construction of an 85 km metro system . This has all been as a result of Doha 's massive growth in a short period of time , which has resulted in congestion on its roads . The first phase of the metro system is expected to be operational by 2019 . In 2015 , the Public Works Authority declared their plan to construct a free - flowing road directly linking Al - Wakrah and Mesaieed to Doha in order to decrease traffic congestion in the city . It is set for completion by 2018 . Education ( edit ) See also : Education in Qatar , Education City , and List of schools in Qatar Texas A&M University at Qatar as seen in its Education City campus . Doha is the educational center of the country and contains the highest preponderance of schools and colleges . In 1952 , the first formal boys ' school was opened in Doha . This was proceeded by the opening of the first formal girls ' school three years later . The first university in the state , Qatar University , was opened in 1973 . It provided separate faculties for both men and women . Education City , a 14 km education complex launched by non-profit organization Qatar Foundation , began construction in 2000 . It houses eight universities , the country 's top high school , and offices for Al Jazeera 's children television channel . It is geographically located in Al Rayyan municipality 's Al Luqta district , but is a part of Metropolitan Doha . In 2009 , the government launched the World Innovation Summit for Education ( WISE ) , a global forum that brings together education stakeholders , opinion leaders and decision makers from all over the world to discuss educational issues . The first edition was held in Doha in November 2009 . Some of the universities in Doha include : Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar Georgetown University School of Foreign Service in Qatar Hamad Bin Khalifa University Cornell University Harvard University Yale University HEC Paris Northwestern University in Qatar Texas A&M University at Qatar UCL Qatar Virginia Commonwealth University Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar CHN University College of the North Atlantic Qatar University Qatar Faculty of Islamic Studies University of Calgary Sports ( edit ) Football ( edit ) Football is the most popular sport in Doha . There are six Doha - based sports clubs with football teams currently competing in the Qatar Stars League , the country 's top football league . They are Al Ahli , Al Arabi , Al Sadd , Al - Duhail and Qatar SC . Al Sadd , Al Arabi and Qatar SC are the three most successful teams in the league 's history . Numerous football tournaments have been hosted in Doha . The most prestigious tournaments include the 1988 and 2011 editions of the AFC Asian Cup and the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship . In December 2010 , Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup . Three of the nine newly announced stadiums will be constructed in Doha , including Sports City Stadium , Doha Port Stadium , and Qatar University Stadium . Additionally , the Khalifa International Stadium is set to undergo an expansion . Basketball ( edit ) Doha was the host of the official 2005 FIBA Asia Championship , where Qatar 's national basketball team finished 3rd , its best performance to date , and subsequently qualified for the Basketball World Cup . The majority of the teams that make up the official Qatari Basketball League are based in Doha . Volleyball ( edit ) Doha four times was the host of the official FIVB Volleyball Men 's Club World Championship and three times host FIVB Volleyball Women 's Club World Championship . Doha one time Host Asian Volleyball Championship . Other Sports ( edit ) In 2001 , Qatar became the first country in the Middle East to hold a women 's tennis tournament : Qatar holds both the Qatar Open for Women and the ladies ITF ( International Tennis Federation ) tournament . Since 2008 , the Sony Ericsson Championships ( equivalent to the ATP 's season - ending Championships ) has taken place in Doha , in the Khalifa International Tennis Complex , and features record prize money of $4.45 million , including a check of $1,485,000 for the winner , which represents the largest single guaranteed payout in women 's tennis . Powerboat races in Doha Bay . Doha hosted the 15th Asian Games , held in December 2006 , spending a total of $2.8 billion for its preparation . The city also hosted the 3rd West Asian Games in December 2005 . Doha was expected to host the 2011 Asian Indoor Games ; but the Qatar Olympic Committee cancelled the event . The city submitted a bid for the 2016 Olympics . On June 4 , 2008 , the city was eliminated from the shortlist for the 2016 Olympic Games . On August 26 , 2011 it was confirmed that Doha would bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Doha however failed to become a Candidate City for the 2020 Games . The MotoGP motorcycling grand prix of Doha is held annually at Losail International Circuit , located just outside the city boundaries . The city is also the location of the Grand Prix of Qatar for the F1 Powerboat World Championship , annually hosting a round in Doha Bay . Beginning in November 2009 , Doha has been host of The Oryx Cup World Championship , a hydroplane boat race in the H1 Unlimited season . The races take place in Doha Bay . In April 2012 Doha was awarded the 2014 FINA World Swimming Championships and the 2012 World Squash Championships . Stadiums and sport complexes ( edit ) An indoor stadium in the Aspire Zone sporting complex . Aspire Academy was launched in 2004 with the aim of creating world - class athletes . It is situated in the Doha Sports City Complex , which also accommodates the Khalifa International Stadium , the Hamad Aquatic Centre , the Aspire Tower and the Aspire Dome . The latter has hosted more than 50 sporting events since its inception , including some events during the 2006 Asian Games . Sporting venues in Doha and its suburbs include : Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium -- Al - Ahli Stadium Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium ( Al Sadd Stadium ) Al - Arabi Stadium -- Grand Hamad Stadium Hamad Aquatic Centre Khalifa International Stadium -- Main venue for the 2006 Asian Games . Khalifa International Tennis and Squash Complex Qatar Sports Club Stadium Culture ( edit ) See also : Culture of Qatar The five - storeyed Museum of Islamic Art designed by Pritzker Prize - winning architect I.M. Pei . Doha was chosen as the Arab Capital of Culture in 2010 . Cultural weeks organized by the Ministry of Culture , which featured both Arab and non-Arab cultures , were held in Doha from April to June to celebrate the city 's selection . Arts ( edit ) The Museum of Islamic Art in Doha , opened in 2008 , is regarded as one of the best museums in the region . This , and several other Qatari museums located in the city , like the Arab Museum of Modern Art , falls under the Qatar Museums Authority ( QMA ) which is led by Sheikha Al - Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al - Thani , the sister of the emir of Qatar . Al Jazeera Arabic Building Media ( edit ) Qatar 's first radio station , Mosque Radio , began broadcasting in the 1960s from Doha . The multinational media conglomerate Al Jazeera Media Network is based in Doha with its wide variety of channels of which Al Jazeera Arabic , Al Jazeera English , Al Jazeera Documentary Channel , Al Jazeera Mubasher , beIN Sports Arabia and other operations are based in the TV Roundabout in the city . Al - Kass Sports Channel 's headquarters is also located in Doha . Film ( edit ) The Doha Film Institute ( DFI ) is an organisation established in 2010 to oversee film initiatives and create a sustainable film industry in Qatar . DFI was founded by H.E. Sheikha Al Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al - Thani . The Doha Tribeca Film Festival ( DTFF ) , partnered with the American - based Tribeca Film Festival , was held annually in Doha from 2009 to 2012 . Twin towns and sister cities ( edit ) Tirana , Albania ( since 2012 ) Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina ( since 2018 ) Brasília , Brazil ( since 2014 ) Sofia , Bulgaria ( since 2012 ) Beijing , China ( since 2008 ) San Salvador , El Salvador ( since 2018 ) Banjul , Gambia ( since 2011 ) Tbilisi , Georgia ( since 2012 ) Astana , Kazakhstan ( since 2011 ) Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan ( since 2018 ) Port Louis , Mauritius ( since 2007 ) Mogadishu , Somalia ( since 2014 ) Tunis , Tunisia ( since 1994 ) Ankara , Turkey ( since 2016 ) Los Angeles , California , United States ( since 2016 ) Miami , Florida , United States ( since 2016 ) Libertador , Venezuela ( since 2015 ) Beit Sahour , West Bank ( since 2009 ) Gallery ( edit ) Click on the thumbnail to enlarge . The spring festival at Souq Waqif , Doha An old mosque minaret stands out in front of an under construction tower of the Musheireb downtown Doha development . Camels next to Al Koot Fort , one of Qatar 's historic sites . Amiri Diwan in Al Bidda houses the office of the Amir ( king ) of Qatar . These twin towers are among the earliest towers in Doha and serve as a great example of post-modern architecture . Msheireb Enrichment Centre moored off Doha Corniche is a learning center focused on the history and developments of the Musheirib district . Aspire Park , Al Waab is one of the city 's green spaces that forms a part of the Aspire zone . Doha skyline from the Museum of Islamic Art . Doha skyline at night . Doha Corniche is the 7km long water front that connects the new district of West Bay with the old district of Al - Bidda and Al - Souq on the other end . Aerial view of a part of the city . The Katara cultural village is designed to be a hub of human interaction connecting theatre , literature , music , visual art , conventions and exhibitions in an interestingly planned development on the water front . Built for as torch for the 2006 Asian games , the 300m high Aspire tower ( Torch hotel ) now houses a hotel with a 360 degree revolving restaurant at the top . The post office building in Qatar sits located on the main Corniche street . See also ( edit ) Doha Declaration Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization ( WTO ) talks Qatar National Day which is held in Doha every year on December 18 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Doha municipality accounts for 40 % of Qatar population '' . Gulf Times . 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Doha -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the 20th World Petroleum Congress '' . 20wpc.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Tejada , Ariel Paolo ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` Vigan declared ' Wonder City ' '' . Manila : The Philippine STAR . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` District map '' . 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Jump up ^ `` New land by the sea : Economically and socially , land reclamation pays '' ( PDF ) . International Association of Dredging Companies . p. 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DEME : Doha Airport Built on Reclaimed Land Becomes Fully Operational '' . Dredging Today . 3 June 2014 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ed Blinkhorn ( April 2015 ) . `` Geophysical GPR Survey '' ( PDF ) . The Origins of Doha Project . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ron Gluckman ( May 2008 ) . `` Artificial Islands : In Dubai , a world , and universe of new real estate '' . Gluckman . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Say Hello To Pearl Qatar -- The World 's Most Luxurious Artificial Island '' . Wonderful Engineering . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar islands '' . Online Qatar . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doha weather information '' . Wunderground.com. 2010 - 06 - 10 . 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Jump up ^ Guttenplan , D.D. ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` Battling to Preserve Arabic From English 's Onslaught '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WELCOME TO Qatar Statistics Authority WEBSITE : '' . Qsa.gov.qa . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Births and deaths in 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Qatar Information Exchange . Qatar Statistics Authority . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Births and deaths in 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Qatar Information Exchange . Qatar Statistics Authority . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News , UAE , GCC , Middle East , World News and Headlines - Emirates 24 / 7 '' . Business24-7.ae . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Expatriates Remit $60 bn in 7 years '' . Jump up ^ `` Religious demography of Qatar '' ( PDF ) . US Department of State . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Shabina Khatri ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Qatar opens first church , quietly '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Dawsey , Josh . `` Global 500 2011 : 15 best new cities for business - FORTUNE on CNNMoney '' . Money.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Winners of the Old Doha Prize Competition Announced '' . Marhaba. 26 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Katara . Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Tallest Buildings '' . Bloomberg. 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flight concerns stop 550m Doha tower development '' . Construction Week Online . 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doha rolling out the dough for Qatar infrastructure , set to launch new projects worth $65 billion '' . Al Bawaba. 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Air Conditioning : A Practical Introduction - Page 106 , David V. 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MotoGP . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power boats '' . Oryx in - flight magazine . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Oryx Cup Dates Announced '' . H1 Unlimited. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doha awarded 2014 World Short Course Swimming Championships '' . Insidethegames.biz. 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Doha picked to host 2012 World Squash Championships '' . Insidethegames.biz. 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Aspire Zone '' . Wikipedia . 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Aspire Dome , centre stage for Doha 2010 '' . IAAF Athletics . 3 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` Museum architecture '' . www.mia.org.qa . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Irina Bokova receives the Prize ' Doha 2010 Arab Capital of Culture ' '' . UNESCO . 17 December 2010 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 . 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'' . theguardian.com. 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bashkia e Tiranës nënshkruan marrëveshje binjakëzimi me Dohan '' . shqiptarj.com ( in Albanian ) . 12 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qatar and Bosnia vow to boost ties '' . The Peninsula. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` اتفاقية توأمة بين مدينتي الدوحة وبرازيليا '' ( in Arabic ) . Al Sharq. 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HE Prime Minister Presides Over Cabinet Regular Meeting '' . Press Arabia . 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sister cities '' . eBeijing . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` توقيع اتفاقية توأمة بين بلديتي الدوحة وسان سلفادور '' ( in Arabic ) . Ministry of Municipality and Environment. 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Momodou Faal ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` Gambia : Banjul Signs Twinnng Pact With Doha '' . The Daily Observer ( Banjul ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Framework '' . Embassy of Georgia to the State of Qatar . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` زيارة الأمير الأخيرة لكازاخستان أعطت زخماً للعلاقات الثنائية '' ( in Arabic ) . Al Raya. 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HH The Amir Issues Two Decrees '' . Government of the State of Qatar. 19 February 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Links '' . City Council of Port Louis . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mungaab seeks Doha 's help in reviving Mogadishu '' . Somali Agenda. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Cooperation '' . Municipality of Tunis . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doha , Ankara sign twinning agreement '' . Gulf Times . 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement by the United States and Qatar on the Conclusion of the Second Annual Economic and Investment Dialogue '' . U.S. Department of State . 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning Agreement between Miami and Doha '' . Istithmar USA . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HH the Emir , Venezuelan President Witness Signing of Agreements '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Qatar ) . 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twinning '' . Beit Sahour Municipality Palestine . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Katara '' . www.katara.net . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doha . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Doha . Doha travel guide from Wikivoyage Projects in Doha and Major Construction and Architectural Developments Information and History of Doha <Th_colspan="2"> Capitals of Asia <Td_colspan="2"> Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> North and Central Asia <Td_colspan="1"> South Asia <Td_colspan="1"> Southeast Asia <Td_colspan="2"> West and Southwest Asia Ashgabat , Turkmenistan Astana , Kazakhstan * Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan Dushanbe , Tajikistan Moscow , Russia * Tashkent , Uzbekistan East Asia Beijing , China Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China ) Macau , Macau ( China ) Pyongyang , North Korea Seoul , Korea Taipei , Taiwan Tokyo , Japan Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia Kabul , Afghanistan Dhaka , Bangladesh Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK ) Islamabad , Pakistan Kathmandu , Nepal Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka Malé , Maldives New Delhi , India Thimphu , Bhutan Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei Bangkok , Thailand Dili , East Timor Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia ) Hanoi , Vietnam Jakarta , Indonesia * Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Naypyidaw , Myanmar Phnom Penh , Cambodia Singapore Vientiane , Laos West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia ) Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Ankara , Turkey * Baghdad , Iraq Baku , Azerbaijan * Beirut , Lebanon Cairo , Egypt * Doha , Qatar Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine † Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Nicosia , Cyprus * North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus * Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen Stepanakert , Artsakh * Sukhumi , Abkhazia * Tbilisi , Georgia * Tehran , Iran Tskhinvali , South Ossetia * Yerevan , Armenia * <Td_colspan="2"> * Transcontinental country . † Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem . <Th_colspan="2"> Capitals of Arab countries <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Africa <Td_colspan="1"> Asia Algiers , Algeria Cairo , Egypt Djibouti , Djibouti El Aaiun ( proclaimed ) Tifariti ( de facto ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Khartoum , Sudan Mogadishu , Somalia Moroni , Comoros Nouakchott , Mauritania Rabat , Morocco Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Amman , Jordan Baghdad , Iraq Beirut , Lebanon Damascus , Syria Doha , Qatar Jerusalem ( proclaimed ) Ramallah ( de facto ) , Palestine Kuwait City , Kuwait Manama , Bahrain Muscat , Oman Riyadh , Saudi Arabia Sana'a , Yemen <Td_colspan="2"> An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation <Th_colspan="2"> Arab Capital of Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Cairo 1996 ( Egypt ) Tunis 1997 ( Tunisia ) Sharjah 1998 ( United Arab Emirates ) Beirut 1999 ( Lebanon ) Riyadh 2000 ( Saudi Arabia ) Kuwait City 2001 ( Kuwait ) Amman 2002 ( Jordan ) Rabat 2003 ( Morocco ) San'a 2004 ( Yemen ) Khartoum 2005 ( Sudan ) Muscat 2006 ( Oman ) Algiers 2007 ( Algeria ) Damascus 2008 ( Syria ) Jerusalem 2009 ( State of Palestine ) Doha 2010 ( Qatar ) Sirte 2011 ( Libya ) Manama 2012 ( Bahrain ) Baghdad 2013 ( Iraq ) Tripoli 2014 ( Libya ) Constantine 2015 ( Algeria ) Sfax 2016 ( Tunisia ) <Th_colspan="3"> Municipalities of Qatar <Td_colspan="2"> Al Daayen Ad Dawhah Al Khor Al Wakrah Al Rayyan ( 2015 without Al - Shahaniya ) Al - Shahaniya ( new in 2015 ) Al Shamal Umm Salal <Th_colspan="3"> Host cities of Asian Games Summer 1951 : Delhi 1954 : Manila 1958 : Tokyo 1962 : Jakarta 1966 : Bangkok 1970 : Bangkok 1974 : Tehran 1978 : Bangkok 1982 : Delhi 1986 : Seoul 1990 : Beijing 1994 : Hiroshima 1998 : Bangkok 2002 : Busan 2006 : Doha 2010 : Guangzhou 2014 : Incheon 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang 2022 : Hangzhou Winter 1986 : Sapporo 1990 : Sapporo 1996 : Harbin 1999 : Kangwon 2003 : Aomori 2007 : Changchun 2011 : Astana - Almaty 2017 : Sapporo BNF : cb15084063c ( data ) GND : 4219005 - 8 LCCN : n81076793 SELIBR : 143052 VIAF : 136649381 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doha&oldid=846558664 '' Categories : Doha Capitals in Asia Municipalities of Qatar Populated coastal places in Qatar Populated places established in 1825 Populated places in Qatar Burial sites of the House of Thani 1825 establishments in Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 Albanian - language sources ( sq ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Articles with short description Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans አማርኛ Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча لۊری شومالی Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 129 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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1. Doha - capital and most populous city of Qatar 2. History of Doha - establishment, growth, and development 3. Economy of Doha - emerging financial center in the Middle East 4. Infrastructure in Doha - architecture, planned communities, transportation 5. Culture in Doha - arts, media, sports, and international events

how many teams go to the mlb postseason

Major league Baseball wild card - wikipedia Major league Baseball wild card Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the wild card teams are the two teams in each of the two leagues ( American and National ) that have qualified for the postseason despite failing to win their division . Both teams in each league possess the two best winning percentages in their respective league after the three division winners . The wild card was first instituted in MLB in 1994 , with one wild - card team per league advancing to the Division Series in the postseason to face a division winner . In 2012 , the system was modified to add a second wild - card team per league and pit each league 's wild - card teams against each other in a play - in game -- the MLB wild - card game -- the winner of which would then advance to the Division Series and play the team with the best record . This system ensures that the team with the second - best record in each league , after the three division winners and the team with the first - best record in the league that is a non-division winner , will also get a postseason berth , even if it is n't a division champion . Contents 1 One wild card per league ( 1994 -- 2011 ) 2 Historic anomalies 3 Two wild cards per league ( 2012 -- present ) 4 Wild - card winners by year and by most wild - card titles 5 Combined postseason series record as wild - card winners 6 Notable wild - card team achievements 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 External links One wild card per league ( 1994 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) From 1969 through 1993 , division leaders in each league advanced to the League Championship Series , with the winners of each LCS meeting in the World Series . However , an expanding number of teams over the years made making the playoffs increasingly difficult . The new system was instituted in 1994 ( but first used in 1995 because a players strike canceled the 1994 playoffs ) when Major League Baseball expanded from two to three divisions per league . In the new three - division leagues , each league had four teams in the playoffs . In addition to the three division winners , a wild - card team made the playoffs as the fourth seed . This was the team with the most wins amongst non-division winners . The wild - card matchup was played in the first round between the League leader in wins and the wild - card team , unless both teams were in the same division , which resulted in the wild card facing the second - best division winner in the league . Historic anomalies ( edit ) A `` wild card '' rule was used in the 1981 season after a players ' strike wiped out the `` middle third '' of the season . The owners decided that the winners ( in each division ) of either `` half '' of the abbreviated season would make playoffs , with the caveat that if the same team won both halves then the team from the division with the second - best record from the second half would enter the playoffs as a wild card . However , the wild - card rule was not actually used since all four divisions had different first half and second - half winners . As a result of the hastily contrived format , the Cincinnati Reds finished the regular season with the best record in all of baseball ( 66 - 42 . 611 ) but failed to qualify for the playoffs because they finished 0.5 game behind the Dodgers in the first half and 1.5 games behind the Astros in the second half . The Astros finished 8 games back in the first half and the Dodgers 6 back in the second . Two wild cards per league ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : Major League Baseball Wild Card Game On November 17 , 2011 , MLB announced that it would be adding two wild - card teams to the postseason . The two wild - card teams in each league face each other in a one - game playoff . The winner of this game advances to meet the top seed in the Division Series . The revised playoff system began with the 2012 season . Wild - card winners by year and by most wild - card titles ( edit ) For each league 's list of wild - card winners by year and teams with most wild - card titles , see : List of American League Wild Card winners List of National League Wild Card winners Combined postseason Series record as wild - card winners ( edit ) Wild - card team Series record * World Series wins Playoff losses Arizona Diamondbacks 1 -- 1 2017 NLDS Atlanta Braves 0 -- 2 2010 NLDS , 2012 NLWC Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 3 1996 ALCS , 2012 ALDS , 2016 ALWC Boston Red Sox 6 -- 6 2004 World Series 1998 ALDS , 1999 ALCS , 2003 ALCS , 2005 ALDS , 2008 ALCS , 2009 ALDS Chicago Cubs 2 -- 2 1998 NLDS , 2015 NLCS Cincinnati Reds 0 -- 1 2013 NLWC Cleveland Indians 0 -- 1 2013 ALWC Colorado Rockies 2 -- 4 1995 NLDS , 2007 World Series , 2009 NLDS , 2017 NLWC Detroit Tigers 2 -- 1 2006 World Series Houston Astros 4 -- 3 2004 NLCS , 2005 World Series , 2015 ALDS Kansas City Royals 3 -- 1 2014 World Series Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 3 -- 0 2002 World Series Los Angeles Dodgers 0 -- 2 1996 NLDS , 2006 NLDS Miami Marlins 6 -- 0 1997 World Series , 2003 World Series Milwaukee Brewers 0 -- 1 2008 NLDS Minnesota Twins 0 -- 1 2017 ALWC New York Mets 3 -- 3 1999 NLCS , 2000 World Series , 2016 NLWC New York Yankees 3 -- 6 1995 ALDS , 1997 ALDS , 2007 ALDS , 2010 ALCS , 2015 ALWC , 2017 ALCS Oakland Athletics 0 -- 2 2001 ALDS , 2014 ALWC Pittsburgh Pirates 1 -- 3 2013 NLDS , 2014 NLWC , 2015 NLWC San Francisco Giants 6 -- 2 2014 World Series 2002 World Series , 2016 NLDS Seattle Mariners 1 -- 1 2000 ALCS St. Louis Cardinals 5 -- 2 2011 World Series 2001 NLDS , 2012 NLCS Tampa Bay Rays 1 -- 2 2011 ALDS , 2013 ALDS Texas Rangers 0 -- 1 2012 ALWC Toronto Blue Jays 2 -- 1 2016 ALCS ( * ) -- Counts one - game wild - card playoff in the statistics . Notable wild - card team achievements ( edit ) The following wild - card teams have won the World Series : the Florida Marlins , in 1997 and 2003 ; the Anaheim Angels , in 2002 ; the Boston Red Sox , in 2004 ; the St. Louis Cardinals , in 2011 ; and the San Francisco Giants , in 2014 . Thus , three consecutive titles , from 2002 to 2004 , were won by a wild card . A wild - card team appeared in the World Series each year from 2002 to 2007 . So far , the 2002 World Series and the 2014 World Series have been the only times when both teams were wild cards . The Baltimore Orioles , in 1996 , were the first wild - card team to win a Division Series . The Marlins , in 1997 , were the first wild - card team to reach the World Series and the first to win the World Series . By winning again in 2003 , they became the first team to win the World Series twice as a wild card . The Marlins are also the only team to win the World Series without ever winning a division title . The Red Sox have been a wild card seven times , while the New York Yankees ' total is five . The Cardinals , the Houston Astros , the Colorado Rockies , and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been a wild card three times each . The Houston Astros were the first team to have won a wild card in different leagues . NL ( 2004 - 2005 ) and AL ( 2015 ) The following teams have qualified as a wild card in consecutive years : the Red Sox ( 1998 - 1999 , 2003 - 2005 , 2008 - 2009 ) , the Astros ( 2004 - 2005 ) , the New York Mets ( 1999 - 2000 ) , the Cardinals ( 2011 - 2012 ) , and the Pirates ( 2013 - 2015 ) . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Wild card ( sports ) # Major League Baseball Wild card ( sports ) # Record disparities Major League Baseball division winners ( and wild - card winners ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lacques , Gabe ( 2010 - 11 - 17 ) . `` MLB adds 2 wild cards , moves Astros to AL '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . External links ( edit ) MLB.com ESPN.com <Th_colspan="2"> Major League Baseball Wild Card Game American League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> AL Wild Card winners NL Wild Card winners Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_wild_card&oldid=842148759 '' Categories : Major League Baseball playoffs and champions 1995 introductions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2018 , at 15 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Major League Baseball postseason 2. Wild card teams 3. Division winners 4. Play-in game 5. World Series champions

what is counter trade and its various forms

Countertrade - wikipedia Countertrade Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Countertrade means exchanging goods or services which are paid for , in whole or part , with other goods or services , rather than with money . A monetary valuation can however be used in countertrade for accounting purposes . In dealings between sovereign states , the term bilateral trade is used . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of countertrade 2 Necessity 3 Role of countertrade in the world market 4 References 5 Further Information Types of countertrade ( edit ) There are six main variants of countertrade : Barter : Exchange of goods or services directly for other goods or services without the use of money as means of purchase or payment . Barter is the direct exchange of goods between two parties in a transaction . The principal exports are paid for with goods or services supplied from the importing market . A single contract covers both flows , in its simplest form involves no cash . In practice , supply of the principal exports is often held up until sufficient revenues have been earned from the sale of bartered goods . One of the largest barter deals to date involved Occidental Petroleum Corporation 's agreement to ship sulphuric acid to the former Soviet Union for ammonia urea and potash under a 2 year deal which was worth 18 billion euros . Furthermore , during negotiation stage of a barter deal , the seller must know the market price for items offered in trade . Bartered goods can range from hams to iron pellets , mineral water , furniture or olive - oil all somewhat more difficult to price and market when potential customers must be sought . Switch trading : Practice in which one company sells to another its obligation to make a purchase in a given country . Counter purchase : Sale of goods and services to one company in other country by a company that promises to make a future purchase of a specific product from the same company in that country . Buyback : occurs when a firm builds a plant in a country - or supplies technology , equipment , training , or other services to the country and agrees to take a certain percentage of the plant 's output as partial payment for the contract . Offset : Agreement that a company will offset a hard - currency purchase of an unspecified product from that nation in the future . Agreement by one nation to buy a product from another , subject to the purchase of some or all of the components and raw materials from the buyer of the finished product , or the assembly of such product in the buyer nation . Compensation trade : Compensation trade is a form of barter in which one of the flows is partly in goods and partly in hard currency . Necessity ( edit ) Countertrade also occurs when countries lack sufficient hards currency , or when other types of market trade are impossible . In 2000 , India and Iraq agreed on an `` oil for wheat and rice '' barter deal , subject to United Nations approval under Article 50 of the UN Persian Gulf War sanctions , that would facilitate 300,000 barrels of oil delivered daily to India at a price of $6.85 a barrel while Iraq oil sales into Asia were valued at about $22 a barrel . In 2001 , India agreed to swap 1.5 million tonnes of Iraqi crude under the oil - for - food program . The Security Council noted : `` ... although locally produced food items have become increasingly available throughout the country , most Iraqis do not have the necessary purchasing power to buy them . Unfortunately , the monthly food rations represent the largest proportion of their household income . They are obliged to either barter or sell items from the food basket in order to meet their other essential needs . This is one of the factors which partly explains why the nutritional situation has not improved in line with the enhanced food basket . Moreover , the absence of normal economic activity has given rise to the spread of deep - seated poverty . '' Role of countertrade in the world market ( edit ) Countertrade transactions have been basically conducted among the former Soviet Union and its allies in the Eastern Europe and other parts of the world . The reason that these countries have allocated a big portion of their commerce to the countertrade attributed to insufficient hard currency . A significant proportion of international commerce , possibly as much as 25 % , involves the barter of products for other products rather than for hard currency . Countertrade may range from a simple barter between two countries to a complex web of exchanges meeting the needs of all countries involved . Noted US economist Paul Samuelson was skeptical about the viability of countertrade as a marketing tool , claiming that `` Unless a hungry tailor happens to find an undraped farmer , who has both food and a desire for a pair of pants , neither can make a trade '' . ( This is called `` double coincidence of wants '' . ) But this is arguably too simplistic an interpretation of how markets operate in the real world . In any real economy , bartering occurs all the time , even if it is not the main means to acquire goods and services . The volume of countertrade is growing . In 1972 , it was estimated that countertrade was used by business and governments in 15 countries ; in 1979 , 27 countries ; by the start of the 1990s , around 100 countries ( Verzariu , 1992 ) . A large part of countertrade has involved sales of military equipment ( weaponry , vehicles and installations ) . More than 80 countries nowadays regularly use or require countertrade exchanges . Officials of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) organization claimed that countertrade accounts for around 5 % of the world trade . The British Department of Trade and Industry has suggested 15 % , while some scholars believe it to be closer to 30 % , with east - west trade having been as high as 50 % in some trading sectors of Eastern European and Third World Countries for some years . A consensus of expert opinions ( Okaroafo , 1989 ) has put the percentage of the value of world trade volumes linked to countertrade transactions at between 20 % to 25 % . According to an official US statement , `` The U.S. Government generally views countertrade , including barter , as contrary to an open , free trading system and , in the long run , not in the interest of the U.S. business community . However , as a matter of policy the U.S. Government will not oppose U.S. companies ' participation in countertrade arrangements unless such action could have a negative impact on national security '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , M. , and McGowen , J. , ( 2013 ) `` BUSN 5 , '' South - Western Cengage Learning , Mason , OH . ISBN 1111826730 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Budget ; `` Impact of Offsets in Defense - related Exports '' , December 1985 Further information ( edit ) Verzariu , P. , ( 1992 ) , `` Trends and Developments in International Countertrade , '' Business America , ( November 2 ) , 2 - 6 . Okaroafo , S. , ( 1989 ) `` Determinants of LDC Mandated Countertrade , '' International Management Review , ( Winter ) , 1624 Kelly , M. , and McGowen , J. , ( 2013 ) `` BUSN 5 , '' South - Western Cengage Learning , Mason , OH . ISBN 1111826730 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Countertrade&oldid=837825546 '' Categories : Trade Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Հայերեն Polski Русский Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 08 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Countertrade definition and types 2. Barter as a form of countertrade 3. Other forms of countertrade: switch trading, counter purchase, buyback, offset, compensation trade 4. Necessity of countertrade in situations of limited currency or market trade 5. Role of countertrade in the world market: its growth, prevalence in military equipment sales, and varying estimates of its percentage in global trade

where was the battle at lexington and concord

Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord Jump to : navigation , search `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Battles of Lexington and Concord <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Revolutionary War <Td_colspan="2"> Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington <Td_colspan="2"> Date April 19 , 1775 ; 242 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W  /  42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W  / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833  ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W  /  42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W  / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778  ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy <Th_colspan="2"> Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 <Td_colspan="2"> Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their ranking officer . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland known as Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 18 , Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott . Upon hearing Prescott 's news , the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation , although not proven , that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . '' According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted . ( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . '' Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march Concord to Lexington A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . '' Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . '' George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue. The Civil War Trust , its members and partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker 's Revenge through the organization 's `` Campaign 1776 '' project to acquire and preserve battleground land of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812 . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration . See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp. 400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp. 156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp. 320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? ' '' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 - 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp. 231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Civil War Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed Jan. 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) . A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn . Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 . Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 . Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) . Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern - Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 - 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=832883084 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 14 : 14 . 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what is the most popular sport in ancient greece

Sport in Greece - wikipedia Sport in Greece Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the Culture of Greece History People Languages Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature ( show ) Ancient ( to 4th century AD ) Byzantine ( 4th -- 15th century ) Modern ( post 11th century ) Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Greece portal Greece has risen to prominence in a number of sporting areas in recent decades . Football in particular has seen a rapid transformation , with the Greek national football team winning the 2004 UEFA European Football Championship . Many Greek athletes have also achieved significant success and have won world and olympic titles in numerous sports during the years , such as basketball , wrestling , water polo , athletics , weightlifting , with many of them becoming international stars inside their sports . The successful organisation of the Athens 2004 Olympic and Paralympic Games led also to the further development of many sports and has led to the creation of many world class sport venues all over Greece and especially in Athens . Greek athletes have won a total 146 medals for Greece in 15 different Olympic sports at the Summer Olympic Games , including the Intercalated Games , an achievement which makes Greece one of the top nations globally , in the world 's rankings of medals per capital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games 1.1 Paralympic Games 2 Athletics 3 Baseball 4 Basketball 5 Cricket 6 Football 7 Fencing 8 Field Hockey 9 Futsal 10 Handball 11 Ice Hockey 12 Kickboxing 13 Modern Pentathlon 14 Motorsport 15 Rugby 16 Shooting 17 Sailing & Rowing 18 Swimming & Diving 19 Tennis 20 Triathlon 21 Volleyball 22 Water polo 23 Weightlifting 24 Wrestling 25 Notable multi-sport clubs 26 Notable sportsmen of Greek origin 27 See also 28 References 29 External links Olympic Games ( edit ) Main article : Greece at the Olympics Spyridon Louis entering the Kallimarmaron Stadium at the end of the marathon of 1896 Summer Olympics . Galatsi Olympic Hall during the 2004 Summer Olympics . Greece was home of the ancient Olympic Games , first recorded in 776 BC in Olympia , and hosted the modern Olympic Games twice , the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics ; the country also hosted the 1906 Intercalated Games , at the time regarded as Olympic Games but not officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee today . The nation has competed at every Summer Olympic Games , one of the only four countries to have done so , and most of the Winter Olympic Games . During the parade of nations Greece is always called first , as the founding nation of the ancient precursor of modern Olympics , and its national governing body is the Hellenic Olympic Committee . Having won a total of 110 medals ( 30 gold , 42 silver and 38 bronze ) , Greece is ranked 32nd by gold medals in the all - time Summer Olympic medal count . Their best ever performance was in the 1896 Summer Olympics , when Greece finished second in the medal table with 10 gold medals , one less than the United States , the most silver ( 17 ) and bronze ( 19 ) medals , as well as the most medals overall ( 46 ) . After a long period of poor tallies , the 1992 Summer Olympics marked an uptum and Greece made successive medal - winning records ( excluding the 1896 record ) in the three following Olympic Games . Greek athletes have won medals in 15 different sports , but the sports in which the Greek team has won most medals are primarily athletics and weightlifting , as well as other sports like wrestling , gymnastics and shooting . In the 1906 Games , Greece finished third with 8 gold , 14 silver and 13 bronze medals , and second in total behind France with 35 medals ; these medals are not officially included in the Olympic medal count though . Winter sports have not played a major role in Greece , thus the country has not won any medal in the Winter Olympics so far . Despite that , Greece leads the Parade of Nations also in the Winter Olympics . Paralympic Games ( edit ) Paralympic Sports have grown significantly in Greece since the late 1970s . The first participation of athletes with a disability at Paralympic Games was in 1976 . The organisation of the Paralympic Games in Athens led to significant growth . The Hellenic Team participated in 17 of the 19 sports and won 20 medals ( 3 Gold , 13 Silver and 4 Bronze ) . At the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games the Greek Team made its most successful appearance ever with 24 medals ( 5 Gold , 9 Silver and 10 Bronze ) . Greece has won in total 80 medals at the Paralympic Games , participating only lately . Athletics ( edit ) Konstantinos Tsiklitiras during the standing long jump competition at the 1912 Summer Olympics . Athletics has been another very successful individual sport in Greece . Greek athletes have won 29 medals in total , at the Olympic games for Greece and 19 medals in the IAAF World Championships in Athletics , while some Greek athletes have reached world stardom with their achievements such as : Fani Chalkia who won the gold medal in the women 's 400m hurdles at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . During the semifinals Halkia set an Olympic record of 52.77 seconds . Niki Bakoyianni won a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics after a tough competition with Stefka Kostadinova. Her personal best jump of 2.03 metres is the current Greek record . Periklis Iakovakis who won the gold medal at the World Junior Championships in Annecy , France with 49.82 seconds , and five years later he won the bronze medal at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris - Saint - Denis , France . Iakovakis achieved his personal best of 47.82 seconds on 6 May 2006 in Osaka during the IAAF World Athletics Tour . He became European Champion in Gothenborg , Sweden finishing at 48.46 seconds in the final . Anastasia Kelesidou is a retired Greek discus thrower best known for winning silver medals at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics . During her career she set seven Greek records in discus throw , the best being 67.70 metres . Konstantinos Kenteris won gold medals in the 200 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics , the 2001 World Championships in Athletics and the 2002 European Championships in Athletics . Kenteris became the first White male to win a 200 - meter sprinting medal at the Olympics since Pietro Mennea achieved the feat by winning gold at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He is one of the very few elite runners who have run the 200m distance under 20 seconds , with a personal best 19.85 sec . Haralabos Papadias won the gold medal in 60 metres at the 1997 World Indoor Championships , in a time of 6.50 seconds ( NR ) , the first and only white man to do so until today . Voula Patoulidou became a Greek sporting legend in 1992 , when she was the surprise winner of the Women 's 100 m hurdles race at the Olympic Games in Barcelona . Ekaterini Thanou won the silver medal in the women 's 100 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney . Although Marion Jones admitted to steroid use prior to and during the Sydney Olympics and had her gold medal withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee , Thanou 's silver medal was not upgraded to gold because she committed a doping offense herself in 2004 . In 2002 she won the 100 m gold medal at the European Championships in Munich . Louis Tsatoumas is a Greek long jumper who on 2 June 2007 in Kalamata jumped 8.66 metres , achieving a personal best . The performance was the best in the world since Iván Pedroso leaped 8.70 m to win the gold medal at the 1995 World Championships . Tsatoumas ranks as the eighth best long jumper in history and holds the European record in the event at low altitude . Anna Verouli is a retired Greek javelin thrower who won the gold medal at the 1982 European Championships in Athletics , and a bronze medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics . Hrysopiyi Devetzi won the triple jump silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics with 15.25 and the triple jump bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics with 15.23 m . At the 2004 Summer Olympics semifinal she set a Greek record of 15.32 metres . This performance ranks her in the fourth place of all time triple jumpers , after the world record holder , Inessa Kravets , her greatest rival Tatyana Lebedeva and Françoise Mbango Etone . Konstadinos Gatsioudis is a Greek javelin thrower , set a world junior record in 1990 , and eight national records during his career . His personal best throw is 91.69 metres , achieved in June 2000 . Other notable Greek athletes include Sofia Sakorafa who broke the world record on 16 September 1982 with a throw of 74.20 metres . Lambros Papakostas a retired Greek high jumper who won two silver medals at the World Indoor Championships in 1995 and 1997 , with a personal best , achieved in Athens in 1992 , 2.36 metres . Konstadinos Filippidis , Konstadinos Koukodimos , Christos Papanikolaou ( who jumped 5.49 metres in Athens to capture the world record in 1970 ) , Paraskevi Tsiamita , Niki Xanthou and Mirela Manjani . Also legends of the past include the legendary Spyridon Louis and Konstantinos Tsiklitiras . Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Baseball in Greece The Hellenic Baseball Federation was founded in 1997 in order to prepare a Greek national team for 2004 Athens Olympics . In 2000 , the Greek Baseball championship started . Marousi 2004 and Spartakos Glyfadas have won the most titles . In 2014 , the Greek government decided the abolition of Hellenic Baseball Federation due to low number of active clubs in this sport . Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball in Greece Faidon Matthaiou , considered to be the Patriarch of the basketball in Greece Nikos Galis with Aris B.C. Greece has a long tradition and history of success in basketball . Greece was one of the eight founding members of FIBA in 1932 and the national governing body is the Hellenic Basketball Federation , member of FIBA Europe . The Greek national basketball team is considered among the world 's top basketball powers ; ranked 4th in the world . They were the silver medalists of the 2006 FIBA World Championship after beating 101 -- 95 the United States of LeBron James , Dwyane Wade , Chris Bosh , Chris Paul , Dwight Howard and Carmelo Anthony in the tournament 's semifinal . They have been crowned European Champions twice , in 1987 and 2005 , and they have also won three more medals at European level , one silver in 1989 and two bronze medals in 1949 and 2009 Eurobasket . At the Olympic Games they have been placed 5th in three occasions . The 1987 gold medal was the first win for a Greek national team in a major tournament in any team sport , thus basketball became extremely popular in Greece after that achievement . The youth national teams of Greece have also enjoyed great success , having been crowned World and European Champions and having won a hatful of medals in all the major World and European tournaments . The Greek Basket League is the top professional basketball league in Greece and one of the strongest in Europe , while several Greek clubs have won major European titles . In fact , Greek basketball teams are the most successful in European basketball the last 25 years , having won as many as 9 Euroleagues since the establishment of the modern era Euroleague Final Four format in 1988 , while no other nation has won more than 5 Euroleague championships in this period . AEK Athens was the first - ever Greek team , not only to reach a European Cup Final , but also to win a European title . On April 4 , 1968 , AEK defeated Slavia Prague by a score of 89 - 82 , in Athens before 80,000 spectators . Panathinaikos , six times European Champions and Olympiacos , three times European Champions and four times Euroleague Runners - up , are two of the most successful European clubs and among the top basketball powers in Europe . Besides the 9 Euroleagues , Greek basketball teams ( Panathinaikos , Olympiacos , Aris Thessaloniki , AEK Athens , P.A.O.K , Maroussi ) have won 3 Triple Crowns , 5 Saporta Cups , 2 Korać Cups and 1 FIBA Europe Champions Cup , while all of them - except for Maroussi - have made it to the Euroleague Final Four . In women 's basketball , Athinaikos have won the EuroCup . A number of Greek players have gained notability for their achievements such as Nikos Galis , widely regarded as one of the all - time greatest players in international basketball history , Panagiotis Giannakis , Panagiotis Fasoulas , Fanis Christodoulou , Theodoros Papaloukas , Vassilis Spanoulis and Dimitris Diamantidis . The Greek players that have played in the NBA are Efthimios Rentzias , Vassilis Spanoulis , Antonis Fotsis , Andreas Glyniadakis , Jake Tsakalidis , Kostas Papanikolaou , Giannis Antetokounmpo and Greek Americans Lou Tsioropoulos , Kurt Rambis , Nick Calathes and Kostas Koufos . Anastasia Kostaki and Evanthia Maltsi are female Greek professional basketball players that have played in the WNBA . Cricket ( edit ) Main article : Cricket in Greece The cricket is little popular in the most of Greece , but is pretty popular in Corfu . British imported the sport in Corfu during the British rule in Ionian Islands . Almost all the activations of this sport take place in Corfu . The Hellenic Cricket Federation and the most clubs of the championship are located in the island . In Corfu also two European Cricket Championships have held , so far . Football ( edit ) Main article : Football in Greece Angelos Charisteas scoring Greece 's winning goal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final . Association football is the most popular team sport in Greece . Its national governing body is the Hellenic Football Federation founded in 1926 , which is member of FIFA and UEFA . The Greek national football team rose to prominence in the UEFA Euro 2004 , when they were crowned European champions in one of the biggest shocks in international football history . Ranked 13th in the world as of 2009 , they have qualified three times for the FIFA World Cup in 1994 , 2010 and 2014 , reaching the Round of 16 in 2014 , four times for the UEFA European Championship in 1980 , 2004 , 2008 and 2012 , and one time for the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2005 . Greece has great tradition in youth teams , which have been successful ; the Under - 21 team were runners - up in the UEFA European Under - 21 Championship in 1988 and 1998 , the Under - 19 team were runners - up in the UEFA European Under - 19 Championship in 2007 , while the Under - 17 team were runners - up in the UEFA European Under - 17 Championship in 1985 , took the third place in 1991 and the fourth place in 1996 and 2000 . The official national championship was held for a first time in the season 1927 -- 28 . Super League Greece is now the highest professional league in the Greek football league system . It is currently ranked 12th in the UEFA coefficient , while it was placed among the top ten strongest leagues in Europe from 1996 to 2006 , with its peak being the 6th place in 2002 and 2003 . The Greek Football Cup has been the main domestic cup competition , inaugurated in season 1931 -- 32 . Both competitions have been dominated by Olympiacos , which is the most successful football club in Greece , followed by the other two big Greek football clubs Panathinaikos and AEK Athens . The Greek football clubs have not won any major UEFA competition yet ; the only club that have reached a final so far is Panathinaikos , who were European Cup runners - up in 1970 -- 71 , while they have also reached the semifinals on two occasions . Olympiacos and AEK Athens have made it to the quarterfinals in the top European clubs ' competition , while these three clubs have reached the quarterfinals in the other major UEFA competitions as well , with AEK Athens ' best performance being a semifinal appearance in the UEFA Cup . Fencing ( edit ) Leonidas Pyrgos Fencing used to be popular in Greece in the late 19th century and early 20th century . Greek fencers won Olympic medals in the first Olympic Games in Athens . These include Leonidas Pyrgos , Ioannis Georgiadis gold , Tilemachos Karakalos silver and Periklis Pierrakos - Mavromichalis bronze . Field hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey in Greece Ancient hockey players There is a depiction of a hockey - like game from 200 BC in Ancient Greece when the game may have been called `` Κερητίζειν '' ( `` kerētízein '' ) because it was played with a horn ( `` κέρας '' in Greek ) and a ball - like object . Despite the possible ancient origin of the sport , the field hockey is not so popular in modern Greece yet . It was introduced in the country by Panathinaikos A.O. in the early 20th century , but a national championship was organized much later , in 1994 . Futsal ( edit ) Futsal in Greece was active less than three decades . The first fields of this sport appeared in the early of 1990s and initially they served the amusement and the recreation of adults . Soon , the sport becomes more organised and the first official championship held at the late of 1990s , concretely in the season 1997 -- 98 . The official Championship , Cup and the national teams are regulated by Hellenic Football Federation . Just after , in 1999 the Panhellenic Association of Futsal Clubs ( Πανελλήνια Ενωση Ποδοσφαιρικών Σωματείων Σάλας ) was established . Now , the championship held with the participation of ten teams . Handball ( edit ) Handball is a less popular team sport in Greece . The Greece national handball team finished 6th out of 24 teams in the 2005 World Men 's Handball Championship , in their first ( and so far only ) time competing . In the 2004 Summer Olympics , Greece finished 6th . Greece finished 4th out of 6 teams in Group B , with wins over Brazil national handball team and Egypt national handball team , before losing in the quarterfinals to eventual gold medalists Croatia national handball team , and then beating South Korea national handball team , before losing to France national handball team . Ice hockey ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey in Greece Ice hockey was imported in Greece in 1984 , from Greeks abroad . The Greek Federation of Ice Sports was founded two years later in 1986 and the first championship was held in 1989 . The sport has had trouble due to the insufficiency of ice rinks in Greece . Kickboxing ( edit ) Kickboxing in Greece has produced multiple all - time great fighters . It is not one of the most popular sports in Greece , but it has its followers . Greece 's ' Iron ' Mike Zambidis is the current world 's welterweight Kickboxing champion with the King Of The Ring belt and he is a 15 - time world kickboxing champion . Pound for pound , he is considered to be one of the best kickboxers in the world , under International Kickboxing rules . Kickboxing however is much more popular amongst Greeks of Diaspora , especially in Melbourne , Australia , which has given many legends of the sport , such as : Stan ' The Man ' Longinidis , who is a former 8 - time world champion , and is regarded by many as the best kickboxer ( under international rules ) ever Tosca Petridis , who is a former 7 - time world champion . ' King ' Arthur Tsakonas , who is a former world champion . As well as other greats such as Louie ' The Ice ' Iosifidis , Evangelos Goussis , Nick ' Thunderkick ' Talakouris , and many others . Modern Pentathlon ( edit ) Until 2000 , the Olympic Sport of Modern Pentathlon ( running + shooting , swimming , fencing , horse riding ) was one of the SEGAS federation 's sports . In 2000 the `` Hellenic Federation of Modern Pentathlon '' was found . It is based in the `` Goudi Olympic Center '' in Athens . Motorsport ( edit ) Greece organises the rally Acropolis one of toughest in WRC 's callentar , domestically due to mountainous terrain of the country the roads are sneaky , ideal place for hillclimbing rally ; so the Hellenic hiil climb championship . Despite the passion of the Greek people for the Formula 1 & Moto GP , there is no race track to meet the requirements for the organization of such event . It is supposed that there will be construction of a race track somewhere in Greece that meets the standards , but there is nothing to be seen yet ( the Serres circuit meets the formula 3 standards ) . For the counterbalance , a bunch of motorsport events organized , ranging from dragster to drift . Notable Greek drivers are : Aris Vovos Alex Fontana Rugby ( edit ) Main articles : Rugby union in Greece and Rugby league in Greece Rugby union and Rugby league were never much popular in Greece , but they started developing during the 1990s . With the setting up of a Hellenic Rugby ( Union ) Federation in 2004 , national championships , such as national teams , were created also . Domestic Rugby League started in 2011 in Piraeus region and since 2012 regular tournaments take place in Athens , Piraeus and Thessaloniki . Since 2014 Rugby Union is under the Aegis of the Hellenic Handball Federation . Since 2016 Rugby League is under the Aegis of the Hellenic Federation of Modern Pentathlon . Shooting ( edit ) Shooting used to be very popular amongst the Greeks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Several Greek shooters won many Olympic medals in the first Olympiads ( Pantelis Karasevdas , Georgios Orphanidis , Ioannis Frangoudis gold , Panagiotis Pavlidis , Georgios Moraitinis , Iason Sappas , Alexandros Theofilakis , Ioannis Theofilakis , Alexandros Vrasivanopoulos silver , Nicolaos Trikupis , Nikolaos Morakis , Anastasios Metaxas bronze ) . A new rise in shooting 's popularity has been noted after Anna Korakaki won 1 gold medal and 1 bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics Sailing & Rowing ( edit ) Greece has three bordering seas , the Aegean Sea , Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea , so it not surprising that sailing is a popular sport . Greek athletes have won 7 medals in sailing and 2 in Rowing at the Olympic games and also numerous gold medals in the world and European championships . Some of the most notable Greek athletes in the sports of sailing and rowing include world and olympic champions such as : Nikolaos Kaklamanakis , a Greek Gold - medal winner in windsurfing , who lit the Olympic torch in the opening ceremony of the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . Anastasios Bountouris , a Greek sailor who competed at six Olympics between 1976 and 1996 . He is the first Greek to compete at six Olympic Games , an achievement so far matched only by shooter Agathi Kassoumi . He won a bronze medal in the 1980 Olympics in the Three - Person Keelboat with Anastasios Gavrilis and Aristidis Rapanakis . Sofia Bekatorou , who has participated in over 470 main class events including 2004 Summer Olympics sailing competition , where she won gold medal in the women 's double - handed dinghy event in the 470 with her pair Emilia Tsoulfa . She has also won 4 world championships . Georgios Zaimis , a Greek sailor and Olympic Champion , who together with Constantine II of Greece and Odysseus Eskidioglou competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome and won a gold medal in the Dragon class with the boat Nirefs . Vasileios Polymeros , a Greek rower who won the bronze medal in men 's lightweight double sculls with Nikolaos Skiathitis at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , and the silver in men 's lightweight double sculls with Dimitrios Mougios at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . He has also won one gold and 3 silver medals in the world championships . Dimitrios Mougios is a Greek rower , who won the silver medal in men 's lightweight double sculls with Vasileios Polymeros at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , two - times European champion and a silver world champion . In the European Rowing Championships , Greece has won more gold medals all - time than any other nation , and is tied with Germany for the second-most medals of all time ( behind Italy ) . In fact , Greece has finished first in the medal count 50 % of the times it has been held , and has been in the top 4 of the medal count every single time ! Swimming & diving ( edit ) Swimming and Diving are two sports that Greek athletes have achieved significant wins at the Olympic Games , World championships and European Championships . Some notable Greek swimmers are the Olympic champions of the past Spyridon Chazapis and Efstathios Chorafas and present World and European champions such as Romanos Alyfantis , Nery Mantey Niangkouara , Ioannis Drymonakos , the world champion in the 50 m backstroke event of the 2005 World Championships Aristeidis Grigoriadis and silver world champion Spyridon Gianniotis . Thomas Bimis and Nikolaos Siranidis made history winning Greece 's first - ever gold medal in diving and the hosts ' first gold of the 2004 Athens Olympics . The diver pair therefore became very popular in Greece . Tennis ( edit ) Athens Olympic Tennis Centre during the 2004 Summer Olympics . Tennis has been growing in Greece over the past decade Eleni Daniilidou has had a lot of success , winning 5 WTA Tour titles in her career . Several players with Greek ancestry , such as Pete Sampras and Mark Philippoussis have become very famous around the world . Greek - Cypriot star Marcos Baghdatis has many fans in Greece . Greece also has several other players at the international level , like Konstantinos Economidis , Anna Gerasimou and Irini Georgatou . Triathlon ( edit ) Triathlon is an Olympic Sport that includes running , swimming and cycling . It is under the Aegis of the Modern Pentathlon Federation . Volleyball ( edit ) Volleyball is a popular sport in Greece controlled by the Hellenic Volleyball Federation , member of CEV . The major achievements of the Greek men 's national volleyball team are two bronze medals , one in the Men 's European Volleyball Championship and another one in the Men 's European Volleyball League , a 5th place in the Olympic Games and a 6th place in the FIVB Volleyball Men 's World Championship . The Greek league , the A1 Ethniki , is considered one of the top volleyball leagues in Europe and the Greek clubs have made significant success in European competitions . Olympiacos is the most successful volleyball club in the country having won the most domestic titles and being the only Greek club to have won European trophies ; they have won two CEV Cups , they have been CEV Champions League runners - up twice and have also played in many final fours in the European competitions , making them one of the biggest volleyball clubs in Europe . Iraklis , Panathinaikos and Orestiada have also made it to the final in continental tournaments . Water polo ( edit ) Greece ( white ) vs. Hungary ( blue ) play in a water polo match Greece is often regarded as an international powerhouse in both men 's and women 's water polo , with its clubs and nationals teams having achieved a great number of distinctions in international competitions . The Greek men 's national water polo team have won a silver medal in the 1997 FINA World Cup , two bronze medals in the FINA World League in 2004 and 2006 , a bronze medal in the 2005 World Aquatics Championships and the 4th place in the 2004 Olympic Games . The Greek women 's national water polo team 's most important achievements are the gold medal in the 2011 World Aquatics Championships , the silver medals in the 2004 Olympic Games , 2010 European Championship and 2012 European Championship , as well as a gold and three bronze medals in the FINA World League in 2005 , 2007 , 2010 and 2012 respectively . The Greek water polo leagues in both men and women are among the top European leagues , while several Greek clubs have enjoyed international success . In men 's competitions , Olympiacos is one of the biggest European water polo clubs having won one LEN Euroleague title and a European Super Cup in 2002 , the only Greek club to have been crowned European champions , while they have also participated in three more finals , one in the LEN Euroleague and two in the LEN Cup Winners ' Cup ; along with Ethnikos Piraeus , they are the most successful water polo clubs in the country . Vouliagmeni won a LEN Cup Winner 's Cup in 1997 and they have also been runners - up one time in the LEN Trophy , such as NO Patras and Panionios . In women 's competitions , the Greek clubs have dominated the European competitions in the 2000s ( decade ) ; Vouliagmeni , three - time European champions and LEN Trophy winner once , and Glyfada , with two European championships , are two of the most successful European women 's sides . Ethnikos Piraeus have also won a LEN Trophy , while Olympiacos have made it to the final in the same competition . Dimitrios Diathessopoulos is known as the father of Greek water polo . Weightlifting ( edit ) Weightlifting has been the most successful individual sport for the Greeks , with the national team regularly winning gold medals at the Olympics and the rest international competitions . Greek weightlifters have won a total 15 medals at the Olympics with 6 of them being gold , 5 silver and 4 bronze medals . In the World Weightlifting Championships Greek weightlifting team has won a total 111 medals ( 70 in men and 41 in women ) with 26 of them being gold . Greek weightlifters have set many world and Olympic records during the years which forced the sporting world to name the Greek weightlifting team of the mid-1990s , the `` Dream Team '' of the sport . Some of the greatest weightlifters in the history of the sport include Greek legends such as : Pyrros Dimas , a Greek weightlifter from Northern Epirus . A three - time Olympic champion , multiple World and European champion . He is considered worldwide one of the greatest athletes in the history of this sport . Kakhi Kakhiashvili , another all - time great of this sport . He is one of only four weightlifters to have won three consecutive gold medals at Olympic Games . Viktor Mitrou , a retired male weightlifter from Greece . He became an Olympic medalist during the 2000 Summer Olympics when he claimed the silver medal in the men 's -- 77 kg class and The legendary Greek weightlifter Dimitrios Tofalos . He was a member of both Gymnastiki Etaireia Patron and Panachaikos Gymnastikos syllogos , that merged in 1923 to become Panachaiki Gymnastiki Enosi . Arguably the greatest weightlifter of the early 20th century , he won the gold medal in the 1906 Intercalated Games , setting a world record that lasted until 1914 . Wrestling ( edit ) The forms of wrestling we know today as Greco - Roman and freestyle found their origins in the lands on the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea . These lands are where the Ancient Greeks resided , and developed the art of wrestling . Wrestling to the Greeks was not only part of a soldier 's training regimen , but also a part of everyday life . Even in modern days , Wrestling has been one of the most significant Olympic sports in Greece , which has produced many Olympic and world champions and has given moments of glory to the country . Greece has won 11 medals at the modern Olympics and multiple medals in the World and European championships , a fact that makes the sport as one of the most successful for the country on a global stage . Some of the most significant Greek wrestlers are : Stelios Mygiakis , who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and won a gold medal in Greco - Roman wrestling , the featherweight class . Georgios Tsitas , who won a silver medal at the 1896 Summer Olympics Petros Galaktopoulos , who won 3 medals at the FILA Wrestling World Championships and 2 Olympic medals , a bronze at the 1968 Summer Olympics and a silver at the 1972 Summer Olympics . Ioannis Arzoumanidis , a two time bronze world champion Artiom Kiouregkian , is a Greek - Armenian wrestler , who won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Greco - Roman wrestling . Notable multi-sport clubs ( edit ) In Athens : Panathinaikos A.O. , A.E.K. , Panionios G.S.S. , NC Vouliagmeni , Panellinios G.S. In Thessaloniki : Aris Thessaloniki , P.A.O.K. , G.S. Iraklis Thessaloniki In Patras : Panachaiki G.E. In Piraeus : Olympiacos CFP , Ethnikos Piraeus In Larissa : Athletic Union of Larissa 1964 In Heraklion : O.F.I. In Ioannina : PAS Giannina Notable sportsmen of Greek origin ( edit ) Greek American Pete Sampras - tennis player , considered one of the best tennis players in history Chris Chelios - NHL hockey all - time great player Peter Angelos - MLB owner of the Baltimore Orioles Anton Christoforidis - professional boxer , NBA World Light Heavyweight Champion 1941 Chris Karamesines - racecar driver David Batista ( Bautista ) - WWE SmackDown ! , professional wrestler ( Greek mother ) Kosta Koufos - player for the Utah Jazz in the NBA and the Greece national team Dean Karnazes - ultramarathon champion , writer , businessman Alex Karras - NFL player with the Detroit Lions , wrestler and actor Lou Karras - NFL player with the Washington Redskins , older brother of Alex Karras Ted Karras - NFL player with the Chicago Bears and Detroit Lions , nephew of Alex & Lou Karras Alexi Lalas - soccer player for the L.A. Galaxy , U.S. national team George Kottaras - currently starting catcher for the Milwaukee Brewers Matt Stover - NFL player , kicker for Baltimore Ravens Jim Londos - champion wrestler during the 1930s Greg Louganis - Olympic diving champion Harry `` the Golden Greek '' Agganis - college football star and professional baseball player for the Boston Red Sox Nick Markakis - MLB outfielder who currently plays for the Baltimore Orioles Tino Martinez - former MLB first baseman for the N.Y. Yankees ( Greek mother ) Milt Pappas - MLB pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles and Cincinnati Reds and other teams Tom Pappas - Track & field decathlete , 2003 world decathlon champion and 2 - time Olympian . George Parros - NHL hockey player Kurt Rambis - former NBA player , won 4 championships with the L.A. Lakers ( birth name Kyriakos Rambidis ) Alex Spanos - NFL owner of the San Diego Chargers Trish Stratus - WWE diva George Theodore - MLB outfielder for the New York Mets Lou Tsioropoulos - former NBA player with the Boston Celtics Garo Yepremian - NFL player ( Greek Cypriot origin ) Greek Australian Braith Anasta -- Rugby league Anthony Koutoufides - a former Australian rules footballer with the Carlton Football Club . One of the most powerful and athletic players of all - time , he played in almost every position and was often called the prototype of the modern footballer . Ang Christou -- Australian rules football player Angelo Lekkas -- Australian rules football player Lou Richards -- Australian rules football player David Zaharakis -- Australian rules football player Michael Katsidis -- Professional Boxer , former WBO lightweight world champion Stan Longinidis - a retired Australian Heavyweight kickboxer and 8 time Kickboxing World Champion . Born in Australia of Greek ethnicity , Longinidis is one of the few fighters to have won World titles in three different styles , International Rules Kickboxing , Full Contact and Muay Thai . Tosca Petridis - a former 7 world Kickboxing champion George Sotiropoulos -- mixed martial artist Glen Lazarus -- player Canberra Raiders , Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm George Peponis -- former Australian captain Willie Peters -- player , South Sydney Rabbitohs Michael Diamond -- shooter -- Olympic gold medallist , Sydney 2000 Lydia Lassila ( née Lerodiaconou ) -- skier -- Winter Olympian ( gold medalist ) Mark Philippoussis -- tennis player Andres Labrakis aka Spiros Arion -- wrestler Greek Diaspora Joseph Pilates Nicolas Macrozonaris Dave Nonis Dominic Filiou George Athans Bret Hart Stanley Christodoulou Nic Pothas Eder Jofre Emanuel Moriatis Oscar Panno Kyriakos Ioannou See also ( edit ) Superleague Greece ( top football league ) HEBA A1 ( top basketball league ) Hellenic Football Federation Greece national football team Greece national basketball team Greece at the 2004 Summer Olympics List of Greek sports teams References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Μετά το χόκεϊ τέλος και για το μπέιζμπολ '' . e-typos.com/ . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIBA World Ranking for men '' . FIBA . www.fiba.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 2004 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Greece win Euro 2004 '' . BBC Sport . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Rankings '' . FIFA . www.fifa.com . December 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Country Ranking 2010 '' . www.xs4all.nl. 2010 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Oikonomos , G. `` Κερητίζοντες . '' Archaiologikon Deltion 6 ( 1920 -- 1921 ) : 56 - 59 ; there are clear depictions of the game , but the identification with the name κερητίζειν is disputed at http://sarantakos.wordpress.com/2010/03/29/keretizein/ ( English summary at http://hellenisteukontos.blogspot.com/2010/03/ancient-greek-field-hockey.html ) Jump up ^ `` Ποδόσφαιρο σάλας , η `` πηγή '' νέων ταλέντων `` . kathimerini.gr . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ιστορία '' . icehockey.gr . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Οι παγοδρομίες και τα `` μαγικά '' αγωνίσματά τους `` . kathimerini.gr . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 02 . `` Markakis , who is half Greek and half German , led the Greek Olympic team ... '' Hellenic federation of Modern Pentathlon , authorised for Triathlon ( Ministry Decision ) https://diavgeia.gov.gr/doc/%CE%A904%CE%A74653%CE%A04-%CE%A1%CE%A66?inline=true Hellenic federation of Modern Pentathlon , authorised for Rugby League ( Ministry Decision ) https://diavgeia.gov.gr/doc/7%CE%A63%CE%9B4653%CE%A04-001?inline=true External links ( edit ) Sport in Greece <Th_colspan="3"> Sports governing bodies in Greece ( GRE ) Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Synchronized Swimming Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field Hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern Pentathlon Rugby 7 's Rowing Sailing Shooting Table Tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc . Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating ( Figure , Speed & Short Track ) Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing ( Alpine , Cross Country , Nordic Combined , Freestyle & Jumping ) Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard Sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water Ski Wushu Paralympics and Disabled Sports Others Sports Rugby League Rugby Union <Td_colspan="3"> Hellenic Olympic Committee Hellenic Paralympic Committee <Th_colspan="2"> National sports teams of Greece <Td_colspan="2"> A1GP Ball hockey Baseball Basketball Beach soccer Cricket Football Futsal Handball Ice hockey Korfball Rugby league Rugby union M7 Squash Tennis Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Volleyball Water polo <Td_colspan="2"> Olympic Games Paralympic Games Deaflympic Games European Games Mediterranean Games <Th_colspan="3"> Greece articles History Chronology Pelasgian civilizations Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Balkan Wars Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography <Td_colspan="2"> Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society <Td_colspan="2"> Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Flags Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk , Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Bibliography Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Sport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Greece&oldid=843224984 '' Categories : Sport in Greece Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Français Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 19 : 00 . 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who has which category in x factor 2017

The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) - wikipedia The X Factor ( UK series 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The X Factor <Th_colspan="2"> Series 14 Broadcast from 2 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 02 ) -- present ( present ) Judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger Alesha Dixon ( guest ) Presenter ( s ) Dermot O'Leary Co-presenter ( s ) Becca Dudley ( ITV Hub ) Broadcaster ITV ITV Hub ( Xtra Bites ) Finals venue Wembley Arena <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ◀ 2017 The X Factor is a British television music competition to find new singing talent . The fourteenth series began airing on ITV on 2 September 2017 , presented by Dermot O'Leary . For the first time in seven years , the judging panel will remain the same , with Simon Cowell , Sharon Osbourne , Nicole Scherzinger and Louis Walsh returning . This is the first series not to include companion show The Xtra Factor , after it was cancelled in January 2017 . Its replacement is a programme called Xtra Bites presented by Becca Dudley on the ITV Hub . This is also the first series to be sponsored by Just Eat , with the show having being sponsored by TalkTalk since 2009 . As well as the second time the show has premiered in September , rather than August , since the first series in 2004 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Judges and presenters 2 Selection process 2.1 Auditions 2.1. 1 Mobile auditions 2.1. 2 Judges ' auditions 2.2 Bootcamp 2.3 Six - chair challenge 2.4 Judges ' houses 3 Finalists 4 Live shows 4.1 Musical guests 4.2 Results summary 4.3 Live show details 4.3. 1 Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Judges and presenters Series 14 judges Simon Cowell Sharon Osbourne Louis Walsh Nicole Scherzinger In December 2016 , Louis Walsh confirmed he would continue to judge the series through 2018 , stating he had signed through `` the next two years '' . That same month , both Sharon Osbourne and Nicole Scherzinger cast doubt on their return , with Osbourne citing her dual - work on The Talk , and Scherzinger stating : `` I ca n't confirm that I 'm going to ( be back ) but I think if I did return it would have to be with this panel because I 'm really close with this panel . ( ... ) I 've really enjoyed myself and we 're really close . '' On 13 April 2017 , Cowell announced his intentions to retain the same judging panel for the fourteenth series . In June 2017 , it was announced that the judging panel would remain the same as the previous series . Dermot O'Leary will return for his tenth series as presenter . On 23 June 2017 , it was announced that Britain 's Got Talent judge Alesha Dixon would appear as a guest judge for the first day of Manchester auditions , due to Scherzinger having a `` previous diary commitment '' . Five days later , on 28 June , it was announced that Dixon would once again appear as a guest judge , this time for Osbourne , who was unavailable due to a long - standing back injury . Cowell arrived late to 4 July 2017 , auditions in London , due to an illness . Selection process On 4 July , it was reported that there will be major changes to the show this year . Auditions are taking place in Thorpe Park , bootcamp will take place in front of an audience and there will be six weeks of live shows instead of the usual ten . Additionally , acts will be sent home on both Saturday and Sunday , as `` tedious '' Saturday nights received lower viewing figures than Sunday . Auditions The minimum age to audition this year was 14 after being reduced down from 16 the previous year . Contestants needed a `` yes '' from at least three of the four judges to progress to Bootcamp . Mobile auditions The mobile auditions began on 11 May 2017 , in Belfast and concluded on 23 May 2017 , in Yeovil . Summary of mobile auditions Location Date ( s ) Venue Belfast 11 May 2017 Victoria Square Shopping Centre Bangor 12 May 2017 Deninol Shopping Centre Southampton 13 May 2017 West Quay Shopping Centre Douglas 14 May 2017 The Strand Shopping Centre Swansea Bambuu Nightclub Blackpool 16 May 2017 Houndshill Shopping Centre Bournemouth Obscura Cafe Bristol Cabot Circus Carlisle 17 May 2017 The Lanes Shopping Centre Brighton Churchill Square Shopping Centre Truro The Boat Newport 19 May 2017 Quay Arts Centre Wigan The Grand Arcade Shopping Centre Plymouth Plymouth Pavilions Margate 20 May 2017 Westwood Cross 21 May 2017 Stoke on Trent 22 May 2017 Victoria Hall Exeter Princesshay Centre Thurrock 23 May 2017 Lakeside Shopping Centre Yeovil Quedam Centre Judges ' auditions The auditions began on 20 June 2017 , in Liverpool and concluded on 10 July 2017 , in Surrey . Summary of judges ' auditions City Date ( s ) Venue Changes to judging line - up Liverpool 20 -- 21 June 2017 Titanic Hotel N / A Manchester 24 June 2017 Old Trafford Cricket Ground Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Nicole Scherzinger ) 25 June 2017 N / A Edinburgh 28 June 2017 Assembly Rooms Alesha Dixon ( in lieu of Sharon Osbourne ) London 4 -- 6 July 2017 Tobacco Dock N / A Surrey 9 -- 10 July 2017 Thorpe Park Bootcamp Bootcamp was filmed live at The SSE Arena , Wembley in front of a studio audience . Following the filming of bootcamp and prior to the filming of the six - chair challenge , the judges ' categories were revealed . Cowell was given the Groups , Scherzinger was given the Over 28s , Osbourne was given the Girls and Walsh was given the Boys . There are three different stages to Bootcamp . Six - chair challenge The six - chair challenge took place over the course of two days , from 26 to 28 July 2017 , at The SSE Arena , Wembley . Unlike previous years , where all four judges sat together , each judge was secluded on their own while their respective category performed . The three remaining judges sat together and gave their own critiques of the performance , before allowing the category 's judge to make the final decision . It was broadcast over three episodes , Sharon chose her Girls in episode 1 , Cowell chose his Groups and Scherzinger chose her Over 28s in episode 2 and Walsh chose his Boys in episode 3 . Judges ' houses The judges ' categories were announced in July 2017 , with additional details of the judges ' houses announced in October 2017 . Anthony Russell withdrew after the pre-recorded sections of the show and was replaced by Sam Black who was knocked out of the competition at the Bootcamp stage . Sam Black will be in Walsh 's Boys category . In a statement , Walsh stated , `` Anthony has been fantastic across the series , a great singer and performer who we are really sad to see go . I had to think for a long time who could take the place . Sam had a great reaction from the British public when his Audition aired . So I re-watched it and realised we missed a trick not putting him through at Boot Camp . He has that retro 60s style viewers will love . He 's really likeable and talented and I ca n't wait to hear more . '' At the end of judges ' houses , it was announced that the public could vote for a wildcard from each category bringing the total amount of contestants for the live shows to 16 . Summary of judges ' houses Judge Location Assistants Contestants eliminated Cowell Groups Southern France Cheryl Jack & Joel , Lemonade , New Girl Band Osbourne Girls San Francisco Jack and Kelly Osbourne Alisah Bonaobra , Deanna Mussington , Georgina Panton Scherzinger Over 28s South Africa Stormzy Talia Dean , Slavko Kalezić , Berget Lewis Walsh Boys Istanbul Mika Aidan Martin , Leon Mallett , Jack Mason Finalists Main article : List of The X Factor finalists ( UK series 14 ) The finalists were announced during the episode broadcast on 22 October 2017 . However , at the end of the episode , it was announced by Dermot O'Leary that there would be a wildcard vote for each category . The winners of the wildcard vote will be revealed on 28 October 2017 at the start of the live show . Key : -- Eliminated Category ( mentor ) <Th_colspan="4"> Acts Boys ( Walsh ) Sam Black Lloyd Macey Spencer Sutherland Girls ( Osbourne ) Grace Davies Holly Tandy Rai - Elle Williams Over 28s ( Scherzinger ) Kevin Davy White Tracy Leanne Jefford Matt Linnen Groups ( Cowell ) The CutKelvins Rak - Su Sean and Conor Price Live shows Musical guests Liam Payne will be performing on the first live show , while Stormzy will be performing on the second live show . Results summary Colour key -- Contestant received the fewest public votes and was immediately eliminated -- Contestant received the most public votes Weekly results per contestant Contestant <Th_colspan="2"> Week 1 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 2 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 3 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 4 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 5 <Th_colspan="2"> Week 6 Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Saturday Sunday Sam Black N / A The CutKelvins N / A Grace Davies N / A Kevin Davy White N / A Tracy Leanne Jefford N / A Matt Linnen N / A Lloyd Macey N / A Rak - Su N / A Sean and Conor Price N / A Spencer Sutherland N / A Holly Tandy N / A Rai - Elle Williams N / A <Td_colspan="13"> Eliminated Reference ( s ) Live show details Week 1 ( 28 / 29 October ) Theme : `` Express Yourself '' Group performance : TBA Musical guests : Saturday : Liam Payne ( `` Bedroom Floor '' ) Sunday : Stormzy Contestants ' performances on the first live show <Th_colspan="4"> 28 October Act Order Song Result Grace Davies `` Too Young '' ( original song ) Holly Tandy `` Hollow '' Rai - Elle Williams `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' / `` Lost Ones '' / `` No '' Sam Black `` Faith '' Lloyd Macey `` City of Stars '' Spencer Sutherland `` Who You Are '' <Th_colspan="4"> 29 October Act Order Song Result The CutKelvins `` What About Us '' Rak - Su `` Mamacita '' ( original song ) Sean and Conor Price `` Strong '' Kevin Davy White `` Stay '' Tracy Leanne Jefford `` Written in the Water '' Matt Linnen `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Reception Ratings Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Both 7 - day and 28 - day figures are total counts including HD and ITV + 1 . Episode Air date 7 - day viewers ( millions ) 28 - day viewers ( millions ) ITV Weekly rank Auditions 1 000000002017 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2 September 7.77 7.92 Auditions 2 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 7.86 8.04 Auditions 3 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 9 September 7.10 7.23 5 Auditions 4 000000002017 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 7.46 7.57 Auditions 5 000000002017 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 7.68 7.87 5 Auditions 6 000000002017 - 09 - 17 - 0000 17 September 7.33 7.50 8 Auditions 7 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 23 September 6.31 6.48 13 Auditions 8 000000002017 - 09 - 24 - 0000 24 September 7.24 7.39 8 Bootcamp 1 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 6.66 TBA 11 Bootcamp 2 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 6.20 TBA 16 Bootcamp 3 000000002017 - 10 - 07 - 0000 7 October 6.09 TBA 16 Six - chair challenge 1 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 7.20 TBA 9 Six - chair challenge 2 000000002017 - 10 - 14 - 0000 14 October 6.95 TBA 9 Six - chair challenge 3 000000002017 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 6.52 TBA 15 Judges ' houses 1 000000002017 - 10 - 21 - 0000 21 October TBA TBA TBA Judges ' houses 2 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October TBA TBA TBA Live show 1 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 28 October TBA TBA TBA Live show 2 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October TBA TBA TBA Live show 3 000000002017 - 11 - 04 - 0000 4 November TBA TBA TBA Live show 4 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 5 November TBA TBA TBA References ^ Jump up to : Grant Cumberbatch , Aimée ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell will be making no changes to the X Factor judging line - up '' . London Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` X Factor spin - off Xtra Factor axed with no room for presenters Rylan Clark - Neal and Matt Edmondson as ITV focuses on digital strategy '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 27 April 2017 ) . `` Just Eat delivers £ 10m The X Factor sponsorship deal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( 23 August 2017 ) . `` The X Factor is returning to our screens next month '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Louis Walsh WILL return to The X Factor in 2017 '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Baggage , Rachel ; Gordon , Naomi ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne wants X Factor return but has a dilemma ... '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Naomi ; Harp , Justin ( 8 December 2016 ) . `` Nicole Scherzinger WILL return to The X Factor ... but only with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell CONFIRMS X Factor 2017 panel '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` BGT 's Alesha Dixon is REPLACING Scherzy on X Factor '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 25 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne drops out of latest X Factor auditions round '' . Digital Spy . United States : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borland , Hollie ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` Simon Cowell Forced To Miss The X Factor Auditions Thanks To Mystery Illness '' . Heart . United Kingdom : Global . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor planning major changes for its 2017 series '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , Niomi ( 8 April 2017 ) . `` The X Factor LOWERS the audition age limit to 14 years old as part of a huge shake following Liam Payne 's enormous success '' . OK ! . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 16 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 to hold bootcamp auditions in front of audience at Wembley '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Darvill , Josh ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 judges ' categories REVEALED - spoilers ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 's six chair challenge is BACK - get tickets to watch filming ! '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Darvill , Josh ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 spoiler : New twist added to the Six Chair Challenge '' . TellyMix . United Kingdom . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Minn , Hayley ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor Judges ' Houses acts revealed as dramatic Six Chair Challenge ends '' . mirror . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat Entertainment ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Stormzy will be at judges ' houses to help out on X Factor '' . Newsbeat . United Kingdom : BBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` Cheryl IS returning to The X Factor this year '' . Digital Spy . United Kingdom : Hearst Corporation . Archived from the original on 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor Episode 15 '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc. 21 October 2017 . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Meechan , Lauren ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` X Factor 2017 : Anthony Russell 's replacement REVEALED after shock exit '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Insider ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Sam Black is BACK for Judges ' Houses ! '' . ITV . United Kingdom : ITV plc . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Wildcard vote time ! Here 's all the info you need '' . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Liam Payne and Stormzy to perform on the first X Factor Live Shows ! '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 22 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's singing what this weekend ? We 've got ALL the Contestants ' song choices '' . The X Factor . itv.com. 27 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . External links The X Factor at ITV.com The X Factor at stv.tv <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The X Factor ( UK ) <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Controversy and criticism Series Main 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Celebrity Battle of the Stars Finalists Series 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Main series Steve Brookstein Shayne Ward Leona Lewis Leon Jackson Alexandra Burke Joe McElderry Matt Cardle Little Mix James Arthur Sam Bailey Ben Haenow Louisa Johnson Matt Terry Celebrity series Lucy Benjamin Singles Winners singles `` Against All Odds '' `` That 's My Goal '' `` A Moment Like This '' `` When You Believe '' `` Hallelujah '' `` The Climb '' `` When We Collide '' `` Cannonball '' `` Impossible '' `` Skyscraper '' `` Something I Need '' `` Forever Young '' `` When Christmas Comes Around '' Charity singles `` Hero '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Heroes '' `` Wishing on a Star '' Related articles The X Factor franchise I Ca n't Sing ! The X Factor Musical X Factor Around the World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_X_Factor_(UK_series_14)&oldid=807415437 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons 2017 in British music The X Factor ( UK TV series ) The X Factor ( TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The X Factor UK series 14 2. Judges and presenters 3. Selection process 4. Live shows 5. Ratings

teja singh sahu belongs to which of the following sports

Teja Singh swatantar - Wikipedia Teja Singh swatantar For other people called Teja Singh , see Teja Singh . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Teja Singh Sutantar ( 1901 - 07 - 16 ) 16 July 1901 Aluna , Gurdaspur Dist , ( British India ) 12 April 1973 ( 1973 - 04 - 12 ) ( aged 71 ) Occupation professional revolutionary Teja Singh Sutantar ( 16 July 1901 − 12 April 1973 ) was a national revolutionary of India who fought for the independence of India from the British Empire and for the liberation of Punjab peasantry from the clutches of feudal lords . He became actively involved in the revolutionary activities during the 1920s when the Ghadar Party was preparing for the second attempt for the overthrow of British government . Sutantar was sent to Turkey in 1924 where he joined the Turkish military academy to attain military knowledge . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Partners of British Rule By Mohinder Singh Pannu , p. 448 This Indian biographical article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teja_Singh_Swatantar&oldid=837060170 '' Categories : 1901 births 1973 deaths Communist Party of India politicians from Punjab , India People from Gurdaspur district Indian independence activists from Punjab , India Indian people stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from January 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Teja Singh Sutantar - Indian national revolutionary 2. Independence movement in India 3. Liberation of Punjab peasantry 4. Ghadar Party and revolutionary activities 5. Teja Singh Sutantar's involvement in the Turkish military academy

2005 mazda 3 front or rear wheel drive

Mazda3 - wikipedia Mazda3 Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Mazda 3 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer Mazda Also called Mazda Axela ( Japan and China ) Production 2003 -- present Assembly Hofu , Japan Bogotá , Colombia Tehran , Iran Taoyuan , Taiwan <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact car ( C ) Body style 5 - door hatchback 4 - door fastback sedan / saloon Layout Front - engine , front - wheel drive Front - engine , all - wheel drive <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Mazda Familia / 323 / Protegé The Mazda3 or Mazda 3 ( known as the Mazda Axela in Japan , a combination of `` accelerate '' and `` excellent '' ) is a compact car manufactured in Japan by Mazda . It was introduced in 2003 as a 2004 model , replacing the Familia / 323 / Protegé . A performance - oriented version of the Mazda3 is marketed as the Mazdaspeed3 in North America , Mazdaspeed Axela in Japan and the Mazda3 MPS in Europe . A second generation Mazda3 for the 2009 model year was unveiled in late 2008 , with the sedan premièring at the Los Angeles Auto Show and the hatchback at the Bologna Auto Show . For the 2012 model year , Mazda began offering the Mazda3 with their newly developed SkyActiv technology , including a more rigid body , a new direct injection engine , and a new 6 - speed transmission . The current third generation was introduced in mid-2013 as a 2014 model . The Mazda 3 became Mazda 's ' fastest - selling ' vehicle in January 2014 , with cumulative sales of over 4 million units . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( BK ; 2003 -- 2009 ) 1.1 Design 1.2 Engines 1.2. 1 Performance 1.3 2006 1.4 2007 1.5 2008 1.6 2009 2 Second generation ( BL ; 2008 -- 2013 ) 2.1 Mazdaspeed 3 2.2 2012 update 2.3 Engines 3 Third generation ( BM ; 2013 -- 2016 , BN ; 2017 -- present ) 3.1 Mazda3 SKYACTIV - Hybrid 3.2 Production 4 Motorsports 5 Sales 6 References 7 External links First generation ( BK ; 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production June 2003 -- January 2009 2006 -- 2013 ( China ) 2005 -- 2010 Tehran , Iran 2003 -- 2014 ( Colombia ) Model years 2004 -- 2009 Assembly Hofu , Japan Nanjing , China Hainan , China Taiwan , Republic of China Bogotá , Colombia Pretoria , South Africa Willowvale , Zimbabwe ( WMMI ) Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines Designer Hasip Girgin ( 2001 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform Mazda BK platform Related Mazda Premacy / Mazda5 , Ford Focus , Volvo C30 , Volvo S40 / Volvo V50 <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.4 L MZR I4 1.5 L MZR I4 1.6 L MZR I4 2.0 L MZR I4 2.3 L MZR I4 1.6 L MZ - CD I4 2.0 L MZR - CD I4 Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,639 mm ( 104 in ) Length 2004 -- 06 i Sedan : 4,529 mm ( 178 in ) 2004 -- 06 s Sedan : 4,540 mm ( 179 in ) 2004 -- 06 Hatchback : 4,485 mm ( 177 in ) 2007 -- 09 i Sedan : 4,506 mm ( 177 in ) 2007 -- 09 s Sedan : 4,511 mm ( 178 in ) 2007 -- 09 Hatchback : 4,591 mm ( 181 in ) Width 1,750 mm ( 69 in ) Height 1,500 mm ( 59 in ) Curb weight 1,253 kg ( 2,762 lb ) The BK series Mazda3 was launched in Japan in October 2003 as the Axela . The model has been generally well received by the automotive press for its performance , handling , styling and interior , with some describing it as feeling like a more expensive sports sedan / saloon despite its value - oriented price . Some criticisms have included fuel economy and crash test results ( only receiving four out of a maximum five stars from the EURO NCAP Safety Testing Programme ) the latter of which was rectified by making six airbags standard . In 2006 the Mazda3 was the second best - selling car in Canada and the best selling car in Israel during 2005 -- 2007 . Design ( edit ) The Mazda3 is based on the Ford global C1 platform , shared with the latest European Ford Focus and Volvo S40 . Previewed by the MX - Sportif concept car , the Mazda3 is available in two body styles , a four - door fastback sedan / saloon , marketed as a `` 4 - door coupé style '' in Europe , and a five - door hatchback , branded the Sport version in Canada , Japan , and the United States . Design work began under chief designer Hideki Suzuki in 1999 at three Mazda design centres in California , America ; Frankfurt , Germany ; and Hiroshima , Japan . By 2001 , Hasip Girgin 's design was chosen as a finalist . Girgin was sent to work in Hiroshima for 6 months , after which the final design was frozen for scheduled 2003 production . Hatchback ( pre-facelift ) Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Haima 3 hatchback Haima 3 sedan The front suspension comprises MacPherson struts , with coil springs and an anti-roll bar . The rear suspension is a Ford - designed `` E-link '' multi-link suspension , with four locating links per wheel and an anti-roll bar , suspended on coil springs that are mounted inboard of the shock absorbers to reduce suspension intrusion into the cargo area . Four - wheel Disc brakes are fitted , with 300 mm ( 11.8 in ) discs in the front and 279 mm ( 11 in ) discs in the rear ; ABS and electronic brake force distribution are available or standard , depending on the model . Wheel and tire sizes vary with model , from 15 '' on base models to optional 17 '' wheels on upper - level models . The Mazda3 was used as a regular police patrol car by the Public Security Police Force of Macau alongside the Toyota Corolla and the Honda Civic police cars in Macau , China . When first introduced , United States - market Mazda3 models were available in only two trim levels , i and s , with the 2.0 L and 2.3 L engines , respectively . Since then Mazda has introduced additional models under the Touring and Grand Touring labels . British Mazda3s are offered in S , TS , TS2 , Sport , and a top end 2.3 L turbocharged Mazda3 MPS ( Mazda Performance Series ) models . Since April 2008 , when there was a mainly cosmetic facelift of the Mazda3 , there have been some changes to the trim designations for UK cars , with the models now being the entry level S , then Takara ( which replaces TS & TS2 ) , the Tamara Special Edition and the Sport and MPS as before . All 3 models use the inline - 4 Mazda MZR engine , with various types , displacements and outputs including the MZ - CD turbodiesel , depending on model and market . Transmissions are a five - speed manual transmission and a four - speed automatic transmission ; since the 2006 model year , a five - speed automatic is optional on models with the 2.3 L engine . This transmission has now been made standard on the 2.0 L engine in Japan ( FWD models only ) , as part of a minor facelift in early 2008 which includes different front / rear bumper designs , new wheel designs and body colors , stiffened chassis , and better interior materials . The MPS / Mazdaspeed version is only available with a six - speed manual . A Chinese variant called the Haima 3 was also produced in China from 2007 to 2012 under the Haima brand , a joint venture between the Hainan provincial government and Mazda . A 1.6 litre engine was available paired to a 5 speed manual or 6 speed CVT gearbox . Engines ( edit ) The Mazda3 features the following engines : Japanese market ( JIS ratings ) : 1.5 L : 118 PS ( 87 kW ) , 140 N ⋅ m ( 103 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.0 L : 150 PS ( 110 kW ) , 183 N ⋅ m ( 135 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.3 L : 171 PS ( 126 kW ) , 214 N ⋅ m ( 158 lb ⋅ ft ) European market ( ECE ratings ) : 1.4 L : 84 PS ( 62 kW ) , 122 N ⋅ m ( 90 lb ⋅ ft ) 1.6 L : 105 PS ( 77 kW ) , 145 N ⋅ m ( 107 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.0 L : 150 PS ( 110 kW ) , 187 N ⋅ m ( 138 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo : 260 PS ( 191 kW ) , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) 1.6 L MZ - CD common - rail diesel : 109 PS ( 80 kW ) , 240 N ⋅ m ( 177 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.0 L MZR - CD common - rail diesel : 143 PS ( 105 kW ) , 360 N ⋅ m ( 266 lb ⋅ ft ) 2.2 L MZR - CD common - rail diesel : 185 PS ( 136 kW ) , 400 N ⋅ m ( 295 lb ⋅ ft ) American & Canadian markets ( SAE net ratings ) : 2.0 L : 148 bhp ( 110 kW ) , 135 lbf ft ( 183 N m ) ( 04 -- 05 ) PZEV engine : 145 bhp ( 107 kW ) ( 04 -- 06 ) , 144 bhp ( 107 kW ) ( 07 -- ) ; 132 lbf ft ( 179 N m ) ( all years ) 2.3 L : 160 bhp ( 119 kW ) , 150 lbf ft ( 203 N m ) PZEV engine : 153 bhp ( 113 kW ) , 149 lbf ft ( 202 N m ) ( 2006 only ) 2.3 L MZR DISI Turbo : Mazdaspeed3 : 263 bhp ( 196 kW ) , 280 lbf ft ( 380 N m ) Mazda changed the rating for US & Canadian markets 2007 2.3 L naturally aspirated engine : 2.3 L : 160 bhp ( 119 kW ) , 150 lbf ft ( 203 N m ) PZEV engine : 151 bhp ( 113 kW ) , 149 lbf ft ( 202 N m ) ( 07 -- ) Asian markets ( DIN ratings ) : 1.6 L : 110 bhp ( 78 kW ) , 107 lbf ft ( 145 N m ) 2.0 L : 148 bhp ( 110 kW ) and 138 lbf ft ( 187 N m ) Australian market ( ADR net ratings ) : 2.0 L : 145 bhp ( 108 kW ) , 134 lbf ft ( 182 N m ) 2.3 L : 154 bhp ( 115 kW ) , 150 lbf ft ( 203 N m ) 2.3 L : DISI MZR : 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) , 280 lbf ft ( 380 N m ) 2.0 L MZR - CD common - rail diesel : 143 PS ( 105 kW ) , 360 N ⋅ m ( 266 lb ⋅ ft ) South African market ( DIN net ratings ) : 1.6 L : 109 bhp ( 77 kW ) , 108 lbf ft ( 146 N m ) 2.0 L : 140 bhp ( 104 kW ) , 134 lbf ft ( 182 N m ) 2.3 L : 154 bhp ( 115 kW ) , 150 lbf ft ( 203 N m ) 2.3 L : DISI MZR : 260 bhp ( 190 kW ) , 280 lbf ft ( 380 N m ) Performance ( edit ) Official performance figures for the European Mazda3 1.4 S , the lowest - powered model , are 0 -- 100 km / h in 14.3 seconds , with a maximum speed of 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) . Wheels magazine reported an 8.7 - second 0 -- 100 km / h time for the Australian 2.0 model in its May 2004 issue . The 1.6 CiTD 80 kW diesel ( as sold in Europe ) with a five - speed manual does 100 km / h in 11.6 seconds and has top of 182 km / h ( 113 mph ) according to the official Mazda specifications . In test results for the 2012 Mazda 3 Maxx Sport five - door 2.0 - litre engine , it has been reported as having an acceleration time of 9.2 seconds ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) and a top speed of 190 km / h . In its test results for the 2004 Mazda3 five - door with the 2.3 - litre engine , Car and Driver magazine reported a 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 97 km / h ) acceleration time of 7.4 seconds and a governor - limited top speed of 190 km / h ( 118 mph ) . Car and Driver documented the acceleration of a 2007 Mazda3 four - door sedan . Equipped with a 2.3 liter engine and 5 - speed manual transmission , the Mazda3 has a 0 - 60 mph time of 7.3 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.8 seconds at 88 mph . The fuel consumption of these models averages in the 10 L / 100 km ( 24 mpg ; 28 mpg ) , with the 2 - litre 2008 Mazda3 automatic - transmission model scoring a 10 L / 100 km ( 24 mpg ; 28 mpg ) / 7.6 L / 100 km ( 31 mpg ; 37 mpg ) city / highway United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rating . 2006 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the 2006 model year , Mazda added variable valve timing and variable - length intake runners to the 2.0 L engine resulting in a power increase to 150 bhp ( 112 kW ; 152 PS ) . The automatic transmission used in Mazda3 S trim with the 2.3 L engine was changed from a four - speed to a five - speed design . The larger 2.3 L engine was PZEV - certified ( Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle ) for vehicles sold in California and other states that have adopted California automotive emission standards . The 2.0 L engine had already been PZEV - certified . The colour palette was also simplified in 2006 , with the deletion of Canary Yellow and Lava Orange Mica . 2007 ( edit ) Sedan ( facelift ) Hatchback ( facelift ) Interior ( facelift ) The 3 received a minor cosmetic facelift for the 2007 model year with minimal exterior , interior and mechanical changes . On base models , the black plastic at the top of the grille became body - coloured . The front fascia and bumper were changed with a floating foglight design and the lower air intake opening was reshaped to better resemble the typical `` Mazda five - point face . '' All Mazda3 sedans and five - doors gained the same `` Axela '' clear - lens style rear tail - lights as the SP23 model . Which in 2007 Mazda brought out the Mazda Axela similar to the Mazda6 Atenza . In addition , the Grand Touring trim also featured LED brake lights . The LED brake lights were added to compete with the growing trend of higher - end vehicles using LED tail lamps for more visible light output . The range of alloy wheels were redesigned , featuring a 17 - inch alloy wheel for the Grand Touring version . The rear fascia was slightly changed adding a notch on the bumper cover of the sedan . Several new exterior colors were added , phantom blue , a copper red metallic ( April 2008 ) , Aurora Blue and dark cherry . The Titanium Gray color was replaced with a darker Galaxy Gray color . The interior of the Mazda3 was offered with several new color choices and an audio jack in the centre console , allowing the use of digital music players . Also , Takara models , which were introduced in the 2008 upgrade , added climate control and 6 cd autochanger to the TS specification . The 2007 model also includes less visible mechanical changes . The keyless entry system was improved . Reinforcements to the body shell improve overall chassis rigidity . The front dampers of the MacPherson strut suspension have been re-tuned to quicken steering response and reduce understeer . The hydraulic dampers of the multi-link rear suspension were also re-tuned to match the front suspension changes . Mazda engineers and designers addressed concerns regarding cabin noise level by redesigning or changing multiple systems and adding sound - deadening material to the roof lining and hood panel . The bumper - to - bumper warranty was reduced to 36 months / 36,000 miles while the powertrain warranty was increased to 60 months / 60,000 miles in most markets . In the UK all Mazda3s have a 3 - year unlimited mileage warranty , 3 year roadside assistance and 12 year anti perforation warranty as standard . Canadian Mazda3s received standard seat mounted side - airbags and body shell mounted side curtain airbags across the model range . Previously both airbag types were not available . 2008 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 -- 2009 Mazda 3 ( BK Series 2 ) SP23 hatchback ( Australia ) An additional trim level included the Sport GX with a 2.0 L engine , previously all Sport hatchbacks had a 2.3 L engine and came only in GS or GT trims . Compared to the GX sedan , the GX hatchback has body - coloured door handles , and fog lamps . Options for the Sport GX include air conditioning , a convenience package containing power accessories and 15 - inch alloys , and a rear trunk spoiler . The GS sedan received standard 16 - inch alloy wheels , previously only available with the moonroof option , while the GX had 15 - inch alloy wheels added to the convenience package ( which includes steering - wheel mounted audio controls , power windows , power locks , and remote entry ) . The GS hatchback now comes with factory - installed air conditioning . GT models received standard xenon headlights , previously part of the leather package . In the U.S. , the i Touring trim level was replaced by the i Touring Value model . This new model added a body - color front grille , fog lights and 17 '' alloy wheels , giving it a very similar appearance to the more expensive s models . The interior also received leather - covered steering wheel and shift knob from the s model . Anti-lock brakes and side - impact airbags , previously optional , were now standard . 2009 ( edit ) Initial news reports indicated the 2009 model year would receive a minor facelift by the end of the year with exterior design modifications that included chrome door handles , a new roof spoiler , expanded use of black moldings on the rear bumper , and new alloy - wheel options . This turned out to not occur in the US or Canadian market . The 2009 model year was only a few months long as production ceased in November 2008 . Second generation ( bl ; 2008 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation <Td_colspan="2"> Mazda3 S Grand Touring ( USA ) <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production November 2008 -- June 2013 Model years 2009 -- 2013 Assembly Hofu , Japan Rayong , Thailand ( AAT ) ( February 2011 onwards ) Kulim , Malaysia Tehran , Iran Bogotá , Colombia Pretoria , South Africa Taoyuan , Taiwan Designer Kunihiko Kurisu ( 2006 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Platform Mazda BL platform Related Mazda Premacy / Mazda5 Ford Focus Volvo C30 Volvo S40 / Volvo V50 <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.6 L I4 petrol 1.6 L I4 diesel 2.0 L I4 petrol 2.0 L I4 diesel 2.2 L I4 diesel 2.5 L I4 petrol 2.3 L Turbo Straight - 4 petrol Transmission 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic 6 - speed automatic 5 - speed manual 6 - speed manual <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,640 mm ( 103.9 in ) Length 4,595 mm ( 180.9 in ) ( Sedan ) 4,505 mm ( 177.4 in ) ( Hatchback ) Width 1,755 mm ( 69.1 in ) Height 1,470 mm ( 57.9 in ) Curb weight 1,295 kg ( 2,855.0 lb ) Hatch ( pre-facelift ) Sedan ( pre-facelift ) Hatch ( facelift ) Sedan ( facelift ) Interior In development from 2004 and designed under Kunihiko Kurisu from early 2005 to August 2006 , in October 2008 Mazda released the second generation Mazda3 with restyled exterior . Two engines were offered in the US and Canadian markets , the 2.0 L petrol engine offered in the previous generation and a new 2.5 L inline - 4 shared with the second - generation Mazda6 . The C1 architecture , a collaboration of Ford , Mazda , and Volvo , is carried over from the previous generation though marginally wider , longer and lighter than the previous generation . The 2.3 L engine was replaced with a 2.5 L engine that produces 167 bhp ( 125 kW ; 169 PS ) and 167 lb ⋅ ft ( 226 N ⋅ m ) of torque . In other markets , more engines are offered including a new 2.2 L turbodiesel engine . A 2010 Mazda3 with a 2.5 liter engine and 6 - speed manual transmission accelerates to 60 mph in 7.4 seconds and completes the quarter mile in 15.7 seconds at 89 mph . Mazda unveiled the 2010 Mazda3 sedan / saloon at the Los Angeles Auto Show on 19 November 2008 . The new Mazda3 is slightly larger than the older Mazda3 and is available in `` i '' and `` s '' versions . The `` i '' is powered by a 148 brake horsepower ( 110 kW ) 2.0 L engine while the `` s '' is powered by a 167 brake horsepower ( 125 kW ) 2.5 L engine adapted from the Mazda6 . Both engines are also available in PZEV versions , the 2.0 L producing 144 bhp ( 107 kW ) and the 2.5 L producing 165 bhp ( 123 kW ) . The 3s Grand Touring trim level adds leather seats , power driver 's seat , rain - sensing windshield wipers , dual - zone automatic climate control , and steerable active bi-xenon headlights as standard equipment . The hatchback was unveiled a few weeks after the sedan / saloon at the Bologna Motor Show . The European model includes a start - stop system with the 2.0 L DISI engine with an estimated increase fuel economy in city cycle by roughly 12 % . Midway through 2010 , features including side mirrors with integrated turn signals , footwell lighting , and power seat memory functions were removed . Mazdaspeed 3 ( edit ) Mazda3 MPS ( Europe ) Mazda3 MPS ( Europe ) Full details and images of the high - powered Mazdaspeed3 ( a.k.a. Mazda3 MPS ) were released at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2009 . Like the previous generation , the Mazda3 hatchback variant has been selected as the basis for the 2nd generation Mazdaspeed3 . 2012 update ( edit ) The 2012 Mazda3 with SkyActiv powertrain was unveiled at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto , February 2011 . It comes with Mazda 's SkyActiv - G 2.0 - liter , direct - injection gasoline engine , and SkyActiv - Drive 6 - speed automatic or SkyActiv - MT 6 - speed manual transmission . There are minor exterior updates : revised grille and air intakes , and a reshaped rear valance panel . Skyactiv models receive a blue ring around the projectors in the headlamps . Car and Driver reported that such a Mazda3 can reach estimated EPA fuel - economy ratings of 30 mpg city and 39 to 40 highway . Engines ( edit ) Model Type Power , torque@rpm CO2 emissions ( g / km ) <Th_colspan="4"> Japanese models ZY - VE 1,498 cc ( 91.4 cu in ) I4 111 PS ( 82 kW ; 109 hp ) @ 6000 , 140 N ⋅ m ( 100 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 LF - VDS 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6200 , 186 N ⋅ m ( 137 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 LF - VE 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 143 PS ( 105 kW ; 141 hp ) @ 6500 , 179 N ⋅ m ( 132 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 L3 - VDT 2,261 cc ( 138.0 cu in ) I4 turbo 264 PS ( 194 kW ; 260 hp ) @ 5500 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 <Th_colspan="4"> European models 1.6 dohc 1,598 cc ( 97.5 cu in ) I4 105 PS ( 77 kW ; 104 hp ) @ 6000 , 145 N ⋅ m ( 107 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 149 2.0 dohc w / AT 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6500 , 187 N ⋅ m ( 138 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 175 2.0 dohc DISI w / i - stop 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 151 PS ( 111 kW ; 149 hp ) @ 6200 , 191 N ⋅ m ( 141 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 159 MPS dohc DISI 2,261 cc ( 138.0 cu in ) I4 260 PS ( 190 kW ; 260 hp ) @ 5500 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 224 1.6 8V sohc 1,560 cc ( 95 cu in ) I4 diesel 116 PS ( 85 kW ; 114 hp ) @ 3600 , 270 N ⋅ m ( 200 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1750 -- 2500 114 2.2 dohc 2,184 cc ( 133.3 cu in ) I4 diesel 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 3500 , 360 N ⋅ m ( 270 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 144 2.2 dohc 2,184 cc ( 133.3 cu in ) I4 diesel 185 PS ( 136 kW ; 182 hp ) @ 3500 , 400 N ⋅ m ( 300 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 149 <Th_colspan="4"> US models 4 - door i 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6500 , 183 N ⋅ m ( 135 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 SKYACTIV - G 2.0 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 157 PS ( 115 kW ; 155 hp ) @ 6000 , 201 N ⋅ m ( 148 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4100 4 - door i PZEV 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 146 PS ( 107 kW ; 144 hp ) @ 6500 , 179 N ⋅ m ( 132 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 4 - door s 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 169 PS ( 124 kW ; 167 hp ) @ 6000 , 228 N ⋅ m ( 168 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 4 - door s PZEV 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 167 PS ( 123 kW ; 165 hp ) @ 6000 , 226 N ⋅ m ( 167 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 5 - door s 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 169 PS ( 124 kW ; 167 hp ) @ 6000 , 227 N ⋅ m ( 167 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 MAZDASPEED3 2,261 cc ( 138.0 cu in ) I4 turbo 267 PS ( 196 kW ; 263 hp ) @ 5500 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 <Th_colspan="4"> Canadian models 4 - door GX , GS 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6500 , 183 N ⋅ m ( 135 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 4 - door GT 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 169 PS ( 124 kW ; 167 hp ) @ 6000 , 228 N ⋅ m ( 168 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 5 - door GX 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6500 , 183 N ⋅ m ( 135 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 5 - door GS , GT 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 169 PS ( 124 kW ; 167 hp ) @ 6000 , 227 N ⋅ m ( 167 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 5 - door GS - SKY 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 157 PS ( 115 kW ; 155 hp ) @ 6000 , 201 N ⋅ m ( 148 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4100 MAZDASPEED3 2,261 cc ( 138.0 cu in ) I4 turbo 267 PS ( 196 kW ; 263 hp ) @ 5500 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 <Th_colspan="4"> Australian models Neo / Maxx ( Sport ) 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 6500 , 183 N ⋅ m ( 135 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4500 SP20 ( 2012 ) 1,999 cc ( 122.0 cu in ) I4 155 PS ( 114 kW ; 153 hp ) @ 6000 , 194 N ⋅ m ( 143 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4100 Diesel 2,183 cc ( 133.2 cu in ) I4 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) @ 3500 , 360 N ⋅ m ( 270 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 -- 3000 SP25 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 169 PS ( 124 kW ; 167 hp ) @ 6000 , 228 N ⋅ m ( 168 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 MPS 2,261 cc ( 138.0 cu in ) I4 turbo 259 PS ( 190 kW ; 255 hp ) @ 5500 , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3000 Third generation ( BM ; 2013 -- 2016 , BN ; 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production June 2013 -- present Model years 2014 -- present Assembly Salamanca , Mexico Hōfu , Yamaguchi , Japan Rayong Province , Thailand Designer Koichi Tabata ( 2011 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 1.5 L SkyActiv - G I4 petrol 2.0 L SkyActiv - G I4 petrol 2.5 L SkyActiv - G I4 petrol 1.5 L SkyActiv - D I4 turbo diesel 2.2 L SkyActiv - D I4 turbo diesel Transmission 6 - speed SkyActiv - MT Manual 6 - speed SkyActiv - Drive Automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,700 mm ( 106.3 in ) Length 4,460 mm ( 175.6 in ) ( Hatchback ) 4,580 mm ( 180.3 in ) ( Sedan ) Width 1,795 mm ( 70.7 in ) Height 1,455 mm ( 57.3 in ) Curb weight 1,300 -- 1,315 kg ( 2,866 -- 2,899 lb ) Hatchback Sedan Interior The third generation 2014 Mazda3 was revealed in Australia on 26 June 2013 . It now sits atop the new Skyactiv chassis , no longer sharing the Ford C1 platform . It is the third vehicle to sport the Mazda 's ' KODO : Soul of Motion ' design language , after the CX - 5 and the Mazda6 . It has a drag coefficient ( Cd ) of 0.26 for the sedan / saloon , slightly higher for the hatchback . Combined with the SkyActiv technology , this produces a rating from the U.S. EPA of 30 mpg ( 36 mpg ; 7.8 L / 100 km ) city and 41 mpg ( 49 mpg ; 5.7 L / 100 km ) highway for the 2 litre sedan , and one less mpg highway for the 5 - door hatchback . Two SkyActiv engines are offered in North American markets , the 2.0 l ( with 155 hp and 150 lb - ft of torque ) and the 2.5 l ( with 184 hp and 185 lb - ft of torque ) . The 2014 Mazda3 equipped with a 2.5 litre engine and 6 - speed automatic transmission accelerates to 60 mph in 6.9 seconds and finishes the quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at 95 mph . The 2.0 litre engine reaches 60 mph in 7.8 seconds and finishes the quarter - mile in 16.1 seconds . Initially the 6 - speed manual gearbox was only for the 2.0 litre cars , and automatic transmission was standard on the 2.5 , or available for the 2.0 . In its first - drive review of the 2014 Mazda 3 , the auto enthusiast weblog Jalopnik stated that `` once the 2.5 comes with a manual transmission , there is really no reason to buy anything else in this class . '' For 2015 model year , the 2.5 litre cars are also offered with manual gearbox . Model grades for the US market are SV ( 2.0 Sedan only ) , Sport ( 2.0 Sedan & Hatchback ) , Touring , and Grand Touring ( available in all body styles with either engine ) . The 2014 model ranked number one among Affordable Small Cars in U.S. News & World Report 's rankings . In the 2014 Canadian Car of the Year rankings Mazda 3 was chosen as the Best New Small Car . Canadian magazine The Car Guide chose Mazda 3 as the Best Compact Car in its Best Buys car rankings for 2015 and 2016 . In Europe , three Skyactiv - G ( petrol ) engines are offered , one 1.5 l and two 2.0 l ( at two different power ratings ) ; and a 2.2 l Skyactiv - D ( Diesel ) engine is available . Availability of hatchback and sedan / saloon body styles and their combinations with engines varies amongst European markets . In 2014 , the Mazda3 made it to the finals of the European Car of the Year competition . For the UK market , the Mazda3 Sedan is marketed as a fastback . Thailand models of Mazda3 went on sale in 18 March 2014 . It should be noted that in the UK , Mazda have registered the BM model as a `` BL '' model , and this can be seen on the V5c DVLA ( Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency ) Registration Document ( Section 4. , D. 2 Vehicle Type ) . The type approval is shown to e11 * 2001 / 116 * 0262 * 11 . ( Section 4 , K Type Approval number ) It is a concept version of Mazda3 with engine powered by compressed natural gas . The vehicle , was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show . Mazda3 SkyActiv - Hybrid ( edit ) It is a version of Mazda3 with SKYACTIV - G 2.0 engine with 14 : 1 compression , electric - petrol drive . The vehicle was unveiled in 2013 Tokyo Motor Show . Production ( edit ) Mazda3 2.0 hatchback ( United Kingdom ; facelift ) Mazda3 Maxx hatchback ( Australia ; facelift ) Taiwan models of Mazda3 were produced by Ford Lio Ho Motor Co. , Ltd . Production of US model of Mazda3 sedan at Mazda de Mexico Vehicle Operation ( MMVO ) in Salamanca , Guanajuato began on 7 January 2014 , as the factory 's first production vehicle model . As of 22 January 2014 , cumulative production of the Mazda3 production reached four million units since June 2003 . Production of Thailand models of Mazda3 at AutoAlliance ( Thailand ) Co. , Ltd . ( AAT ) began on 14 March 2014 . Within months of release , the 3 was the 15th best - selling car in Thailand . Model Type Power , torque@rpm CO2 emissions ( g / km ) <Th_colspan="4"> European models G100 1,496 cc ( 91.3 cu in ) I4 100 PS ( 74 kW ; 99 hp ) , 150 N ⋅ m ( 110 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 119 G120 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 120 PS ( 88 kW ; 120 hp ) , 210 N ⋅ m ( 150 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 119 G120 AT 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 120 PS ( 88 kW ; 120 hp ) , 210 N ⋅ m ( 150 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 129 G165 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 165 PS ( 121 kW ; 163 hp ) , 210 N ⋅ m ( 150 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 135 CD150 2,191 cc ( 133.7 cu in ) I4 diesel 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 107 CD150 AT 2,191 cc ( 133.7 cu in ) I4 diesel 150 PS ( 110 kW ; 150 hp ) , 380 N ⋅ m ( 280 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 127 <Th_colspan="4"> Australian models Neo , Maxx , Touring 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 114 kW ( 153 hp ) , 200 N ⋅ m ( 150 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4000 N / A SP25 , SP25 GT , Astina 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 138 kW ( 185 hp ) , 250 N ⋅ m ( 180 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 3250 N / A Astina diesel 2,191 cc ( 133.7 cu in ) I4 diesel 129 kW ( 173 hp ) , 420 N ⋅ m ( 310 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 2000 N / A <Th_colspan="4"> American models i Sport , i Touring , i Grand Touring 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 155 hp ( 116 kW ) @ 6000 , 150 lb ⋅ ft ( 200 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 N / A s Touring , s Grand Touring 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 184 hp ( 137 kW ) @ 5700 , 185 lb ⋅ ft ( 251 N ⋅ m ) @ 3250 N / A <Th_colspan="4"> Canadian models GX , GS , SE ( Limited production ) 1,998 cc ( 121.9 cu in ) I4 155 hp ( 116 kW ) @ 6000 , 150 lb ⋅ ft ( 200 N ⋅ m ) @ 4000 N / A GT 2,488 cc ( 151.8 cu in ) I4 184 hp ( 137 kW ) @ 5700 , 185 lb ⋅ ft ( 251 N ⋅ m ) @ 3250 N / A A facelift of the BM 3 in August 2016 has changed the model to the new BN . Changes include a new dashboard layout , new front and rear exterior styling ( the latter , only in the hatchback ) , new first - of - its - kind G - Vectoring Control and a dropped diesel option . Motorsports ( edit ) The Mazda3 was introduced to the Speed World Challenge in 2009 . Team Sahlen entered a Mazda3 in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge Street Tuner class in 2010 . Mazda South Africa , in conjunction with MFC ( a vehicle finance house ) entered two Mazda3 MPS models into Class - T of the South African Production Car Championship from 2007 to 2010 Mazda3 is used in the seed category NASCAR Stock V6 Series in Mexico . Sales ( edit ) Calendar year US Canada 2009 46,943 47,740 2011 37,224 2012 39,295 2013 104,713 40,466 2014 104,985 40,974 2015 107,884 34,811 2016 95,567 27,689 References ( edit ) 2016 Mazda 3 review Jump up ^ `` Mazda begins production of fourth new generation product '' . media.ford.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major production facilities in Japan '' . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major production facilities overseas '' . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bahman Group '' . Bahman Group . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda 3 ( Axela ) Japanese product page '' . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 「 アクセラ 」 が 教習 車 に 選ば れる 理由 と は ? ! その 秘密 に せまり ます ! - ( MAZDA ) マツダ 公式 ブログ ( Mazda Japan naming inspiration ) '' . Zoom - Zoom Blog . Jump up ^ `` Mazda Launches Second SkyActiv Model '' . mazda.com. 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MAZDA : Global Production of Mazda3 Reaches Four Million Units - News Releases '' . www2.mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` Mazda3 Starts Second Generation : Company spiffs up its best seller for LA Auto Show '' . www.oncars.com . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facilities Ford Motor Company Newsroom '' . Media.ford.com . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda3 经典 款 '' . Mazda3sedan.com.cn . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Sarne , Vernon ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Ford makes ' business decision ' to stop manufacturing cars in PH '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` gatetoturkey.com '' . gatetoturkey.com . Jump up ^ `` Edmunds.com Mazda3 2009 review '' . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AutoWeek review '' . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. News & World Report Best Cars & Trucks ranking '' . Retrieved 26 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : 2009 Mazda MAZDA3 Review by Cars.com Jump up ^ `` Used 2008 Mazda 3 Review & Ratings - Edmunds '' . Edmunds . Jump up ^ `` The Quickest Cars of 2007 : Less than $20,000 '' . Car and Driver . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Mazda3 / Axela Facelift Debuts In Japan '' . CarScope . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Mihnea Radu . `` Mazda Hofu Factory Celebrates 10 Millionth Car Produced '' . autoevolution . Jump up ^ `` Facilities Ford Motor Company Newsroom '' . media.ford.com . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda South Africa -- Mazda3 '' . Mazda.co.za . Retrieved 6 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda : Okay Golf , outside now ! '' . motoring.com.au . Jump up ^ Ludwick , Tom ( October 2008 ) . `` 2010 Mazda3 '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 9 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ron Kiino ( February 2004 ) . `` Volvo S40 -- First Drive Review '' . Car and Driver . Jump up ^ Quiroga , Tony ( November 2008 ) . `` 2010 Mazda3 -- First Drive Review '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak Peek : 2009 Mazda3 '' . Detroit News . Retrieved 14 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Yanca , Jon . `` Aesthetics aside , it 's nearly perfect '' . Car and Driver . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Mazda3 sedan test drive '' . About.com . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Mazda3 sedan test drive : Details and specs '' . About.com . Retrieved 20 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda i - stop Technology -- saves gas at red lights '' . Jump up ^ `` AUSmotive.com -- 2009 Mazda3 MPS image gallery '' . ausmotive.com . Jump up ^ `` Mazda3 Maxx Sport Review '' . Caradvice.com.au. 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Donny Nordlicht ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` 2012 Mazda3 Available With Direct - Injection SkyActiv Engine '' . Automobile magazine . Jump up ^ Dave Vanderwerp ( August 2010 ) . `` Mazda Sky - G and Sky - D Engines '' . Car and Driver . Jump up ^ `` Mazda Releases Updated Axela ( 2016 / 07 / 14 ) '' . Mazda News Release . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda Reveals All - New 3 Hatchback '' . Top Gear Philippines . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mazda Mazda3 Pricing '' . Edmunds . Jump up ^ `` 12 slipperiest cars '' . Motorburn . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel economy of Mazda3 sedan '' . U.S. Dept of Energy . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , John . `` Episode 3314 '' . MotorWeek . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda MAZDA3 Review -- Motor Trend '' . Motor Trend Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Okulski , Travis . `` The 2014 Mazda3 Will Make You Wonder Why People Buy Anything Else '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Best Affordable Small Cars Rankings -- U.S. News Best Cars '' . rankingsandreviews.com . Jump up ^ `` AJAC -- Canadian Car of the Year Winners ( by Year ) '' . www.ajac.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Car Guide 's 2015 Best Buys '' . 2015.guideautoweb.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAZDA : Mazda Begins Production of the All - new Mazda3 in Thailand -- News Releases '' . mazda.com . ^ Jump up to : `` マツダ 、 タイ で 新型 「 Mazda3 」 の 生産 を 開始 '' . mazda.com . ^ Jump up to : Seyth Miersma . `` Mazda3 Skyactiv - Hybrid and CNG Concept shown in Japan '' . Autoblog . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey N. Ross . `` Mazda3 to showcase CNG , Hybrid versions in Tokyo '' . Autoblog . Jump up ^ `` マツダ 、 東京 モーター ショー に 新型 「 アクセラ 」 を 出品 '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` MAZDA : Mazda to Exhibit All - New Mazda3 at Tokyo Motor Show -- News Releases '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` MAZDA : Mazda to Reinforce Sales Structure in Taiwan -- News Releases '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` マツダ 、 台湾 における 販売 体制 を 強化 '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` MAZDA : Mazda Starts Production at New Plant in Mexico -- News Releases '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` マツダ 、 メキシコ 新 工場 で の 量産 開始 '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` MAZDA : Global Production of Mazda3 Reaches Four Million Units -- News Releases '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` 「 マツダ アクセラ 」 が 世界 累計 生産 400 万 台 を 達成 '' . mazda.com . Jump up ^ `` Event Information -- Entry List '' . Grand-am.com. 10 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mazda de México participará en la NASCAR Corona Series '' . Portal Automotriz. 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sales News Archives - Inside Mazda '' . Inside Mazda . Jump up ^ `` Sales News '' . Mazda News . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mazda3 . Official USA Mazda3 website Official UK Mazda3 website Official Canadian Mazda3 website <Th_colspan="29"> `` previous -- Mazda road car timeline , 1990s -- present Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="8"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 Kei car / Microvan / Kei truck <Td_colspan="6"> Autozam Carol <Td_colspan="4"> Carol <Td_colspan="5"> Carol <Td_colspan="5"> Carol <Td_colspan="5"> Carol <Td_colspan="3"> Carol <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> AZ - Wagon <Td_colspan="5"> AZ - Wagon <Td_colspan="5"> AZ - Wagon <Td_colspan="4"> AZ - Wagon <Td_colspan="6"> Flair <Td_colspan="2"> Flair Wagon <Td_colspan="4"> Flair Wagon <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="17"> AZ - Offroad <Td_colspan="3"> Flair Crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> Spiano <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> Laputa <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> Autozam Scrum <Td_colspan="4"> Scrum / Scrum Wagon <Td_colspan="14"> Scrum / Scrum Wagon Subcompact <Td_colspan="6"> Autozam Revue / 121 <Td_colspan="6"> Demio / 121 <Td_colspan="6"> Demio / Mazda2 <Td_colspan="7"> Demio / Mazda2 <Td_colspan="3"> Demio / Mazda2 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="12"> Verisa <Td_colspan="2"> Compact <Td_colspan="5"> Familia / 323 / Protegé / Astina / Eunos 100 <Td_colspan="4"> Familia / 323 / Protegé / Lantis <Td_colspan="5"> Familia / 323 / Protegé <Td_colspan="5"> Axela / Mazda3 <Td_colspan="5"> Axela / Mazda3 <Td_colspan="4"> Axela / Mazda3 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Familia Van <Td_colspan="8"> Familia Van <Td_colspan="11"> Familia Van Mid-size <Td_colspan="3"> Capella / 626 <Td_colspan="5"> Capella <Td_colspan="4"> Capella / 626 <Td_colspan="6"> Atenza / Mazda6 <Td_colspan="5"> Atenza / Mazda6 <Td_colspan="5"> Atenza / Mazda6 <Td_colspan="3"> Persona <Td_colspan="5"> Cronos / 626 / Xedos 6 / Eunos 500 / ɛ̃fini MS - 6 / Autozam Clef <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> Eunos 800 / Xedos 9 / Millenia ɛ̃fini MS - 8 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="8"> Full - size Luce <Td_colspan="4"> Sentia / 929 / ɛ̃fini MS - 9 <Td_colspan="5"> Sentia <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> Sports car <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Autozam AZ - 1 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> MX - 3 / Eunos Presso / Autozam AZ - 3 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Eunos Roadster / MX - 5 / Miata <Td_colspan="7"> Roadster / MX - 5 / Miata <Td_colspan="11"> Roadster / MX - 5 <Td_colspan="2"> Roadster / MX - 5 <Td_colspan="3"> MX - 6 / Mystère <Td_colspan="5"> MX - 6 / Mystère <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="3"> ɛ̃fini RX - 7 / RX - 7 <Td_colspan="10"> RX - 7 <Td_colspan="9"> RX - 8 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Eunos Cosmo <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="8"> Minivan <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> Premacy <Td_colspan="5"> Premacy / Mazda5 <Td_colspan="7"> Premacy / Mazda5 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="11"> Bongo Friendee <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> Biante <Td_colspan="9"> ɛ̃fini MPV / MPV <Td_colspan="8"> MPV <Td_colspan="10"> MPV / Mazda8 <Td_colspan="1"> Crossover SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> CX - 3 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> CX - 4 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Tribute <Td_colspan="5"> Tribute <Td_colspan="5"> CX - 5 <Td_colspan="1"> CX - 5 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> CX - 7 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> CX - 8 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> CX - 9 <Td_colspan="2"> CX - 9 SUV <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Navajo <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> Pickup <Td_colspan="4"> B - Series <Td_colspan="4"> B - Series <Td_colspan="9"> B - Series <Td_colspan="4"> BT - 50 <Td_colspan="7"> BT - 50 Van / Minibus <Td_colspan="10"> Bongo <Td_colspan="18"> Bongo <Th_colspan="2"> Mazda Current Cars Carol Demio / Mazda2 Axela / Mazda3 Atenza / Mazda6 Roadster / MX - 5 SUVs / Crossovers CX - 3 CX - 4 CX - 5 CX - 9 Minivans A-Z Wagon Familia Van Pickup trucks Scrum BT - 50 Commercial Vans Scrum Van Scrum Wagon Commercial Trucks Titan Discontinued models Mazdago K360 R360 ɛ̃fini MS - 8 Biante Bongo B - Series 121 626 929 AZ - 1 AZ - Offroad Capella Cosmo Cronos CX - 7 Familia Luce Persona Premacy / Mazda5 Millenia MPV / Mazda8 MX - 3 MX - 6 Navajo Revue RX - 7 RX - 8 Savanna Sentia Spiano Tribute Verisa Xedos 6 / Eunos 500 Parkway Engines V - twin Engine OHV engine xC engine E engine F engine Diesel engine G engine B engine Z engine L engine Keicar Engine YF Engine SkyActiv - G SkyActiv - D J Engine K Engine AJ / MZI Wankel Family International operations Mazda North American Operations Changan Mazda ( 50 % ) Changan Ford Mazda ( 15 % ) AutoAlliance International ( 50 % ) AutoAlliance Thailand ( 50 % ) See also Mazda road vehicle timeline List of Mazda vehicles Mazda Factories Ford Motor Company ɛ̃fini Autozam Eunos Amati M2 Zoom - Zoom <Td_colspan="2"> Mazda Global Mazda Europe Mazda Japan Mazda USA Mazda Canada ( Cars Category ) <Th_colspan="40"> Mazda automobile timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s Model year 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact <Td_colspan="1"> GLC <Td_colspan="6"> GLC <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> Mazda2 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> 323 <Td_colspan="5"> 323 / Protegé <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> Protegé <Td_colspan="5"> Protegé <Td_colspan="6"> Mazda3 <Td_colspan="4"> Mazda3 <Td_colspan="5"> Mazda3 <Td_colspan="3"> 626 <Td_colspan="5"> 626 <Td_colspan="5"> 626 <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> 626 <Td_colspan="5"> 626 <Td_colspan="6"> Mazda6 <Td_colspan="4"> Mazda6 <Td_colspan="6"> Mazda6 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> Millenia <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> Full - size <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> 929 <Td_colspan="6"> 929 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sport compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="7"> MX - 3 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> MX - 6 <Td_colspan="5"> MX - 6 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sports <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> MX - 5 Miata <Td_colspan="8"> MX - 5 Miata <Td_colspan="10"> MX - 5 Miata <Td_colspan="3"> MX - 5 Miata <Td_colspan="6"> RX - 7 <Td_colspan="7"> RX - 7 <Td_colspan="3"> RX - 7 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="8"> RX - 8 <Td_colspan="6"> Minivan <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Mazda5 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Mazda5 * <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="10"> MPV <Td_colspan="8"> MPV <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> Compact crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> CX - 3 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> Tribute <Td_colspan="4"> Tribute <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> CX - 5 <Td_colspan="2"> CX - 5 Mid-size crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> CX - 7 <Td_colspan="6"> Full - size crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> CX - 9 <Td_colspan="3"> CX - 9 SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Navajo <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Pickup <Td_colspan="6"> B - Series <Td_colspan="8"> B - Series <Td_colspan="4"> B - Series <Td_colspan="13"> B - Series <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="40"> * Mazda5 only available in Canada since 2015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mazda3&oldid=819273219 '' Categories : Mazda vehicles Compact cars Hot Hatch Hatchbacks Sedans Police vehicles Touring cars Ford C1 platform Front - wheel - drive vehicles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 2003 Partial zero - emissions vehicles Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 12 : 53 . 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1. Mazda3 features and specifications 2. Mazda3 generations and updates 3. Mazda3 performance and handling 4. Mazda3 sales and popularity 5. Mazda3 design and styling

what tv stations does sinclair own in florida

List of stations owned or operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group - wikipedia List of stations owned or operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group Jump to : navigation , search Sinclair Broadcast Group is the largest owner of television stations in the United States , currently owning or operating a total of 173 stations across the country ( 233 after all currently proposed sales are approved ) in nearly 80 markets , ranging from markets as large as Washington , D.C. to as small as Steubenville , Ohio . The stations are affiliates of various television networks , including ABC , CBS , NBC and Fox as well as numerous specialty channels . Many stations are owned outright by the company , while others are owned by legally distinct companies but operated by Sinclair through a local marketing agreement , a concept Sinclair pioneered in Pittsburgh in 1991 when the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) forbade duopolies . ( The stations involved in the initial deal , WPGH - TV and WPTT -- now WPNT -- are now both owned by Sinclair outright . ) Sinclair has established local marketing agreements with various companies , most notably Cunningham Broadcasting and Deerfield Media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current television stations 1.1 By affiliation 1.2 By state and market 2 Radio stations 3 Former Sinclair - owned stations 4 References 5 External links Current television stations ( edit ) By affiliation ( edit ) This table includes satellite , semi-satellite , and Class A stations . Network Primary ( DT1 Affiliation ) Sub-channel ABC 33 7 Antenna TV 18 Azteca América Bounce TV CBS 27 Charge ! 58 Comet 83 Cozi TV CW+ 14 The CW 22 9 Estrella TV Fox 43 9 GetTV 6 Grit Independent Justice Network MeTV 18 Movies ! MyNetworkTV 22 16 NBC 22 Stadium 42 TBD 74 Telemundo This TV 13 UniMás Univision 7 WeatherNation TV By state and market ( edit ) A blank affiliation indicates a subchannel not currently operational . City of license / Market Station Channel TV ( RF ) Year acquired DT1 affiliation DT2 affiliation DT3 affiliation DT4 affiliation Birmingham - Tuscaloosa - Anniston , AL WTTO 21 ( 28 ) 1995 The CW Antenna TV Comet TBD WABM 68 ( 36 ) 2001 MyNetworkTV ABC ( WBMA - LD simulcast ) weather WDBB ( Satellite of WTTO ) 17 ( 18 ) 1995 The CW ABC ( WBMA - LD simulcast ) WBMA - LD 58 ( 40 ) 2014 ABC weather Stadium Charge ! Mobile , AL & Pensacola , FL WEAR - TV 3 ( 17 ) 1997 ABC TBD Charge ! WPMI - TV 15 ( 15 ) 2012 NBC WeatherNation TV Stadium WFGX 35 ( 50 ) 2001 MyNetworkTV & This TV GetTV Comet WJTC 44 ( 45 ) 2012 Independent Grit Little Rock , AR KATV 7 ( 22 ) 2014 ABC Comet Charge ! TBD Bakersfield , CA KBAK - TV 29 ( 33 ) 2013 CBS Charge ! Fox ( KBFX - CD simulcast ) KBFX - CD 58 ( 29 ) 2013 Fox TBD Comet Chico , CA - Redding , CA KRCR - TV 7 ( 7 ) 2017 ABC MeTV Movies ! KXVU - LP 17 2017 Antenna TV KCVU 20 ( 20 ) 2017 Fox Cozi TV KRVU - LD 21 ( 21 ) 2017 MyNetworkTV KZVU - LD ( Satellite of KRVU - LD ) 22 ( 22 ) 2017 KUCO - LP 27 2017 Univision KKTF - LD 30 ( 30 ) 2017 UniMás Eureka , California & Arcata , CA KAEF - TV ( Semi-satellite of KRCR ) 23 ( 22 ) 2017 ABC MeTV Movies ! KBVU ( Semi-satellite of KCVU ) 28 ( 28 ) 2017 Fox Cozi TV KECA - LD 29 ( 29 ) 2017 CW+ MyNetworkTV KEUV - LP 31 2017 Univision Fresno & Visalia , CA KMPH - TV 26 ( 28 ) 2013 Fox This TV Comet Stadium KFRE - TV 59 ( 36 ) 2013 The CW Estrella TV TBD Washington , DC WJLA - TV 7 ( 7 ) 2014 ABC Charge ! Comet TBD Fort Pierce & West Palm Beach , FL WPEC 12 ( 13 ) 2012 CBS WeatherNation TV Comet WTVX 34 ( 34 ) 2012 The CW Azteca América ( WWHB - CA simulcast ) MyNetworkTV ( WTCN - CA simulcast ) WTCN - CA 43 ( 34.3 ) 2012 MyNetworkTV Antenna TV TBD WWHB - CA 48 ( 34.2 ) 2012 Azteca América Charge ! Gainesville & High Springs , FL WGFL 28 ( 28 ) 2014 CBS MyNetworkTV ( WMYG - LP simulcast ) TBD WNBW - DT 9 ( 9 ) 2014 NBC Charge ! Comet MeTV ( WYME - CD simulcast ) WMYG - LP 11 ( 28.2 ) 2014 MyNetworkTV WYME - CD 45 ( 45 ) 2014 MeTV Tallahassee , FL & Thomasville , GA WTWC - TV 40 ( 40 ) 1998 NBC Fox Charge ! WTLH 49 ( 50 ) 2014 MeTV CW+ ( WTLF simulcast ) Comet WTLF 24 ( 24 ) 2014 CW+ Comet TBD Albany , GA WFXL 31 ( 12 ) 2013 Fox TBD Comet Charge ! Macon , GA WGXA 24 ( 16 ) 2014 Fox ABC Comet Cedar Rapids - Waterloo - Dubuque - Iowa City , IA KGAN 2 ( 29 ) 1998 CBS GetTV Comet KFXA 28 ( 27 ) Fox Charge ! TBD Stadium Des Moines , IA KDSM - TV 17 ( 16 ) 1997 Fox Comet Charge ! TBD Sioux City , IA KPTH 44 ( 49 ) 2013 Fox MyNetworkTV & This TV Charge ! KMEG 14 ( 39 ) CBS TBD Comet Boise , ID KBOI - TV 2 ( 9 ) 2013 CBS CW+ ( KYUU - LD simulcast ) Charge ! KYUU - LD 35 ( 28 ) 2013 CW+ TBD Comet Stadium Lewiston , ID KLEW - TV ( KIMA - TV semi-satellite ) 3 ( 32 ) 2013 CBS Charge ! Comet Champaign - Urbana - Decatur - Springfield , IL WICS 20 ( 42 ) 1998 ABC Comet TBD Charge ! WICD ( WICS satellite ) 15 ( 41 ) 1998 ABC Comet TBD Charge ! WRSP - TV 55 ( 44 ) Fox MeTV Antenna TV WCCU 27 ( 26 ) WBUI 22 ( 23 ) The CW This TV Stadium Peoria & Bloomington , IL WHOI 19 ( 19 ) 2013 Comet WYZZ - TV 43 ( 28 ) Fox GetTV South Bend , IN WSBT - TV 22 ( 22 ) 2016 CBS Fox Wichita , KS KSAS - TV 24 ( 26 ) 2012 Fox TBD Comet KAAS - TV 17 ( 17 ) KOCW 17 ( 14 ) KMTW 36 ( 35 ) MyNetworkTV Stadium Danville - Lexington , KY WDKY - TV 56 ( 31 ) 2001 Fox Comet Charge ! TBD Portland , ME WGME - TV 13 ( 38 ) 1998 CBS TBD Stadium WPFO 23 ( 23 ) Fox Charge ! Comet Baltimore , MD WBFF 45 ( 46 ) 1971 Fox MyNetworkTV TBD WNUV 54 ( 40 ) 1994 The CW Antenna TV Comet Charge ! WUTB 45.2 ( 46 ) 2013 MyNetworkTV Flint - Saginaw - Bay City , MI WEYI - TV 25 ( 30 ) 2013 NBC The CW ( WBSF simulcast ) TBD WBSF 46 ( 46 ) 2013 The CW NBC ( WEYI - TV simulcast ) Charge ! WSMH 66 ( 16 ) Fox Antenna TV Comet Stadium Kalamazoo & Grand Rapids , MI WWMT 3 ( 8 ) 2012 CBS The CW Comet Traverse City - Cadillac , MI Cheboygan - Sault Ste . Marie , MI WPBN - TV 7 ( 47 ) 2013 NBC ABC ( WGTU / WGTQ simulcast ) Comet WTOM - TV 4 ( 35 ) WGTU 29 ( 29 ) 2013 ABC NBC ( WPBN - TV / WTOM - TV simulcast ) WGTQ 8 ( 8 ) Minneapolis & St. Paul , MN WUCW 23 ( 22 ) 1998 The CW Comet Charge ! TBD Cape Girardeau , MO - Paducah , KY - Harrisburg , IL KBSI 23 ( 22 ) 1998 Fox MyNetworkTV ( WDKA simulcast ) Comet WDKA 49 ( 49 ) MyNetworkTV Charge ! TBD Stadium Columbia - Jefferson City , MO KRCG 13 ( 12 ) 2013 CBS Comet Charge ! TBD Hannibal , MO - Quincy , IL KHQA - TV 7 ( 7 ) 2013 CBS ABC Comet Kirksville , MO - Ottumwa , IA KTVO 3 ( 33 ) 2013 ABC CBS Comet St. Louis , MO KDNL - TV 30 ( 31 ) 1997 ABC TBD Charge ! Stadium Missoula , MT KECI - TV 13 ( 13 ) 2017 NBC MeTV This TV Kalispell , MT KCFW - TV ( Semi-satellite of KECI ) 9 ( 9 ) 2017 Butte , MT KTVM - TV ( Semi-satellite of KECI ) 6 ( 6 ) 2017 Bozeman , MT KDBZ - CD ( Satellite of KTVM ) 42 ( 42 ) 2017 Hayes Center , NE KWNB - TV ( Satellite of KHGI - TV ) 6 ( 6 ) 2016 ABC Fox TBD Kearney - Hastings , NE KHGI - TV 13 ( 13 ) 2016 ABC Fox TBD Lincoln , NE KFXL - TV 51 ( 51 ) 2016 Fox North Platte , NE KHGI - CD ( Satellite of KHGI - TV ) 13 ( 13 ) 2016 ABC Omaha , NE KPTM 42 ( 43 ) 2013 Fox MyNetworkTV & This TV Comet KXVO 15 ( 39 ) The CW TBD Charge ! Stadium Elko , NV KENV - DT 10 ( 10 ) Comet Las Vegas , NV KSNV 3 ( 22 ) 1997 NBC Estrella TV Charge ! Stadium KVCW 33 ( 29 ) 2000 The CW MyNetworkTV TBD This TV Reno , NV KRNV - DT 4 ( 7 ) NBC This TV TBD KRXI - TV 11 ( 44 ) 2013 Fox Charge ! Grit KAME - TV 21 ( 20 ) 2013 MyNetworkTV Stadium Comet Buffalo , NY WUTV 29 ( 14 ) Fox TBD Grit WNYO - TV 49 ( 49 ) 2001 MyNetworkTV Stadium Comet GetTV Rochester , NY WHAM - TV 13 ( 13 ) 2013 ABC The CW Charge ! WUHF 31 ( 28 ) 1995 Fox Antenna TV Comet TBD Schenectady - Albany - Troy , NY WRGB 6 ( 6 ) 2012 CBS TBD Comet WCWN 45 ( 43 ) 2012 The CW Charge ! CBS ( WRGB simulcast ) Stadium Syracuse , NY WSTM - TV 3 ( 24 ) 2013 NBC The CW ( WSTQ - LP simulcast ) Comet WTVH 5 ( 47 ) CBS Charge ! TBD WSTQ - LP 14 ( 3.2 ) 2013 The CW Asheville , NC Greenville , SC & Spartanburg , SC WLOS 13 ( 13 ) 1997 ABC MyNetworkTV ( WMYA - TV simulcast ) Antenna TV Stadium WMYA - TV 40 ( 14 ) 1997 MyNetworkTV Comet TBD Charge ! Greenville - New Bern - Morehead City , NC WYDO 14 ( 47 ) 2017 Fox Bounce Charge ! Stadium WCTI - TV 12 ( 12 ) 2017 ABC Comet Movies ! TBD Raleigh - Durham , NC WLFL 22 ( 27 ) 1994 The CW Stadium TBD Antenna TV WRDC 28 ( 28 ) 1995 MyNetworkTV Charge ! Comet Winston - Salem - Greensboro - High Point , NC WXLV - TV 45 ( 29 ) ABC Stadium Charge ! TBD WMYV 48 ( 33 ) 2001 MyNetworkTV GetTV Comet Cincinnati , OH WKRC - TV 12 ( 12 ) 2012 CBS The CW Stadium WSTR - TV 64 ( 33 ) 1995 MyNetworkTV Antenna TV Comet TBD Columbus & Chillicothe , OH WSYX 6 ( 48 ) 1997 ABC MyNetworkTV & This TV Antenna TV WTTE 28 ( 36 ) 1984 Fox TBD Stadium WWHO 53 ( 46 ) 2011 The CW Charge ! Comet Dayton , OH WKEF 22 ( 51 ) 1998 ABC Stadium Antenna TV TBD WRGT - TV 45 ( 30 ) 2001 Fox MyNetworkTV & This TV Comet Charge ! Steubenville , OH & Wheeling , WV WTOV - TV 9 ( 9 ) 2013 NBC Fox MeTV Toledo , OH WNWO - TV 24 ( 49 ) 2013 NBC Stadium Comet TBD Oklahoma City , OK KOKH - TV 25 ( 24 ) 2003 Fox Charge ! Stadium KOCB 34 ( 33 ) The CW TBD Comet Tulsa , OK KTUL 8 ( 10 ) 2014 ABC Comet Charge ! TBD Eugene , OR Coos Bay , OR Roseburg , OR KVAL - TV 13 ( 25 ) 2013 CBS TBD Charge ! KCBY - TV 11 ( 21 ) KPIC 4 ( 19 ) KMTR 16 ( 17 ) NBC CW+ Comet KMCB 23 ( 22 ) KTCW 46 ( 45 ) Medford , OR KTVL 10 ( 10 ) 2012 CBS CW+ Comet TBD Portland , OR KATU 2 ( 43 ) 2013 ABC MeTV Comet Stadium KUNP 16 ( 16 ) 2013 Univision TBD Charge ! Harrisburg - Lancaster - Lebanon - York , PA WHP - TV 21 ( 21 ) 2012 CBS MyNetworkTV The CW Johnstown & Altoona , PA WJAC - TV 6 ( 34 ) 2013 NBC MeTV Comet TBD WWCP - TV 8 ( 8 ) 2016 Fox ABC ' WATM - TV ' 23 ( 24 ) 2016 ABC Fox This TV Antenna TV Pittsburgh , PA WPGH - TV 53 ( 43 ) 1991 Fox Antenna TV Charge ! WPNT 22 ( 42 ) 2000 MyNetworkTV Stadium Comet TBD Scranton - Wilkes - Barre , PA WOLF - TV 56 ( 45 ) 2014 Fox The CW ( WSWB simulcast ) MyNetworkTV ( WQMY simulcast ) WQMY 53 ( 29 ) 2014 MyNetworkTV Fox ( WOLF - TV simulcast ) The CW ( WSWB simulcast ) WSWB 38 ( 31 ) 2014 The CW MeTV Comet Stadium Providence , RI & New Bedford , MA WJAR 10 ( 50 ) 2014 NBC MeTV Comet TBD Charleston , SC WTAT - TV 24 ( 24 ) 1995 Fox Justice Network Comet WCIV 36 ( 36 ) 1998 MyNetworkTV ABC MeTV Columbia , SC WACH 57 ( 48 ) 2013 Fox Stadium Comet TBD Florence & Myrtle Beach , SC WPDE - TV 15 ( 16 ) 2013 ABC weather Comet TBD WWMB 21 ( 21 ) 2013 The CW CW+ Stadium Charge Hardeeville , SC & Savannah , GA WTGS 28 ( 28 ) 2014 Fox Comet Antenna TV TBD Chattanooga , TN WTVC 9 ( 9 ) 2012 ABC Fox TBD WDSI - TV 61 ( 40 ) 2015 This TV Comet WFLI - TV 53 ( 42 ) 2015 The CW MyNetworkTV MeTV Charge ! Nashville , TN WZTV 17 ( 15 ) 1994 Fox TBD Antenna TV WUXP 30 ( 21 ) 2000 MyNetworkTV GetTV Comet WNAB 58 ( 23 ) The CW Stadium Charge ! Abilene , TX KTXS - TV 12 ( 12 ) 2017 ABC CW+ MeTV KTES - LD 40 ( 40 ) 2017 MeTV Amarillo , TX & Clovis , NM KVII - TV 7 ( 7 ) 2013 ABC CW+ Comet Stadium KVIH - TV 12 ( 12 ) Austin , TX KEYE - TV 42 ( 43 ) 2012 CBS Telemundo Beaumont & Port Arthur , TX KBTV - TV 4 ( 40 ) 2012 Fox TBD Comet KFDM 6 ( 21 ) 2012 CBS CW+ Charge ! El Paso , TX Las Cruces , NM KDBC - TV 4 ( 18 ) 2013 CBS MyNetworkTV , TBD & Stadium MeTV KFOX - TV 14 ( 15 ) 2013 Fox Comet Charge ! Harlingen , TX & the Rio Grande Valley KGBT - TV 4 ( 31 ) 2013 CBS Azteca America Comet San Angelo , TX KTXE - LD ( Satellite of KTXS ) 38 ( 38 ) 2017 ABC CW+ MeTV San Antonio -- Kerrville , TX KMYS 35 ( 32 ) 2001 The CW Stadium WOAI - TV 4 ( 48 ) 2012 NBC Antenna TV Charge ! KABB 29 ( 30 ) 1997 Fox Comet TBD Salt Lake City , UT KUTV 2 ( 34 ) 2012 CBS MyNetworkTV KJZZ - TV 14 ( 46 ) 2016 Independent Comet TBD Charge ! St. George , UT KMYU 12 ( 9 ) 2012 MyNetworkTV CBS Bristol , VA & Greeneville , TN & Johnson City , TN & Kingsport , TN WCYB - TV 5 ( 5 ) 2017 NBC The CW Comet WEMT 39 ( 38 ) 2017 Fox Movies ! Charge ! TBD Lynchburg & Roanoke , VA WSET - TV 13 ( 13 ) 2014 ABC Stadium Comet TBD Norfolk , VA & Hampton Roads WTVZ - TV 33 ( 33 ) MyNetworkTV Stadium Comet TBD Richmond , VA WRLH - TV 35 ( 26 ) 1998 Fox MyNetworkTV & TBD Comet Charge ! Seattle & Tacoma , WA KOMO - TV 4 ( 38 ) 2013 ABC Comet Charge ! KUNS - TV 51 ( 50 ) 2013 Univision TBD Stadium Yakima , WA & Pasco & Kennewick , WA KIMA - TV 29 ( 33 ) 2013 CBS CW+ Stadium KEPR - TV 19 ( 18 ) KUNW - CD 2 ( 30 ) 2013 Univision Comet TDB Charge ! KVVK - CD 15 ( 15 ) KORX - CD 16 Charleston & Huntington , WV WCHS - TV 8 ( 41 ) 1997 ABC Antenna TV Charge ! TBD WVAH - TV 11 ( 19 ) 1994 Fox Stadium Comet Green Bay , WI & the Fox Cities , WI WLUK - TV 11 ( 11 ) 2014 Fox Antenna TV TBD WCWF 14 ( 21 ) 2014 The CW Comet Charge ! Stadium Madison , WI WMSN - TV 47 ( 49 ) 2002 Fox Comet Charge ! TBD Milwaukee , WI WVTV 18 ( 18.1 ) 2000 The CW WVTV - DT2 24 ( 18.2 ) 1995 MyNetworkTV Comet Notes : ^ Jump up to : Station is nominally owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and operated by Sinclair under local marketing agreements . However , Cunningham Broadcasting 's stock is almost completely controlled by trusts in the names of members of Sinclair 's founding Smith family . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Allbritton Communications prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Station was acquired from Newport Television in 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Station is nominally owned by Deerfield Media and operated by Sinclair under local marketing agreements . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Fisher Communications prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Bonten Media Group prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Freedom Communications prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Station that was owned by Four Points Media Group prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Station is owned by New Age Media or MPS Media and operated by Sinclair under a master service agreement . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Guy Gannett Communications prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Barrington Broadcasting prior to its acquisition by Sinclair in 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Station is owned by a local independent or private company and operated by Sinclair under a local marketing agreement . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by River City Broadcasting prior to its merger with Sinclair in 1997 . Jump up ^ Station is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and operated by Nexstar Media Group under a local marketing agreement . Jump up ^ Station is owned by Corporate Media Consultants Group ( itself 49 % owned by Max Media ) and operated by Sinclair . The station 's license assets are in the process of being transferred to Cunningham Broadcasting , pending FCC approval . ^ Jump up to : Station was built and signed - on by Sinclair . ^ Jump up to : Station is nominally owned by Howard Stirk Holdings ( owned by Armstrong Williams ) and operated by Sinclair under local marketing agreements . ^ Jump up to : Station is owned by Cunningham Broadcasting and operated by Sinclair . ^ Jump up to : Station was owned by Act III Broadcasting prior to its acquisition by Sinclair between 1994 and 1996 . Jump up ^ Station is owned by Granite Broadcasting and operated by Sinclair under a shared services agreement . Jump up ^ Station is owned by Manhan Media and operated by Sinclair under a shared services agreement . Jump up ^ Station 's license is held by South West Oregon TV Broadcasting Corporation , which is 50 % owned by Sinclair and 50 % owned by California Oregon Broadcasting , Inc . ^ Jump up to : The station is owned by Horseshoe Curve Communications or Palm Television and operated by Sinclair under a master service agreement with Cunningham Broadcasting or Horseshoe Curve Communications . Jump up ^ Sinclair owned WPNT from its 1978 launch ( as WPTT - TV ) until selling it to its operations manager , Eddie Edwards , in 1991 after acquiring WPGH - TV ; Edwards would sell the station back to Sinclair in 2000 . Jump up ^ Station is owned by Tennessee Broadcasting , LP , an affiliate company of Beverly Hills - based Lambert Broadcasting , and its operations are managed by Sinclair under an outsourcing agreement . Sinclair filed an application to acquire the station outright under an FCC `` failing station '' waiver in July 2005 but the FCC has not acted on the application as of 2014 -- and will likely either reject the application or continue to not act on it unless Sinclair sells off either WZTV or WUXP due to current rules prohibiting one company from directly owning more than two full - power television stations in the same market . Jump up ^ Sinclair owned WEMT from 1998 until it was sold to Aurora Broadcasting in 2006 ; Sinclair reassumed control of the station in 2017 when then - owners Esteem Broadcasting sold the station to Cummingham Broadcasting . Jump up ^ The station was formerly a separate full - power station as WCGV - TV until January 2018 , when its license was turned in to the FCC after the selling of its spectrum in the 2016 auction . In order to acquire Tribune 's WITI in the same market , Sinclair chose to turn in WCGV 's channel 25 digital license and merge its subchannels onto WVTV 's , but was able to retain the former channel number , thus it continues to virtually operate as its own station despite being a subchannel of WVTV , but WITI would be able to be acquired as the new WCGV intellectual unit is a subchannel in technicality . Radio stations ( edit ) AM Stations FM Stations Market Station Owned Since Current Format Seattle - Tacoma , WA KVI / 570 2013 Conservative talk KOMO / 1000 2013 All - news KOMO - FM / 97.7 2013 Simulcasts KOMO ( AM ) KPLZ - FM / 101.5 2013 Hot adult contemporary Notes : Jump up ^ KOMO - FM is owned by South Sound Broadcasting , but operated by Sinclair under a local marketing agreement . Former Sinclair - owned stations ( edit ) City of license / Market Station Channel TV ( RF ) Years owned Current ownership status Anniston , AL WJSU - TV 40 ( 9 ) 2014 -- 2015 Heroes & Icons affiliate , WGWW , owned by Howard Stirk Holdings Tuscaloosa , AL WCFT - TV 33 ( 33 ) 2014 -- 2015 Heroes & Icons affiliate , WSES , owned by Howard Stirk Holdings Stockton - Sacramento , CA KOVR 13 ( 25 ) 1997 -- 2005 CBS owned - and - operated station , owned by CBS Television Stations Colorado Springs - Pueblo , CO KXRM - TV 21 ( 22 ) 2013 -- 2014 Fox affiliate , owned by Nexstar Media Group KXTU - LD 57 ( 20 ) 2013 -- 2014 The CW affiliate , owned by Nexstar Media Group St. Petersburg - Tampa , FL WTTA 38 ( 32 ) 1991 -- 2014 MyNetworkTV affiliate , owned by Nexstar Media Group Tallahassee , FL - Thomasville , GA WTXL - TV 27 ( 27 ) 2001 -- 2006 ABC affiliate , owned by Raycom Media Idaho Falls - Pocatello , ID KIDK 3 ( 36 ) 2013 CBS affiliate , owned by VistaWest Media , LLC KXPI - LD 34 ( 34 ) 2013 Fox affiliate , owned by VistaWest Media , LLC Bloomington - Indianapolis , IN WIIB 63 ( 27 ) 1988 -- 1997 Ion owned - and - operated station , WIPX - TV , owned by Ion Media Networks WTTV 4 ( 48 ) 1997 -- 2002 CBS affiliate , owned by Tribune Broadcasting Kokomo , IN WTTK ( satellite of WTTV ) 29 ( 29 ) 1997 -- 2002 CBS affiliate , owned by Tribune Broadcasting Springfield - Holyoke , MA WGGB - TV 40 ( 40 ) 1998 -- 2007 ABC affiliate , owned by Meredith Corporation New Bedford , MA - Providence , RI WLWC 28 ( 22 ) 2012 -- 2013 Ion Life affiliate , owned by OTA Broadcasting Lansing , MI WLAJ 53 ( 51 ) 2012 -- 2013 ABC affiliate , owned by Shield Media , LLC Marquette , MI WLUC - TV 6 ( 35 ) 2013 -- 2016 NBC affiliate , owned by Gray Television Kansas City , MO KSMO - TV 62 ( 47 ) 1996 -- 2005 MyNetworkTV affiliate , owned by Meredith Corporation Plattsburgh , NY - Burlington , VT WPTZ 5 ( 14 ) 1997 -- 1998 NBC affiliate , owned by Hearst Television Syracuse , NY WNYS - TV 43 ( 44 ) MyNetworkTV affiliate , owned by Syracuse Broadcasting , Inc . WSYT 68 ( 19 ) 1998 -- 2013 Fox affiliate , owned by Northwest Broadcasting Harrisburg - Lancaster - Lebanon - York , PA WLYH - TV 15 ( 23 ) Grit TV affiliate , WXBU , owned by Howard Stirk Holdings WHTM - TV 27 ( 10 ) 2014 ABC affiliate , owned by Nexstar Media Group Charleston , SC WCIV 4 ( 34 ) 2014 -- 2015 Heroes & Icons affiliate , WGWG , owned by Howard Stirk Holdings Jacksonville - Tyler - Longview , TX KETK - TV 56 ( 22 ) 1998 -- 2004 NBC affiliate , owned by Nexstar Media Group Hartford , VT - Hanover , NH WNNE ( Semi-satellite of WPTZ ) 31 ( 25 ) 1997 -- 1998 NBC affiliate , owned by Hearst Television ^ Jump up to : WJSU / WCFT were satellites of WBMA - LD during their ownership by Allbritton Communications . Sinclair agreed to sell them to a third party as part of its 2014 acquisition of Allbritton 's TV stations . Jump up ^ Station was owned by third parties , and it was operated by Sinclair during these years . ^ Jump up to : Operated via LMA by News - Press & Gazette Company . Jump up ^ Operated via SSA by Nexstar Media Group . Jump up ^ Owned by RKM Media , Inc. , WNYS was operated by Sinclair under a Local marketing agreement . Jump up ^ Operated via LMA by Northwest Broadcasting . Jump up ^ Owned by Nexstar Broadcasting Group , Sinclair operated WLYH under a Local marketing agreement . Jump up ^ Sinclair temporarily owned WHTM under a `` hold separate agreement '' while it was being sold to Media General , following the completion of the acquisition of Allbritton Communications . Jump up ^ Non-license assets were purchased by Communications Corporation of America in 1999 ; license sold to ComCorp in 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` Sinclair pays $90 M for eight New Age stations '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Source : Sinclair ownership list on RabbitEars.info External links ( edit ) Official Website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Sinclair Broadcast Group <Td_colspan="2"> sorted by primary channel network affiliations ABC KAEF - TV KATU KATV KDNL - TV KHGI - TV / KWNB - TV / KHGI - CD KOMO - TV KRCR - TV KTUL KTVO KTXS - TV / KTXE - LD KVII - TV / KVIH - TV WATM - TV WBMA - LD WCHS - TV WCTI - TV WEAR - TV WGTU / WGTQ WHAM - TV WICD WICS WKEF WJLA - TV WLOS WPDE - TV WSET - TV WSYX WTVC WXLV - TV CBS KBAK - TV KBOI - TV KDBC - TV KEYE - TV KFDM KGAN KGBT - TV KHQA - TV KIMA - TV / KEPR - TV KLEW - TV KMEG KRCG KTVL KUTV KVAL - TV / KCBY - TV / KPIC WGFL WGME - TV WHP - TV WKRC - TV WPEC WRGB WSBT - TV WTVH WWMT The CW KECA - LD KFDM KFRE - TV KMYS KOCB KTXS - TV / KTXE - LD KVCW KXVO KYUU - LD WBUI WBSF WCWF WCWN WCYB - DT2 WFLI - TV WHAM - DT2 WKRC - DT2 WLFL WNAB WNUV WSTQ - LP WSWB WTLF WTTO / WDBB WTVX WUCW WVTV WWHO WWMB Fox KABB KBFX - CD KBSI KBTV - TV KBVU KCVU KDSM - TV KFOX - TV KFXA KFXL - TV KMPH - TV KOKH - TV KPTH KPTM KRXI - TV KSAS - TV KSCC WACH WBFF WDKY - TV WEMT WFXL WGXA WLUK - TV WMSN - TV WOLF - TV WPFO WPGH - TV WRGT - TV WRLH - TV WRSP - TV / WCCU WSMH WTAT - TV WTGS WTTE WUHF WUTV WVAH - TV WYDO WYZZ - TV WWCP - TV WZTV MyNetworkTV KAME - TV KDBC - TV KECA - LD KMTW KMYU KRVU - LD / KZVU - LD KTOV - LP KUTV KVCW - DT2 WABM WCIV WDKA WFGX WMYA - TV WMYG - LP WMYV WNYO - TV WPNT WQMY WRDC WSTR - TV WTCN - CA WTVZ - TV WUTB WUXP - TV WVTV - DT2 NBC KECI - TV / KCFW - TV / KTVM - TV / KDBZ - CD KMTR / KMCB / KTCW KRNV - DT KSNV WCYB - TV WEYI - TV WJAC - TV WJAR WNBW - DT WNWO - TV WOAI - TV WPBN - TV / WTOM - TV WPMI - TV WSTM - TV WTOV - TV WTWC - TV Spanish - language Azteca WWHB - CA Univision KEUV - LP KUCO - LP KUNP KUNS - TV KUNW - CD / KVVK - CD / KORX - CA UniMás KKTF - LD Other stations Antenna TV KXVU - LD Comet KENV - DT WHOI Ind . KJZZ - TV WJTC MeTV KTES - LD WYME - CD WTLH Stadium KTXD - TV TBD KXPX - LP This TV WDSI - TV Radio stations KOMO KOMO - FM KPLZ - FM KVI Channels Subchannel / streaming networks Charge ! Comet Honor Club Stadium TBD Cable channels NewsChannel 8 ( DC metro ) Tennis Channel / Tennis ( magazine ) Defunct American Sports Network Programming News Full Measure w / Sharyl Attkisson News Central Circa News Other KidsClick Ring of Honor Acquisitions Act III Broadcasting Allbritton Communications Barrington Broadcasting Bonten Media Group Fisher Communications Four Points Media Group Freedom Communications Guy Gannett Communications Heritage Media Newport Television River City Broadcasting Tribune Media ( pending ) <Td_colspan="2"> Operated by Sinclair under an LMA . Owned by South Sound Broadcasting , Sinclair programs this station , as a simulcast of KOMO ( AM ) . Full purchase is currently pending . Formerly separately licensed as WCGV - TV and merged with WVTV 's spectrum , but remains on its former channel number as a separate station Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stations_owned_or_operated_by_Sinclair_Broadcast_Group&oldid=835199578 '' Categories : Sinclair Broadcast Group Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia pages with incorrect protection templates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 05 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Sinclair Broadcast Group 2. Television stations in the United States 3. Affiliates of ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox 4. Local marketing agreements 5. Proposed sales of Sinclair Broadcast Group stations

when does the new episode of the handmaid's tale come out

The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Handmaid 's Tale <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Amanda Brugel Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Distributor Hulu <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website The Handmaid 's Tale is an American dystopian drama web television series created by Bruce Miller , based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by the streaming service Hulu as a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , for which production began in late 2016 . The plot follows a dystopian future following a Second American Civil War wherein fertile women , called `` Handmaids '' , are forced into sexual and child - bearing servitude . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes aired on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on April 25 , 2018 . At the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , The Handmaid 's Tale won eight awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , becoming the first series on a streaming service to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . It also won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series -- Drama and Best Actress for Elisabeth Moss . In May 2018 , Hulu announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast and release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos , the totalitarian , theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along with a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape by their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the red - clad Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Women are divided into a small range of social categories , each one signified by a similarly - styled plain dress in a specific color : Handmaids wear red , Marthas ( who are housekeepers and cooks ) wear green , and Wives ( who are expected to run their households ) wear blue . Econowives , the lower - class women who still have minimal agency , are sort of a mixture of all these categories , and they wear gray ( a departure from the book in which Econowives wear stripes ) . Women prisoners are called Carols and are worked to death clearing toxic waste . Another class of women , Aunts ( who train and oversee the Handmaids ) , wear brown . Additionally , the Eyes are a secret police watching over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes in secret brothels catering to the elite ruling class . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of the Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . Offred is subject to strict rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married and had a daughter , a job , a bank account , and her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in hopes that she can someday live free again and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured while attempting to escape to Canada with her husband , Luke , and daughter , Hannah . Due to her fertility , she is made a Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to have more contact with June outside of what is lawful between a Handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to play nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist . She appears to have accepted her new role in a society that she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous to June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen / Ofsteven , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed Ofglen is not as pious as she seems , and the two become friends . Ofglen had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death in Gilead , and most university professors are sent to labour camps , but Ofglen was spared and made a Handmaid , due to her fertility . She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren / Ofdaniel , a Handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , Janine 's right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam , whom they name `` Angela '' , but Janine insists the baby 's name is `` Charlotte '' . Janine is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the Handmaids in their reeducation and duties . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate Handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but she also cares for her charges and believes deeply in the Gileadean mission and doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , and even goes so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . Showrunner Miller has suggested that Aunt Lydia was a schoolteacher before Gilead , and Dowd has said this , and her own upbringing as a student at Catholic schools , informs her performance . O.T. Fagbenle as Lucas `` Luke '' Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . Because he and June began their relationship before his divorce from his first wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society . June is considered an adulteress and their daughter , Hannah , is considered illegitimate . Initially , June believes he has been killed , but it is later revealed Luke managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira / Ruby , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters Handmaid training but escapes before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but on meeting June again regains the conviction to escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was 19 years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby largely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the Handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick whereby she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Tattiawna Jones as Lillie Fuller / Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after Emily is captured by the Eyes . She follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a Handmaid is better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma / Ofrobert , another Handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira , and Janine . She is frank and chatty , and often trades gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Ofsamuel , a local Handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Jordana Blake as Hannah Bankole , June and Luke 's daughter . Erin Way as Erin , a young mute woman who was being trained to become a Handmaid but managed to escape . Sydney Sweeney as Eden Spencer ( season 2 ) , a pious and obedient girl who dreams of one day being a Commander 's wife . Bradley Whitford as Commander Joseph Lawrence ( season 2 ) , the architect of Gilead 's economy , who is gruff and intimidating , with a disheveled mad genius vibe . His sly humor and flashes of kindness make him a confusing , mysterious presence for his newest Handmaid . Guest ( edit ) Marisa Tomei as Mrs. O'Conner ( season 2 ) , a Commander 's wife who is sent to the colonies as punishment for having sex with another man . Cherry Jones as Holly Maddox ( season 2 ) , June 's mother , an outspoken feminist . Clea DuVall as Sylvia ( season 2 ) , Emily 's wife . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as Omar ( season 2 ) a man who aids June in her escape . John Carroll Lynch as Dan ( season 2 ) , Emily 's boss at the university where she worked . Kelly Jenrette as Annie ( season 2 ) , Luke 's ex-wife . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally released First released Last released <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A family is pursued by a group of armed men . The woman is caught , and separated from her young daughter and husband as shots are fired in the distance . She is now known as Offred , the Handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . While walking with another Handmaid , Ofglen , she and Ofglen pass by a wall on which men have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , and being a Catholic priest . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into their Handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , and Offred notices Moira , a woman she knew in college . Handmaid Janine taunts Aunt Lydia and is shocked with a cattle prod , later her right eye is removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred during `` the Ceremony '' as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the Handmaids are encouraged to beat a man to death after Lydia announces he raped a pregnant Handmaid . Janine tells Offred that her friend Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son , and warns her there is an Eye in the Waterford house . Offred affirms to herself that her true name is June and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Offred and Ofglen go shopping , and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , they see St. Paul Catholic Church , their local church , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed . When Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information , she reveals that she is part of a resistance movement against the government , but Offred declines to join . Commander Waterford 's driver , Nick , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden , and warns her that Ofglen is dangerous . Offred and other Handmaids visit a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren ( Janine ) 's child , named Angela by the Puttnams , but Charlotte by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June ( Offred ) remembers the birth of her and Luke 's daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman who tried to kidnap baby Hannah was arrested . Warily , Offred goes to the Commander 's office , but he just wants to play Scrabble , to her relief . The next day , when Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , a different woman introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="6"> In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office were fired , and the government froze women 's bank accounts and ruled they could no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby , and Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional . Back home , Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and for this , Aunt Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible , which would have earned her a much more serious beating , but Serena intervenes , believing that Offred is pregnant . When Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant , Serena angrily locks her in her room . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws amidst automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' . The fertile Ofglen receives a lesser sentence , but the Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) , to her grief and anger , undergoes female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Banished to her room , Offred retreats to her closet where she finds what appears to be a Latin phrase , Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum , scratched discreetly into the wall . When Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying on the closet floor , Offred tells her that she fainted . Serena then has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . During the examination the physician remarks that the Commander is most likely sterile , as is common . He offers to personally impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the Handmaids about The Ceremony in which a Commander endeavours to fertilize a Handmaid . Later , June and Moira assault Aunt Elizabeth , and Moira takes Elizabeth 's outfit . June and Moira plan to escape via train to Boston , which has safe houses . Moira manages to catch the train without June , who lets Moira know it 's okay . June is later caught and punished by having her feet whipped . Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred , but later that night , they have another game of Scrabble . She asks him about the Latin phrase , and he tells her it means , Do n't let the bastards grind you down . When she inquires about the previous Offred , he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He then releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room and waits by the door while Offred and Nick have detached , Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but Ofsteven is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , the Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called Mayday . Ofsteven jumps behind the steering wheel of a security car and drives erratically around the plaza . She hits a guard , and is caught and put into a black van . Offred returns to Nick 's coach house alone , and they have passionate sex . 6 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Mexican trade delegates visit the Commander 's home to evaluate the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The female head of the delegation questions Offred about her experience , but she lies , saying that she is happy . Offred visits the Commander 's office later , but there is tension . She reluctantly obeys his demand to kiss him , but ferociously brushes her teeth afterward . The Handmaids and children are then taken to a function to demonstrate Gilead 's success . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are only interested in fertile women . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but in response , the Mexican ambassador explains her own country 's dire situation . However , the ambassador 's assistant quietly claims June 's husband is alive and that he can deliver a message to Luke . A flashback details Serena and Fred 's life at the beginnings of the Gilead movement when Serena was a conservative cultural activist with passion and intelligence equal to her husband 's . Serena Joy wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place . However , after the takeover , she is completely shut out of the new government planning and accepts her new limited role in the society she helped create . A copy of her book is seen being thrown out with the trash . 7 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A flashback chronicles Luke 's story after he becomes separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards , but he escapes when the ambulance crashes , and he takes some medical supplies . He reaches a small abandoned town and , after passing out from his wounds , is rescued by a resistance group traveling to Canada . These survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , a seemingly mute escaped Handmaid , a homosexual man , and a daughter of a US Army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hung townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they board a boat , Gileadan guards open fire , killing several members of the group , but Luke and Erin , the escaped Handmaid , survive . A further flashback shows Luke , June , and their daughter Hannah before they were separated . June and Luke are helped by Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He leaves them at a secluded cabin in the woods while he arranges documentation for them to escape to Canada . Later , a local hunter tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged , but the hunter helps them cross the border . Three years later , in the present , Luke and Erin live safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . While in the main administrative office , Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel , where prostitutes ( known as `` Jezebels '' ) work . Offred spots Moira working in the club , and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , and she explains to Offred how Quakers tried to help her escape but were caught . Moira had the choice of being sent either to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his Handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Ofwarren 's daughter is handed over to Commander Putnam and his wife , and Ofwarren is transferred to another couple and renamed Ofdaniel . However , Offred is worried about Ofwarren / Ofdaniel 's mental state . During the first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside , tells her that she is involved with the resistance group Mayday , and requests that Offred retrieve a package from the bar at Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , Waterford presents Moira , as he believes they have a sexual attraction . Offred asks Moira to retrieve the package , but she refuses , seemingly resigned to her fate . The next day Offred is taken to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with baby Charlotte , while Gileadan guards , the Putnams , the Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia stand fearfully by . Ofdaniel shouts that Commander Putnam promised to leave his wife for her . Offred convinces Ofdaniel to give her the child , and Ofdaniel then jumps into the icy water below . Later , while Ofdaniel lies comatose in hospital , Commander Putnam is led away by guards . When Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam , she reminds Serena of the first Offred 's fate , causing Serena to doubt her husband 's loyalty . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebel 's . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , then jubilantly drives off in his car . 10 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="6"> A flashback shows June 's capture and indoctrination by Aunt Lydia at the Red Center . After Serena discovers Fred 's trips to Jezebel 's , she slaps Offred hard and forces her to take a pregnancy test . It is positive . Serena then angrily accuses her husband , telling him the child is not his . Upon learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena takes Offred to where Hannah now lives , but Offred is kept in the car , and unable to attract her daughter 's attention . Serena warns Offred that Hannah will be cared for as long as the unborn child is safe . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial advocating leniency , but Mrs. Putnam wants the harshest punishment possible , and ultimately Putnam 's left arm is amputated at the elbow . The package from Jezebel 's contains letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , an emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the Handmaids for the execution of Janine / Ofdaniel . The Handmaids hesitate , and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she voices her angry refusal . Offred , then the other Handmaids , drop their stones . The guards prepare to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia saves them , although assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long afterward , a black van comes for Offred . Nick urges her to trust him and go with them . Offred 's transfer is unusual , as neither of the Waterfords have any idea this would be happening . As Offred leaves , she whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira reaches Canada and is reunited with Luke . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date 11 `` June '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Offred and other handmaids are taken to Fenway Park where they are made to believe they will be hanged , which is a trick . During another punishment , Offred is freed after Aunt Lydia is told of her pregnancy . When she rejects a meal Aunt Lydia gives her , she is shown a pregnant handmaid , Ofwyatt , chained in a prison room due to her attempt to induce an abortion with drain cleaner . Offred agrees to eat , and during her meal Aunt Lydia , who had told her that her friends would be punished for their disobedience but her pregnancy would mean that she would be exempted , brings the other handmaids into the room , and one by one they are burned with a gas flame . Later , Offred is at a pregnancy check - up , where she is visited by Fred and Serena , but afterwards finds a key in one of her boots , which she uses to escape to a van parked underneath the hospital . The van drops her off to a safe house in Back Bay where she meets Nick , while Fred authorises a highly resourced search for her . He tells her to change out of her handmaid outfit , and to cut her hair . After stripping off her handmaid 's dress , she burns it , before cutting the red cattle tag out of her ear . In flashbacks throughout the episode , Hannah is admitted to the hospital for having a fever while in school ; June is questioned by one of the hospital workers about giving Hannah medication to bypass the school 's fever policy , as well as questioning June and Luke 's fitness as parents . Later , they arrive home to a news story about the Capitol Building and the White House being attacked . 12 `` Unwomen '' Mike Barker Bruce Miller April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="6"> June has been transported to the former headquarters of The Boston Globe , another safe place arranged by Mayday . Emily has been taken to the Colonies , where infertile women ( `` Unwomen '' ) are forced to dig on highly toxic land . Many of the Unwomen are falling sick , and Emily is doing what she can to help them . A Commander 's wife , Mrs. O'Conner , arrives at the Colonies and is not welcomed by the Unwomen . Nick visits June and she gets upset when he tells her she needs to wait for several weeks before she can leave because everyone is looking for her . Nick ends up giving her the keys to a car and a gun but she decides to stay , and they have sex several times . At the Colonies , Emily befriends Mrs. O'Conner , who admits that she was taken to the colonies for committing a `` sin of the flesh . '' Emily gives her antibiotics that turn out to be poison , which leads to her death . Emily blames her for `` holding a woman down while her husband rapes her . '' Janine arrives at the Colonies , where she embraces Emily ; the Unwomen are warned that there will be consequences for Mrs. O'Conner's death . In a flashback , after the attack on the Capitol Building and the White House , Emily is told by her boss , Professor Dan , that she will not be teaching the following semester at the University and is told to see this as an opportunity , but in reality it is a caution because of her sexual orientation . Professor Dan is later seen hanged at the University with the word `` faggot '' spray painted underneath him . While Emily , along with her wife Syl and son Oliver , attempt to emigrate to Canada , she is told she is unable to leave the country without an exit visa , as their same - sex marriage license is no longer recognized . Because she is the biological mother of Oliver , and therefore has viable ovaries , she is forced to stay behind in the United States . June makes a memorial for The Boston Globe employees who were executed at the newspaper 's former headquarters and prays to God to send an angel to watch over it . 13 `` Baggage '' Kari Skogland Dorothy Fortenberry May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) <Td_colspan="6"> June searches for videos and articles about events leading up to the revolution from the Boston Globe . Nick then tells her to move to another safe place where she meets Omar . He abruptly abandons her after receiving a text , but she stops in front of his van to make him take her . They both get to Omar 's apartment , where she meets Omar 's wife , Heather , and their child , Adam . In the morning , June is left alone when his family does not come back after leaving for church . Left alone in the house , June snoops in various places in the home and finds a Qur'an and a prayer rug hidden under the bedsprings ; she suspects the couple was detained and possibly executed for their hidden faith . She dons Heather 's Econowife outfit , a plain gray knit ensemble which wives of lower class men wear , and gets out of the apartment , blending in with other Econowives . After a westbound train ride , June runs into the woods where her daughter was taken away . She realizes she has no way of rescuing Hannah and advances to an airstrip west of Worcester where Omar had said a plane will take her to safety ; however , the plane is shot down when taking off , the pilot is executed in place , and she is apprehended by the Guardians . Meanwhile , Moira , now living with Luke and Erin in Canada , gives a tour to a new co-worker but he has a breakdown , traumatized by what he did as a Guardian . In a flashback , we see June as a child being taken to a Take Back the Night rally by her mother , Holly . When she grew up , Holly was upset because June worked at a book publishing company and for marrying Luke , instead of `` getting out in the street and fighting . '' At the Red Center , Aunt Lydia lectured the Handmaids about the polluted world and human fertility while the projector showed a picture of Holly laboring on a farm in the Colonies . 14 `` Other Women '' Kari Skogland Yahlin Chang May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="6"> June is taken back and chained to a bed . Aunt Lydia explains that if she cooperates , June will be taken back in by the Waterfords and June ( now Offred ) agrees . The Commander treats Offred 's disappearance as a kidnapping , but Serena is furious and attempts to choke Offred once . Rita returns the letters she found and tells Offred that she will no longer be involved . Serena hosts a baby shower where Offred is happy to see Nick . During the shower , the wives and the handmaids pray together `` let the little children come to me '' . Shortly afterwards , Offred learns from Alma that Ofglen 's tongue was removed for speaking up to save Ofwarren ( Janine ) as she was about to be stoned and that Mayday has now gone silent . Aunt Lydia takes Offred for a walk to the wall , where Omar was hanged for trying to help Offred escape . Aunt Lydia informs Offred that Omar 's wife , Heather , is now a handmaid and that their child , Adam , was given away to another family . Aunt Lydia tells Offred that this was her fault , and Offred accepts the blame . In a flashback , June sees Luke 's first wife Annie , who tells her that they made wedding vows before God and as a result , June should stop talking to Luke to allow them to fix their marriage . June chooses to ignore Annie , and a few years later Annie later sees Luke and June in a restaurant with their child Hannah . Offred is seen as being more docile as she requests to stay with the Commander and Mrs. Waterford . When Nick tries to talk to her , she is very formal . 15 5 `` Seeds '' Mike Barker Kira Snyder May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Offred notices that she is bleeding , but does not inform anyone . Nick notices Offred 's apparent depression and lets Mrs. Waterford know about it after both she and Offred return from a stroll . Mrs. Waterford informs her husband that Nick seems concerned for Offred . Commander Waterford has Nick participate in a wedding service held for Guardians as a token to their work for Gilead . When they return from the wedding , Commander and Mrs. Waterford host a small celebration for Nick and his new bride Eden , including a reading from 1 Corinthians 13 and a champagne toast . Nick later finds Offred in the bushes outside the Waterfords ' house and she is taken to the hospital , where both Offred and Mrs. Waterford learn that the baby is okay . Offred promises to her baby that they both will escape Gilead . Meanwhile , in the Colonies , Janine assures Emily that God is protecting them through their struggles in Gilead . Janine then helps to arrange a small wedding for an ill worker , officiated by a woman who served as a Jewish rabbi in pre-Gilead times . Emily is distraught by the fact that she is losing her teeth and seems upset that Janine wishes to bring brightness to a place that otherwise seems so bleak . Later , the ill worker dies and the rabbi officiates the burial as she is lowered into her grave in a cemetery adorned with crosses . 16 6 `` First Blood '' Mike Barker Eric Tuchman May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) <Td_colspan="6"> Offred and Serena seem to be bonding when Serena gathers several handmaids and hosts lunch in Offred 's honor . Serena offers Offred to sleep in her sitting room and shows Offred the nursery for the baby . Offred asks to see Hannah , which angers Serena . Eden reveals to Offred that she fears Nick may be a gender traitor due to his reluctance to have sex with her . Offred warns Nick and Nick has sex with Eden to avoid suspicion . Fred visits Offred in secret and gives her a photograph of Hannah . Nick asks Commander Pryce to be reassigned a different position . Ofglen goes rogue at the opening of the Rachel and Leah center and detonates a bomb in the center . Flashbacks show Serena promoting her book tour A Woman 's Place and being verbally attacked and shot by a protester , as well as Fred 's efforts in punishing those who threatened Serena . 17 7 `` After '' Kari Skogland Lynn Renee Maxcy May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 18 8 `` Women 's Work '' TBA TBA June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands upon or modernizes the book . She also played a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer , and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , Oakville , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes would cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season consists of 13 episodes and began filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel returned as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned 10 seasons of the show , stating , `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 ; the subsequent seven episodes were released on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo ; the first two episodes premiered on April 30 , 2017 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the United Kingdom , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , on Channel 4 . In Ireland , the series premiered on February 5 , 2018 on RTÉ2 , with a showing of the first two episodes . RTÉ also become the first broadcaster in Europe to debut Season 2 following its broadcast in the US and Canada . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand , on July 6 , 2017 . The first season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 96 % ( 106 reviews ) 92 ( 41 reviews ) 94 % ( 64 reviews ) 86 ( 28 reviews ) Season 1 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 96 % based on 106 reviews , with an average rating of 8.71 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 92 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump and Mike Pence 's elections as President and Vice President of the United States , respectively . A comparison has also been made to the Salafi / Wahabbi extremism of ISIL , under which enslaved women of religious minorities are passed around and utilized as sex objects and vessels to bear new jihadis . Season 2 ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 8.34 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beautifully shot but dishearteningly relevant , The Handmaid 's Tale centers its sophomore season tightly around its compelling cast of characters , making room for broader social commentary through more intimate lenses . '' On Metacritic , it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 28 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Elisabeth Moss , Joseph Boccia ( producers ) , Bruce Miller , Warren Littlefield , Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , Ilene Chaiken ( executive producers ) , Sheila Hockin , Eric Tuchman , Frank Siracusa , John Weber ( co-executive producers ) , Kira Snyder ( supervising producer ) , and Leila Gerstein ( consulting producer ) Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss ( for `` Night '' ) Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Samira Wiley ( for `` Night '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Kate Dennis ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel ( for `` Late '' ) Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy and Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree and Sheena Wichary ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber and Sophie Neudorfer ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta and Cameron Kerr ( for `` Birth Day '' ) Nominated Peabody Award Entertainment , children 's and youth honoree The Handmaid 's Tale Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won 2018 American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Julian Clarke and Wendy Hallam Martin ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Contemporary Single - Camera Television Series Julie Berghoff ( for `` Offred '' , `` Birth Day '' , `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' ) Won Andrew Stearn ( for `` The Bridge '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour John J. Thomson , Lou Solakofski , Joe Morrow and Don White ( for `` Offred '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Contemporary Television Series Ane Crabtree Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Reed Morano ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Ann Dowd Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Contemporary Television John Musikka , Geoffrey Smither Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Handmaid 's Tale Won Satellite Awards Best Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actress in a Series , Miniseries or TV Film Ann Dowd Won Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Handmaid 's Tale Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Madeline Brewer , Amanda Brugel , Ann Dowd , O.T. Fagbenle , Joseph Fiennes , Tattiawna Jones , Max Minghella , Elisabeth Moss , Yvonne Strahovski and Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Adapted TV Screenplay Bruce Miller and Margaret Atwood ( for `` Offred '' ) Won Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Ilene Chaiken , Nina Fiore , Dorothy Fortenberry , Leila Gerstein , John Herrera , Lynn Maxcy , Bruce Miller , Kira Snyder , Wendy Straker Hauser , Eric Tuchman Won New Series Won See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Here 's the first trailer for season 2 ( and a premiere date ! ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : How Ann Dowd Found Aunt Lydia 's Twisted Soul '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale season 1 , episode 7 : `` The Other Side '' takes us out of Gilead to check in on a familiar face `` . Vox . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Season 2 Taps Sydney Sweeney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Bradley Whitford Joins Hulu Drama Series For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Marisa Tomei To Guest On Hulu 's ' Dystopian ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale casts Cherry Jones in key role for season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaids 's Tale on Hulu '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Nicolaou , Elena ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Handmaids Tale Season 2 Episode 2 Recap Unwomen '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Demolder , Kate ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` One of 2017 's most popular shows is coming to RTÉ on Monday night '' . JOE . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ first to air The Handmaid 's Tale series 2 in Europe '' . RTÉ. April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale - Blessed Be The Fruit ! Official ' Season 1 ' Press Release : Date , Extras , Final Box Art '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Tim ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` What The Handmaid 's Tale can tell us about Islamic extremism '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Rebecca ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hate crimes , honour killings and FGM : how The Handmaid 's Tale captures our age of fear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment , Children 's & Youth Winners Named '' . The Peabody Awards . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ; Blyth , Antonia ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk ' & ' I , Tonya ' Take Top Film Prizes At ACE Eddie Awards -- Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Matt Grobar , Denise ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Live Blog & Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : Big Little Lies , Sterling K. Brown and More TV Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Globes : Big Little Lies , Handmaid 's Tale and Marvelous Mrs. Maisel Are TV 's Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Producers Guild Awards 2018 : The Complete Winners List , from `` The Shape of Water '' to `` Coco '' and `` Jane '' `` . Indiewire . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` SAG Awards : This Is Us , Big Little Lies , Veep , The Crown Among 2018 Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Lost City of Z , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Among USC Scripter Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Writers Guild Awards : ' Get Out , ' ' Call Me by Your Name , ' and ' Jane ' Win Film Honors '' . IndieWire . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Handmaid 's Tale on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Hulu original programming Current The Doozers ( since 2014 ) Casual ( since 2015 ) Freakish ( since 2016 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) Dimension 404 ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( since 2017 ) I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman ( since 2017 ) Future Man ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Runaways ( since 2017 ) Hard Sun ( since 2018 ) All Night ( since 2018 ) Ended The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers with Kevin Smith ( 2012 -- 14 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- 17 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! 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Simpson : American Crime Story ( 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series <Td_colspan="2"> Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series <Td_colspan="2"> Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files ( 1978 ) Lou Grant ( 1979 ) Lou Grant ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Marcus Welby , M.D. , season 1 ( 1969 ) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 ( 1970 ) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 ( 1971 ) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 ( 1972 ) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 ( 1974 ) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 ( 1975 ) Rich Man , Poor Man ( 1976 ) Roots ( 1977 ) 60 Minutes ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 ( 1979 ) Shōgun ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 ( 1982 ) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 ( 1983 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 ( 1984 ) Murder , She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 ( 1985 ) L.A. 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Law , season 1 ( 1987 ) St. Elsewhere , season 6 ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks , season 1 ( 1990 ) thirtysomething , season 4 ( 1991 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 1 ( 1992 ) I 'll Fly Away , season 2 ( 1993 ) NYPD Blue , season 1 ( 1994 ) My So - Called Life , season 1 ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 4 ( 1996 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 5 ( 1997 ) Homicide : Life on the Street , season 6 ( 1998 ) The Sopranos , season 1 ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The Sopranos , season 3 / The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) Six Feet Under , season 1 / season 2 ( 2002 ) Boomtown , season 1 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) Lost , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Breaking Bad , season 3 / Lost , season 6 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Breaking Bad , season 4 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) The Good Wife , season 5 ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) The Americans , season 4 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> TCA Award for Program of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> The Jewel in the Crown ( 1985 ) Death of a Salesman / The Vanishing Family : Crisis in Black America ( 1986 ) Eyes on the Prize ( 1987 ) Dear America : Letters Home from Vietnam ( 1988 ) Lonesome Dove ( 1989 ) Twin Peaks ( 1990 ) The Civil War ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Barbarians at the Gate ( 1993 ) Late Show with David Letterman ( 1994 ) ER ( 1995 ) Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1996 ) EZ Streets ( 1997 ) From the Earth to the Moon ( 1998 ) The Sopranos ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The Sopranos ( 2001 ) 24 ( 2002 ) American Idol ( 2003 ) Angels in America ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Battlestar Galactica ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) The People v. 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1. The Handmaid's Tale TV series 2. Dystopian future 3. Sexual and child-bearing servitude 4. Resistance movement 5. Oppressive regime

when did the first text message get sent

Text messaging - wikipedia Text messaging `` Txt msg '' redirects here . For the TV series , see Pop - Up Video . A text message as it appears on the display screen of an iPhone before iOS 7 . Text messaging , or texting , is the act of composing and sending electronic messages , typically consisting of alphabetic and numeric characters , between two or more users of mobile phones , tablets , desktops / laptops , or other devices . Text messages may be sent over a cellular network , or may also be sent via an Internet connection . The term originally referred to messages sent using the Short Message Service ( SMS ) . It has grown beyond alphanumeric text to include multimedia messages ( known as MMS ) containing digital images , videos , and sound content , as well as ideograms known as emoji ( happy faces , sad faces , and other icons ) . As of 2017 , text messages are used by youth and adults for personal , family and social purposes and in business . Governmental and non-governmental organizations use text messaging for communication between colleagues . As with emailing , in the 2010s , the sending of short informal messages has become an accepted part of many cultures . This makes texting a quick and easy way to communicate with friends and colleagues , including in contexts where a call would be impolite or inappropriate ( e.g. , calling very late at night or when one knows the other person is busy with family or work activities ) . Like e-mail and voice mail , and unlike calls ( in which the caller hopes to speak directly with the recipient ) , texting does not require the caller and recipient to both be free at the same moment ; this permits communication even between busy individuals . Text messages can also be used to interact with automated systems , for example , to order products or services from e-commerce websites , or to participate in online contests . Advertisers and service providers use direct text marketing to send messages to mobile users about promotions , payment due dates , and other notifications instead of using postal mail , email , or voicemail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Uses 4 Applications 4.1 Microblogging 4.2 Emergency services 4.3 Reminders of hospital appointments 4.4 Commercial uses 4.4. 1 Short codes 4.4. 2 Text messaging gateway providers 4.4. 3 Premium content 4.5 In workplaces 4.6 Group texts 4.7 Online SMS services 4.8 Worldwide use 4.8. 1 Europe 4.8. 1.1 Finland 4.8. 2 United States 4.8. 3 Japan 4.8. 4 China 4.8. 5 Philippines 4.8. 6 New Zealand 4.8. 7 Africa 5 Social effects 5.1 Effect on language 5.2 Texting while driving 5.3 Texting while walking 5.4 Sexting 5.5 In schools 5.5. 1 Bullying 5.5. 2 Influence on perceptions of the student 5.6 Law and crime 5.7 Social unrest 5.8 In politics 5.9 Use in healthcare 5.10 Medical concerns 5.11 Etiquette 6 Challenges 6.1 Spam 6.2 Pricing concerns 6.3 Increasing competition 6.4 Security concerns 7 In popular culture 7.1 Records and competition 7.2 Morse code 8 Tattle texting 8.1 Arena security 8.2 Smart cars 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Terminology ( edit ) The service is referred to by different colloquialisms depending on the region . It may simply be referred to as a `` text '' in North America , the United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand and the Philippines , an `` SMS '' in most of mainland Europe , or an `` MMS '' or `` SMS '' in the Middle East , Africa , and Asia . The sender of a text message is commonly referred to as a `` texter '' . History ( edit ) The electrical telegraph systems , developed in the early 19th century , used simple electrical signals to sent text messages . In the late 19th century , the wireless telegraphy was developed using radio waves . In 1933 , the German Reichspost ( Reich postal service ) introduced the first `` telex '' service . The University of Hawaii began using radio to send digital information as early as 1971 , using ALOHAnet . Friedhelm Hillebrand conceptualised SMS in 1984 while working for Deutsche Telekom . Sitting at a typewriter at home , Hillebrand typed out random sentences and counted every letter , number , punctuation , and space . Almost every time , the messages contained fewer than 160 characters , thus giving the basis for the limit one could type via text messaging . With Bernard Ghillebaert of France Télécom , he developed a proposal for the GSM ( Groupe Spécial Mobile ) meeting in February 1985 in Oslo . The first technical solution evolved in a GSM subgroup under the leadership of Finn Trosby . It was further developed under the leadership of Kevin Holley and Ian Harris ( see Short Message Service ) . SMS forms an integral part of SS7 ( Signalling System No. 7 ) . Under SS7 , it is a `` state '' with a 160 character data , coded in the ITU - T `` T. 56 '' text format , that has a `` sequence lead in '' to determine different language codes , and may have special character codes that permits , for example , sending simple graphs as text . This was part of ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network ) and since GSM is based on this , made its way to the mobile phone . Messages could be sent and received on ISDN phones , and these can send SMS to any GSM phone . The possibility of doing something is one thing , implementing it another , but systems existed from 1988 that sent SMS messages to mobile phones ( compare ND - NOTIS ) . SMS messaging was used for the first time on 3 December 1992 , when Neil Papworth , a 22 - year - old test engineer for Sema Group in the UK ( now Airwide Solutions ) , used a personal computer to send the text message `` Merry Christmas '' via the Vodafone network to the phone of Richard Jarvis who was at a party in Newbury , Berkshire which had been organised to celebrate the event . Modern SMS text messaging is usually messaging from one mobile phone to another mobile phone . Finnish Radiolinja became the first network to offer a commercial person - to - person SMS text messaging service in 1994 . When Radiolinja 's domestic competitor , Telecom Finland ( now part of TeliaSonera ) also launched SMS text messaging in 1995 and the two networks offered cross-network SMS functionality , Finland became the first nation where SMS text messaging was offered on a competitive as well as on a commercial basis . GSM was allowed in the United States and the radio frequencies were blocked and awarded to US `` Carriers '' to use US technology . Hence there is no `` development '' in the US in mobile messaging service . The GSM in the US had to use a frequency allocated for private communication services ( PCS ) -- what the ITU frequency régime had blocked for DECT -- Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications -- 1000 - feet range picocell , but survived . American Personal Communications ( APC ) , the first GSM carrier in America , provided the first text - messaging service in the United States . Sprint Telecommunications Venture , a partnership of Sprint Corp. and three large cable - TV companies , owned 49 percent of APC . The Sprint venture was the largest single buyer at a government - run spectrum auction that raised $7.7 billion in 2005 for PCS licenses . APC operated under the brand name of Sprint Spectrum and launched its service on November 15 , 1995 in Washington , D.C. and in Baltimore , Maryland . Vice President Al Gore in Washington , D.C. made the initial phone - call to launch the network , calling Mayor Kurt Schmoke in Baltimore . Initial growth of text messaging was slow , with customers in 1995 sending on average only 0.4 message per GSM customer per month . One factor in the slow take - up of SMS was that operators were slow to set up charging systems , especially for prepaid subscribers , and to eliminate billing fraud , which was possible by changing SMSC settings on individual handsets to use the SMSCs of other operators . Over time , this issue was eliminated by switch - billing instead of billing at the SMSC and by new features within SMSCs to allow blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it . SMS is available on a wide range of networks , including 3G networks . However , not all text - messaging systems use SMS ; some notable alternate implementations of the concept include J - Phone 's SkyMail and NTT Docomo 's Short Mail , both in Japan . E-mail messaging from phones , as popularized by NTT Docomo 's i - mode and the RIM BlackBerry , also typically use standard mail protocols such as SMTP over TCP / IP . As of 2007 text messaging was the most widely used mobile data service , with 74 % of all mobile phone users worldwide , or 2.4 billion out of 3.3 billion phone subscribers , at the end of 2007 being active users of the Short Message Service . In countries such as Finland , Sweden and Norway , over 85 % of the population use SMS . The European average is about 80 % , and North America is rapidly catching up with over 60 % active users of SMS by end of 2008 . The largest average usage of the service by mobile phone subscribers occurs in the Philippines , with an average of 27 texts sent per day per subscriber . Uses ( edit ) A text message on an iPhone announcing an AMBER Alert Text messaging is most often used between private mobile phone users , as a substitute for voice calls in situations where voice communication is impossible or undesirable ( e.g. , during a school class or a work meeting ) . Texting is also used to communicate very brief messages , such as informing someone that you will be late or reminding a friend or colleague about a meeting . As with e-mail , informality and brevity have become an accepted part of text messaging . Some text messages such as SMS can also be used for the remote controlling of home appliances . It is widely used in domotics systems . Some amateurs have also built own systems to control ( some of ) their appliances via SMS . Other methods such as group messaging , which was patented in 2012 by the GM of Andrew Ferry , Devin Peterson , Justin Cowart , Ian Ainsworth , Patrick Messinger , Jacob Delk , Jack Grande , Austin Hughes , Brendan Blake , and Brooks Brasher are used to involve more than two people into a text messaging conversation . A Flash SMS is a type of text message that appears directly on the main screen without user interaction and is not automatically stored in the inbox . It can be useful in cases such as an emergency ( e.g. , fire alarm ) or confidentiality ( e.g. , one - time password ) . Short message services are developing very rapidly throughout the world . SMS is particularly popular in Europe , Asia ( excluding Japan ; see below ) , United States , Australia and New Zealand and is also gaining influence in Africa . Popularity has grown to a sufficient extent that the term texting ( used as a verb meaning the act of mobile phone users sending short messages back and forth ) has entered the common lexicon . Young Asians consider SMS as the most popular mobile phone application . Fifty percent of American teens send fifty text messages or more per day , making it their most frequent form of communication . In China , SMS is very popular and has brought service providers significant profit ( 18 billion short messages were sent in 2001 ) . It is a very influential and powerful tool in the Philippines , where the average user sends 10 -- 12 text messages a day . The Philippines alone sends on average over 1 billion text messages a day , more than the annual average SMS volume of the countries in Europe , and even China and India . SMS is hugely popular in India , where youngsters often exchange lots of text messages , and companies provide alerts , infotainment , news , cricket scores updates , railway / airline booking , mobile billing , and banking services on SMS . Texting became popular in the Philippines in 1998 . In 2001 , text messaging played an important role in deposing former Philippine president Joseph Estrada . Similarly , in 2008 , text messaging played a primary role in the implication of former Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick in an SMS sex scandal . Short messages are particularly popular among young urbanites . In many markets , the service is comparatively cheap . For example , in Australia , a message typically costs between A $ 0.20 and $0.25 to send ( some prepaid services charge $0.01 between their own phones ) , compared with a voice call , which costs somewhere between $0.40 and $2.00 per minute ( commonly charged in half - minute blocks ) . The service is enormously profitable to the service providers . At a typical length of only 190 bytes ( including protocol overhead ) , more than 350 of these messages per minute can be transmitted at the same data rate as a usual voice call ( 9 kbit / s ) . There are also free SMS services available , which are often sponsored and allow sending SMS from a PC connected to the internet . Mobile service providers in New Zealand , such as Vodafone and Telecom NZ , provide up to 2000 SMS messages for NZ $10 per month . Users on these plans send on average 1500 SMS messages every month . Text messaging has become so popular that advertising agencies and advertisers are now jumping into the text messaging business . Services that provide bulk text message sending are also becoming a popular way for clubs , associations , and advertisers to reach a group of opt - in subscribers quickly . Research suggests that Internet - based mobile messaging will have grown to equal the popularity of SMS in 2013 , with nearly 10 trillion messages being sent through each technology . Services such as Facebook Messenger , WhatsApp and Viber have led to a decline in the use of SMS in parts of the world . Applications ( edit ) Microblogging ( edit ) Main article : Microblogging Of many texting trends , a system known as microblogging has surfaced , which consists of a miniaturized blog , inspired mainly by people 's tendency to jot down informal thoughts and post them online . They consist of websites like Twitter and its Chinese equivalent Weibo ( 微 博 ) . As of 2016 , both of these websites were popular . Emergency services ( edit ) In some countries , text messages can be used to contact emergency services . In the UK , text messages can be used to call emergency services only after registering with the emergency SMS service . This service is primarily aimed at people who , by reason of disability , are unable to make a voice call . It has recently been promoted as a means for walkers and climbers to call emergency services from areas where a voice call is not possible due to low signal strength . In the US , there is a move to require both traditional operators and Over-the - top messaging providers to support texting to 911 . In Asia , SMS is used for tsunami warnings and in Europe , SMS is used to inform individuals of imminent disaster . Since the location of a handset is known , systems can alert everyone in an area that the events has made impossible to pass through e.g. an avalanche . A similar system known as Emergency Alert is used in Australia to notify the public of impending disasters through both SMS and landline phone calls. These messages can be sent based on either the location of the phone or the address to which the handset is registered . Reminders of hospital appointments ( edit ) SMS messages are used in some countries as reminders of hospital appointments . Missed outpatient clinic appointments cost the National Health Service ( England ) more than £ 600 million ( $980 million ) a year SMS messages are thought to be more cost effective , swifter to deliver , and more likely to receive a faster response than letters . A recent study by Sims and colleagues ( 2012 ) examined the outcomes of 24,709 outpatient appointments scheduled in mental health services in South - East London . The study found that SMS message reminders could reduce the number of missed psychiatric appointments by 25 -- 28 % , representing a potential national yearly saving of over £ 150 million . Commercial uses ( edit ) A multimedia message displayed on a mobile phone Short codes ( edit ) Short codes are special telephone numbers , shorter than full telephone numbers , that can be used to address SMS and MMS messages from mobile phones or fixed phones . There are two types of short codes : dialing and messaging . Text messaging gateway providers ( edit ) SMS gateway providers facilitate the SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers , being mainly responsible for carrying mission - critical messages , SMS for enterprises , content delivery and entertainment services involving SMS , e.g. , TV voting . Considering SMS messaging performance and cost , as well as the level of text messaging services , SMS gateway providers can be classified as resellers of the text messaging capability of another provider 's SMSC or offering the text messaging capability as an operator of their own SMSC with SS7 . SMS messaging gateway providers can provide gateway - to - mobile ( Mobile Terminated -- MT ) services . Some suppliers can also supply mobile - to - gateway ( text - in or Mobile Originated / MO services ) . Many operate text - in services on shortcodes or mobile number ranges , whereas others use lower - cost geographic text - in numbers . Premium content ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) SMS is widely used for delivering digital content , such as news alerts , financial information , pictures , GIFs , logos and ringtones . Such messages are also known as premium - rated short messages ( PSMS ) . The subscribers are charged extra for receiving this premium content , and the amount is typically divided between the mobile network operator and the value added service provider ( VASP ) , either through revenue share or a fixed transport fee . Services like 82ASK and Any Question Answered have used the PSMS model to enable rapid response to mobile consumers ' questions , using on - call teams of experts and researchers . In November 2013 , amidst complaints about unsolicited charges on bills , major mobile carriers in the US agreed to stop billing for PSMS in 45 states , effectively ending its use in the United States . Outside the United States , premium short messages are increasingly being used for `` real - world '' services . For example , some vending machines now allow payment by sending a premium - rated short message , so that the cost of the item bought is added to the user 's phone bill or subtracted from the user 's prepaid credits . Recently , premium messaging companies have come under fire from consumer groups due to a large number of consumers racking up huge phone bills . A new type of free - premium or hybrid - premium content has emerged with the launch of text - service websites . These sites allow registered users to receive free text messages when items they are interested in go on sale , or when new items are introduced . An alternative to inbound SMS is based on long numbers ( international mobile number format , e.g. , + 44 7624 805000 , or geographic numbers that can handle voice and SMS , e.g. , 01133203040 ) , which can be used in place of short codes or premium - rated short messages for SMS reception in several applications , such as TV voting , product promotions , and campaigns . Long numbers are internationally available , as well as enabling businesses to have their own number , rather than short codes , which are usually shared across a lot of brands . Additionally , Long numbers are non-premium inbound numbers . In workplaces ( edit ) The use of text messaging for workplace purposes has grown significantly during the mid-2000s ( decade ) . As companies seek competitive advantages , many employees are using new technology , collaborative applications , and real - time messaging such as SMS , instant messaging , and mobile communications to connect with teammates and customers . Some practical uses of text messaging include the use of SMS for confirming delivery or other tasks , for instant communication between a service provider and a client ( e.g. , stock broker and investor ) , and for sending alerts . Several universities have implemented a system of texting students and faculties campus alerts . One such example is Penn State . As text messaging has proliferated in business , so too have regulations governing its use . One regulation specifically governing the use of text messaging in financial - services firms engaged in stocks , equities , and securities trading is Regulatory Notice 07 - 59 , Supervision of Electronic Communications , December 2007 , issued to member firms by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority . In 07 - 59 , FINRA noted that `` electronic communications '' , `` e-mail '' , and `` electronic correspondence '' may be used interchangeably and can include such forms of electronic messaging as instant messaging and text messaging . Industry has had to develop new technology to allow companies to archive their employees ' text messages . Security , confidentiality , reliability and speed of SMS are among the most important guarantees industries such as financial services , energy and commodities trading , health care and enterprises demand in their mission - critical procedures . One way to guarantee such a quality of text messaging lies in introducing SLAs ( Service Level Agreement ) , which are common in IT contracts . By providing measurable SLAs , corporations can define reliability parameters and set up a high quality of their services . Just one of many SMS applications that has proven highly popular and successful in the financial - services industry is mobile receipts . In January 2009 , Mobile Marketing Association ( MMA ) published the Mobile Banking Overview for financial institutions in which it discussed the advantages and disadvantages of mobile channel platforms such as Short Message Services ( SMS ) , Mobile Web , Mobile Client Applications , SMS with Mobile Web and Secure SMS . Mobile interaction services are an alternative way of using SMS in business communications with greater certainty . Typical business - to - business applications are telematics and Machine - to - Machine , in which two applications automatically communicate with each other . Incident alerts are also common , and staff communications are also another use for B2B scenarios . Businesses can use SMS for time - critical alerts , updates and reminders , mobile campaigns , content and entertainment applications . Mobile interaction can also be used for consumer - to - business interactions , such as media voting and competitions , and for consumer - to - consumer interaction , for example , with mobile social networking , chatting and dating . Text messaging is widely used on business settings ; as well , it is used in a number of civil service and non-governmental organization workplaces . The U.S. And Canadian civil service both adopted Blackberry smartphones in the 2000s . Group texts ( edit ) Group texts involve more than two users . In some cases , when one or more person on the group text is offline , in airplane mode , or has their device shut down , a text being sent to the group may reveal an error message that the text did not go through . Users should rest assured , that all online or available users on the group received the message and that re-sending the message will only result in some participants receiving the message multiple times . Online SMS services ( edit ) There are a growing number of websites that allow users to send free SMS messages online . Some websites provide free SMS for promoting premium business packages . Worldwide use ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) SMS is used to send `` welcome '' messages to mobile phones roaming between countries . Here , T - Mobile welcomes a Proximus subscriber to the UK , and Base welcomes an Orange UK customer to Belgium . Europe follows next behind Asia in terms of the popularity of the use of SMS . In 2003 , an average of 16 billion messages were sent each month . Users in Spain sent a little more than fifty messages per month on average in 2003 . In Italy , Germany and the United Kingdom , the figure was around 35 -- 40 SMS messages per month . In each of these countries , the cost of sending an SMS message varies from € 0.04 -- 0.23 , depending on the payment plan ( with many contractual plans including all or a number of texts for free ) . In the United Kingdom , text messages are charged between £ 0.05 -- 0.12 . Curiously , France has not taken to SMS in the same way , sending just under 20 messages on average per user per month . France has the same GSM technology as other European countries , so the uptake is not hampered by technical restrictions . In the Republic of Ireland , 1.5 billion messages are sent every quarter , on average 114 messages per person per month . In the United Kingdom over 1 billion text messages are sent every week . The Eurovision Song Contest organized the first pan-European SMS voting in 2002 , as a part of the voting system ( there was also a voting over traditional landline phone lines ) . In 2005 , the Eurovision Song Contest organized the biggest televoting ever ( with SMS and phone voting ) . During roaming , that is , when a user connects to another network in different country from his own , the prices may be higher , but in July 2009 , EU legislation went into effect limiting this price to € 0.11 . Finland ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mobile - service providers in Finland offer contracts in which users can send 1000 text messages a month for € 10 . In Finland , which has very high mobile phone ownership rates , some TV channels began `` SMS chat '' , which involved sending short messages to a phone number , and the messages would be shown on TV . Chats are always moderated , which prevents users from sending offensive material to the channel . The craze evolved into quizzes and strategy games and then faster - paced games designed for television and SMS control . Games require users to register their nickname and send short messages to control a character onscreen . Messages usually cost 0.05 to 0.86 Euro apiece , and games can require the player to send dozens of messages . In December 2003 , a Finnish TV channel , MTV3 , put a Santa Claus character on air reading aloud text messages sent in by viewers . On 12 March 2004 , the first entirely `` interactive '' TV channel , VIISI , began operation in Finland . However , SBS Finland Oy took over the channel and turned it into a music channel named The Voice in November 2004 . In 2006 , the Prime Minister of Finland , Matti Vanhanen , made the news when he allegedly broke up with his girlfriend with a text message . In 2007 , the first book written solely in text messages , Viimeiset viestit ( Last Messages ) , was released by Finnish author Hannu Luntiala . It is about an executive who travels through Europe and India . United States ( edit ) In the United States , text messaging is very popular ; as reported by CTIA in December 2009 , the 286 million US subscribers sent 152.7 billion text messages per month , for an average of 534 messages per subscriber per month . The Pew Research Center found in May 2010 that 72 % of U.S. adult cellphone users send and receive text messages . In the U.S. , SMS is often charged both at the sender and at the destination , but , unlike phone calls , it can not be rejected or dismissed . The reasons for lower uptake than other countries are varied . Many users have unlimited `` mobile - to - mobile '' minutes , high monthly minute allotments , or unlimited service . Moreover , `` push to talk '' services offer the instant connectivity of SMS and are typically unlimited . The integration between competing providers and technologies necessary for cross-network text messaging was not initially available . Some providers originally charged extra for texting , reducing its appeal . In the third quarter of 2006 , at least 12 billion text messages were sent on AT&T 's network , up almost 15 % from the preceding quarter . In the U.S. , while texting is mainly popular among people from 13 -- 22 years old , it is also increasing among adults and business users . The age that a child receives his / her first cell phone has also decreased , making text messaging a popular way of communicating . The number of texts sent in the US has gone up over the years as the price has gone down to an average of $0.10 per text sent and received . To convince more customers to buy unlimited text messaging plans , some major cellphone providers have increased the price to send and receive text messages from $. 15 to $. 20 per message . This is over $1,300 per megabyte . Many providers offer unlimited plans , which can result in a lower rate per text , given sufficient volume . Japan ( edit ) Japan was among the first countries to adopt short messages widely , with pioneering non-GSM services including J - Phone 's SkyMail and NTT Docomo 's Short Mail . Japanese adolescents first began text messaging , because it was a cheaper form of communication than the other available forms . Thus , Japanese theorists created the selective interpersonal relationship theory , claiming that mobile phones can change social networks among young people ( classified as 13 - to 30 - year - olds ) . They theorized this age group had extensive but low - quality relationships with friends , and mobile - phone usage may facilitate improvement in the quality of their relationships . They concluded this age group prefers `` selective interpersonal relationships in which they maintain particular , partial , but rich relations , depending on the situation . '' The same studies showed participants rated friendships in which they communicated face - to - face and through text messaging as being more intimate than those in which they communicated solely face - to - face . This indicates participants make new relationships with face - to - face communication at an early stage , but use text messaging to increase their contact later on . It is also interesting to note that as the relationships between participants grew more intimate , the frequency of text messaging also increased . However , short messaging has been largely rendered obsolete by the prevalence of mobile Internet e-mail , which can be sent to and received from any e-mail address , mobile or otherwise . That said , while usually presented to the user simply as a uniform `` mail '' service ( and most users are unaware of the distinction ) , the operators may still internally transmit the content as short messages , especially if the destination is on the same network . China ( edit ) Text messaging is popular and cheap in China . About 700 billion messages were sent in 2007 . Text message spam is also a problem in China . In 2007 , 353.8 billion spam messages were sent , up 93 % from the previous year . It is about 12.44 messages per week per person . It is routine that the People 's Republic of China government monitor text messages across the country for illegal content . Among Chinese migrant workers with little formal education , it is common to refer to SMS manuals when text messaging . These manuals are published as cheap , handy , smaller - than - pocket - size booklets that offer diverse linguistic phrases to utilize as messages . Philippines ( edit ) SMS was introduced to selected markets in the Philippines in 1995 . In 1998 , Philippine mobile - service providers launched SMS more widely across the country , with initial television marketing campaigns targeting hearing - impaired users . The service was initially free with subscriptions , but Filipinos quickly exploited the feature to communicate for free instead of using voice calls , which they would be charged for . After telephone companies realized this trend , they began charging for SMS . The rate across networks is 1 peso per SMS ( about US $0.023 ) . Even after users were charged for SMS , it remained cheap , about one - tenth of the price of a voice call . This low price led to about five million Filipinos owning a cell phone by 2001 . Because of the highly social nature of Philippine culture and the affordability of SMS compared to voice calls , SMS usage shot up . Filipinos used texting not only for social messages but also for political purposes , as it allowed the Filipinos to express their opinions on current events and political issues . It became a powerful tool for Filipinos in promoting or denouncing issues and was a key factor during the 2001 EDSA II revolution , which overthrew then - President Joseph Estrada , who was eventually found guilty of corruption . According to 2009 statistics , there are about 72 million mobile - service subscriptions ( roughly 80 % of the Filipino population ) , with around 1.39 billion SMS messages being sent daily . Because of the large amount of text messages being sent , the Philippines became known as the `` text capital of the world '' during the late 1990s until the early 2000s . New Zealand ( edit ) There are three mobile network companies in New Zealand . Spark NZ ( formally Telecom NZ ) , was the first telecommunication company in New Zealand . In 2011 , Spark was broken into two companies , with Chorus Ltd taking the landline infrastructure and Spark NZ providing services including over their mobile network . Vodafone NZ acquired mobile network provider Bellsouth New Zealand in 1998 and has 2.32 million customers as of July 2013 . Vodafone launched the first Text messaging service in 1999 and has introduced innovative TXT services like Safe TXT and CallMe 2degrees Mobile Ltd launched in August 2009 . In 2005 , around 85 % of the adult population had a mobile phone . In general , texting is more popular than making phone calls , as it is viewed as less intrusive and therefore more polite . Africa ( edit ) Text messaging will become a key revenue driver for mobile network operators in Africa over the next couple of years . Today , text messaging is already slowly gaining influence in the African market . One such person used text messaging to spread the word about HIV and AIDS . Also , in September 2009 , a multi-country campaign in Africa used text messaging to expose stock - outs of essential medicines at public health facilities and put pressure on governments to address the issue . Social effects ( edit ) The advent of text messaging made possible new forms of interaction that were not possible before . A person may now carry out a conversation with another user without the constraint of being expected to reply within a short amount of time and without needing to set time aside to engage in conversation . With voice calling , both participants need to be free at the same time . Mobile phone users can maintain communication during situations in which a voice call is impractical , impossible , or unacceptable , such as during a school class or work meeting . Texting has provided a venue for participatory culture , allowing viewers to vote in online and TV polls , as well as receive information while they are on the move . Texting can also bring people together and create a sense of community through `` Smart Mobs '' or `` Net War '' , which create `` people power '' . Research has also proven that text messaging is somehow making the social distances larger and could be ruining verbal communication skills for many people . Effect on language ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : SMS language This sticker seen in Paris satirizes the popularity of communication in SMS shorthand . In French : `` Is that you ? / It 's me ! / Do you love me ? / Shut up ! '' The small phone keypad and the rapidity of typical text message exchanges has caused a number spelling abbreviations : as in the phrase `` txt msg '' , `` u '' ( an abbreviation for `` you '' ) , `` HMU '' , or use of CamelCase , such as in `` ThisIsVeryLame '' . To avoid the even more limited message lengths allowed when using Cyrillic or Greek letters , speakers of languages written in those alphabets often use the Latin alphabet for their own language . In certain languages utilizing diacritic marks , such as Polish , SMS technology created an entire new variant of written language : characters normally written with diacritic marks ( e.g. , ą , ę , ś , ż in Polish ) are now being written without them ( as a , e , s , z ) to enable using cell phones without Polish script or to save space in Unicode messages . Historically , this language developed out of shorthand used in bulletin board systems and later in Internet chat rooms , where users would abbreviate some words to allow a response to be typed more quickly , though the amount of time saved was often inconsequential . However , this became much more pronounced in SMS , where mobile phone users either have a numeric keyboard ( with older cellphones ) or a small QWERTY keyboard ( for 2010s - era smartphones ) , so more effort is required to type each character , and there is sometimes a limit on the number of characters that may be sent . In Mandarin Chinese , numbers that sound similar to words are used in place of those words . For example , the numbers 520 in Chinese ( wǔ èr líng ) sound like the words for `` I love you '' ( wǒ ài nǐ ) . The sequence 748 ( qī sì bā ) sounds like the curse `` go to hell '' ( qù sǐ ba ) . Predictive text software , which attempts to guess words ( Tegic 's T9 as well as iTap ) or letters ( Eatoni 's LetterWise ) reduces the labour of time - consuming input . This makes abbreviations not only less necessary , but slower to type than regular words that are in the software 's dictionary . However , it makes the messages longer , often requiring the text message to be sent in multiple parts and , therefore , costing more to send . The use of text messaging has changed the way that people talk and write essays , some believing it to be harmful . Children today are receiving cell phones at an age as young as eight years old ; more than 35 percent of children in second and third grade have their own mobile phone . Because of this , the texting language is integrated into the way that students think from an earlier age than ever before . In November 2006 , New Zealand Qualifications Authority approved the move that allowed students of secondary schools to use mobile phone text language in the end - of - the - year - exam papers . Highly publicized reports , beginning in 2002 , of the use of text language in school assignments caused some to become concerned that the quality of written communication is on the decline , and other reports claim that teachers and professors are beginning to have a hard time controlling the problem . However , the notion that text language is widespread or harmful is refuted by research from linguistic experts . An article in The New Yorker explores how text messaging has anglicized some of the world 's languages . The use of diacritic marks is dropped in languages such as French , as well as symbols in Ethiopian languages . In his book , Txtng : the Gr8 Db8 ( which translates as `` Texting : the Great Debate '' ) , David Crystal states that texters in all eleven languages use `` lol '' ( `` laughing out loud '' ) , `` u '' , `` brb '' ( `` be right back '' ) , and `` gr8 '' ( `` great '' ) , all English - based shorthands . The use of pictograms and logograms in texts are present in every language . They shorten words by using symbols to represent the word or symbols whose name sounds like a syllable of the word such as in 2day or b4 . This is commonly used in other languages as well . Crystal gives some examples in several languages such as Italian sei , `` six '' , is used for sei , `` you are '' . Example : dv6 = dove sei ( `` where are you '' ) and French k7 = cassette ( `` casette '' ) . There is also the use of numeral sequences , substituting for several syllables of a word and creating whole phrases using numerals . For example , in French , a12c4 can be said as à un de ces quatres , `` see you around '' ( literally : `` to one of these four ( days ) '' ) . An example of using symbols in texting and borrowing from English is the use of @ . Whenever it is used in texting , its intended use is with the English pronunciation . Crystal gives the example of the Welsh use of @ in @ F , pronounced ataf , meaning `` to me '' . In character - based languages such as Chinese and Japanese , numbers are assigned syllables based on the shortened form of the pronunciation of the number , sometimes the English pronunciation of the number . In this way , numbers alone can be used to communicate whole passages , such as in Chinese , `` 8807701314520 '' can be literally translated as `` Hug hug you , kiss kiss you , whole life , whole life I love you . '' English influences worldwide texting in variation but still in combination with the individual properties of languages . American popular culture is also recognized in shorthand . For example , Homer Simpson translates into : ~ ( _8 ^ ( ) . Crystal also suggests that texting has led to more creativity in the English language , giving people opportunities to create their own slang , emoticons , abbreviations , acronyms , etc . The feeling of individualism and freedom makes texting more popular and a more efficient way to communicate . Crystal has also been quoted in saying that `` In a logical world , text messaging should not have survived . '' But text messaging did n't just come out of nowhere . It originally began as a messaging system that would send out emergency information . But it gained immediate popularity with the public . What followed is the SMS we see today , which is a very quick and efficient way of sharing information from person to person . Work by Richard Ling has shown that texting has a gendered dimension and it plays into the development of teen identity . In addition we text to a very small number of other persons . For most people , half of their texts go to 3 -- 5 other people . Research by Rosen et al. ( 2009 ) found that those young adults who used more language - based textisms ( shortcuts such as LOL , 2nite , etc . ) in daily writing produced worse formal writing than those young adults who used fewer linguistic textisms in daily writing . However , the exact opposite was true for informal writing . This suggests that perhaps the act of using textisms to shorten communication words leads young adults to produce more informal writing , which may then help them to be better `` informal '' writers . Due to text messaging , teens are writing more , and some teachers see that this comfort with language can be harnessed to make better writers . This new form of communication may be encouraging students to put their thoughts and feelings into words and this may be able to be used as a bridge , to get them more interested in formal writing . Joan H. Lee in her thesis What does txting do 2 language : The influences of exposure to messaging and print media on acceptability constraints ( 2011 ) associates exposure to text messaging with more rigid acceptability constraints . The thesis suggests that more exposure to the colloquial , Generation Text language of text messaging contributes to being less accepting of words . In contrast , Lee found that students with more exposure to traditional print media ( such as books and magazines ) were more accepting of both real and fictitious words . The thesis , which garnered international media attention , also presents a literature review of academic literature on the effects of text messaging on language . Texting has also been shown to have had no effect or some positive effects on literacy . According to Plester , Wood and Joshi and their research done on the study of 88 British 10 -- 12 - year - old children and their knowledge of text messages , `` textisms are essentially forms of phonetic abbreviation '' that show that `` to produce and read such abbreviations arguably requires a level of phonological awareness ( and orthographic awareness ) in the child concerned . '' Texting while driving ( edit ) A driver with attention divided between a mobile phone and the road ahead Main article : Texting while driving Texting while driving leads to increased distraction behind the wheel and can lead to an increased risk of an accident . In 2006 , Liberty Mutual Insurance Group conducted a survey with more than 900 teens from over 26 high schools nationwide . The results showed that 87 % of students found texting to be `` very '' or `` extremely '' distracting . A study by AAA found that 46 % of teens admitted to being distracted behind the wheel due to texting . One example of distraction behind the wheel is the 2008 Chatsworth train collision , which killed 25 passengers . The engineer had sent 45 text messages while operating the train . A 2009 experiment with Car and Driver editor Eddie Alterman ( that took place at a deserted air field , for safety reasons ) compared texting with drunk driving . The experiment found that texting while driving was more dangerous than being drunk . While being legally drunk added four feet to Alterman 's stopping distance while going 70 mph , reading an e-mail on a phone added 36 feet , and sending a text message added 70 feet . In 2009 , the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute released the results of an 18 - month study that involved placing cameras inside the cabs of more than 100 long - haul trucks , which recorded the drivers over a combined driving distance of three million miles . The study concluded that when the drivers were texting , their risk of crashing was 23 times greater than when not texting . Texting while walking ( edit ) Due to the proliferation of smart phone applications performed while walking , `` texting while walking '' or `` wexting '' is the increasing practice of people being transfixed to their mobile device without looking in any direction but their personal screen while walking . First coined reference in 2015 in New York from Rentrak 's chief client officer when discussing time spent with media and various media usage metrics . Text messaging among pedestrians leads to increased cognitive distraction and reduced situation awareness , and may lead to increases in unsafe behavior leading to injury and death . Recent studies conducted on cell phone use while walking showed that cell phone users recall fewer objects when conversing , walk slower , have altered gait and are more unsafe when crossing a street . Additionally , some gait analyses showed that stance phase during overstepping motion , longitudinal and lateral deviation increased during cell phone operation but step length and clearance did not ; a different analysis did find increased step clearance and reduced step length . It is unclear which processes may be affected by distraction , which types of distraction may affect which cognitive processes , and how individual differences may affect the influence of distraction . Lamberg and Muratori believe that engaging in a dual - task , such as texting while walking , may interfere with working memory and result in walking errors . Their study demonstrated that participants engaged in text messaging were unable to maintain walking speed or retain accurate spatial information , suggesting an inability to adequately divide their attention between two tasks . According to them , the addition of texting while walking with vision occluded increases the demands placed on the working memory system resulting in gait disruptions . Texting on a phone distracts participants , even when the texting task used is a relatively simple one . Stavrinos et al. investigated the effect of other cognitive tasks , such as engaging in conversations or cognitive tasks on a phone , and found that participants actually have reduced visual awareness . This finding was supported by Licence et al. , who conducted a similar study . For example , texting pedestrians may fail to notice unusual events in their environment , such as a unicycling clown . These findings suggest that tasks that require the allocation of cognitive resources can affect visual attention even when the task itself does not require the participants to avert their eyes from their environment . The act of texting itself seems to impair pedestrians ' visual awareness . It appears that the distraction produced by texting is a combination of both a cognitive and visual perceptual distraction . A study conducted by Licence et al. supported some of these findings , particularly that those who text while walking significantly alter their gait . However , they also found that the gait pattern texters adopted was slower and more `` protective '' , and consequently did not increase obstacle contact or tripping in a typical pedestrian context . There have also been technological approaches to increase the safety / awareness of pedestrians that are ( inattentionally ) blind while using a smart phone , e.g. , using a Kinect or an ultrasound phone cover as a virtual white cane , or using the built - in camera to algorithmically analyze single , respectively a stream of pictures for obstacles , with Wang et al. proposing to use machine learning to specifically detect incoming vehicles . Sexting ( edit ) Main article : Sexting Sexting is slang for the act of sending sexually explicit or suggestive content between mobile devices using SMS . A genre of texting , it contains either text , images , or video that is intended to be sexually arousing . A portmanteau of sex and texting , sexting was reported as early as 2005 in The Sunday Telegraph Magazine , constituting a trend in the creative use of SMS to excite another with alluring messages throughout the day . Although sexting often takes place consensually between two people , it can also occur against the wishes of a person who is the subject of the content . A number of instances have been reported in which the recipients of sexting have shared the content of the messages with others , with less intimate intentions , such as to impress their friends or embarrass their sender . Celebrities such as Miley Cyrus , Vanessa Hudgens , and Adrienne Bailon have been victims of such abuses of sexting . A 2008 survey by The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy and CosmoGirl.com suggested a trend of sexting and other seductive online content being readily shared between teens . One in five teen girls surveyed ( 22 percent ) -- and 11 percent of teen girls aged 13 -- 16 years old -- say they have electronically sent , or posted online , nude or semi-nude images of themselves . One - third ( 33 percent ) of teen boys and one - quarter ( 25 percent ) of teen girls say they were shown private nude or semi-nude images . According to the survey , sexually suggestive messages ( text , e-mail , and instant messaging ) were even more common than images , with 39 percent of teens having sent or posted such messages , and half of teens ( 50 percent ) having received them . A 2012 study that has received wide international media attention was conducted at the University of Utah Department of Psychology by Donald S. Strassberg , Ryan Kelly McKinnon , Michael Sustaíta and Jordan Rullo . They surveyed 606 teenagers ages 14 -- 18 and found that nearly 20 percent of the students said they had sent a sexually explicit image of themselves via cell phone , and nearly twice as many said that they had received a sexually explicit picture . Of those receiving such a picture , over 25 percent indicated that they had forwarded it to others . In addition , of those who had sent a sexually explicit picture , over a third had done so despite believing that there could be serious legal and other consequences if they got caught . Students who had sent a picture by cell phone were more likely than others to find the activity acceptable . The authors conclude : `` These results argue for educational efforts such as cell phone safety assemblies , awareness days , integration into class curriculum and teacher training , designed to raise awareness about the potential consequences of sexting among young people . '' Sexting becomes a legal issue when teens ( under 18 ) are involved , because any nude photos they may send of themselves would put the recipients in possession of child pornography . In schools ( edit ) Two girls text during class at school Text messaging has affected students academically by creating an easier way to cheat on exams . In December 2002 , a dozen students were caught cheating on an accounting exam through the use of text messages on their mobile phones . In December 2002 , Hitotsubashi University in Japan failed 26 students for receiving e-mailed exam answers on their mobile phones . The number of students caught using mobile phones to cheat on exams has increased significantly in recent years . According to Okada ( 2005 ) , most Japanese mobile phones can send and receive long text messages of between 250 and 3000 characters with graphics , video , audio , and Web links . In England , 287 school and college students were excluded from exams in 2004 for using mobile phones during exams . Some teachers and professors claim that advanced texting features can lead to students cheating on exams . Students in high school and college classrooms are using their mobile phones to send and receive texts during lectures at high rates . Further , published research has established that students who text during college lectures have impaired memories of the lecture material compared to students who do not . For example , in one study , the number of irrelevant text messages sent and received during a lecture covering the topic of developmental psychology was related to students ' memory of the lecture . Bullying ( edit ) Main article : Cyberbullying Spreading rumors and gossip by text message , using text messages to bully individuals , or forwarding texts that contain defamatory content is an issue of great concern for parents and schools . Text `` bullying '' of this sort can cause distress and damage reputations . In some cases , individuals who are bullied online have committed suicide . Harding and Rosenberg ( 2005 ) argue that the urge to forward text messages can be difficult to resist , describing text messages as `` loaded weapons '' . Influence on perceptions of the student ( edit ) When a student sends an email that contains phonetic abbreviations and acronyms that are common in text messaging ( e.g. , `` gr8 '' instead of `` great '' ) , it can influence how that student is subsequently evaluated . In a study by Lewandowski and Harrington ( 2006 ) , participants read a student 's email sent to a professor that either contained text - messaging abbreviations ( gr8 , How RU ? ) or parallel text in standard English ( great , How are you ? ) , and then provided impressions of the sender . Students who used abbreviations in their email were perceived as having a less favorable personality and as putting forth less effort on an essay they submitted along with the email . Specifically , abbreviation users were seen as less intelligent , responsible , motivated , studious , dependable , and hard - working . These findings suggest that the nature of a student 's email communication can influence how others perceive the student and their work . Law and crime ( edit ) Text messaging has been a subject of interest for police forces around the world . One of the issues of concern to law enforcement agencies is the use of encrypted text messages . In 2003 , a British company developed a program called Fortress SMS which used 128 bit AES encryption to protect SMS messages . Police have also retrieved deleted text messages to aid them in solving crimes . For example , Swedish police retrieved deleted texts from a cult member who claimed she committed a double murder based on forwarded texts she received . Police in Tilburg , Netherlands , started an SMS alert program , in which they would send a message to ask citizens to be vigilant when a burglar was on the loose or a child was missing in their neighborhood . Several thieves have been caught and children have been found using the SMS Alerts . The service has been expanding to other cities . A Malaysian -- Australian company has released a multi-layer SMS security program . Boston police are now turning to text messaging to help stop crime . The Boston Police Department asks citizens to send texts to make anonymous crime tips . Under some interpretations of sharia law , husbands can divorce their wives by the pronouncement of talaq . In 2003 , a court in Malaysia upheld such a divorce pronouncement which was transmitted via SMS . The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in 2017 that under the state constitution , police require a warrant before obtaining access to text messages without consent . Social unrest ( edit ) Texting has been used on a number of occasions with the result of the gathering of large aggressive crowds . SMS messaging drew a crowd to Cronulla Beach in Sydney resulting in the 2005 Cronulla riots . Not only were text messages circulating in the Sydney area , but in other states as well ( Daily Telegraph ) . The volume of such text messages and e-mails also increased in the wake of the riot . The crowd of 5000 at stages became violent , attacking certain ethnic groups . Sutherland Shire Mayor directly blamed heavily circulated SMS messages for the unrest . NSW police considered whether people could be charged over the texting . Retaliatory attacks also used SMS . The Narre Warren Incident , when a group of 500 party goers attended a party at Narre Warren in Melbourne , Australia , and rioted in January 2008 , also was a response of communication being spread by SMS and Myspace . Following the incident , the Police Commissioner wrote an open letter asking young people to be aware of the power of SMS and the Internet . In Hong Kong , government officials find that text messaging helps socially because they can send multiple texts to the community . Officials say it is an easy way of contacting community or individuals for meetings or events . Texting was used to coordinate gatherings during the 2009 Iranian election protests . Between 2009 and 2012 the U.S. secretly created and funded a Twitter - like service for Cubans called ZunZuneo , initially based on mobile phone text message service and later with an internet interface . The service was funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development through its Office of Transition Initiatives , who utiliized contractors and front companies in the Cayman Islands , Spain and Ireland . A longer term objective was to organize `` smart mobs '' that might `` renegotiate the balance of power between the state and society . '' A database about the subscribers was created , including gender , age , and `` political tendencies '' . At its peak ZunZuneo had 40,000 Cuban users , but the service closed as financially unsustainable when U.S. funding was stopped . In politics ( edit ) A text message that ( he says ) promises 500 Libyan dinars ( $400 ) to anyone who `` makes noise '' in support of Gaddafi in the coming days A recruitment ban in French SMS language : `` Slt koi29 on é jamé 2tro @ s batre pour la P. ; - ) '' = `` Salut ! Quoi de neuf ? On n'est jamais de trop à se battre pour la Paix ! '' Text messaging has affected the political world . American campaigns find that text messaging is a much easier , cheaper way of getting to the voters than the door - to - door approach . Mexico 's president - elect Felipe Calderón launched millions of text messages in the days immediately preceding his narrow win over Andres Manuel Lopez Obradór . In January 2001 , Joseph Estrada was forced to resign from the post of president of the Philippines . The popular campaign against him was widely reported to have been co-ordinated with SMS chain letters . A massive texting campaign was credited with boosting youth turnout in Spain 's 2004 parliamentary elections . In 2008 , Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick and his Chief of Staff at the time became entangled in a sex scandal stemming from the exchange of over 14,000 text messages that eventually led to his forced resignation , conviction of perjury , and other charges . Text messaging has been used to turn down other political leaders . During the 2004 U.S. Democratic and Republican National Conventions , protesters used an SMS - based organizing tool called TXTmob to get to opponents . In the last day before the 2004 presidential elections in Romania , a message against Adrian Năstase was largely circulated , thus breaking the laws that prohibited campaigning that day . Text messaging has helped politics by promoting campaigns . On 20 January 2001 , President Joseph Estrada of the Philippines became the first head of state in history to lose power to a smart mob . More than one million Manila residents assembled at the site of the 1986 People Power peaceful demonstrations that has toppled the Marcos regime . These people have organized themselves and coordinated their actions through text messaging . They were able to bring down a government without having to use any weapons or violence . Through text messaging , their plans and ideas were communicated to others and successfully implemented . Also , this move encouraged the military to withdraw their support from the regime , and as a result , the Estrada government fell . People were able to converge and unite with the use of their cell phones . `` The rapid assembly of the anti-Estrada crowd was a hallmark of early smart mob technology , and the millions of text messages exchanged by the demonstrators in 2001 was , by all accounts , a key to the crowds esprit de corps . '' Use in healthcare ( edit ) Some health organizations manage text messaging services to help people avoid smoking Text messaging is a rapidly growing trend in Healthcare . `` One survey found that 73 % of physicians text other physicians about work - similar to the overall percentage of the population that texts . '' A 2006 study of reminder messages sent to children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed favorable changes in adherence to treatment . A risk is that these physicians could be violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act . Where messages could be saved to a phone indefinitely , patient information could be subject to theft or loss , and could be seen by other unauthorized persons . The HIPAA privacy rule requires that any text message involving a medical decision must be available for the patient to access , meaning that any texts that are not documented in an EMR system could be a HIPAA violation . Medical concerns ( edit ) Main article : BlackBerry thumb The excessive use of the thumb for pressing keys on mobile devices has led to a high rate of a form of repetitive strain injury termed `` BlackBerry thumb '' ( although this refers to strain developed on older Blackberry devices , which had a scroll wheel on the side of the phone ) . An inflammation of the tendons in the thumb caused by constant text - messaging is also called text - messager 's thumb , or texting tenosynovitis . Texting has also been linked as a secondary source in numerous traffic collisions , in which police investigations of mobile phone records have found that many drivers have lost control of their cars while attempting to send or retrieve a text message . Increasing cases of Internet addiction are now also being linked to text messaging , as mobile phones are now more likely to have e-mail and Web capabilities to complement the ability to text . Etiquette ( edit ) Texting etiquette refers to what is considered appropriate texting behavior . These expectations may concern different areas , such as the context in which a text was sent and received / read , who each participant was with when the participant sent or received / read a text message or what constitutes impolite text messages . At the website of The Emily Post Institute , the topic of texting has spurred several articles with the `` do 's and dont 's '' regarding the new form of communication . One example from the site is : `` Keep your message brief . No one wants to have an entire conversation with you by texting when you could just call him or her instead . '' Another example is : `` Do n't use all Caps . Typing a text message in all capital letters will appear as though you are shouting at the recipient , and should be avoided . '' Expectations for etiquette may differ depending on various factors . For example , expectations for appropriate behavior have been found to differ markedly between the U.S. and India . Another example is generational differences . In The M - Factor : How the Millennial Generation Is Rocking the Workplace , Lynne Lancaster and David Stillman note that younger Americans often do not consider it rude to answer their cell or begin texting in the middle of a face - to - face conversation with someone else , while older people , less used to the behavior and the accompanying lack of eye contact or attention , find this to be disruptive and ill - mannered . With regard to texting in the workplace , Plantronics studied how we communicate at work and found that 58 % of US knowledge workers have increased the use of text messaging for work in the past five years . The same study found that 33 % of knowledge workers felt text messaging was critical or very important to success and productivity at work . Challenges ( edit ) Spam ( edit ) Further information : Mobile phone spam In 2002 , an increasing trend towards spamming mobile phone users through SMS prompted cellular - service carriers to take steps against the practice , before it became a widespread problem . No major spamming incidents involving SMS had been reported as of March 2007 , but the existence of mobile phone spam has been noted by industry watchdogs including Consumer Reports magazine and the Utility Consumers ' Action Network ( UCAN ) . In 2005 , UCAN brought a case against Sprint for spamming its customers and charging $0.10 per text message . The case was settled in 2006 with Sprint agreeing not to send customers Sprint advertisements via SMS . SMS expert Acision ( formerly LogicaCMG Telecoms ) reported a new type of SMS malice at the end of 2006 , noting the first instances of SMiShing ( a cousin to e-mail phishing scams ) . In SMiShing , users receive SMS messages posing to be from a company , enticing users to phone premium - rate numbers or reply with personal information . Similar concerns were reported by PhonepayPlus , a consumer watchdog in the United Kingdom , in 2012 . Pricing concerns ( edit ) Concerns have been voiced over the excessive cost of off - plan text messaging in the United States . AT&T Mobility , along with most other service providers , charges texters 20 cents per message if they do not have a messaging plan or if they have exceeded their allotted number of texts . Given that an SMS message is at most 160 bytes in size , this cost scales to a cost of $1,310 per megabyte sent via text message . This is in sharp contrast with the price of unlimited data plans offered by the same carriers , which allow the transmission of hundreds of megabytes of data for monthly prices of about $15 to $45 in addition to a voice plan . As a comparison , a one - minute phone call uses up the same amount of network capacity as 600 text messages , meaning that if the same cost - per - traffic formula were applied to phone calls , cell phone calls would cost $120 per minute . With service providers gaining more customers and expanding their capacity , their overhead costs should be decreasing , not increasing . In 2005 , text messaging generated nearly 70 billion dollars in revenue , as reported by Gartner , industry analysts , three times as much as Hollywood box office sales in 2005 . World figures showed that over a trillion text messages were sent in 2005 . Although major cellphone providers deny any collusion , fees for out - of - package text messages have increased , doubling from 10 to 20 cents in the United States between 2007 and 2008 alone . On 16 July 2009 , Senate hearings were held to look into any breach of the Sherman Antitrust Act . The same trend is visible in other countries , though increasingly widespread flatrate plans , for example in Germany , do make text messaging easier , text messages sent abroad still result in higher costs . Increasing competition ( edit ) While text messaging is still a growing market , traditional SMS are becoming increasingly challenged by alternative messaging services which are available on smartphones with data connections . These services are much cheaper and offer more functionality like exchanging of multimedia content ( e.g. photos , videos or audio notes ) and group messaging . Especially in western countries some of these services attract more and more users . Security concerns ( edit ) Consumer SMS should not be used for confidential communication . The contents of common SMS messages are known to the network operator 's systems and personnel . Therefore , consumer SMS is not an appropriate technology for secure communications . To address this issue , many companies use an SMS gateway provider based on SS7 connectivity to route the messages . The advantage of this international termination model is the ability to route data directly through SS7 , which gives the provider visibility of the complete path of the SMS . This means SMS messages can be sent directly to and from recipients without having to go through the SMS - C of other mobile operators . This approach reduces the number of mobile operators that handle the message ; however , it should not be considered as an end - to - end secure communication , as the content of the message is exposed to the SMS gateway provider . An alternative approach is to use end - to - end security software that runs on both the sending and receiving device , where the original text message is transmitted in encrypted form as a consumer SMS . By using key rotation , the encrypted text messages stored under data retention laws at the network operator can not be decrypted even if one of the devices is compromised . A problem with this approach is that communicating devices needs to run compatible software . Failure rates without backward notification can be high between carriers. . International texting can be unreliable depending on the country of origin , destination and respective operators ( US : `` carriers '' ) . Differences in the character sets used for coding can cause a text message sent from one country to another to become unreadable . In popular culture ( edit ) Records and competition ( edit ) The Guinness Book of World Records has a world record for text messaging , currently held by Sonja Kristiansen of Norway . Kristiansen keyed in the official text message , as established by Guinness , in 37.28 seconds . The message is , `` The razor - toothed piranhas of the genera Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus are the most ferocious freshwater fish in the world . In reality , they seldom attack a human . '' In 2005 , the record was held by a 24 - year - old Scottish man , Craig Crosbie , who completed the same message in 48 seconds , beating the previous time by 19 seconds . The Book of Alternative Records lists Chris Young of Salem , Oregon , as the world - record holder for the fastest 160 - character text message where the contents of the message are not provided ahead of time . His record of 62.3 seconds was set on 23 May 2007 . Elliot Nicholls of Dunedin , New Zealand , currently holds the world record for the fastest blindfolded text messaging . A record of a 160 - letter text in 45 seconds while blindfolded was set on 17 November 2007 , beating the old record of 1 - minute 26 seconds set by an Italian in September 2006 . Ohio native Andrew Acklin is credited with the world record for most text messages sent or received in a single month , with 200,052 . His accomplishments were first in the World Records Academy and later followed up by Ripley 's Believe It Or Not 2010 : Seeing Is Believing . He has been acknowledged by The Universal Records Database for the most text messages in a single month ; however , this has since been broken twice and as of 2010 was listed as 566607 messages by Fred Lindgren . In January 2010 , LG Electronics sponsored an international competition , the LG Mobile World Cup , to determine the fastest pair of texters . The winners were a team from South Korea , Ha Mok - min and Bae Yeong - ho . On 6 April 2011 , SKH Apps released an iPhone app , iTextFast , to allow consumers to test their texting speed and practice the paragraph used by Guinness Book of World Records . As of 2011 , best time listed on Game Center for that paragraph is 34.65 seconds . Morse code ( edit ) A few competitions have been held between expert Morse code operators and expert SMS users . Several mobile phones have Morse code ring tones and alert messages . For example , many Nokia mobile phones have an option to beep `` SM S '' in Morse code when it receives a short message . Some of these phones could also play the Nokia slogan `` Connecting people '' in Morse code as a message tone . There are third - party applications available for some mobile phones that allow Morse input for short messages . Tattle texting ( edit ) `` Tattle texting '' can mean either of two different texting trends : Arena security ( edit ) Many sports arenas now offer a number where patrons can text report security concerns , like drunk or unruly fans , or safety issues like spills . These programs have been praised by patrons and security personnel as more effective than traditional methods . For instance , the patron does n't need to leave his seat and miss the event in order to report something important . Also , disruptive fans can be reported with relative anonymity . `` Text tattling '' also gives security personnel a useful tool to prioritize messages . For instance , a single complaint in one section about an unruly fan can be addressed when convenient , while multiple complaints by several different patrons can be acted upon immediately . Smart cars ( edit ) In this context , `` tattle texting '' refers to an automatic text sent by the computer in an automobile , because a preset condition was met . The most common use for this is for parents to receive texts from the car their child is driving , alerting them to speeding or other issues . Employers can also use the service to monitor their corporate vehicles . The technology is still new and ( currently ) only available on a few car models . Common conditions that can be chosen to send a text are : Speeding . With the use of GPS , stored maps , and speed limit information , the onboard computer can determine if the driver is exceeding the current speed limit . The device can store this information and / or send it to another recipient . Range . Parents / employers can set a maximum range from a fixed location after which a `` tattle text '' is sent . Not only can this keep children close to home and keep employees from using corporate vehicles inappropriately , but it can also be a crucial tool for quickly identifying stolen vehicles , car jackings , and kidnappings . See also ( edit ) Instant messaging Messaging apps Chat language Enhanced Messaging Service Mobile dial code Operator messaging Telegram Tironian notes , scribal abbreviations and ligatures : Roman and medieval abbreviations used to save space on manuscripts and epigraphs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Robert ; Pinchot , Jamie ( 2010 ) . `` Conference on Information Systems Applied Research '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ Mobile Data Association . `` The UK 's definitive text related information source '' . Text.it . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The new proposal for reducing roaming prices '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wireless Quick Facts '' . CTIA . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Kristen Purcell ; Roger Entner ; Nichole Henderson ( 15 September 2010 ) . `` The Rise of Apps Culture '' ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center 's Internet & American Life Project . Jump up ^ `` Sprint Nextel Text Messaging '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Text Messaging Increase '' . Verizon Wireless . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sen. to carriers : Why do text messages cost $1,300 per meg ? '' . ZDNet. 10 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Igarashi , T. , Takai , J. , & Yoshida , T. ( 2005 ) . `` Gender differences in social network development via mobile phone text messages : A longitudinal study '' . Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 22 ( 5 ) : 691 -- 713 . doi : 10.1177 / 0265407505056492 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ishii , Kenichi ( 2006 ) . `` Implications of Mobility : The Uses of Personal Communication Media in Everyday Life '' . Journal of Communication . 56 ( 2 ) : 346 -- 365 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 2466.2006. 00023. x . Jump up ^ Lafraniere , Sharon ( 20 January 2010 ) . `` China to Scan Text Messages to Spot ' Unhealthy Content ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lin , Angel & Tong , Avin ( 2008 ) . `` Mobile Cultures of Migrant Workers in Southern China : Informal Literacies in the Negotiation of ( New ) Social Relations of the New Working Women '' . Knowledge , Technology & Policy . 21 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 81 . doi : 10.1007 / s12130 - 008 - 9045 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Rheingold , Howard ( 2002 ) Smart Mobs : the Next Social Revolution , Perseus , Cambridge , Massachusetts , pp. xi -- xxii , 157 -- 82 ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0861 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manila 's Talk of the Town Is Text Messaging . Partners.nytimes.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Research and Markets : Philippines -- Telecoms , Mobile and Broadband . Business Wire ( 23 August 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : The Philippines Reaffirms Status As `` Text Messaging Capital Of The World '' . Wayodd.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Vodafone boosts mobile customers , ending long run of losses The National Business Review . Nbr.co.nz ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Company information from the Vodafone New Zealand website Jump up ^ Vodafone history timeline . Vodafone.co.nz . Retrieved on 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` A free TXT service to say Call Me '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging is as effective in Māori as non-Māori '' . The New Zealand Medical Journal . 118 ( 1216 ) . 3 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 24 November 2009 . More than 85 % of young New Zealand adults now have a mobile phone ( statistics by ethnicity are not available ) , and text messaging among this age group has rapidly developed into a new communications medium . Jump up ^ `` Text Messaging will be Huge for Mobile Operators in Africa '' . thepinehillsnews.com. 17 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silence = Death . In South Africa , text messages can end the silence '' . Brian S Hall . 28 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFRICA : Text messages highlight drug stock - outs '' . PlusNews. 17 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Shoeb Adnan ( 14 March 2015 ) . `` 5 Negative Effects of Mobile Phone In Our Social Life '' . Jump up ^ `` Instant Messaging : Friend or Foe of Student Writing ? '' . Newhorizons.org . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Boswell , Sean . `` Lost in Translation : Texting Killing Human Communication Skills '' . DePaulia online . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Officials : Students can use ' text speak ' on tests '' . USA Today . 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Crace , John ( 16 September 2008 ) . `` Gr8 db8r takes on linguistic luddites : Language guru David Crystal tells John Crace that txt spk is responsible for neither bad spelling nor moral decay '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David Txtng : the gr8 db8 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2008 . pp. 131 -- 137 ISBN 0 - 19 - 162340 - 7 Jump up ^ The New Yorker `` Thumbspeak '' Menand , Louis . 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Crystal , David : the gr8 db8 . New York : Oxford University Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ `` '' Girls Text Really Weird `` : Gender , Texting and Identity Among Teens '' . Journal of Children and Media . 8 : 423 -- 439 . doi : 10.1080 / 17482798.2014. 931290 . Jump up ^ `` The socio - demographics of texting '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , L.D. , Chang , J. , Erwin , L. , Carrier , L.M. , & Cheever , N.A. ( 2010 ) . `` The Relationship Between `` Textisms '' and Formal and Informal Writing Among Young Adults `` . Communication Research . 37 ( 3 ) : 420 -- 440 . doi : 10.1177 / 0093650210362465 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` What does txting do 2 language : The influences of exposure to messaging and print media on acceptability constraints '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Plester , B. ; Wood , C. ; Joshi , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Exploring the relationship between children 's knowledge of text message abbreviations and school literacy outcomes '' . British Journal of Developmental Psychology . 27 ( Pt 1 ) : 145 -- 61 . doi : 10.1348 / 026151008X320507 . PMID 19972666 . Jump up ^ `` Teens Admit Text Messaging Most Distracting While Driving '' . Liberty Mutual Group . 19 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Texting And Driving Worse Than Drinking and Driving , CNBC , 25 June 2009 Jump up ^ In Study , Texting Lifts Crash Risk by Large Margin , The New York Times , 27 July 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rentrak executive bios '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Lamberg , E.M. ; Muratori , L.M. ( 2012 ) . `` Cell phones change the way we walk '' . Gait & Posture. 35 ( 4 ) : 688 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gaitpost. 2011.12. 005 . PMID 22226937 . ^ Jump up to : Sammy Licence ; et al. ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Gait Pattern Alterations during Walking , Texting and Walking and Texting during Cognitively Distractive Tasks while Negotiating Common Pedestrian Obstacles '' . PLOS ONE . 10 : e0133281 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0133281 . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nasar , J ; Hecht , P ; Wener , R ( 2008 ) . `` Mobile telephones , distracted attention , and pedestrian safety '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 40 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2007.04. 005 . PMID 18215534 . ^ Jump up to : Lopresti - Goodman , S.M. ; Rivera , A. ; Dressel , C. ( 2012 ) . `` Practicing Safe Text : The Impact of Texting on Walking Behavior '' . Applied Cognitive Psychology . 26 ( 4 ) : 644 -- 648 . doi : 10.1002 / acp. 2846 . ^ Jump up to : Uchiyama , M ; Demura , S. ; Natsuhori , E. ( 2012 ) . `` Changes in gait properties during texting messages by a cell phone . Attention and gait control '' . 171 ( 3 ) . Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche : 331 -- 340 . Jump up ^ Schwebel , D.C. ; Stavrinos , D ; Byington , K.W. ; Davis , T ; O'Neal , E.E. ; De Jong , D ( 2012 ) . `` Distraction and pedestrian safety : How talking on the phone , texting , and listening to music impact crossing the street '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 45 : 266 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aap. 2011.07. 011 . PMC 3266515 . PMID 22269509 . Jump up ^ Stavrinos , D. ; Byington , K.W. ; Schwebel , D.C. ( 2011 ) . `` Distracted walking : Cell phones increase injury risk for college pedestrians '' . Journal of Safety Research . 42 ( 2 ) : 101 -- 107 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsr. 2011.01. 004 . Jump up ^ Hyman , S.M. ; Boss , I.E. ; Wise , B.M. ; McKenzie , K.E. ; Caggiano , J.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Did you see the unicycling clown ? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phone '' . Applied Cognitive Psychology . 29 ( 5 ) : 597 -- 607 . doi : 10.1002 / acp. 1638 . Jump up ^ Hincapié - Ramos , Juan David ; Irani , Pourang ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` CrashAlert : Enhancing Peripheral Alertness for Eyes - busy Mobile Interaction While Walking '' . Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . ACM : 3385 -- 3388 . doi : 10.1145 / 2470654.2466463 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Releasing Smartphone - Paired Technologies for Blind People '' . medGadget . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Peng , En ; Peursum , Patrick ; Li , Ling ; Venkatesh , Svetha ( 26 October 2010 ) . `` A Smartphone - Based Obstacle Sensor for the Visually Impaired '' . International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing . Springer Berlin Heidelberg : 590 -- 604 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 16355 - 5_45 . Jump up ^ Foerster , Klaus - Tycho ; Gross , Alex ; Hail , Nino ; Uitto , Jara ; Wattenhofer , Roger ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` SpareEye : Enhancing the Safety of Inattentionally Blind Smartphone Users '' . Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia . ACM : 68 -- 72 . doi : 10.1145 / 2677972.2677973 . Jump up ^ Wang , Tianyu ; Cardone , Giuseppe ; Corradi , Antonio ; Torresani , Lorenzo ; Campbell , Andrew T. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` WalkSafe : A Pedestrian Safety App for Mobile Phone Users Who Walk and Talk While Crossing Roads '' . Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems & Applications . ACM : 5 : 1 -- 5 : 6 . doi : 10.1145 / 2162081.2162089 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Risks and Threats . MySecureCyberspace . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Yvonne ( 31 July 2005 ) . `` The One and Only '' . p. 22 . Following a string of extramarital affairs and several lurid `` sexting '' episodes , Warne has found himself home alone , with Simone Warne taking their three children and flying the conjugal coop . Jump up ^ Texting : From Faux Pas to Faux Sex From the Mind of GrandDiva . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sexting with friends is the new High School `` note '' XYHD.TV . Retrieved on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Tech Survey '' . Thenationalcampaign.org . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Strassberg , Donald ; McKinnon , Ryan K. ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` Sexting by High School Students : An Exploratory and Descriptive Study '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 42 : 15 -- 21 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 012 - 9969 - 8 . PMID 22674035 . Jump up ^ Maffly , Brian . `` ' Sexting ' prevalent among high - schoolers , study finds '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Lois . `` As many as 20 % of teens have ' sexted ' , according to new study '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sending Sexually Explicit Photos by Cell Phone Is Common Among Teens '' . Science Daily . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U Study Finds ' Sexting ' More Common Among Teens Than You Might Think '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Sexting ' Prevalent Among High - Schoolers , Study Finds '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Prevention Information Network . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nauert , Rick . `` 1 in 5 Teens ' Sexting ' -- Many Without a Clue '' . PsychCentral . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U study : More teens ' sext ' than previously thought '' . Fox 13 News . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most teens unaware about legal consequences of sexting : Study '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sexting is More Common Among Teens Than Previously Thought , Say Researchers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why teens indulge in so much ' sexting ' ? '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Connie Schultz : Making kids to tell law 's naked truth is the perfect sentence The Plain Dealer. 2008 - 12 - 13 . Archived 1 February 2009 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Maryland Newsline -- Business & Tech Special Report : Teens and Technology '' . Newsline.umd.edu. 17 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Top News -- Students dial up trouble in new twist to cheating Archived 5 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Okada , T. ( 2005 ) . Youth culture and shaping of Japanese mobile media : personalization and the keitainInternet as multimedia , in M. Ito , D. Okabe and M. Matsuda ( eds ) , Personal , Portable , Pedestrian : Mobile Phones in Japanese Life , Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press ISBN 0 - 262 - 09039 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Exams ban for mobile phone users '' . BBC News . 15 April 2005 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Goggin , G ( 2006 ) Cell Phone Culture : Mobile technology in everyday life . New York : Routledge ISBN 0 - 415 - 36744 - 1 Jump up ^ Carrier , L.M. ; Rosen , L.D. ; Cheever , N.A. ; Lim , A. ( 2015 ) . `` Causes , effects , and practicalities of everyday multitasking '' . Developmental Review . 35 : 64 -- 78 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dr. 2014.12. 005 . Special issue on Living in the `` Net '' Generation : Multitasking , Learning and Development . Jump up ^ Rosen , L.D. ; Lim , A.F. ; Carrier , L.M. ; Cheever , N.A. ( 2011 ) . `` An Empirical Examination of the Educational Impact of Text Message - Induced Task Switching in the Classroom : Educational Implications and Strategies to Enhance Learning '' . Psicología Educativa ( Spain ) . 17 : 163 -- 77 . doi : 10.5093 / ed2011v17n2a4 . Jump up ^ Harding , S. & Rosenberg , D. ( Ed ) . ( 2005 ) . Histories of the Future . London : Duke University Press , p. 84 ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3473 - 9 Jump up ^ Lewandowski , Gary ; Harrington , Samantha ( 2006 ) . `` The influence of phonetic abbreviations on evaluation of student performance '' ( PDF ) . Current Research in Social Psychology . 11 ( 15 ) : 215 -- 226 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Fortress SMS technical report Jump up ^ Robert Burnett ; Ylva Hård af Segerstad ( 8 September 2005 ) . `` The SMS murder mystery '' in Safety and Security in a Networked World . Balancing Cyber-Rights & Responsibilities , Oxford Internet Institute . Jump up ^ `` SMS Alert Service for Dutch Police '' . textually.org. 8 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ CryptoSMS -- Crypto for Criminals Jump up ^ Weiss , Todd R. ( 18 June 2007 ) . `` Boston police turn to text messages to fight crime '' . Computerworld.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia permits text message divorce '' . 27 July 2003 -- via news.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` A Warrant Is Needed To Obtain Text Messages , State High Court Rules '' . www.wbur.org . Jump up ^ SMS Riot : Transmitting Race on a Sydney Beach , December 2005 M / C Journal , Volume 9 , Iss. 1 , March 2006 Jump up ^ Text messages ' fuel trouble ' . National -- smh.com.au 11 December 2005 Jump up ^ Police consider SMS Cronulla messages ' a crime ' . ABC News . 9 December 2005 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Les . `` Man in court over Cronulla revenge SMS '' , The Sydney Morning Herald , 2006 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved on 2006 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Police probe how 500 teens got party invite -- National . theage.com.au ( 13 January 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Christine , By . ( 15 January 2008 ) We were all young once , but teens need limits . News.com.au . Retrieved on 2012 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Impacts of Mobile Phones and Text Messaging '' . Dgp.toronto.edu . 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Jump up ^ `` Back to the Future -- Morse Code and Cellular Phones '' . oreillynet.com . O'Reilly Network . 28 June 2005 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nokia files patent for Morse Code - generating cellphone , 12 March 2005 , Engadget . Jump up ^ George , Justin ( September 11 , 2008 ) `` Bucs fans can tattle via text '' . tampabay.com . Jump up ^ `` Schooling fans on good behavior '' . sportsbusinessdaily.com ( 21 November 2011 ) . External links ( edit ) Look up text messaging in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Short message service . `` SMS , the strange duckling of GSM '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 09 - 25 . ( 101 KB ) The London Text and MSN Dictionary - A text and mobile phone dictionary written by west London teenagers `` Text messages helped Kenyans with HIV '' . CBC News . 9 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS RCS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices <Td_colspan="2"> Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking <Td_colspan="2"> Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G <Th_colspan="2"> hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. 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1. Text messaging 2. Short message service (SMS) 3. Multimedia messages (MMS) 4. Uses of text messaging 5. Social effects of text messaging

what do you mean by data structure in hindi

Data structure - Wikipedia Data structure Jump to : navigation , search For information on Wikipedia 's data structure , see Wikipedia : Administration § Data structure and development . Not to be confused with data type . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A hash table . In computer science , a data structure is a particular way of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be accessed and modified efficiently . More precisely , a data structure is a collection of data values , the relationships among them , and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Implementation 3 Examples 4 Language support 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Usage ( edit ) Data structures can implement one or more particular abstract data types ( ADT ) , which specify the operations that can be performed on a data structure and the computational complexity of those operations . In comparison , a data structure is a concrete implementation of the space provided by an ADT . Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications , and some are highly specialized to specific tasks . For example , relational databases commonly use B - tree indexes for data retrieval , while compiler implementations usually use hash tables to look up identifiers . Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently for uses such as large databases and internet indexing services . Usually , efficient data structures are key to designing efficient algorithms . Some formal design methods and programming languages emphasize data structures , rather than algorithms , as the key organizing factor in software design . Data structures can be used to organize the storage and retrieval of information stored in both main memory and secondary memory . Implementation ( edit ) Data structures are generally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data at any place in its memory , specified by a pointer -- a bit string , representing a memory address , that can be itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program . Thus , the array and record data structures are based on computing the addresses of data items with arithmetic operations ; while the linked data structures are based on storing addresses of data items within the structure itself . Many data structures use both principles , sometimes combined in non-trivial ways ( as in XOR linking ) . The implementation of a data structure usually requires writing a set of procedures that create and manipulate instances of that structure . The efficiency of a data structure can not be analyzed separately from those operations . This observation motivates the theoretical concept of an abstract data type , a data structure that is defined indirectly by the operations that may be performed on it , and the mathematical properties of those operations ( including their space and time cost ) . Examples ( edit ) Main article : List of data structures There are numerous types of data structures , generally built upon simpler primitive data types : An array is a number of elements in a specific order , typically all of the same type . Elements are accessed using an integer index to specify which element is required ( Depending on the language , individual elements may either all be forced to be the same type , or may be of almost any type ) . Typical implementations allocate contiguous memory words for the elements of arrays ( but this is not always a necessity ) . Arrays may be fixed - length or resizable . A linked list ( also just called list ) is a linear collection of data elements of any type , called nodes , where each node has itself a value , and points to the next node in the linked list . The principal advantage of a linked list over an array , is that values can always be efficiently inserted and removed without relocating the rest of the list . Certain other operations , such as random access to a certain element , are however slower on lists than on arrays . A record ( also called tuple or struct ) is an aggregate data structure . A record is a value that contains other values , typically in fixed number and sequence and typically indexed by names . The elements of records are usually called fields or members . A union is a data structure that specifies which of a number of permitted primitive types may be stored in its instances , e.g. float or long integer . Contrast with a record , which could be defined to contain a float and an integer ; whereas in a union , there is only one value at a time . Enough space is allocated to contain the widest member datatype . A tagged union ( also called variant , variant record , discriminated union , or disjoint union ) contains an additional field indicating its current type , for enhanced type safety . A class is a data structure that contains data fields , like a record , as well as various methods which operate on the contents of the record . In the context of object - oriented programming , records are known as plain old data structures to distinguish them from classes . In addition , graphs and binary trees are other commonly used data structures . Language support ( edit ) Most assembly languages and some low - level languages , such as BCPL ( Basic Combined Programming Language ) , lack built - in support for data structures . On the other hand , many high - level programming languages and some higher - level assembly languages , such as MASM , have special syntax or other built - in support for certain data structures , such as records and arrays . For example , the C ( a direct descendant of BCPL ) and Pascal languages support structs and records , respectively , in addition to vectors ( one - dimensional arrays ) and multi-dimensional arrays . Most programming languages feature some sort of library mechanism that allows data structure implementations to be reused by different programs . Modern languages usually come with standard libraries that implement the most common data structures . Examples are the C++ Standard Template Library , the Java Collections Framework , and the Microsoft . NET Framework . Modern languages also generally support modular programming , the separation between the interface of a library module and its implementation . Some provide opaque data types that allow clients to hide implementation details . Object - oriented programming languages , such as C++ , Java , and Smalltalk , typically use classes for this purpose . Many known data structures have concurrent versions which allow multiple computing threads to access a single concrete instance of a data structure simultaneously . See also ( edit ) Book : Data structures Abstract data type Concurrent data structure Data model Dynamization Linked data structure List of data structures Persistent data structure Plain old data structure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Algorithms , Third Edition ( 3rd ed . ) . The MIT Press . ISBN 0262033844 . Jump up ^ Black ( ed . ) , Paul E. ( 2004 - 12 - 15 ) . Entry for data structure in Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures . Online version . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology , 15 December 2004 . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 21 from http://xlinux.nist.gov/dads/HTML/datastructur.html . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) . Entry data structure in the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 21 from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152190/data-structure . Jump up ^ Wegner , Peter ; Reilly , Edwin D. Encyclopedia of Computer Science . Chichester , UK : John Wiley and Sons Ltd . pp. 507 -- 512 . ISBN 0470864125 . Jump up ^ Gavin Powell ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Building Fast - Performing Database Models '' . Beginning Database Design ISBN 978 - 0 - 7645 - 7490 - 0 . Wrox Publishing . Jump up ^ Seymour , , Lipschutz , ( 2014 ) . Data structures ( Revised First ed . ) . New Delhi : McGraw Hill Education ( India ) Private Limited . ISBN 9781259029967 . OCLC 927793728 . Jump up ^ `` The GNU C Manual '' . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Free Pascal : Reference Guide '' . Free Pascal . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Bibliography ( edit ) This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Peter Brass , Advanced Data Structures , Cambridge University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0521880374 Donald Knuth , The Art of Computer Programming , vol. 1 . Addison - Wesley , 3rd edition , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0201896831 Dinesh Mehta and Sartaj Sahni , Handbook of Data Structures and Applications , Chapman and Hall / CRC Press , 2007 . Niklaus Wirth , Algorithms and Data Structures , Prentice Hall , 1985 . Further reading ( edit ) Alfred Aho , John Hopcroft , and Jeffrey Ullman , Data Structures and Algorithms , Addison - Wesley , 1983 , ISBN 0 - 201 - 00023 - 7 G.H. Gonnet and R. Baeza - Yates , Handbook of Algorithms and Data Structures - in Pascal and C , second edition , Addison - Wesley , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 201 - 41607 - 7 Book Ellis Horowitz and Sartaj Sahni , Fundamentals of Data Structures in Pascal , Computer Science Press , 1984 , ISBN 0 - 914894 - 94 - 3 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutData structureat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Descriptions from the Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures Data structures course An Examination of Data Structures from . NET perspective Schaffer , C. Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis <Th_colspan="2"> Data structures Types Collection Container Abstract Associative array Multimap List Stack Queue Double - ended queue Priority queue Double - ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint - set Arrays Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix Linked Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list Trees B - tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red -- black tree Self - balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R - tree R * tree R+ tree Hilbert R - tree Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph <Td_colspan="2"> List of data structures <Th_colspan="2"> Data types Uninterpreted Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array Numeric Arbitrary - precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Double precision Extended precision Half precision Long double Minifloat Octuple precision Quadruple precision Single precision Integer signedness Interval Rational Pointer Address physical virtual Reference Text Character String null - terminated Composite Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive List Object metaobject Option type Product Record Set Union tagged Other Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Top type Type class Unit type Void Related topics Abstract data type Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Protocol interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system Type theory <Td_colspan="2"> See also platform - dependent and independent units of information <Th_colspan="2"> Data model Main Architecture Modeling Structure Schemas Conceptual Logical Physical Types Database Data structure diagram Entity -- relationship model ( enhanced ) Geographic Generic Semantic Related models Data flow diagram Information model Object model Object - role modeling Unified Modeling Language See also Database design Business process modeling Core architecture data model Enterprise modelling Function model Process modeling XML schema Data Format Description Language GND : 4011146 - 5 NDL : 01167757 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_structure&oldid=833084154 '' Categories : Data structures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles lacking ISBNs Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 15 : 45 . 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1. Data structure organization and storage 2. Abstract data types and computational complexity 3. Examples of data structures: arrays, linked lists, records, unions, classes 4. Language support for data structures 5. Importance of efficient data structures in algorithm design

what are the steps to execute an instruction

Instruction cycle - wikipedia Instruction cycle Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A diagram of the instruction cycle . An instruction cycle ( also known as the fetch -- decode -- execute cycle or the fetch - execute cycle ) is the basic operational process of a computer . It is the process by which a computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory , determines what actions the instruction dictates , and carries out those actions . This cycle is repeated continuously by a computer 's central processing unit ( CPU ) , from boot - up to when the computer is shut down . In simpler CPUs the instruction cycle is executed sequentially , each instruction being processed before the next one is started . In most modern CPUs the instruction cycles are instead executed concurrently , and often in parallel , through an instruction pipeline : the next instruction starts being processed before the previous instruction has finished , which is possible because the cycle is broken up into separate steps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Components 2 Steps 2.1 Initiating the cycle 2.2 Fetch step 2.3 Decode step 2.4 Reading the effective address 2.5 Execute step 3 See also 4 References Components ( edit ) This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this article to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( January 2018 ) Program counter ( PC ) An incrementing counter that keeps track of the memory address of the instruction that is to be executed next or in other words , holds the address of the instruction to be executed next . Memory address register ( MAR ) Holds the address of a block of memory for reading from or writing to . Memory data register ( MDR ) A two - way register that holds data fetched from memory ( and ready for the CPU to process ) or data waiting to be stored in memory . ( This is also known as the memory buffer register ( MBR ) . ) Instruction register ( IR ) A temporary holding ground for the instruction that has just been fetched from memory . Control unit ( CU ) Decodes the program instruction in the IR , selecting machine resources , such as a data source register and a particular arithmetic operation , and coordinates activation of those resources . Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Performs mathematical and logical operations . Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Performs floating - point operations . Steps ( edit ) Each computer 's CPU can have different cycles based on different instruction sets , but will be similar to the following cycle : Fetch the instruction : The next instruction is fetched from the memory address that is currently stored in the program counter and stored into the instruction register . At the end of the fetch operation , the PC points to the next instruction that will be read at the next cycle . Decode the instruction : During this cycle the encoded instruction present in the instruction register is interpreted by the decoder . Read the effective address : In the case of a memory instruction ( direct or indirect ) the execution phase will be during the next clock pulse . If the instruction has an indirect address , the effective address is read from main memory , and any required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into data registers ( clock pulse : T ) . If the instruction is direct , nothing is done during this clock pulse . If this is an I / O instruction or a register instruction , the operation is performed during the clock pulse . Execute the instruction : The control unit of the CPU passes the decoded information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values from registers , passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic functions on them , and writing the result back to a register . If the ALU is involved , it sends a condition signal back to the CU . The result generated by the operation is stored in the main memory or sent to an output device . Based on the feedback from the ALU , the PC may be updated to a different address from which the next instruction will be fetched . The cycle is then repeated . Initiating the cycle ( edit ) The cycle begins as soon as power is applied to the system , with an initial PC value that is predefined by the system 's architecture ( for instance , in Intel IA - 32 CPUs , the predefined PC value is 0xfffffff0 ) . Typically this address points to a set of instructions in read - only memory ( ROM ) , which begins the process of loading ( or booting ) the operating system . Fetch step ( edit ) The fetch step is the same for each instruction : The CPU sends the PC to the MAR and sends a read command on the address bus In response to the read command ( with address equal to PC ) , the memory returns the data stored at the memory location indicated by PC on the data bus The CPU copies the data from the data bus into its MDR ( also known as MBR , see section Components above ) A fraction of a second later , the CPU copies the data from the MDR to the instruction register The PC is incremented so that it points to the following instruction in memory . This step prepares the CPU for the next cycle . The control unit fetches the instruction 's address from the memory unit . Decode step ( edit ) The decoding process allows the CPU to determine what instruction is to be performed so that the CPU can tell how many operands it needs to fetch in order to perform the instruction . The opcode fetched from the memory is decoded for the next steps and moved to the appropriate registers . The decoding is done by the CPU 's Control Unit . Reading the effective address ( edit ) This step evaluates which type of operation is to be performed . If it is a memory operation , the computer checks whether it 's a direct or indirect memory operation : Direct memory operation - Nothing is done . Indirect memory operation - The effective address is read from memory . If it is an I / O or register instruction , the computer checks its type and executes the instruction . Execute step ( edit ) The function of the instruction is performed . If the instruction involves arithmetic or logic , the ALU is utilized . This is the only stage of the instruction cycle that is useful from the perspective of the end user . Everything else See also ( edit ) Time slice , unit of operating system scheduling Classic RISC pipeline Cycles per instruction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bosky Agarwal ( 2004 ) . `` Instruction Fetch Execute Cycle '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 14 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) CPU technologies Architecture Turing machine Post -- Turing machine Universal Turing machine Quantum Turing machine Belt machine Stack machine Register machine Counter machine Pointer machine Random access machine Random access stored program machine Finite - state machine Queue automaton Von Neumann Harvard ( modified ) Dataflow TTA Cellular Artificial neural network Machine learning Deep learning Neural processing unit ( NPU ) Convolutional neural network Load / store architecture Register memory architecture Endianness FIFO Zero - copy NUMA HUMA HSA Mobile computing Surface computing Wearable computing Heterogeneous computing Parallel computing Concurrent computing Distributed computing Cloud computing Amorphous computing Ubiquitous computing Fabric computing Cognitive computing Unconventional computing Hypercomputation Quantum computing Adiabatic quantum computing Linear optical quantum computing Reversible computing Reverse computation Reconfigurable computing Optical computing Ternary computer Analogous computing Mechanical computing Hybrid computing Digital computing DNA computing Peptide computing Chemical computing Organic computing Wetware computing Neuromorphic computing Symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) Asymmetric multiprocessing ( AMP ) Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy ISA types ASIP CISC RISC EDGE ( TRIPS ) VLIW ( EPIC ) MISC OISC NISC ZISC Comparison ISAs x86 z / Architecture ARM MIPS Power Architecture ( PowerPC ) SPARC Mill Itanium ( IA - 64 ) Alpha Prism SuperH V850 Clipper VAX Unicore PA - RISC MicroBlaze RISC - V Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 9 - bit 10 - bit 12 - bit 15 - bit 16 - bit 18 - bit 22 - bit 24 - bit 25 - bit 26 - bit 27 - bit 31 - bit 32 - bit 33 - bit 34 - bit 36 - bit 39 - bit 40 - bit 48 - bit 50 - bit 60 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit Variable Execution Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out - of - order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards Parallelism level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous ( SMT ) ( Hyper - threading ) Speculative ( SpMT ) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered Multi-Thread ( CMT ) Hardware scout Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD ( SWAR ) SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Addressing mode CPU performance Instructions per second ( IPS ) Instructions per clock ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic Updates Per Second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt Orders of magnitude ( computing ) Cache performance measurement and metric Core count Single - core processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) GPGPU AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Vector processor Barrel processor Stream processor Digital signal processor ( DSP ) I / O processor / DMA controller Network processor Baseband processor Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Coprocessor Secure cryptoprocessor ASIC FPGA FPOA CPLD Microcontroller Microprocessor Mobile processor Notebook processor Ultra-low - voltage processor Multi-core processor Manycore processor Tile processor Multi-chip module ( MCM ) Chip stack multi-chip modules System on a chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor system - on - chip ( MPSoC ) Programmable System - on - Chip ( PSoC ) Network on a chip ( NoC ) Components Execution unit ( EU ) Arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Load - store unit ( LSU ) Branch predictor Unified Reservation Station Barrel shifter Uncore Sum addressed decoder ( SAD ) Front - side bus Back - side bus Northbridge ( computing ) Southbridge ( computing ) Adder ( electronics ) Binary multiplier Binary decoder Address decoder Multiplexer Demultiplexer Registers Cache Memory management unit ( MMU ) Input -- output memory management unit ( IOMMU ) Integrated Memory Controller ( IMC ) Power Management Unit ( PMU ) Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Stack engine Register file Processor register Hardware register Memory buffer register ( MBR ) Program counter Microcode ROM Datapath Control unit Instruction unit Re-order buffer Data buffer Write buffer Coprocessor Electronic switch Electronic circuit Integrated circuit Three - dimensional integrated circuit Boolean circuit Digital circuit Analog circuit Mixed - signal integrated circuit Power management integrated circuit Quantum circuit Logic gate Combinational logic Sequential logic Emitter - coupled logic ( ECL ) Transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) Glue logic Quantum gate Gate array Counter ( digital ) Bus ( computing ) Semiconductor device Clock rate CPU multiplier Vision chip Memristor Power management APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Hardware security Non-executable memory ( NX bit ) Memory Protection Extensions ( Intel MPX ) Intel Secure Key Hardware restriction ( firmware ) Software Guard Extensions ( Intel SGX ) Trusted Execution Technology Trusted Platform Module ( TPM ) Secure cryptoprocessor Hardware security module Hengzhi chip Related History of general - purpose CPUs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instruction_cycle&oldid=837832027 '' Categories : Instruction processing Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from January 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano עברית Português Српски / srpski Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 17 . 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1. Instruction cycle 2. Fetch-decode-execute cycle 3. Central processing unit (CPU) 4. Control unit 5. Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)

who won the tag team titles at hell in a cell

Hell in a Cell - wikipedia Hell in a Cell Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the professional wrestling match . For the pay - per - view event named after this match , see WWE Hell in a Cell . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ' Hell in a Cell ' 2017 in Detroit , Michigan Hell in a Cell is a professional wrestling cage - based match which originated in 1997 in the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) . It features a large `` cell '' structure , a 5 - sided cuboid made from open - weave steel mesh Chain - link fencing which encloses the ring and ringside area . Unlike the steel cage match , only an in - ring pinfall or submission will ordinarily result in a win , and there are no disqualifications . The original Cell was 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) high and weighed over two tons but has since been replaced by a more robust version of 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) and five tons . The first such match took place at the World Wrestling Federation Badd Blood PPV in October 1997 , since which a further 37 Hell in a Cell matches have taken place . The match type spawned its own pay - per - view event in 2009 , WWE Hell in a Cell , since which the event has been held annually in October . This event generally features one , two , or three ' Hell in a Cell ' Matches on the same card . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Other appearances and variations 2 List of Hell in a Cell matches 2.1 Participant list 2.1. 1 Males 2.1. 2 Females 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) The Undertaker competed in his 14th Hell in a Cell match at Wrestlemania 32 , more than any other Superstar . The Hell in a Cell match was first introduced at WWF Badd Blood on October 5 , 1997 at the Kiel Center , now known as Scottrade Center , in St. Louis , Missouri . The background to the inaugural match was built on Undertaker 's loss to Bret Hart two months prior at the WWF SummerSlam 1997 in a WWF World Heavyweight Championship match which Shawn Michaels was assigned to referee . Michaels had deliberately interjected himself in the match and cost The Undertaker a win which resulted in a match between the two at In Your House : Ground Zero . That match was ruled a no - contest due to the two bypassing and attacking the officials . As a climatic end to the feud , their following bout was originally scheduled to be held as a steel cage match . However , instead of a normal cage enclosing only the ring , a larger roofed structure was constructed , enclosing not only the ring but also the surrounding ringside area . The wider space between the ring apron and the cell walls allowed for entering and exiting the ring ( and for cameras to be situated at ringside ) . At Badd Blood , Michaels defeated The Undertaker , ( with interference from The Undertaker 's debuting brother Kane ) becoming the number - one contender to the WWF World Heavyweight Championship . The original concept for the Hell in a Cell structure was created by Jim Cornette . As detailed in the Kayfabe Commentaries release `` Timeline of WWE : 1997 '' , Cornette described this concept as a combination of a cage which surrounded the majority of the ringside area ( this was a cage design which was popular in Memphis wrestling promotions ) , and the cage used in both the NWA ( National Wrestling Aliance ) and WCW ( World Championship Wrestling ) for their WarGames matches ( which had a top on the cage ) . On an October 2015 video podcast , Vince Russo said Cornette probably did come up with the concept , but the name `` Hell in a Cell '' came from him . The first title defense in ' Hell in a Cell ' was the sixth such match , at 2000 No Way Out with Triple H defending the WWF Championship against Mick Foley . The first title change inside Hell in a Cell was in 2009 , when The Undertaker won the World Heavyweight Championship from CM Punk The longest Hell in a Cell match was held at Bad Blood 2004 between Triple H and Shawn Michaels at over 47 minutes . The Undertaker has been involved in the most Hell in a Cell matches having competed in fourteen and has the record for most victories at eight . All Hell in a Cell matches have been broadcast live on Pay - Per - View with the exception of two matches , which were televised on WWF Raw is War in 1998 . The Hell in a Cell match on the June 15th 1998 Raw is War , showcasing Stone Cold and Undertaker vs. Kane and Mankind , ended with Stone Cold and Undertaker winning after Raw is War went off the air . On the August 24th edition of Raw is War , Mankind fought his tag team partner at the time , Kane , in a Hell in a Cell match . This match went to a no contest after Stone Cold Steve Austin interfered and assaulted Kane . Hell in a Cell matches have appeared at the flagship event of the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) , WrestleMania , three times ( WrestleMania XV , XXVIII and 32 ) . In 2009 , WWE debuted its first pay - per - view event to be named Hell in a Cell . In 2016 , Charlotte Flair and Sasha Banks became the first women to step inside the Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell ( 2016 ) when Banks defended the Raw Women 's Championship against Flair . Other appearances and variations ( edit ) The structure itself has made four additional appearances , although WWE does not consider them to be Hell in a Cell matches . During the first - ever First Blood match , which was between Kane and Stone Cold Steve Austin at King of the Ring ' 98 , the Cell used earlier in the night was lowered . The second featured Big Boss Man challenging Al Snow for the WWF Hardcore Championship in a Kennel from Hell match at Unforgiven ' 99 . The match consisted of a standard steel cage with the cell placed atop it , and the object was to escape from both the cage and cell while trying to avoid guard dogs that were placed between the ring and cell door . Snow , the first competitor to escape the steel cage and the cell , was declared the winner . The third time was on the September 28 , 2009 episode of Raw , during a gauntlet match with John Cena against Chris Jericho , The Big Show , and Randy Orton . The cell was lowered after Cena defeated Jericho and Big Show by Disqualification , when Orton 's turn came . Cena ordered the cell to be lowered , and then Cena brawled Orton on top of the structure . The match was declared a no contest . The fourth time was on the October 20 , 2014 episode of Raw , when the Hell in a Cell structure was lowered , on orders from Kane , during a handicap street fight involving Kane , Randy Orton , and Seth Rollins and John Cena and Dean Ambrose , which Kane , Orton and Rollins won . At Hell in a Cell ( 2017 ) Shane McMahon and Kevin Owens competed in the first Hell in a Cell match contested under a Falls Count Anywhere stipulation . In WCW , The Hell in a Cell match is seen as the structural successor to the Thundercage ( originally called the Caged Heat match ) match type seen in WCW , which was virtually identical in basic construction ; however , thundercage was rarely used by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and thus fans had little to no knowledge of its existence . The Thundercage actually precedes Hell in a Cell by roughly two and a half years , as the Thundercage was used in the match between Ric Flair and Big Van Vader for the WCW World Heavyweight Championship in February 1994 at SuperBrawl IV . It was also used in matches between Sting and The Great Muta . List of Hell in a Cell matches ( edit ) Dallas holds the record for hosting the most Hell in a Cell matches with five . Four were held in Dallas proper and one in the western suburb of Arlington . In second place is Miami , which has hosted four Hell in a Cell matches with three in Miami proper and one in the suburb of Miami Gardens . In third place is Newark and Boston , both of which have hosted three Hell in a Cell matches . Number Match Stipulations Event Date Location Length Shawn Michaels defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell to determine the # 1 contender for the WWF Championship at Survivor Series Badd Blood October 5 , 1997 St. Louis , Missouri 29 : 55 The Undertaker and Stone Cold Steve Austin defeated Mankind and Kane Tornado Tag Team Hell in a Cell Raw Is War June 15 , 1998 San Antonio , Texas 10 : 38 The Undertaker defeated Mankind Singles Hell in a Cell King of the Ring June 28 , 1998 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 17 : 10 Mankind vs. Kane ended in a no contest Singles Hell in a Cell Raw Is War August 24 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 7 : 41 5 The Undertaker defeated Big Boss Man Singles Hell in a Cell WrestleMania XV March 28 , 1999 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 9 : 48 6 Triple H ( c ) defeated Cactus Jack Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWF Championship . If Cactus Jack lost , he would have to retire as an active wrestler in the WWF . No Way Out February 27 , 2000 Hartford , Connecticut 23 : 57 7 Kurt Angle ( c ) defeated The Undertaker , Triple H , Stone Cold Steve Austin , Rikishi and The Rock Six - man Hell in a Cell for the WWF Championship Armageddon December 10 , 2000 Birmingham , Alabama 32 : 12 8 Triple H defeated Chris Jericho Singles Hell in a Cell Judgment Day May 19 , 2002 Nashville , Tennessee 24 : 06 9 Brock Lesnar ( c ) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship No Mercy October 20 , 2002 North Little Rock , Arkansas 27 : 18 10 Triple H ( c ) defeated Kevin Nash Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship with special guest referee Mick Foley Bad Blood June 15 , 2003 Houston , Texas 21 : 01 11 Triple H defeated Shawn Michaels Singles Hell in a Cell Bad Blood June 13 , 2004 Columbus , Ohio 47 : 26 12 Batista ( c ) defeated Triple H Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Vengeance June 26 , 2005 Las Vegas , Nevada 26 : 54 13 The Undertaker defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell Armageddon December 18 , 2005 Providence , Rhode Island 30 : 31 14 D - Generation X ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) defeated Mr. McMahon , Shane McMahon and Big Show 2 - on - 3 Handicap Hell in a Cell . This also marked the debut of the `` amplified '' version of the cell Unforgiven September 17 , 2006 Toronto , Ontario , Canada 25 : 04 15 Batista ( c ) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Survivor Series November 18 , 2007 Miami , Florida 21 : 24 16 The Undertaker defeated Edge Singles Hell in a Cell SummerSlam August 17 , 2008 Indianapolis , Indiana 26 : 43 17 The Undertaker defeated CM Punk ( c ) Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 4 , 2009 Newark , New Jersey 10 : 24 18 Randy Orton defeated John Cena ( c ) Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship 21 : 24 19 D - Generation X ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) defeated Legacy ( Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase ) Tornado Tag Team Hell in a Cell 17 : 48 20 Randy Orton ( c ) defeated Sheamus Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Hell in a Cell October 3 , 2010 Dallas , Texas 22 : 51 21 Kane ( c ) defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship 21 : 38 22 John Cena ( c ) defeated Alberto Del Rio , CM Punk , Dolph Ziggler and Jack Swagger Five - Man Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Raw ( Dark Match ) September 26 , 2011 Kansas City , Missouri 5 : 01 23 Mark Henry ( c ) defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell for the World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 2 , 2011 New Orleans , Louisiana 15 : 54 24 Alberto Del Rio defeated John Cena ( c ) and CM Punk Triple Threat Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship 24 : 07 25 The Undertaker defeated Triple H Singles Hell in a Cell with special guest referee Shawn Michaels WrestleMania XXVIII April 1 , 2012 Miami Gardens , Florida 30 : 52 26 CM Punk ( c ) defeated Ryback Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Championship Hell in a Cell October 28 , 2012 Atlanta , Georgia 11 : 22 27 CM Punk defeated Ryback and Paul Heyman 2 - on - 1 Handicap Hell in a Cell Hell in a Cell October 27 , 2013 Miami , Florida 13 : 48 28 Randy Orton defeated Daniel Bryan Singles Hell in a Cell for the vacant WWE Championship with special guest referee Shawn Michaels 22 : 07 29 John Cena defeated Randy Orton Singles Hell in a Cell to determine the # 1 contender for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship Hell in a Cell October 26 , 2014 Dallas , Texas 25 : 52 30 Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose Singles Hell in a Cell 14 : 00 31 Roman Reigns defeated Bray Wyatt Singles Hell in a Cell Hell in a Cell October 25 , 2015 Los Angeles , California 23 : 08 32 Brock Lesnar defeated The Undertaker Singles Hell in a Cell 22 : 10 33 The Undertaker defeated Shane McMahon Singles Hell in a Cell . If Shane McMahon wins , he gains control of Raw and Undertaker will be barred from competing at WrestleMania again WrestleMania 32 April 3 , 2016 Arlington , Texas 30 : 08 34 Roman Reigns ( c ) defeated Rusev Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE United States Championship Hell in a Cell October 30 , 2016 Boston , Massachusetts 24 : 35 35 Kevin Owens ( c ) defeated Seth Rollins Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Universal Championship 23 : 15 36 Charlotte Flair defeated Sasha Banks ( c ) Singles Hell in a Cell for the WWE Raw Women 's Championship 22 : 25 37 The Usos ( Jimmy Uso and Jey Uso ) defeated The New Day ( Big E and Xavier Woods ) ( c ) Tag Team Hell in a Cell for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship Hell in a Cell October 8 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan 22 : 00 38 Kevin Owens defeated Shane McMahon Falls Count Anywhere Hell in a Cell 39 : 00 Participant list ( edit ) Males ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances The Undertaker 8 14 Triple H 6 9 Shawn Michaels Randy Orton 6 Batista Brock Lesnar Roman Reigns Kevin Owens John Cena CM Punk 5 Kurt Angle Mark Henry Jimmy Uso Jey Uso Stone Cold Steve Austin Alberto Del Rio Seth Rollins Kane Big Boss Man 0 Rikishi 0 The Rock 0 Chris Jericho 0 Kevin Nash 0 Mr. McMahon 0 Big Show 0 Edge 0 Cody Rhodes 0 Ted DiBiase 0 Sheamus 0 Dolph Ziggler 0 Jack Swagger 0 Paul Heyman 0 Daniel Bryan 0 Dean Ambrose 0 Bray Wyatt 0 Rusev 0 Big E 0 Xavier Woods 0 Ryback 0 Shane McMahon 0 Mick Foley 0 Females ( edit ) Wrestler Victories Appearances Charlotte Flair Sasha Banks 0 See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal The Undertaker vs. Mankind Elimination Chamber References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vince Russo 's Nuclear Heat # 4 : WWE Hell In A Cell Origins , Kane 's History , More - Oct 23 , 2015 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="3"> Mick Foley Writing Have a Nice Day : A Tale of Blood and Sweatsocks ( 1999 ) Foley Is Good ( 2001 ) Tietam Brown ( 2003 ) The Hardcore Diaries ( 2007 ) Factions The Rock ' n ' Sock Connection The Union The ECW Originals Other Hell in a Cell ( 1998 match ) <Th_colspan="3"> The Undertaker Career The Brothers of Destruction The Ministry of Darkness The Corporate Ministry Hell in a Cell 1998 match The Streak Related characters Paul Bearer Kane Brother Love Brian Lee ( Ted DiBiase 's Undertaker ) Other Undertaker comics Michelle McCool ( wife ) <Th_colspan="2"> Shawn Michaels Factions The Rock ' n ' Roll Express D - Generation X Other Hell in a Cell . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hell_in_a_Cell&oldid=809875913 '' Categories : Professional wrestling match types WWE Recurring sporting events established in 1997 1997 in professional wrestling Hell in a Cell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 01 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Hell in a Cell match 2. Professional wrestling cage-based match 3. WWE Hell in a Cell pay-per-view event 4. Origin and history of Hell in a Cell 5. Participants and notable matches in Hell in a Cell

who is known as man of blood and iron

Blood and iron ( speech ) - wikipedia Blood and iron ( speech ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Blood and iron '' redirects here . For other uses , see Blood and Iron . Blood and Iron ( German : Blut und Eisen ) is the title of a speech by Minister President of Prussia Otto von Bismarck given in 1862 about the unification of the German territories . It is also a transposed phrase that Bismarck uttered near the end of the speech that has become one of his most widely known quotations . In September 1862 , when the Prussian Landtag was refusing to approve an increase in military spending desired by King Wilhelm I , the king appointed Bismarck as Minister President and Foreign Minister . A few days later , Bismarck appeared before the Landtag 's Budget Committee and stressed the need for military preparedness . He concluded his speech with the following statement : `` The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ( ... ) Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favorable moment , which has already come and gone several times . Since the treaties of Vienna , our frontiers have been ill - designed for a healthy body politic . Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided -- that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 -- but by iron and blood ( Eisen und Blut ) . '' This phrase was popularized as the more euphonious Blut und Eisen ( `` Blood and Iron '' ) , and became symbolic of Bismarckian Machtpolitik ( `` Power politics '' ) . Although Bismarck was an outstanding diplomat , the phrase `` blood and iron '' has become a popular description of his foreign policy partly because he did on occasion resort to war to further the unification of Germany and the expansion of its continental power . Therefore he became known as `` the iron chancellor . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ German History in Documents and Images : Excerpt from Bismarck 's `` Blood and Iron '' Speech ( 1862 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Unification of Germany States Austrian Empire ( later Austria - Hungary ) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg more Unions German Confederation Zollverein German Empire ( 1848 / 1849 ) ( constitution ) Erfurt Union North German Confederation ( constitution ) German Empire ( constitution ) Events Vormärz 1814 -- 15 Congress of Vienna 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848 -- 49 Frankfurt Parliament 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850 - 51 Dresden Conference 1862 `` Blood and Iron '' speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro - Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870 -- 71 Franco - Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I of Württemberg Christian IX of Denmark Eduard von Simson Franz I of Austria Franz Joseph I of Austria Frederick William III of Prussia Frederick William IV of Prussia Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John of Austria John of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens Wenzel , Prince von Metternich Ludwig II of Bavaria Napoleon III of France Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I , German Emperor Related Alsace - Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany ( Lützow Free Corps ) Pan-Germanism Kleindeutschland / Großdeutschland Frankfurt Parliament Schleswig - Holstein Question Sonderweg <Td_colspan="2"> Germany portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_and_Iron_(speech)&oldid=793394598 '' Categories : 1862 in international relations Politics of Prussia Speeches 1862 in Germany Otto von Bismarck Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Blood and Iron speech 2. Otto von Bismarck 3. Unification of German territories 4. Power politics 5. Iron Chancellor

where did the phrase the best thing since sliced bread come from

Sliced bread - wikipedia Sliced bread Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sliced bread <Td_colspan="2"> A loaf of white bread sliced to uniform thickness by a bread slicing machine Type Bread <Td_colspan="2"> Cookbook : Sliced bread Media : Sliced bread Sliced bread is a loaf of bread that has been sliced with a machine and packaged for convenience . It was first sold in 1928 , advertised as `` the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped '' . This led to the popular phrase `` greatest thing since sliced bread '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Effects 3 1943 U.S. ban on sliced bread 4 Around the world 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Chillicothe Baking Company 's building in Chillicothe , Missouri , where bread was first machine - sliced for sale This photograph depicts a `` new electrical bread slicing machine '' in use by an unnamed bakery in St. Louis in 1930 and may well show Rohwedder 's machine in use by the Papendick Bakery Company The multiple cutting bands in Rohwedder 's 1928 slicer are shown in this diagram from his patent . Otto Frederick Rohwedder of Davenport , Iowa , United States , invented the first loaf - at - a-time bread - slicing machine . A prototype he built in 1912 was destroyed in a fire and it was not until 1928 that Rohwedder had a fully working machine ready . The first commercial use of the machine was by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe , Missouri , which sold their first slices on July 7 , 1928 . Their product , `` Kleen Maid Sliced Bread '' , proved a success . Battle Creek , Michigan , has a competing claim as the first city to sell bread sliced by Rohwedder 's machine ; however , historians have produced no documentation backing up Battle Creek 's claim . The bread was advertised as `` the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped . '' St. Louis baker Gustav Papendick bought Rohwedder 's second bread slicer and set out to improve it by devising a way to keep the slices together at least long enough to allow the loaves to be wrapped . After failures trying rubber bands and metal pins , he settled on placing the slices into a cardboard tray . The tray aligned the slices , allowing mechanized wrapping machines to function . W.E. Long , who promoted the Holsum Bread brand , used by various independent bakers around the country , pioneered and promoted the packaging of sliced bread beginning in 1928 . In 1930 Wonder Bread , first sold in 1925 , started marketing sliced bread nationwide . Effects ( edit ) As commercially sliced bread resulted in uniform and somewhat thinner slices , people ate more slices of bread at a time , and ate bread more frequently , because of the ease of eating another piece of bread . This increased consumption of bread and , in turn , increased consumption of spreads , such as jam , to put on the bread . 1943 us ban on sliced bread ( edit ) During 1943 , U.S. officials imposed a short - lived ban on sliced bread as a wartime conservation measure . The ban was ordered by Claude R. Wickard who held the position of Food Administrator , and took effect on January 18 , 1943 . According to The New York Times , officials explained that `` the ready - sliced loaf must have a heavier wrapping than an unsliced one if it is not to dry out . '' It was also intended to counteract a rise in the price of bread , caused by the Office of Price Administration 's authorization of a ten percent increase in flour prices . In a Sunday radio address on January 24 , New York City Mayor LaGuardia suggested that bakeries that had their own bread - slicing machines should be allowed to continue to use them , and on January 26 , 1943 , a letter appeared in The New York Times from a distraught housewife : I should like to let you know how important sliced bread is to the morale and saneness of a household . My husband and four children are all in a rush during and after breakfast . Without ready - sliced bread I must do the slicing for toast -- two pieces for each one -- that 's ten . For their lunches I must cut by hand at least twenty slices , for two sandwiches apiece . Afterward I make my own toast . Twenty - two slices of bread to be cut in a hurry ! On January 26 , however , John F. Conaboy , the New York Area Supervisor of the Food Distribution Administration , warned bakeries , delicatessens , and other stores that were continuing to slice bread to stop , saying that `` to protect the cooperating bakeries against the unfair competition of those who continue to slice their own bread ... we are prepared to take stern measures if necessary . '' On March 8 , 1943 , the ban was rescinded . Wickard stated that `` Our experience with the order , however , leads us to believe that the savings are not as much as we expected , and the War Production Board tells us that sufficient wax paper to wrap sliced bread for four months is in the hands of paper processor and the baking industry . '' Around the world ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Due to its convenience , sliced bread is popular in many parts of the world , and the usual thickness varies by company and country : In the United Kingdom , sliced bread is sold as either `` Extra Thick '' , `` Thick '' , `` Medium '' or `` Thin '' varying across the 5 -- 20 mm range . In the Republic of Ireland , the most popular bread type is known as `` sliced pan '' , sold in 800 - or 400 - gram loaves , wrapped in wax paper , with the slices conveniently sized for making sandwiches and toast . In Japan , the same half - loaf of bread is labeled by the number of slices ( usually 4 , 5 , 6 , or 7 , and occasionally 8 or 10 ) . Thin sliced crustless `` sandwich bread '' is also sold in Japan , since regular 4 -- 6 slice bread is deemed too thick . In Canada and the United States , Texas toast is a type of packaged bread which is sliced at double the typical thickness of most sliced breads . In popular culture ( edit ) The phrase `` the greatest thing since sliced bread '' is a common hyperbole used to praise an invention or development . A writer for The Kansas City Star wrote that `` the phrase is the ultimate depiction of innovative achievement and American know - how . '' In 1940 , a form of bread consisting of two wrapped half - loaves was advertised as the `` greatest convenience since sliced bread '' . See also ( edit ) Food portal Pullman loaf , origin of a style of long narrow bread pan , and the loaves baked in it Sandwich bread References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vorhees , Don ( 2004 ) . Why do donuts have holes ? : fascinating facts about what we eat and drink . New York : Citadel Press . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2551 - 8 . OCLC 56800212 . Jump up ^ `` Sliced Bread Turns 80 Years Old '' . Chillicothe Constitution - Tribune . July 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wenske , Paul . `` History of sliced bread little known on 75th anniversary '' . Kansas City Star , July 28 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Hammack , William . ( 2003 ) . Commentary from Bill Hammack 's Engineering and Life radio program . Text available from Engineerguy.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Holsum - History Archived January 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Levenstein , Harvey ( 2003 ) . Paradox of Plenty : A Social History of Eating in Modern America . University of California Press , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Burton , Bill . `` Liberty : Best Thing Since Sliced Bread '' . Bay City Weekly , January 25 , 2001 . Archived October 13 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Sliced Bread Put Back on Sale ; Housewives ' Thumbs Safe Again '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1943 . p. 16 . ban took effect Jan 18 ; explained as paper - saving due to ready - sliced loafs needing heavier wrapping ; also explained as cost - cutting measure ; unpopularity of measure ; rescinded March 8 ; `` four month 's supply '' of wax paper in the hands of bakers . Jump up ^ Forrester , Sue ( January 26 , 1943 ) . `` Ready - Sliced Bread Favored '' . The New York Times . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Bread - Slicing Ban Extended Further '' . The New York Times . January 26 , 1943 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Gabrielle ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` Scientists in Cork find a way to keep bread fresher '' . London : Times Online . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ JET , Ishikawa ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Familiar Products at Japanese Supermarkets '' . ishikawajet.wordpress.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of sliced bread little known on 75th anniversary '' . The Kansas City Star . July 29 , 2003 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2003 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Advertisement for Southern Sliced Bread `` Twin - Pack '' The Bee ( Danville , Virginia ) , 1940 - 02 - 23 , p. 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sliced bread . US 1867377 -- Rohwedder 's 1928 bread slicer . `` A Day in the Life '' podcast on sliced bread . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes <Td_colspan="3"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sliced_bread&oldid=829023931 '' Categories : Breads Food and drink introduced in 1928 English - language idioms Sliced foods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2015 Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2016 USA - centric Articles that may contain original research from March 2014 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Norsk nynorsk Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Invention of sliced bread 2. Effects of sliced bread on consumption 3. 1943 U.S. ban on sliced bread 4. Worldwide popularity of sliced bread 5. Phrase "the greatest thing since sliced bread"

can a us citizen drive into canada without a passport

American entry into Canada by land - wikipedia American entry into Canada by land Jump to : navigation , search This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cars approaching Canada border at White Rock , BC in Canada from Blaine , WA in the U.S. U.S. citizens and permanent residents entering Canada by land are required to possess the requisite documentation , and to meet other criteria before they are allowed entry into Canada . Consequently , travelers must also meet the requirements for re-entering the U.S. at the end of their visit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visitor entry into Canada 2 Documentation 2.1 Enhanced driver 's licenses 2.2 NEXUS / FAST 2.3 United States permanent residents 2.4 Minors 16 and under 2.5 Documentation for vehicles 3 Visas and admissibility 3.1 Inadmissibility 3.1. 1 Grounds for inadmissibility 3.1. 2 Avoiding inadmissibility 3.1. 3 Criminal inadmissibility 3.1. 3.1 Rehabilitation 3.1. 3.2 Temporary resident permits 3.1. 3.3 Inadmissible family member 3.1. 3.4 Offenses committed as a minor 3.2 Policies 3.2. 1 Importation of firearms 3.2. 2 Items requiring declaration 3.2. 3 Prohibited items 3.3 Handling disagreements 3.3. 1 Appeals 3.4 Business visits 4 Return entry into the U.S. 4.1 Documentation 4.2 Searches 4.3 Policies 5 Expedited entry 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Visitor entry into Canada ( edit ) Entry into Canada is solely determined by Canada Border Services Agency ( CBSA ) officials in accordance with Canadian law . Visitors are required to have the necessary travel documentation and be in good health . If asked , they must satisfy an immigration officer of ties to their country of origin , such as a job , home , and family . They must also satisfy the officer that they will leave Canada at the end of their visit . Additionally , they must have sufficient money for their stay , and all items belonging to an individual , including the vehicle the individual may be traveling in , are subject to search by the CBSA . Documentation ( edit ) Canadian law requires that all persons entering Canada must carry proof of both citizenship and identity . A valid U.S. passport or passport card is preferred , although a birth certificate , naturalization certificate , citizenship certificate , or another document proving U.S. nationality , together with a government - issued photo ID ( such as a driver 's license ) are acceptable to establish identity and nationality . However , the documents required to return to the United States can be more restrictive ( for example , a birth certificate and photo ID are insufficient ) -- see the section below on Return entry into the U.S. Enhanced driver 's licenses ( edit ) An enhanced driver 's license ( EDL ) , currently issued by the states of Michigan , Minnesota , New York , Vermont , and Washington , is specifically designed to meet the requirements of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ( WHTI ) to re-enter the United States via a land or water border . An EDL will also suffice as proof of identity and citizenship for American citizens entering Canada by road . NEXUS / FAST ( edit ) NEXUS is a joint U S. / Canadian program for pre-approved , low - risk travelers and requires an extensive background check and face to face interview with border officials of both nations . FAST ( Free and Secure Trade ) is the equivalent for international truck drivers . Membership in either program can expedite border clearance through the use of dedicated lanes . United States permanent residents ( edit ) United States permanent residents are required to show their Permanent Resident Card ( green card ) . No passport or visa is required . Minors 16 and under ( edit ) Children under 16 need only present proof of U.S. citizenship . Nevertheless , it is recommended that identification for children be carried anyway . Any person under 18 traveling alone requires a letter from a parent or guardian granting permission to travel to Canada . The letter must state the traveler 's name and the duration of the trip . A divorced parent who has or shares custody of a child should carry a copy of the custody document . An adult who is not the parent or legal guardian of a child they are accompanying should have written permission from the parents or guardians to supervise the child . When traveling in a group of vehicles , parents or guardians should be in the same vehicle as their children when arriving at the border . CBSA personnel are looking for missing children and may question adults about children traveling with them . Documentation for vehicles ( edit ) Persons driving into Canada must have their vehicle 's registration document and proof of insurance . Visas and admissibility ( edit ) A visa is not required for U.S. citizens to visit Canada for up to 180 days . Anyone seeking to enter Canada for any purpose besides a visit ( e.g. to work , study or immigrate ) must qualify for the appropriate entry status and can see the Canadian immigration website . The Canadian embassy or nearest consulate can be contacted for additional information . Inadmissibility ( edit ) `` Allowed to Leave Canada '' form ( as of 2008 ) issued by CIC to an inadmissible person Some persons are inadmissible -- they are not allowed to enter Canada . As of 2011 , if a person is denied entry and advised to re-enter the U.S. , they are issued form IMM 1282B . This form indicates that the person is allowed to withdraw their application to enter Canada , and is allowed to leave Canada . Persons who have been denied entry and provided this form are advised by the CBSA to show this form to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) . There appears to be no legal precedent , however , for the traveler to voluntarily submit this form to the CBP , and doing so may cause the CBP to consider the traveler suspicious , and as a result they may subject the traveler to exhaustive questioning and search . Information about the denial of entry may nevertheless be automatically and immediately available to the CBP . Grounds for inadmissibility ( edit ) Individuals may be refused entry to or removed from Canada on the following grounds : Security reasons , including espionage , subversion , violence or terrorism , or membership in an organization involved in such activities . Human or international rights violations . Criminality . Organized crime , including membership in an organization that takes part in organized criminal activity . Health reasons , if their condition is likely to endanger public health or public safety , or might reasonably be expected to cause excessive demands on health or social services . Financial reasons , if they are unable or unwilling to support themselves and their family members . Misrepresentation , which includes providing false information or withholding information directly related to decisions made under Canada 's Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ( IRPA ) . Failure to comply with any provision of IRPA . For instance , an attempt by persons who , having previously been deported from Canada , seek to enter Canada without written authorization . Having an inadmissible family member . Avoiding inadmissibility ( edit ) Persons can be denied entry into Canada on the basis of suspicion alone . In particular , the CBSA may deny entry to persons they doubt will be able to support themselves and their dependents , or whose willingness and means to return to the U.S. is in doubt . Certain documents , such as the following , can serve to reduce these doubts : Evidence of financial support , such as bank statements and passbooks . Income tax records , both recent and past . Evidence of employment , such as recent pay stubs , employment ID , and current letter from employer . Proof of residence , such as recent rent receipts , and copies of mortgage , deed , and utility bills . Confirmed means of departure from Canada , such as an airline , bus or train ticket with date and time of departure indicated . Information about destination in Canada , including destination address , destination telephone number , and name of the person being visited . Criminal inadmissibility ( edit ) A single criminal conviction , no matter how minor or how long ago , is grounds for exclusion from Canada . With the exception of civil traffic violations such as speeding , and some municipal ordinance infractions ( which are typically not handled through the legal system ) such as parking violations or littering , persons with a conviction must either have received a pardon , applied for and been accepted for rehabilitation , met the requirement to be considered deemed rehabilitated , or if ineligible for rehabilitation or deemed rehabilitated status , apply for and receive a temporary resident permit ( a special type of visa ) to enter Canada . Individuals with a criminal conviction that has been expunged are allowed entry into Canada . Since the criminal database might not be up - to - date , it is best to have paperwork of the expungement to guarantee entry . A letter from an attorney will suffice . Rehabilitation ( edit ) To be a candidate for rehabilitation , at least five years ( or more depending on the severity of the offense ) since the conclusion of any sentence imposed ( imprisonment , probation , fine paid , suspension of driver 's license , etc ... ) must have elapsed . Due to differences between legal systems , an overturned conviction or dismissed charges does not automatically overcome inadmissibility , unless the offense itself occurred in Canada . However , applicants in either of these situations can use an abbreviated process and the five - year waiting period generally does not apply . In simple cases , such as a single misdemeanor conviction , the application can typically be reviewed and approved by a Canadian Embassy , High Counsel , or CIC office . For more complicated histories or in the case of a felony conviction , the application will need to be forwarded to Ottawa for approval . Processing time in either case can take several months to a year or more , so it is advisable to begin the process of applying for rehabilitation well in advance of any planned travel to Canada . Factors considered when determining whether to approve an application for rehabilitation or not include the nature of the offense , the time elapsed and one 's behavior since the offense was committed or since the sentence . Applicants are required to obtain clearances from law enforcement in the communities in which they have lived , and are strongly urged to submit documentation showing stability and reform such as records of employment and any education or treatment programs completed , as well as character references . A person with a past conviction can also be `` deemed rehabilitated '' by an immigration officer at the port of entry . Ten years must have elapsed since the conclusion of any sentence imposed and other criteria must be satisfied . Persons attempting to enter under the deemed rehabilitated system should also bring law enforcement clearances , documents showing a stable and reformed life , and character references , as the decision as to whether to admit someone as deemed rehabilitated is completely at the discretion of the border official and there is no recourse or right of appeal should deemed rehabilitated status be denied . It should be noted that anyone with a felony conviction ( unless a pardon was granted ) can not be deemed rehabilitated and must instead apply for rehabilitation or a temporary resident permit . Temporary resident permits ( edit ) Temporary resident permits are a one - time authorization for someone who is otherwise criminally inadmissible to enter Canada . Permits are rarely granted without cause , typically only in extenuating circumstances ( such as a documented family emergency ) , on significant humanitarian grounds ( such as sponsoring an inadmissible spouse or child ) , or for reasons of Canadian national interest , or in circumstances where the reasons for criminal inadmissibility are negligible . TRP 's are usually issued with varying restrictions and can be revoked if deemed necessary . Temporary resident permits can , however , be obtained by an individual who has a criminal record if it can be proven that he has been rehabilitated and is able to demonstrate that the need for him to enter Canada outweighs any risk that he may cause to Canada . Inadmissible family member ( edit ) If an individual is deemed inadmissible , members of his or her family may also be deemed inadmissible solely based on that fact . Offenses committed as a minor ( edit ) In theory , a person is not inadmissible if they were convicted of a crime before the age of 18 and were tried as a young offender or through the juvenile justice system . If the person in question could have been tried as an adult ( which is frequently the case in the US , where minors as young as 8 can be tried as an adult ) , regardless of whether they actually were or not , they are inadmissible . Policies ( edit ) Importation of firearms ( edit ) Firearms are much more strictly controlled in Canada than in the U.S. Visitors bringing any firearms into Canada , or planning to borrow and use firearms while in Canada , are required to declare the firearms in writing using a Non-Resident Firearm Declaration form . Multiple firearms can be declared at the same time . Upon acceptance , this declaration serves as a temporary license and registration certificate for up to 60 days . The Non-Resident Firearm Declaration has a cost of $25 ( Canadian ) . Visitors planning to borrow a firearm in Canada are required to obtain in advance a Temporary Firearms Borrowing License , the cost of which is $30 ( Canadian ) , payable at the border . These forms are required to be signed before a CBSA officer at the border . Note that the forms are not available at the border itself . Details and downloadable forms are provided by the Canadian Firearms Program . Canada has three classes of firearms : non-restricted , restricted , and prohibited . Non-restricted firearms include most ordinary hunting rifles and shotguns . These can be brought temporarily into Canada for sporting or hunting use during hunting season , use in competitions , in - transit movement through Canada , or personal protection against wildlife in remote areas of Canada . Any person wishing to bring a hunting rifle into Canada is required to be at least 18 years old , and the firearm must be properly stored for transport . Restricted firearms are primarily handguns . A restricted firearm may be brought into Canada , but an Authorization to Transport permit must be obtained in advance from a Chief Firearms Officer . Prohibited firearms include fully automatic , converted automatics and assault - type weapons . Prohibited firearms are not allowed into Canada . A comprehensive guide on importation of firearms and weapons is published by the CBSA . It is recommended that the Canadian embassy or a consulate , or the Canadian Firearms Program be contacted for detailed information and instructions on temporarily importing firearms in advance of any travel . In all cases , travelers are required to declare to Canadian authorities any firearms and weapons in their possession when entering Canada . If a traveler is denied permission to bring in the firearm , there may be facilities near border crossings where firearms may be stored , pending the traveler 's return to the U.S. Canadian law requires that officials confiscate firearms and weapons from those crossing the border that deny having them in their possession . Confiscated firearms and weapons are never returned . Possession of an undeclared firearm can result in a five - year prison sentence . Items requiring declaration ( edit ) Food , plants , animals and related products are required to be declared when entering Canada using a declaration form . Once declared , a CBSA officer will ask questions about these items , such as their country of origin or intended use . The items may be inspected . Non-allowable items are either seized , disposed of , or ordered removed from Canada . A failure to declare can lead to confiscation of products , fines of up to $400 ( Canadian ) per undeclared item , as well as prosecution . Persons wishing to dispose product needing declaration can do so in product disposal bins . Prohibited items ( edit ) Electronic media of travelers entering Canada can be randomly checked . Computers are subject to search without a warrant at the border , and illegal content can result in the seizure of the computer as well as detention , arrest and prosecution of the bearer . Certain weapons that may be legal to possess in the U.S. are prohibited weapons in Canada , most notably pepper spray , mace and Tasers . Under the Canadian Criminal Code , a person can face a maximum of five years in prison for unauthorized possession and five years for unauthorized importation of an illegal weapon . If , however , it can be proven that the person , despite knowing that its importation or possession is illegal , imports or possess a prohibited weapon , the maximum penalty increases to ten years imprisonment . Canadian law prohibits the unlawful importation or trafficking of controlled substances and narcotics . A number of travelers , including Americans , have been arrested for attempting to smuggle khat , an herbal stimulant from East Africa , into Canada . Smugglers risk substantial fines , a permanent bar from Canada , and imprisonment . It is recommended that prescription medicines be in their original prescription container . Suspicious looking or unidentifiable pills found during a search can be tested for narcotics . Entry into Canada can be delayed until the tests have completed . Moreover , their discovery can lead to being denied entry even if the tests passed . Handling disagreements ( edit ) A person or organization may disagree with the CBSA about an assessment or decision made by the CBSA . If at the border , the Border Services Officer ( BSO ) or superintendent can be consulted . To address disagreements afterwards , a CBSA office can be contacted . Appeals ( edit ) Persons who believe that they have not received their full entitlements under Canadian law , and have been unable to reach an agreement with the CBSA on a duty or penalty matter , have the right to a formal review of their file . A formal review is conducted by appeals representatives who were not involved in the original decision , and is impartial . Appeals staff are trained to review the client 's and the CBSA 's facts and reasons . The role of the appeals representative who reviews a case is to carry out a complete , professional , and impartial review . This representative reviews the case by interpreting acts administered by the CBSA and reviewing CBSA policies , considering the appellant 's point of view ; and when necessary , asking for a technical opinion from CBSA experts or seeking legal advice from the Canadian Department of Justice . The representative who reviews the case will not have been involved in the original assessment , determination , or ruling of a duty , penalty or other matter . The appellant can discuss the case with an appeals representative , and has the right to obtain certain documents related to the case . The CBSA does not charge for a review . If a person is not satisfied with the review , a further appeal can be made to the appropriate court or , to the Canadian International Trade Tribunal for relevant matters . Business visits ( edit ) A business visitor is someone who comes to Canada to engage in international business activities without directly entering the Canadian labor market . Such visitors may be in Canada for business meetings or site visits ( to observe only ) , but not to work . Business visitors are required to prove that their main source of income and their main place of business are outside Canada . A visa is not required for a business visitor who is an American citizen . All business visitors are required to have a passport valid until the end of their stay , a letter of support from their parent company , a letter of invitation from the Canadian host business , a copy of any contracts or bills to support the visit , 24 - hour contact details of the business host in Canada , and proof of enough money for both the stay in Canada and the return home . Business visitors do not need a temporary work permit unless they plan on doing executive , managerial , technical or production work . Return entry into the U.S. ( edit ) Documentation ( edit ) Beginning June 1 , 2009 , U.S. citizens aged 16 and older traveling into the U.S. from Canada by land or sea ( including ferries ) have had to present documents denoting citizenship and identity , which include a valid U.S. passport , U.S. passport card , Trusted Traveler Program card ( NEXUS , SENTRI , Global Entry or FAST ) , an Enhanced Driver 's License , U.S. Military identification card when traveling on official orders , U.S. Merchant Mariner document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business , Form I - 872 American Indian Card , or ( when available ) Enhanced Tribal Card . Children under age 16 ( or under 19 , if traveling with a school , religious group , or other youth group ) need only to present a birth certificate issued by an appropriate state or local authority , or a Naturalization Certificate . Persons who do not present acceptable documents may be delayed as U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers at the port of entry attempt to verify identity and citizenship . Searches ( edit ) The U.S. Customs and Border Protection has the authority from the U.S. Congress to conduct searches of persons and their baggage , cargo , and means of transportation entering the United States . Persons unhappy with their treatment can ask to have a supervisor listen to their comments , or can make a complaint online . Persons whose vehicles are searched can be asked to leave their phones in the car . There exists the potential of data on a phone or laptop being collected , rapidly copied and searched . Contrary to Fourth Amendment protections , persons including U.S. citizens can be detained until they unlock their device so it can be searched . It is recommended that an alternative phone be used and that it be reset before entering the country . Policies ( edit ) Certain items such as monetary instruments over U.S. $10,000 , hunting trophies , and firearms require a declaration . Prescription medicines are required to be in their original prescription container . Prohibited items include absinthe , biological materials , Cuban cigars and other products of Cuba , endangered species and products thereof ; explosives , including fireworks ; some fruits , vegetables , and meats ; narcotics and paraphernalia , pornographic materials , seditious or treasonable matter , and switchblade knives ( except by one - armed persons ) . Pets must be accompanied with a valid rabies vaccination certificate . Expedited entry ( edit ) Wait times for vehicles at popular border crossings can sometimes be excessive on either side of the border . It is recommended that the estimated wait time be checked in advance of travel . These are provided by both the CBSA and the CBP . Both the U.S. and Canadian governments urge frequent travelers to join the NEXUS trusted traveler program . NEXUS members receive a card that allows expedited border crossings for both private and commercial travelers through both U.S. and Canada border controls quickly . See also ( edit ) Canada -- United States border List of Canada -- United States border crossings Canada -- United States relations United States border security concerns References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Country Specific Information : Canada '' . U.S. Department of State Bureau of Consular Affairs . December 11 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting Canada : Who can apply '' . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . April 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Visitors to Canada and other Temporary Residents : Identification documents required '' . Canada Border Services Agency . 2010 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 20 . If you are a United States citizen ( U.S. ) , you do not need a passport to enter Canada ; however , you should carry proof of your citizenship such as a birth certificate , a certificate of citizenship or naturalization or a Certificate of Indian Status , as well as a photo ID . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide for Transporters '' . Canada Border Services Agency . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada : Planning a Trip : Entry Requirements '' . Frommer 's . FrommerMedia LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Clearance of Commercial Passenger Vessels Evaluation Study '' ( PDF ) . 2011 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting Canada : Who is inadmissible ? '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2012 - 10 - 09 . Archived from the original on 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` A guideline for meeting the minimum requirements for entry to Canada as a temporary resident '' . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2007 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting Canada : Overcoming criminal inadmissibility '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2006 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on 30 August 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Depending on the nature of the offence , the time elapsed and your behaviour since it was committed or since you were sentenced , you may no longer be considered inadmissible to Canada . You may be permitted to come to Canada if you are able to satisfy an immigration officer that you meet the legal requirement to be deemed rehabilitated ; or you have applied for rehabilitation and your application has been approved ; or you have obtained a pardon ; or you have obtained a temporary resident permit . Jump up ^ `` ENF 2 / OP 18 Evaluating Inadmissibility '' ( PDF ) . CIC.GA.CA . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . The `` committing an act '' inadmissibility provisions would generally not be applied in the following scenarios : ( ... ) the person admits to committing the act but has received a record suspension or the record is expunged ; Jump up ^ `` Can I Get into Canada with a DUI Expungement ? '' . CDUIL . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Niren , Michael . `` Denied Entry To Canada : TRP Applications '' . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Can you travel to Canada with a misdemeanor charge on your record ? '' . 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Fees for Firearm Documents Jump up ^ http://cbsa.gc.ca/publications/pub/bsf5044-eng.html Jump up ^ Importation and Exportation of Firearms Regulations ( Individuals ) ( SOR / 98 - 215 ) which is an offence under S. 109 of the Firearms Act Archived June 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Visitor to Canada '' . Be Aware and Declare. 2007 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Travellers entering Canada are required to declare all food , plants , animals and related products when entering the country ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Be Aware and Declare. 2007 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brochure -- Be Aware and Declare '' . Be Aware and Declare. 2007 - 10 - 28 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 07 . Failure to declare could lead to : * Confiscation of products * Fines of up to $400 per undeclared item * Prosecution Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 91 . Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Criminal Code , RSC 1985 , c C - 46 , s 104 . Archived December 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Disagreements , reviews and appeal '' . Canada Border Services Agency . 2005 - 06 - 01 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formal review '' . Canada Border Services Agency . 2004 - 02 - 02 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions : Visiting Canada : What is a business visitor ? '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2008 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . What is a business visitor ? A business visitor is someone who comes to Canada to engage in international business activities without directly entering the Canadian labour market . For example , someone who comes to Canada to meet with representatives of companies doing business with their country would be considered a business visitor . Visitors may be in Canada for business meetings or site visits ( to observe only ) . A person invited to Canada by a Canadian company for training in product use , sales or other functions related to a business transaction would also be included . Business visitors must prove that their main source of income and their main place of business are outside Canada . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Visiting Canada : Does a business visitor need a special visa to enter Canada ? '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2008 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Does a business visitor need a special visa to enter Canada ? No . There are no special visas for business visitors . Every temporary resident , except people from countries exempted by Canadian law , must get a temporary resident visa before coming to Canada . Jump up ^ `` Business visitors : Arriving '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2008 - 03 - 30 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . You should have all relevant documents on hand to present to the officer when you arrive . These documents include , but are not limited to a valid passport or travel document that will be valid until the end of your stay ; if applicable , a temporary resident visa , letters of support from your parent company and a letter of invitation from the Canadian host business , a copy of any contracts or bills to support your visit , 24 - hour contact details of your business host in Canada and proof that you have enough money for both your stay in Canada and your return home . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Visiting Canada : Do I need a work permit as a business visitor ? '' . Visiting Canada . Citizenship and Immigration Canada . 2008 - 05 - 01 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Do I need a work permit as a business visitor ? You do not need a temporary work permit unless you are doing work such as executive , managerial , technical or production activities . Jump up ^ `` WHTI Program Background '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ U.S. Customs and Border Protection . `` Fact Sheet : Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative ( Land and Sea Travel Document Requirements ) '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Canada '' . Background Notes . Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs . May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Since January 2007 U.S. citizens traveling by air to and from Canada have needed a valid passport to enter or re-enter the United States . Beginning January 31 , 2008 , U.S. and Canadian citizens aged 19 and older traveling into the U.S. from Canada by land or sea ( including ferries ) have had to present documents denoting citizenship and identity . This change primarily affects American and Canadian citizens who have previously been permitted entry into the U.S. by oral declaration alone , and marks the transition toward standard and consistent documents for all travelers entering the U.S. Acceptable documentation includes a valid passport or government - issued photo identification such as a driver 's license and proof of citizenship such as a birth certificate . Children aged 18 and under need only to present a birth certificate . A list of acceptable documents is found at http://canada.usembassy.gov . Travelers who do not present acceptable documents may be delayed as U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers at the port of entry attempt to verify identity and citizenship . Beginning in June 2009 , all travelers , including U.S. citizens , will have to present a passport or other secure document that denotes identity and citizenship when entering the U.S. from Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Your Inspection at the U.S. Border : Questions and Answers '' . U.S. -- Canada Relations : Border Issues . Embassy of the United States in Ottawa . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'll never bring my phone on an international flight again . Neither should you '' . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement Uses Border Search Exception as Fourth Amendment Loophole '' . 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Defending Privacy at the U.S. Border : A Guide for Travelers Carrying Digital Devices '' . p. 16 . Just get a different GSM - compatible phone and transfer your SIM card from your regular phone into the new phone . Your temporary phone will have far less of your private data on it Jump up ^ `` Border Wait Times '' . Canada Border Services Agency . 2008 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 07 . The table below shows the estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth , the first point of contact with CBSA when crossing the Canada / U.S. land border . Jump up ^ `` CBP Border Wait Times '' . U.S. Customs and Border Protection . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 07 . The table below shows the estimated wait times for reaching the primary inspection booth , the first point of contact with CBP when crossing the Canada / U.S. and Mexico / U.S. land borders . External links ( edit ) Border wait times for Canada bound persons from U.S. by the Canada Border Services Agency Border wait times for U.S. bound persons from Canada by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_Canada_by_land&oldid=822528568 '' Categories : Canada -- United States border Expedited border crossing schemes Immigration to Canada Immigration to the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles slanted towards recent events from March 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2009 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 22 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. American entry into Canada by land 2. Documentation requirements for entering Canada 3. Visas and admissibility for U.S. citizens entering Canada 4. Entry requirements for U.S. permanent residents and minors 5. Handling disagreements and appeals with Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA)

youtube christine mcvie got a hold on me

Got a Hold on Me - Wikipedia Got a Hold on Me Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with British pop duo Dollar 's single `` Love 's Gotta Hold on Me '' . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Got a Hold on Me '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Christine McVie <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Christine McVie Released January 25 , 1984 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded Length 3 : 52 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Christine McVie , Todd Sharp Producer ( s ) Russ Titelman <Th_colspan="2"> Christine McVie singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` When You Say '' ( 1969 ) `` Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Love Will Show Us How '' ( 1984 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` When You Say '' ( 1969 ) `` Got a Hold on Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Love Will Show Us How '' ( 1984 ) `` Got a Hold on Me '' is a 1984 song from Fleetwood Mac 's keyboardist / vocalist Christine McVie . The song rose to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and it topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Rock Tracks charts for four and two weeks , respectively . This was McVie 's only top 10 solo hit in the United States . Synthesizers on the track were played by Steve Winwood , while the guitars were played by Todd Sharp ( the song 's co-writer ) and McVie 's Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham . The other musicians were bassist George Hawkins and drummer - percussionist Steve Ferrone . Got a Hold on Me was released as the lead single from McVie 's self - titled 1984 solo album . The video for the song was produced and directed by Jon Roseman and premiered in February 1984 . Shot in both black - and - white and color , it is a pseudo-performance video showing Christine McVie in a mansion - like room singing at her piano while a backup band appears in silhouette shadows on the walls around her . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one mainstream rock hits ( United States ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 8th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) , page 416 . Jump up ^ http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=18378 Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics This 1980s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Th_colspan="2"> Christine McVie Studio albums Christine Perfect Christine McVie In the Meantime Singles `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' `` When You Say '' `` I 'm Too Far Gone ( To Turn Around ) '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` Do n't Give It Up '' `` Got a Hold on Me '' `` Love Will Show Us How '' `` Friend '' Related articles Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie Discography Fleetwood Mac Chicken Shack Robbie Patton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Got_a_Hold_on_Me&oldid=800924034 '' Categories : 1984 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Songs written by Christine McVie 1984 songs Warner Bros. Records singles Song recordings produced by Russ Titelman 1980s pop song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Got a Hold on Me" - Christine McVie's solo hit 2. Billboard Hot 100 chart 3. Synthesizers played by Steve Winwood 4. Music video directed by Jon Roseman 5. Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham

which three statements describe economic or social factors that led to latin american revolutions

Latin American wars of independence - wikipedia Latin American wars of independence Jump to : navigation , search For the independence struggle in the Hispanic American nations , see Spanish American wars of independence . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Countries in Latin America by date of birth independence The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America . These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions , which had profound effects on the British , Spanish , Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas . Haiti , a French slave colony , was the first to follow the United States to independence , during the Haitian Revolution , which lasted from 1791 to 1804 . From this emerged Napoleon Bonaparte as French ruler , whose armies set out to conquer Europe , including Spain and Portugal in 1808 . The Peninsular War , which resulted from the Napoleonic occupation of Spain , caused Spanish Creoles in Spanish America to question their allegiance to Spain , stoking independence movements that culminated in the wars of independence , which lasted almost two decades . At the same time , the Portuguese monarchy relocated to Brazil during Portugal 's French occupation . After the royal court returned to Lisbon , the prince regent , Pedro , remained in Brazil and in 1822 successfully declared himself emperor of a newly independent Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conditions prior to revolution 1.1 American Revolution 1.2 French Revolution 1.3 Napoleonic Wars 1.4 Spanish military presence in its colonies 1.5 Other factors 2 The Caribbean 3 Portuguese America 4 Spanish America 4.1 Argentina 4.2 Bolivia 4.3 Chile 4.4 Colombia 4.5 Ecuador 4.6 Mexico 4.7 Uruguay 4.8 Paraguay 4.9 Peru 4.10 Venezuela 5 World reaction 5.1 United States and Great Britain 6 Later developments in Latin America 6.1 Attempts at hemispheric unity 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Conditions prior to Revolution ( edit ) American Revolution ( edit ) Main article : American Revolution The rebellion by the Thirteen Colonies in lower British North America from Great Britain was shifted by several factors , including a number of imposed taxes , repressive acts , and the lack of American representation in British government . This infuriated many colonists , and eventually became the spark that ignited the American Revolutionary War . Initial fighting began in 1775 and lasted until October 1781 , when with French aid under Lafayette defeated the British army . British General Cornwallis surrendered in Yorktown , Virginia . The American colonists subsequently , coming after or later , founded a federated republican government grounded in Enlightenment thought . A wave of revolutions followed the conclusion of the American Revolution . The remaining portion of British North America ( Upper and Lower Canada ) remained loyal to the British crown . French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution The French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) started during the storming of the Bastille , and was a period of political and social upheaval in the political history of France and Europe as a whole , during which the French governmental structure , previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy , underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of democracy , citizenship , and inalienable rights . These changes were accompanied by violent turmoil , including executions and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power . Napoleonic wars ( edit ) Main articles : Napoleonic Wars and Peninsular War Evolving from the wars that Revolutionary France fought with the rest of Europe , the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars fought between France ( led by Napoleon Bonaparte ) and alliances involving Britain , Prussia , Spain , Portugal , Russia and Austria at different times , from 1799 to 1815 . In the case of Spain and its colonies , in May 1808 , Napoleon captured Carlos IV and King Fernando VII and installed his own brother , Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish Throne because he did n't want anyone outside of his own bloodline to rule Spain . This pivotal point greatly disrupted the political stability of both Spain and its colonies . Cities throughout Spain and its colonies in America each formed governing bodies primarily consisting of local elites . These ruling local elites were called juntas and their underlying principal in taking power over their communities was that `` in absence of the king , Fernando VII , their sovereignty devolved temporarily back to the community . '' The juntas swore loyalty to the captive Fernando VII and each ruled different and diverse parts of the colony . Most of Fernando 's subjects were loyal to him in 1808 , but after he was restored to the Spanish crown in 1814 , his policy of restoring absolute power alienated both the juntas and his subjects . He abrogated the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 and persecuted anyone who had supported it . The violence used by royalist forces and the prospect of being ruled by Fernando shifted the majority of the colonist population in favor of separation from Spain . Spanish military presence in its colonies ( edit ) Graphs showing the make - up of the royalist army at the time of the revolution . The royalists were the American and European supporters of King Ferdinand . Americans and formed the royalist army , with Americans composing 9 % of the royalist forces in all fronts . There were two types of units : the expeditionary units created in Spain and militias created in the Americas . The militias included some veteran units ( called the disciplined militia ) . Only 11 % of the personnel in the militias were European or American whites . After Rafael del Riego 's revolution , in 1820 , no more Spanish soldiers were sent to the wars in the Americas . In 1820 there were only 10,001 Spanish soldiers in the Americas , and Spaniards formed only 10 % of all the royalist armies , and only half of the soldiers of the expeditionary units were European . By the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 , less than 1 % of the soldiers were European . Other factors ( edit ) Main articles : Enlightenment Spain and Bourbon Reforms Other factors included Enlightenment thinking . The Enlightenment spurred the desire for social and economic reform to spread throughout Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula . Ideas about free trade and physiocratic economics were raised by the Enlightenment . The Caribbean ( edit ) Main articles : Haitian Revolution and History of the Dominican Republic § 1540 -- 1844 Independence movements in South America can be traced back to slave revolts in plantations in the northernmost part of the continent and Caribbean . In 1791 , a massive slave revolt sparked a general insurrection against the plantation system and French colonial power . These events were followed by a violent uprising led by José Leonardo Chirino and José Caridad González that sprung up in 1795 Venezuela , allegedly inspired by the revolution in Haiti . Main articles : History of Central America § Independence , History of Cuba § The 19th century : Years of upheaval , and History of Puerto Rico § Early 19th century When Mexico achieved its independence in 1821 with the Treaty of Córdoba , the Captaincy General of Guatemala that had ruled Central America became politically independent as well , without the necessity of violent struggle . Guatemala declared its own independence September 15 , 1821 , likely to prevent the Mexican Army of the Three Guarantees from `` liberating '' Guatemala and over-riding nascent local autonomy . However , Guatemala chose to the annexed to the First Mexican Empire , led by royalist - turned - insurgent military leader Agustín de Iturbide , who was proclaimed emperor of Mexico in 1822 . When Iturbide abdicated from the monarchy and Mexico took steps to be a republic , Central America claimed its independence . Portuguese America ( edit ) Main articles : Portuguese colonization of the Americas , Colonial Brazil , and Brazilian Declaration of Independence After several failed revolts , The Portuguese colony of Brazil declared independence , forming a separate , local Empire founded by Prince Regent Dom Pedro I . The war between the Brazilians and Portuguese lasted from February 1822 , with the burst of first skirmishes between militias , to November 1823 , when the last Portuguese garrisons surrendered . The Brazilian Empire lasted until a coup in 1889 overthrew the monarchy leading to its current status as a republic . Spanish America ( edit ) Main article : Spanish American wars of independence The crisis of political legitimacy in Spain with the Napoleonic invasion sparked reaction in Spain 's overseas empire . The outcome in Spanish America was that most of the region achieved political independence and instigated the creation of sovereign nations . The areas that were most recently formed as viceroyalties were the first to achieve independence , with the old centers of Spanish power in Mexico and Peru with strong and entrenched institutions and elites were the last to achieve independence in this era . The two exceptions to independence were the islands of Cuba and Puerto Rico , which with the Philippines , remained Spanish colonies until the 1898 Spanish - America War . Argentina ( edit ) Main article : Argentine War of Independence After the defeat of Spain in the Peninsular War and the abdication King Ferdinand VII , the Spanish colonial government of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , present - day Argentina , Bolivia , Paraguay , Peru and Uruguay , became greatly weakened . Without a rightful king in the Spanish throne to render the office of the Viceroy as legitimate , the right of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros to govern came under fire . The local elites , tired of the Spanish trade restrictions and taxes , seized the opportunity and during the May Revolution of 1810 , removed Cisneros and created the first local government , the Primera Junta . José de San Martín Following a half a decade of battles and skirmishes with provincial royalist forces within the former Vice-royalty along with military expeditions across the Andes to Chile , Peru and Bolivia led by General José de San Martín to finally end Spanish rule in America , a formal declaration was signed on July 9 , 1816 by an assembly in San Miguel de Tucumán , declaring full independence with provisions for a national constitution . The Argentine Constitution was signed in 1853 , declaring the creation of the Argentine Republic . Bolivia ( edit ) Main article : Bolivian War of Independence Following upheaval caused by the May Revolution , along with the independence movements in Chile and Venezuela , local struggle for independence kicked off with two failed revolutions that . Over sixteen years of struggle followed before the first steps towards the establishment of a republic where taken . Formally , it is considered that the fight for independence culminated in the Battle of Ayacucho , on December 9 , 1824 . Retreat of European colonialism and change of political borders in South America , 1700 -- present Chile ( edit ) Main article : Chilean War of Independence The Chilean Independence movement was led by Chilean - born criollos , who sought political and economic independence from Spain . The movement for independence was far from gaining unanimous support among Chileans , who became divided between independentists and royalists . What started as an elitist political movement against their colonial master , finally ended as a full - fledged civil war . Traditionally , the process is divided into three stages : Patria Vieja , Reconquista , and Patria Nueva . Colombia ( edit ) Main articles : Patria Boba , Spanish reconquest of New Granada , and Bolívar 's campaign to liberate New Granada Ecuador ( edit ) Main article : Ecuadorian War of Independence The first uprising against Spanish rule took place in 1809 , and criollos in Ecuador set up a junta on September 22 , 1810 to rule in the name of the Bourbon monarch ; but as elsewhere , it allowed assertion of their own power . Only in 1822 did Ecuador fully gain independence and became part of Gran Colombia , from which it withdrew in 1830 . At the Battle of Pichincha , near present - day Quito , Ecuador on May 24 , 1822 , General Antonio José de Sucre 's forces defeated a Spanish force defending Quito . The Spanish defeat guaranteed the liberation of Ecuador . Mexico ( edit ) Main article : Mexican War of Independence Independence in Mexico was a protracted struggle from 1808 until the fall of royal government in 1821 and the establishment of independent Mexico . In the Viceroyalty of New Spain , as elsewhere in Spanish America in 1808 , reacted to the unexpected French invasion of the Iberian peninsula and the ouster of the Bourbon king , replaced by Joseph Bonaparte . Local American - born Spaniards saw the opportunity to seize local control from Viceroy José de Iturrigaray , who may well have been sympathetic to creoles aspirations . Iturrigaray was ousted by pro-royalists . A few creole elites sought independence , including Juan Aldama , and Ignacio Allende , but especially secular parish priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla . Hidalgo made a proclamation in his home parish of Dolores , which was not recorded in writing at the time , but denounced bad government and gachupines ( pejorative for peninsular - born Spaniards ) , and declared independence . The unorganized hordes following Hidalgo wrought destruction on property and the lives of whites in the region of the Bajío . Hidalgo was caught , defrocked , and executed in 1811 , along with Allende . Their heads remained on display until 1821 . His former student José María Morelos continued the rebellion and was himself caught and killed in 1815 . The struggle of Mexican insurgents continued under the leadership of Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria . From 1815 to 1820 there was a stalemate in New Spain , with royalist forces unable to defeat the insurgents and the insurgents unable to expand beyond their narrow territory in the southern region . Again , events in Spain intervened , with an uprising of military men against Ferdinand VII and the restoration of the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812 , which mandated a constitutional monarchy and curtailed the power of the Roman Catholic Church . The monarch had repudiated the constitution once the Spanish monarchy was restored in 1814 . For conservatives in New Spain , these changed political circumstances threatened the institutions of church and state . Royal military officer Agustín de Iturbide seized the opportunity to lead , making an alliance with his former enemy Guerrero . Iturbide proclaimed the Plan de Iguala , which called for independence , equality of peninsular and American - born Spaniards , and a monarchy . He persuaded the insurgent Guerrero to form an alliance with him and creating the Army of the Three Guarantees . Crown rule in New Spain collapsed , with the incoming Viceroy Juan O'Donojú signing the Treaty of Córdoba , recognizing Mexico 's sovereignty . With no European monarch presenting himself for the crown of Mexico , Iturbide himself was proclaimed emperor Agustin I in 1822 . He was overthrown in 1823 and Mexico was established as a republic . Decades of political and economic instability ensued . Uruguay ( edit ) Following the events of the May Revolution , in 1811 José Gervasio Artigas , launched a successful revolt against the Spanish forces in the Provincia Oriental , now Uruguay , joining the independentist movement that was taking place in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata at the time . In 1821 , the Provincia Oriental was invaded by Portugal , trying to annex it into Brazil under the name of Província Cisplatina . The former Vice-royalty of the Río de la Plata , The United Provinces of the River Plate , fought back Brazil in a war that lasted over 2 years , eventually turning into a stalemate . The Brazilian forces withdrew with the United Provinces keeping them at bay but failing to win any decisive victory . With neither side gained the upper hand and the economic burden of the war crippling the United Provinces economy , the Treaty of Montevideo was signed in 1828 , fostered by Britain , declaring Uruguay as an independent state . Paraguay ( edit ) Paraguay gained its independence on the night of May 14 and the morning of May 15 , 1811 , after a plan organized by various pro-independence nationalists including Fulgencio Yegros and José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia . Peru ( edit ) Main article : Peruvian War of Independence Spain initially had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires and Chile . Therefore , the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America . Nevertheless , a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huánuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816 . Both were suppressed . These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires . Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of José de San Martín ( 1820 -- 1823 ) and Simón Bolívar ( 1824 ) . While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign , a newly built Chilean Navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a sea campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific . San Martín , who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Maipú , and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820 , proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28 , 1821 . Four years later , the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho . After independence , the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos , made the organization of the country excessively difficult . Only three civilians -- Manuel Pardo , Nicolás de Piérola and Francisco García Calderón -- acceded to the presidency in the first seventy - five years of Peru 's independence . The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru . In 1837 a Peru - Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention . Venezuela ( edit ) Main articles : Venezuelan War of Independence , First Republic of Venezuela , and Second Republic of Venezuela Simón Bolívar According to the American Encyclopedia of 1865 , General Francisco de Miranda , already a hero to the French , Prussians , English and Americans had garnered a series of successes against the Spanish between 1808 and 1812 . He had effectively negated their access to all the ports on the Caribbean , thus preventing them from receiving reinforcements and supplies and was essentially conducting mopping - up operations throughout the country . At that point he convinced Simon Bolivar to join the struggle and put him in charge of the fort at Puerto Cabello . This was all at once a supply and arms depot , a strategic port and the central holding facility for Spanish prisoners . Through what amounts to a gross dereliction of duty , Simon Bolivar neglected to enforce the customary security dispositions before departing to a social event . During the night there was an uprising of the Spanish prisoners and they managed to subdue the Independentist garrison and gain control of the supplies , the arms and ammunition , and the port . The Loyalist forces progressively regained control of the country and eventually Monteverde 's successes forced the newly formed congress of the republic to ask of Miranda that he sign a capitulation at La Victoria in Aragua , on July 12 , 1812 , thus ending the first phase of the revolutionary war . After the capitulation of 1812 , Simón Bolívar turned over Francisco de Miranda to the Spanish authorities , secured a safe passage for himself and his closest officers and fled to New Granada . He later returned with a new army , while the war had entered a tremendously violent phase . After much of the local aristocracy had abandoned the cause of independence , blacks and mulattoes carried on the struggle . Elites reacted with open distrust and opposition to the efforts of these common people . Bolívar 's forces invaded Venezuela from New Granada in 1813 , waging a campaign with a ferocity captured perfectly by their motto of `` war to the death '' . Bolívar 's forces defeated Domingo Monteverde 's Spanish army in a series of battles , taking Caracas on August 6 , 1813 and besieging Monteverde at Puerto Cabello in September 1813 . Battle of Carabobo With loyalists displaying the same passion and violence , the rebels achieved only short - lived victories . The army led by the loyalist José Tomás Boves demonstrated the key military role that the Llaneros came to play in the region 's struggle . Turning the tide against independence , these highly mobile , ferocious fighters made up a formidable military force that pushed Bolívar out of his home country once more . In 1814 , heavily reinforced Spanish forces in Venezuela lost a series of battles to Bolívar 's forces but then decisively defeated Bolivar at La Puerta on June 15 , took Caracas on July 16 , and again defeated his army at Aragua on August 18 , at a cost of 2,000 Spanish casualties out of 10,000 soldiers as well as most of the 3,000 in the rebel army . Bolívar and other leaders then returned to New Granada . Later that year the largest expeditionary force ever sent by Spain to America arrived under the command of Pablo Morillo . This force effectively replaced the improvised llanero units , who were disbanded by Morillo . Bolívar and other republican leaders returned to Venezuela in December 1816 , leading a largely unsuccessful insurrection against Spain from 1816 to 1818 from bases in the Llanos and Ciudad Bolívar in the Orinoco River area . In 1819 Bolívar successfully invaded New Granada , and returned to Venezuela in April 1821 , leading a large army of 7,000 . At Carabobo on June 24 , his forces decisively defeated Spanish and colonial forces , winning Venezuelan independence , although hostilities continued . The Battle of Boyacá sealed Colombia 's independence Provinces of the South American viceroyalties . Further information : Libertadores World reaction ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2008 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United States and Great Britain ( edit ) Great Britain and the United States were rivals for influence in the newly independent sovereign nations . As a result of the successful revolutions which established so many new independent nations , United States President James Monroe and the Secretary of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine . It stated that the United States would not tolerate any European interference in the Western Hemisphere . This measure ostensibly was taken in order to safeguard the newfound liberties of these new countries , but it was also taken as a precautionary measure against the intrusion of European states . Since the United States was a newly founded nation , it lacked the capacity to prevent other European powers from interfering , for that the United States looked for Britain 's help and support to execute the Monroe Doctrine into action . Great Britain 's trade with Latin America greatly expanded during the revolutionary period , which until then was restricted due to Spanish mercantilist trade policies . British pressure was sufficient to prevent Spain from attempting any serious reassertion of its control over its lost colonies . Later developments in Latin America ( edit ) See also : Ten Years ' War , Little War ( Cuba ) , Cuban War of Independence , History of the Dominican Republic § 1844 - 1929 , and Empire of Brazil Internal divisions also resulted in internecine wars . For example , Gran Colombia proved too fragile and the South American nation collapsed within ten years . Because many of the political strongmen of this period ( caudillos ) , who came to power were from the military , a strong authoritarian streak marked many of the new governments . There were countless revolts , coup d'états and inter-state wars , which never allowed Latin America to become united . This was exacerbated by the fact that Latin America is a land of various and very diverse cultures that do not identify with , nor have a sense of unity , with one another . The Spanish Empire in America was reduced to three Caribbean islands : Cuba and Puerto Rico . Santo Domingo was under Spanish rule for some years before definitive independence was achieved . After three independence wars in Cuba , the 1898 Spanish -- American War ended Spanish colonial rule . Brazil achieved its independence peacefully in 1822 , becoming a monarchy , the Empire of Brazil . It retained its territorial integrity following independence , as opposed to the fragmentation of Spanish America into separate republics . Brazil was an anomaly in Latin America as a large , successful and stable monarchy until 1889 , when the monarchy was overthrown following the abolition of slavery , and República Velha ( `` Old Republic '' ) was founded . Attempts at hemispheric unity ( edit ) Main article : Latin American integration The notion of closer Spanish American cooperation and unity was first put forward by the Liberator Simón Bolívar who , at the 1826 Congress of Panama , proposed the creation a league of American republics , with a common military , a mutual defense pact , and a supranational parliamentary assembly . This meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia ( comprising the modern - day nations of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela ) , Peru , the United Provinces of Central America ( Guatemala , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Costa Rica ) , and Mexico . Nevertheless , the great distances and geographical barriers , not to mention the different national and regional interests , made union impossible . Sixty - three years later the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics was established . It was renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference of 1901 -- 1902 . These two bodies , in existence as of 14 April 1890 , represent the point of inception of today 's Organization of American States . See also ( edit ) Spanish Empire Libertadores Spanish reconquest of Mexico Spanish American Royalists Wars of national liberation History of South America Spanish American wars of independence Territorial evolution of the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Sarah C. , and John Charles Chasteen . Latin American Independence : An Anthology of Sources . Indianapolis : Hackett Pub. , 2010 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Haiti '' . BBC News . April 29 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ralph Lee Woodward , Central America : A Nation Divided . 2nd edition . New York : Oxford University Press 1985 , pp. 85 - 90 . Jump up ^ David Bushnell , Wars of Independence : South America , '' in The Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 5 , p. 447 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Jump up ^ Fuertes Medina , Aurelia . `` History of Ecuador '' . A Guide to Andean Countries . Jump up ^ Nilton Freixinho , `` International Relations in South America Nineteenth Century A Case Study : The Independence and Sovereignty of Uruguay , '' in Peacekeeping 1815 To Today ( 1995 ) pp 612 - 19 ; ISBN 0 - 662 - 62062 - 3 online Jump up ^ Fred Rippy , Rivalry of the U.S. and Great Britain over Latin America ( 1808 - 1830 ) New York , Octagon Press , 1964 ( c1929 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Andrien , Kenneth J. and Lyman , L. Johnson . The Political Economy of Spanish America in the Age of Revolution , 1750 -- 1850 . Albuquerque , University of New Mexico Press , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1489 - 5 Bethell , Leslie . From Independence to 1870 . The Cambridge History of Latin America , Vol. 3 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 34128 - 0 Burns , Bradford E. The Poverty of Progress : Latin America in the Nineteenth Century . Berkeley , University of California Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04160 - 8 Brown , Matthew . Adventuring through Spanish Colonies : Simón Bolívar , Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations . Liverpool University Press , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84631 - 044 - X Bushnell , David and Macaulay , Neill . The Emergence of Latin America in the Nineteenth Century ( 2nd edition ) . Oxford University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508402 - 0 Chasteen , John Charles . Americanos : Latin America 's Struggle for Independence . Oxford University Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517881 - 4 Costeloe , Michael P ... Response to Revolution : Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions , 1810 -- 1840 . Cambridge University Press , 1986 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 32083 - 2 Graham , Richard . Independence in Latin America : A Comparative Approach ( 2nd edition ) . McGraw - Hill , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 024008 - 6 Harvey , Robert . `` Liberators : Latin America ` s Struggle For Independence , 1810 -- 1830 '' . John Murray , London ( 2000 ) . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5566 - 3 Hasbrouck , Alfred . Foreign Legionaries in the Liberation of Spanish South America . New York : Octagon Books , 1969 . Higgins , James ( editor ) . The Emancipation of Peru : British Eyewitness Accounts , 2014 . Online at https://sites.google.com/site/jhemanperu Humphreys , R.A. and Lynch , John ( editors ) . The Origins of the Latin American Revolutions , 1808 -- 1826 . New York , Alfred A. Knopf , 1965 . Kaufman , William W ... British Policy and the Independence of Latin America , 1804 -- 1828 . New Haven , Yale University Press , 1951 . Kinsbruner , Jay . Independence in Spanish America . 1994 Lynch , John . The Spanish American Revolutions , 1808 - 1826 , 2nd ed ... 1986 Robertson , William Spence . France and Latin American Independence . New York , Octagon , ( 1939 ) 1967 . Savelle , Max . Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 -- 1824 . Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion , Vol. 5 . Minneapolis , University of Minnesota Press , 1974 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 0709 - 9 Uribe , Victor M. `` The Enigma of Latin American Independence : Analyses of the Last Ten Years , '' Latin American Research Review ( 1997 ) 32 # 1 pp. 236 -- 255 in JSTOR Whitaker , Arthur P . The United States and the Independence of Latin America , 1800 -- 1830 . Baltimore , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . Zea , Leopoldo . The Latin - American Mind . Norman , University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Pan-Americanism History Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence Latin American integration North American integration Patria Grande Simón Bolívar José de San Martín Lucas Alamán Inter-American Commission of Women Organizations Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ( ACTO ) Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas ( ALBA ) Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Central American Integration System ( SICA ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) Contadora group Contadora support group Latin American Economic System ( SELA ) Latin American Integration Association ( ALADI ) Mercosur Organization of American States ( OAS ) Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Organization of Ibero - American States ( OEI ) Pacific Alliance Petrocaribe Rio Group Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ( ECLAC , CEPAL ) Projects Andean passport CARICOM passport CARICOM Single Market and Economy CARIPASS Central America - 4 Border Control Agreement Central America - 4 passport Eastern Caribbean Currency Union Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America ( IIRSA ) Interoceanic Highway SUCRE Institutions Andean Parliament CAF -- Development Bank of Latin America Bank of the South ( BancoSur ) Caribbean Court of Justice Caribbean Development Bank Inter-American Development Bank ( IDB ) Latin American Parliament Mercosur Parliament South American Parliament Free trade areas Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) CARIFORUM Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) Economic Partnership Agreements Free Trade Area of the Americas G3 Free Trade Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_American_wars_of_independence&oldid=801062203 '' Categories : Latin America Rebellions against the Spanish Empire Colonization of the Americas Latin American wars of independence History of South America Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 12 : 27 . 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Latin American wars of independence, revolutions, American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, Spanish military presence, Caribbean, Portuguese America, Spanish America

who came first the monkees or the beatles

The Monkees - wikipedia The Monkees This article is about the musical group . For the TV series , see The Monkees ( TV series ) . For the album , see The Monkees ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> The Monkees <Td_colspan="2"> The Monkees : top from left Peter Tork , Micky Dolenz ; bottom from left Davy Jones , Michael Nesmith . <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Origin Los Angeles , California , U.S. Genres Pop rock psychedelic pop Years active 1966 -- 1971 1986 -- 1989 1993 -- 1997 2001 -- 2002 2011 -- 2016 Labels Colgems RCA Bell Arista Rhino Associated acts Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart First National Band Website monkees.com <Th_colspan="2"> Past members Micky Dolenz Peter Tork Davy Jones Michael Nesmith The Monkees were an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971 , with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed . They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees which aired from 1966 to 1968 . The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz , Michael Nesmith , and Peter Tork ; and British actor and singer Davy Jones . The band 's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner , backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart . The four actor - musicians were allowed only limited roles in the recording studio for the first few months of their five - year career as `` the Monkees '' . This was due in part to the amount of time required to film the television series . Nonetheless , Nesmith did compose and produce some songs from the beginning , and Peter Tork contributed limited guitar work on the sessions produced by Nesmith . They eventually fought for the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the band 's name . The television show was canceled in 1968 , but the band continued to record music through 1971 . A revival of interest in the television show came in 1986 , which led to a series of reunion tours and new records . The group reunited and toured several times with varying degrees of success . Davy Jones died suddenly on February 29 , 2012 , but the surviving members reunited for a tour in November -- December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24 - date tour . The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniverary , with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally . Dolenz described the Monkees as initially being `` a TV show about an imaginary band ... that wanted to be the Beatles that was never successful '' . Ironically , the actor - musicians became one of the most successful bands of the 1960s . The Monkees have sold more than 75 million records worldwide making them one of the biggest selling groups of all time with international hits , including `` Last Train to Clarksville '' , `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' , `` Daydream Believer '' , and `` I 'm a Believer '' . Newspapers and magazines reported that the Monkees outsold the Beatles and the Rolling Stones combined in 1967 , but Nesmith claims in his autobiography Infinite Tuesday that it was a lie that he told an Australian reporter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception 2 Developing the music for their debut album 3 From television to concert stage 3.1 On tour 4 Kirshner and More of the Monkees 5 Independence 5.1 Headquarters and Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones 5.2 The Birds , The Bees & The Monkees 6 Beyond television 6.1 Head 6.2 Early 1969 : Tork 's resignation , Instant Replay and The Monkees Present 6.3 April 1970 : Nesmith 's resignation and Changes 7 Reunions and revivals 7.1 Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart 7.2 MTV and Nickelodeon reignite Monkeemania 7.3 New Monkees 7.4 1990s reunions 7.5 2000s reunions 7.6 2010 -- 2011 reunions 7.7 Death of Jones and reunion with Nesmith 7.8 Good Times ! and 50th anniversary : 2015 - present 8 Controversies 8.1 Studio recordings controversy 8.1. 1 Timeline for the studio recordings controversy 8.2 Meeting the Beatles 8.3 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 9 Originally unreleased recordings 10 Band members 10.1 Timeline 11 Impact and legacy 11.1 In popular culture 12 Notable achievements 13 Discography 14 Tours 14.1 Related non-Monkees tours 15 Comics 16 Biopic 17 Musical 18 Bibliography 19 See also 20 References 21 External links Conception ( edit ) Aspiring filmmaker Bob Rafelson developed the initial idea for The Monkees in 1962 , but was unsuccessful in selling the series . He had tried selling it to Revue , the television division of Universal Pictures . In May 1964 , while working at Screen Gems , Rafelson teamed up with Bert Schneider , whose father , Abraham Schneider , headed the Colpix Records and Screen Gems Television units of Columbia Pictures . Rafelson and Schneider ultimately formed Raybert Productions . The Beatles ' film A Hard Day 's Night inspired Rafelson and Schneider to revive Rafelson 's idea for The Monkees . As `` The Raybert Producers '' , they sold the show to Screen Gems Television on April 16 , 1965 . Rafelson and Schneider 's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group , the Lovin ' Spoonful , who were not widely known at the time . However , John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract , which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show . On July 14 , 1965 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England `` to prepare for ( a ) TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson '' . Jones had previously starred as the Artful Dodger in the Broadway theatre show Oliver ! , which debuted on December 17 , 1962 , and his performance was later seen on The Ed Sullivan Show the same night as the Beatles ' first appearance on that show , February 9 , 1964 . He was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical in 1963 . In September 1964 he was signed to a long - term contract to appear in TV programs for Screen Gems , make feature films for Columbia Pictures and to record music for the Colpix label . Rafelson and Schneider already had him in mind for their project after their plans for the Lovin ' Spoonful fell through ; when they chose him , he was essentially a proto - star looking for his lucky break . On September 8 -- 10 , 1965 , Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter ran an ad to cast the remainder of the band / cast members for the TV show : Madness ! ! Auditions . Folk & Roll Musicians - Singers for acting roles in new TV series . Running Parts for 4 insane boys , age 17 - 21 . Want spirited Ben Frank 's types . Have courage to work . Must come down for interview . Out of 437 applicants , the other three chosen for the cast of the TV show were Michael Nesmith , Peter Tork and Micky Dolenz . Nesmith had been working as a musician since early 1963 and had been recording and releasing music under various names , including Michael Blessing and `` Mike & John & Bill '' and had studied drama in college . Of the final four , Nesmith was the only one who actually saw the ad in Daily Variety and The Hollywood Reporter . Tork , the last to be chosen , had been working the Greenwich Village scene as a musician , and had shared the stage with Pete Seeger ; he learned of The Monkees from Stephen Stills , whom Rafelson and Schneider had rejected as a songwriter . Dolenz was an actor ( his father was veteran character actor George Dolenz ) who had starred in the TV series Circus Boy as a child , using the stage name Mickey Braddock , and he had also played guitar and sung in a band called the Missing Links before the Monkees , which had recorded and released a very minor single , `` Do n't Do It '' . By that time he was using his real name ; he found out about The Monkees through his agent . Developing the music for their debut album ( edit ) The Monkees ' chairs During the casting process Don Kirshner , Screen Gems ' head of music , was contacted to secure music for the pilot that would become The Monkees . Not getting much interest from his usual stable of Brill Building writers , Kirshner assigned Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to the project . The duo contributed four demo recordings for the pilot . One of these recordings was `` ( Theme From ) The Monkees '' which helped get the series the green light . When The Monkees was picked up as a series , development of the musical side of the project accelerated . Columbia - Screen Gems and RCA Victor entered into a joint venture called Colgems Records primarily to distribute Monkees records . Raybert set up a rehearsal space and rented instruments for the group to practice playing in April 1966 , but it quickly became apparent they would not be in shape in time for the series debut . The producers called upon Kirshner to recruit a producer for the Monkees sessions . Kirshner called on Snuff Garrett , composer of several hits by Gary Lewis & the Playboys , to produce the initial musical cuts for the show . Garrett , upon meeting the four Monkees in June 1966 , decided that Jones would sing lead , a choice that was unpopular with the group . This cool reception led Kirshner to drop Garrett and buy out his contract . Kirshner next allowed Nesmith to produce sessions , provided he did not play on any tracks he produced . Nesmith did , however , start using the other Monkees on his sessions , particularly Tork as a guitarist . Kirshner came back to the enthusiastic Boyce and Hart to be the regular producers , but he brought in one of his top East Coast associates , Jack Keller , to lend some production experience to the sessions . Boyce and Hart observed quickly that when brought into the studio together , the four actors would fool around and try to crack each other up . Because of this , they would often bring in each singer individually . According to Nesmith , it was Dolenz 's voice that made the Monkees ' sound distinctive , and even during tension - filled times Nesmith and Tork sometimes turned over lead vocal duties to Dolenz on their own compositions , such as Tork 's `` For Pete 's Sake '' , which became the closing title theme for the second season of the television show . The Monkees ' debut and second albums were meant to be a soundtrack to the first season of the TV show , to cash in on the audience . In the 2006 Rhino Deluxe Edition re-issue of their second album , More of the Monkees , Mike Nesmith stated , `` The first album shows up and I look at it with horror because it makes ( us ) appear as if we are a rock ' n ' roll band . There 's no credit for the other musicians . I go completely ballistic , and I say , ' What are you people thinking ? ' ( The powers that be say ) , ' Well , you know , it 's the fantasy . ' I say , ' It 's not the fantasy . You 've crossed the line here ! You are now duping the public . They know when they look at the television series that we 're not a rock ' n ' roll band ; it 's a show about a rock ' n ' roll band ... nobody for a minute believes that we are somehow this accomplished rock ' n ' roll band that got their own television show ... you putting the record out like this is just beyond the pale . '' Within a few months of their debut album , Music Supervisor Don Kirshner would be forcibly dismissed and the Monkees would take control as a real band . The Monkees ' first single , `` Last Train to Clarksville '' b / w `` Take a Giant Step '' , was released in August 1966 , just weeks prior to the TV broadcast debut . In conjunction with the first broadcast of the television show on September 12 , 1966 , on the NBC television network , NBC and Columbia had a major hit on their hands . The first long - playing album , The Monkees , was released a month later , spent 13 weeks at # 1 and stayed on the Billboard charts for 78 weeks . Twenty years later , during their reunion , it would spend another 24 weeks on the Billboard charts . This first album is also notable , in addition to containing their debut single , for containing band member Nesmith 's first foray into country - rock , `` Papa Gene 's Blues '' , which mixed country , rock and Latin flavors . From television to concert stage ( edit ) Publicity shot in 1967 In assigning instruments for purposes of the television show , a dilemma arose as to which of the four would be the drummer . Both Nesmith ( a skilled guitarist and bassist ) and Tork ( who could play several stringed and keyboard instruments ) were peripherally familiar with the instrument but both declined to give the drum set a try . Jones knew how to play the drums and tested well enough initially on the instrument , but the producers felt that , behind a drum kit , the camera would exaggerate his short stature and make him virtually hidden from view . Thus , Dolenz ( who only knew how to play the guitar ) was assigned to become the drummer . Tork taught Dolenz his first few beats on the drums , enough for him to fake his way through filming the pilot , but he was soon taught how to play properly . Thus , the lineup for the TV show most frequently featured Nesmith on guitar , Tork on bass , Dolenz on drums and Jones as a frontman , singer and percussionist . This , however , is in opposition to the lineup which would have made the most sense based upon the members ' musical strengths . For example , Tork was actually a more experienced guitar player than Nesmith , while Nesmith had at one time specifically trained on the bass . While Jones certainly had a strong lead voice and sings lead on several Monkees recordings , Dolenz 's voice is regarded , particularly by Nesmith , as one of the most distinctive in popular music history and a hallmark of the Monkees ' sound . This theoretical lineup was actually depicted once , in the music video for the band 's song `` Words '' , which shows Jones on drums , Tork playing lead guitar , Nesmith on bass and Dolenz fronting the group . In concert appearances Tork also took much of the guitar duties , even in appearances with Nesmith , and Dolenz often plays rhythm guitar on stage . Unlike most television shows of the time , The Monkees episodes were written with many setups , requiring frequent breaks to prepare the set and cameras for short bursts of filming . Some of the `` bursts '' are considered proto - music videos , inasmuch as they were produced to sell the records . The Monkees Tale author Eric Lefcowitz noted that the Monkees were -- first and foremost -- a video group . The four actors would spend 12 - hour days on the set , many of them waiting for the production crew to do their jobs . Noticing that their instruments were left on the set unplugged , the four decided to turn them on and start playing . After working on the set all day , the Monkees ( usually Dolenz or Jones ) would be called into the recording studio to cut vocal tracks . As the band was essential to this aspect of the recording process , there were few limits on how long they could spend in the recording studio , and the result was an extensive catalogue of unreleased recordings . On tour ( edit ) 1969 television special 33 1 / 3 Revolutions Per Monkee . Pleased with their initial efforts , Columbia ( over Kirshner 's objections ) planned to send the Monkees out to play live concerts . The massive success of the series -- and its spin - off records -- created intense pressure to mount a touring version of the group . Against the initial wishes of the producers , the band went out on the road and made their debut live performance in December 1966 in Hawaii . They had no time to rehearse a live performance except between takes on set . They worked on the TV series all day , recorded in the studio at night and slept very little . The weekends were usually filled with special appearances or filming of special sequences . These performances were sometimes used during the actual series . The episode `` Too Many Girls ( Fern and Davy ) '' opens with a live version of `` ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' being performed as the scene was shot . One entire episode was filmed featuring live music . The last show of the premiere season , `` Monkees on Tour '' , was shot in a documentary style by filming a concert in Phoenix , Arizona , on January 21 , 1967 . Bob Rafelson wrote and directed the episode . In DVD commentary tracks included in the Season One release , Nesmith admitted that Tork was better at playing guitar than bass . In Tork 's commentary he stated that Jones was a good drummer , and had the live performance lineups been based solely on playing ability , it should have been Tork on guitar , Nesmith on bass and Jones on drums , with Dolenz taking the fronting role . The four Monkees performed all the instruments and vocals for most of the live set . The most notable exceptions were during each member 's solo sections where , during the December 1966 -- May 1967 tour , they were backed by the Candy Store Prophets . During the summer 1967 tour of the United States and the UK ( from which the Live 1967 recordings are taken ) , they were backed by a band called the Sundowners . The Monkees toured Australia and Japan in 1968 . The results were far better than expected . Wherever they went , the group was greeted by scenes of fan adulation reminiscent of Beatlemania . This gave the singers increased confidence in their fight for control over the musical material chosen for the series . With Jones sticking primarily to vocals and tambourine ( except when filling in on the drums when Dolenz came forward to sing a lead vocal ) , the Monkees ' live act constituted a classic power trio of electric guitar , electric bass and drums ( except when Tork passed the bass part to Jones or one of the Sundowners in order to take up the banjo or electric keyboards ) . Kirshner and more of the Monkees ( edit ) The Monkees in 1967 Andrew Sandoval noted in Rhino 's 2006 Deluxe Edition CD reissue of More of the Monkees that album sales were outstripping Nielsen ratings , meaning that more people were buying the music than watching the television show , which meant that the producers decided that more attention needed to be paid to the music and that more music needed to be produced for more albums . Sandoval also noted that their second album , More of the Monkees , propelled by their second single , `` I 'm a Believer '' b / w `` ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' , became the biggest selling LP of their career , spending 70 weeks on the Billboard charts , staying No. 1 for 18 weeks , becoming the third biggest selling album of the 1960s and also returning to the charts in 1986 for another 26 weeks . At the time songwriters Boyce and Hart considered the Monkees to be their project , with Tommy Boyce stating in the 2006 Rhino reissue of More of the Monkees that he considered the Monkees to be actors in the television show , while Boyce and Hart were the songwriters and producers doing the records . They wanted Micky to sing the faster songs and have Davy sing the ballads . He also stated in the liner notes that he felt that Michael 's country leanings did n't fit in with the Monkees ' image , and although he thought that Peter was a great musician , he had a different process of thinking about songs that was n't right for the Monkees . Music Coordinator Kirshner , though , realizing how important the music was , wanted to move the music in a newer direction than Boyce and Hart to get the best record , and so he decided to move the production to New York where his A-list of writers / producers resided . However , the Monkees had been complaining that the music publishing company would not allow them to play their own instruments on their records , or to use more of their own material . These complaints intensified when Kirshner moved track recording from California to New York , leaving the band out of the musical process until they were called upon to add their vocals to the completed tracks . This campaign eventually forced Kirshner to let the group have more participation in the recording process . Dolenz 's initial reaction , mentioned in the 2006 Rhino CD reissue of More of the Monkees , was `` To me , these were the soundtrack albums to the show , and it was n't my job . My job was to be an actor and to come in and to sing the stuff when I was asked to do so . I had no problem with that ... It was n't until Mike and Peter started getting so upset that Davy and I started defending them ... they were upset because it was n't the way they were used to making music . The artist is the bottom line . The artist decides what songs are gon na go on and in what order and who writes ' em and who produces ' em . '' Nesmith , when asked about the situation , in Rolling Stone magazine , said , `` ... We were confused , especially me . But all of us shared the desire to play the songs we were singing . Everyone was accomplished -- the notion ( that ) I was the only musician is one of those rumors that got started and wo n't stop -- but it was not true ... We were also kids with our own taste in music and were happier performing songs we liked -- and / or wrote -- than songs that were handed to us ... The ( TV show 's ) producers ( in Hollywood ) backed us and David went along . None of us could have fought the battles we did ( with the music publishers ) without the explicit support of the show 's producers . '' Four months after their debut single was released in September 1966 , on January 16 , 1967 , the Monkees held their first recording session as a fully functioning , self - contained band , recording an early version of Nesmith 's self - composed top 40 hit single `` The Girl I Knew Somewhere '' , along with `` All of Your Toys '' and `` She 's So Far Out , She 's In '' . Four days later , on January 20 , 1967 , their debut self - titled album made its belated release in the UK ( it was released in October ' 66 in the U.S. ) . This same month Kirshner released their second album of songs that used session musicians , More of the Monkees , without the band 's knowledge . Nesmith and Tork were particularly upset when they were on tour in January 1967 and discovered this second album . The Monkees were annoyed at not having even been told of the release in advance , at having their opinions on the track selection ignored , at Kirshner 's self - congratulatory liner notes and also because of the amateurish - looking cover art , which was merely a composite of pictures of the four taken for a J.C. Penney clothing advertisement . Indeed , the Monkees had not even been given a copy of the album ; they had to buy it from a record store . The climax of the rivalry between Kirshner and the band was an intense argument among Nesmith , Kirshner and Colgems lawyer Herb Moelis , which took place at the Beverly Hills Hotel in January 1967 . Kirshner had presented the group with royalty checks and gold records . Nesmith had responded with an ultimatum , demanding a change in the way the Monkees ' music was chosen and recorded . Moelis reminded Nesmith that he was under contract . The confrontation ended with Nesmith punching a hole in a wall and saying , `` That could have been your face ! '' However , each of the members , including Nesmith , accepted the $250,000 royalty checks ( equivalent to approximately $1,800,000 in today 's funds ) . Kirshner 's dismissal came in early February 1967 , when he violated an agreement between Colgems and the Monkees not to release material directly created by the group together with unrelated Kirshner - produced material . Kirshner violated this agreement when he released `` A Little Bit Me , A Little Bit You '' , composed and written by Neil Diamond , as a single with an early version of `` She Hangs Out '' , a song recorded in New York with Davy Jones ' vocals , as the B - side . This single was only released in Canada and was withdrawn after a couple of weeks . Kirshner was reported to have been incensed by the group 's unexpected rebellion , especially when he felt they had `` modicum talent '' when compared to the superstars of the day like John Lennon and Paul McCartney . In the liner notes for Rhino 's 2006 Deluxe Edition CD reissue of More of the Monkees , Kirshner stated , `` ( I controlled the group ) because I had a contract . I kicked them out of the studio because I had a TV show that I had to put songs in , and to me it was a business and I had to knock off the songs . '' This experience led directly to Kirshner 's later venture , The Archies , which was an animated series -- the `` stars '' existed only on animation cels , with music done by studio musicians , and obviously could not seize creative control over the records issued under their name . Screen Gems held the publishing rights to a wealth of material , with the Monkees being offered the first choice of many new songs . Due to the abundance of material numerous tracks were recorded but left unreleased , until Rhino Records started releasing them through the Missing Links series of albums , starting in the late 1980s . A rumor persists that the Monkees were offered `` Sugar , Sugar '' in 1967 , but declined to record it . Producer and songwriter Jeff Barry , joint writer and composer of `` Sugar , Sugar '' with Andy Kim , has denied this , saying that the song had not even been written at the time . `` Here , I 'm going to make you a big star ... and you do n't have to pay any dues ... For that , you 're going to get no respect from your contemporaries . '' ... To me , that was the cruelest thing . Phil Spector , 1968 Pop Chronicles interview . Independence ( edit ) Headquarters and Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones ( edit ) The Monkees wanted to pick the songs they sang and play on the songs they recorded , and be the Monkees . With Kirshner dismissed as musical supervisor , in late February 1967 Nesmith hired former Turtles bassist Douglas Farthing Hatlelid , who was better known by his stage name Chip Douglas , to produce the next Monkees album , which was to be the first Monkees album where they were the only musicians , outside of most of the bass , and the horns . Douglas was responsible for both music presentation -- actually leading the band and engineering recordings -- and playing bass on most of Headquarters . This album , along with their next , Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , would serve as the soundtrack to the second season of the television show . In March 1967 `` The Girl I Knew Somewhere '' , composed by Nesmith and performed by Dolenz , Nesmith , Tork and bassist John London , was issued as the B - side to the Monkees ' third single , `` A Little Bit Me , a Little Bit You '' , and it rose to No. 39 on the charts . The A-side rose to No. 2 . Issued in May 1967 , Headquarters had no songs released as singles in the United States , but it would still be their third No. 1 album in a row , with many of its songs played on the second season of the television show . Having a more country - folk - rock sound than the pop outings under Kirshner , Sandoval notes in the 2007 Deluxe Edition reissue from Rhino that the album rose to No. 1 on May 24 , 1967 , with the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper released the following week , which would knock Headquarters to the # 2 spot on the charts for the next 11 weeks , the same weeks which would become known by the counterculture as the `` Summer of Love '' . A selection that Dolenz wrote and composed , `` Randy Scouse Git '' , was issued under the title `` Alternate Title '' ( owing to the controversial nature of its original title ) as a single internationally , where it rose to No. 2 on the charts in the UK and Norway , and in the top 10 in other parts of the world . Tork 's `` For Pete 's Sake '' would be used as the closing theme for the television show . Nesmith would continue in his country - rock leanings , adding the pedal steel guitar to three of the songs , along with contributing his self - composed countrified - rock song `` Sunny Girlfriend '' . Tork added the banjo to the Nesmith - composed rocker `` You Told Me '' , a song whose introduction was satirical of the Beatles ' `` Taxman '' . Other notable songs are the Nesmith - composed straightforward pop - rock song `` You Just May Be the One '' , used on the television series during both seasons , along with `` Shades of Gray '' ( with piano introduction written by Tork ) , ) `` Forget that Girl '' and `` No Time '' , used in the television show . The Monkees wrote five of the 12 songs on the album , plus the two tracks `` Band 6 '' and `` Zilch '' . The Los Angeles Times , when reviewing Headquarters , stated that `` The Monkees Upgrade Album Quality '' and that `` The Monkees are getting better . Headquarters has more interesting songs and a better quality level ( than previous albums ) ... None of the tracks is a throwaway ... The improvement trend is laudable . '' The high of Headquarters was short - lived , however . Recording and producing as a group was Tork 's major interest and he hoped that the four would continue working together as a band on future recordings , according to the liner notes of the 2007 Rhino reissue of Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd ... `` Cuddly Toy '' on Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. would mark the last time Dolenz , who originally played guitar before the Monkees , would make a solo stand as a studio drummer . In commentary for the DVD release of the second season of the show , Tork said that Dolenz was `` incapable of repeating a triumph . '' Having been a drummer for one album , Dolenz lost interest in being a drummer and indeed , he largely gave up playing instruments on Monkees recordings ( producer Chip Douglas also had identified Dolenz 's drumming as the weak point in the collective musicianship of the quartet , having to splice together multiple takes of Dolenz 's `` shaky '' drumming for final use ) . By this point the four did not have a common vision regarding their musical interests , with Nesmith and Jones also moving in different directions -- Nesmith following his country / folk instincts and Jones reaching for Broadway - style numbers . The next three albums featured a diverse mixture of musical style influences , including country - rock , folk - rock , psychedelic rock , soul / R&B , guitar rock , Broadway and English music hall sensibilities . At the height of their fame in 1967 , they also suffered from a media backlash . Nesmith states in the 2007 Rhino reissue of Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , `` Everybody in the press and in the hippie movement had got us into their target window as being illegitimate and not worthy of consideration as a musical force ( or ) certainly any kind of cultural force . We were under siege ; wherever we went there was such resentment for us . We were constantly mocked and humiliated by the press . We were really gettin ' beat up pretty good . We all knew what was going on inside . Kirshner had been purged . We 'd gone to try to make Headquarters and found out that it was only marginally okay and that our better move was to just go back to the original songwriting and song - making strategy of the first albums except with a clear indication of how ( the music ) came to be ... The rabid element and the hatred that was engendered is almost impossible to describe . It lingers to this day among people my own age . '' Tork disagreed with Nesmith 's assessment of Headquarters , stating , `` I do n't think the Pisces album was as groovy to listen to as Headquarters . Technically it was much better , but I think it suffers for that reason . '' With Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , the Monkees ' fourth album , they went back to making music for the television show , except that they had control over the music and which songs would be chosen . They used a mixture of themselves and session musicians on the album . They would use this strategy of themselves playing , plus adding session musicians ( including the Wrecking Crew , Louie Shelton , Glen Campbell , members of the Byrds and the Association , drummer `` Fast '' Eddie Hoh , Lowell George , Stephen Stills , Buddy Miles , and Neil Young ) throughout their recording career , relying more on session musicians when the group became temporarily estranged after Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. and recorded some of their songs separately . Using Chip Douglas again to produce , Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , released in November 1967 was the Monkees ' fourth No. 1 album in a row , staying at No. 1 for 5 weeks , and was also their last No. 1 album . It featured the hit single `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' ( # 3 on charts ) b / w `` Words '' ( # 11 on charts ) , the A-side had Nesmith on electric guitar / backing vocals , Tork on piano / backing vocals , Dolenz on lead vocals and possibly guitar and Jones on backing vocals ; the B - side had Micky and Peter alternating lead vocals , Peter played organ , Mike played guitar , percussion , and provided backing vocals , and Davy provided percussion and backing vocals . Other notable items about this album is that it features an early use of the Moog Synthesizer on two tracks , the Nesmith - penned `` Daily Nightly '' , along with `` Star Collector '' . All of its songs , except for two , were featured on the Monkees ' television show during the second season . The song `` What Am I Doing Hangin ' ' Round ? '' , recorded in June 1967 and featured on Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. , is seen as a landmark in the fusion of country and rock despite Nesmith 's prior country - flavored rock songs for the Monkees . Nesmith stated , `` One of the things that I really felt was honest was country - rock . I wanted to move the Monkees more into that because ... if we get closer to country music , we 'll get closer to blues , and country blues , and so forth ... It had a lot of un-country things in it : a familiar change from a I major to a VI minor -- those kinds of things . So it was a little kind of a new wave country song . It did n't sound like the country songs of the time , which was Buck Owens . '' Their next single , `` Daydream Believer '' ( with a piano intro written by Tork ) , would shoot to No. 1 on the charts , letting the Monkees hold the No. 1 position in the singles chart and the album chart with Pisces simultaneously . `` Daydream Believer '' used the non-album track `` Goin ' Down '' as its B - side , which featured Nesmith and Tork on guitar with Micky on lead vocals . During their 1986 reunion , both Headquarters and Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. would return to the charts for 17 weeks . The Birds , the Bees & the Monkees ( edit ) Davy Jones and Peter Tork in 1966 The Monkees decided that they no longer needed Chip Douglas as a producer , and starting in November 1967 , they largely produced their own sessions . Although credited to the whole band , the songs were mostly solo efforts . In a couple of cases , Boyce and Hart had returned from the first two albums to produce , but credit was given to the Monkees . It was also during this time that Michael Nesmith recorded his first solo album , The Wichita Train Whistle Sings , a big band jazz instrumental collection of interpretations of Nesmith 's compositions , arranged by the jazz musician Shorty Rogers . Praised in The Los Angeles Times by the author of The Encyclopedia of Jazz , jazz critic Leonard Feather wrote `` Verbally and musically , Mike Nesmith is one of the most articulate spokesmen for the new and literate breed of pop musicians who have spring from the loins of primitive rock . ( The album ) with its carriage trade of symphony , rock , country , western , and swing , and with jazz riding in the caboose , may well indicate where contemporary popular music will be situated in the early 1970s . '' Considered by some to be the Monkees ' `` White Album '' period ( for example , Sandoval mentions this in the liner notes of Rhino Handmade 's 2010 Deluxe reissue of the album ) , each of the Monkees contributions reflected his own musical tastes , which resulted in an eclectic album . Micky sang the pop songs ( e.g. , `` I 'll Be Back Upon My Feet '' ) , and performed a double - vocal with Mike on the Nesmith / Allison composed `` Auntie 's Municipal Court '' . Davy sang the ballads ( e.g. , `` Daydream Believer '' and `` We Were Made for Each Other '' ) and Nesmith contributed some experimental songs , like the progressive `` Writing Wrongs '' , the unusual hit song `` Tapioca Tundra '' , and the lo - fi 1920s sound of `` Magnolia Simms '' . This last song is notable for added effects to make it sound like an old record ( even including a `` record skipping '' simulation ) made before the Beatles `` Honey Pie '' , which used a similar effect . Propelled by the hit singles `` Daydream Believer '' and `` Valleri '' , along with Nesmith 's self - penned top 40 hit `` Tapioca Tundra '' , The Birds , The Bees & The Monkees reached No. 3 on the Billboard charts shortly after it was released in April 1968 . It was the first album released after NBC announced they were not renewing The Monkees for a third season . The album cover -- a quaint collage of items looking like a display in a jumble shop or toy store -- was chosen over the Monkees ' objections . It was the last Monkees ' album to be released in separate , dedicated mono and stereo mixes . During the 1986 reunion , it would return to the Billboard charts for 11 weeks . Beyond television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the filming of the second season , the band became tired of scripts which they deemed monotonous and stale . They had already succeeded in eliminating the laugh track ( a then - standard on American sitcoms ) , with the bulk of Season 2 episodes airing minus the canned chuckles . They proposed switching the format of the series to become more like a variety show , with musical guests and live performances . This desire was partially fulfilled within some second - season episodes , with guest stars like musicians Frank Zappa , Tim Buckley and Charlie Smalls ( composer of The Wiz ) performing on the show . However , NBC was not interested in eliminating the existing format , and the group ( except for Peter ) had little desire to continue for a third season . Tork said in DVD commentary that everyone had developed such difficult personalities that the big - name stars invited as guests on the show would invariably leave the experience `` hating everybody '' . Screen Gems and NBC went ahead with the existing format anyway , commissioning Monkees writers Gerald Gardner and Dee Caruso to create a straight - comedy , no - music half - hour in the Monkees mold ; a pilot episode was filmed with the then - popular nightclub act the Pickle Brothers . The pilot had the same energy and pace of The Monkees , but never became a series . In June 1968 , Music Supervisor Lester Sill chose to release the two non-album tracks `` D.W. Washburn '' b / w `` It 's Nice To Be With You '' as the Monkees ' next single . The Leiber / Stoller - penned A-side would break into the Top 20 , peaking at No. 19 on the charts . Head ( edit ) After The Monkees was canceled in February 1968 , Rafelson directed the four Monkees in a feature film , Head . Schneider was executive producer , and the project was co-written and co-produced by Bob Rafelson with a then relatively unknown Jack Nicholson . The film , conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style , featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature , Annette Funicello , a young Teri Garr , boxer Sonny Liston , famous stripper Carol Doda , Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke , and musician Frank Zappa . It was filmed at Columbia Pictures ' Screen Gems studios and on location in California , Utah , and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17 , 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year ( the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20 ) . The film was not a commercial success , in part because it was the antithesis of The Monkees television show , intended to comprehensively demolish the group 's carefully groomed public image . Rafelson and Nicholson 's `` Ditty Diego - War Chant '' ( recited at the start of the film by the group ) , ruthlessly parodies Boyce and Hart 's `` Monkees Theme '' . A sparse advertising campaign ( with no mention of the Monkees ) squelched any chances of the film doing well , and it played in briefly in half - filled movie theaters . In the DVD commentary , Nesmith said that by this time , everyone associated with the Monkees `` had gone crazy '' . They were each using the platform of the Monkees to push their own disparate career goals , to the detriment of the Monkees project . Indeed , Nesmith said , Head was Rafelson and Nicholson 's intentional effort to `` kill '' the Monkees , so that they would no longer be bothered with the matter . Indeed , Rafelson and Schneider severed all ties to the band amid the bitterness that ensued over the commercial failure of Head . At the time , Rafelson told the press , `` I grooved on those four in very special ways while at the same time thinking they had absolutely no talent . '' Released in October 1968 , the single from the album , `` The Porpoise Song '' , is a psychedelic pop song written by Goffin / King , with lead vocals from Micky Dolenz and backing vocals from Davy Jones , and it reached number 62 on the Billboard charts . The soundtrack album to the movie , Head , reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts . Jack Nicholson assembled the film 's soundtrack album , weaving dialogue and sound effects from the film in between the songs from the film . The six ( plus `` Ditty Diego '' ) Monkees songs on the album range from psychedelic pop to straight ahead rockers to Broadway rock to eastern - influenced pop to a folk - rock ballad . Although the Monkees performed `` Circle Sky '' live in the film , the studio version is chosen for the soundtrack album . The live version would later be released on various compilations , including Rhino 's Missing Links series of Monkees albums . The soundtrack album also includes a song from the film 's composer , Ken Thorne . The album had a mylar cover , to give it a mirror - like appearance , so that the person looking at the cover would see his own head , a play on the album title Head . Peter Tork said , `` That was something special ... ( Jack ) Nicholson coordinated the record , made it up from the soundtrack . He made it different from the movie . There 's a line in the movie where ( Frank ) Zappa says , ' That 's pretty white . ' Then there 's another line in the movie that was not juxtaposed in the movie , but Nicholson put them together in the ( soundtrack album ) , when Mike says , ' And the same thing goes for Christmas . ' ... that 's funny , ... very different from the movie ... that was very important and wonderful that he assembled the record differently from the movie ... It was a different artistic experience . '' The soundtrack album is a cult favorite among the Monkees ' fans . Over the intervening years Head has developed a cult following for its innovative style and anarchic humor . Members of the Monkees , Nesmith in particular , cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band . Early 1969 : Tork 's resignation , Instant Replay and the Monkees Present ( edit ) Tensions within the group were increasing . Peter Tork , citing exhaustion , quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year , equal to about $1,000,000 per year today . This was shortly after the band 's Far East tour in December 1968 , after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special , 331⁄3 Revolutions Per Monkee , which rehashed many of the ideas from Head , only with the Monkees playing a strangely second - string role . In the DVD commentary for the television special , Dolenz noted that after filming was complete , Nesmith gave Tork a gold watch as a going - away present , engraved `` From the guys down at work . '' ( Tork kept the back , but replaced the watch several times in later years . ) Most of the songs from the 33 1 / 3 Revolutions Per Monkee TV Special would not be officially released until over 40 years later , on the 2010 and 2011 Rhino Handmade Deluxe boxed sets of Head and Instant Replay . Since the Monkees at this point were producing their own songs with very little of the other band members involvement , they planned a future double album ( eventually to be reduced to The Monkees Present ) on which each Monkee would separately produce one side of a disc . In February 1969 , the Monkees ' seventh album , Instant Replay , without Tork 's involvement beyond playing guitar on `` I Wo n't Be the Same Without Her '' , was released , which reached No. 32 on the charts . The single from the album was `` Tear Drop City '' , which peaked at No. 56 on the U.S. Billboard chart and No. 34 on the Australian chart . According to Rhino Handmade 's 2011 Deluxe Edition reissue of this album , Davy Jones told Melody Maker , `` Half of the songs were recorded over the last three years , but there are also about six new ones . '' The Monkees wanted to please the original 1966 fans by offering up new recordings of some previously unreleased older styled songs , as well as gain a new audience with what they considered a more mature sound . Nesmith continued in his country - rock vein after offering straight ahead rock and experimental songs on the two prior albums . Nesmith stated in Rhino Handmade 's 2011 Deluxe Edition reissue , `` I guess it was the same embryo beating in me that was somewhere in Don Henley and Glenn Frey and Linda Ronstadt and Neil Young . Everybody who was hanging out in those times . I could just feel this happening that there was this thing . So , I headed off to Nashville to see if I could n't get some of the Nashville country thing into the rock ' n ' roll or vice versa . What I found was that Nashville country was not the country that was going to be the basis of country - rock and that it was Western , Southwest country . It was coming much more out of the Southern California scene . I ended up with a lot of Dobro , mandolin , banjo , and things that were hard - core mountain music stuff ... the Nashville cats were so blown out by playin ' this kind of music . They loved it , for one thing . '' Dolenz contributed the biggest and longest Monkees ' production , `` Shorty Blackwell '' , a song inspired by his cat of the same name . Dolenz called it his `` feeble attempt at something to do with Sgt . Pepper . '' Jones contributed an electric guitar rocker , `` You and I '' . Both Jones and Dolenz continued their role of singing on the pop songs . Lyrically , it has a theme of being one of the Monkees ' most melancholy albums . Throughout 1969 the trio appeared as guests on television programs such as The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour , The Johnny Cash Show , Hollywood Squares , and Laugh - In . The Monkees also had a contractual obligation to appear in several television commercials with Bugs Bunny for Kool - Aid drink mix as well as Post cereal box singles . In April 1969 , the single `` Someday Man '' b / w `` Listen to the Band '' was released , which had the unique distinction of the B - side , a Nesmith composed country - rock song , charting higher ( No. 63 ) than the Jones - sung A-side ( # 81 ) . The final album with Michael Nesmith from the Monkees original incarnation would be their eighth album , The Monkees Present , released in October 1969 , which peaked at No. 100 on the Billboard charts . It would include the Nesmith composed country - rock singles `` Listen to the Band '' and `` Good Clean Fun '' ( released in September 1969 ) . Other notable songs include the Dolenz composition `` Little Girl '' , which featured Louie Shelton on electric guitar , joining Micky on acoustic guitar , along with `` Mommy and Daddy '' ( B - side to the `` Good Clean Fun single ) in which he sang about America 's treatment of the Native Americans and drug abuse , and in an earlier take , released on Rhino Handmade 's 2011 Deluxe Edition of Instant Replay , sang about JFK 's assassination and the Vietnam war . Jones collaborated with Bill Chadwick on some slower ballads , along with releasing a couple of older upbeat songs from 1966 . In the summer of 1969 the three Monkees embarked on a tour with the backing of the soul band `` Sam and the Good - Timers '' . The concerts for this tour were longer sets than their earlier concert tours , many shows running over two hours . Although the tour was met with some positive critical reception ( Billboard in particular praised it ) , other critics were not favorable of the mixing of the Monkees ' pop music with the Goodtimers ' R&B approach . Toward the end of the tour , some dates were canceled due to poor ticket sales , and the tour failed to re-establish the band commercially , with no single entering the Top 40 in 1969 . Dolenz remarked that the tour `` was like kicking a dead horse . The phenomenon had peaked . '' April 1970 : Nesmith 's resignation and Changes ( edit ) On April 14 , 1970 , Nesmith joined Dolenz and Jones for the last time as part of the original incarnation of the Monkees to film a Kool - Aid commercial ( with the then - newly introduced Nerf balls , thrown around a mock living room by the trio , available as a premium for Kool - Aid labels ) , with Nesmith leaving the group to continue recording songs with his own country - rock group called Michael Nesmith & The First National Band , which he had started recording with on February 10 , 1970 . His first album with his own band was called Magnetic South , and at the time he left the Monkees in April , he was recording songs for his second album with The First National Band , called Loose Salute . This left Dolenz and Jones to record the bubblegum pop album Changes as the ninth and final album by the Monkees released during its original incarnation . By this time , Colgems was hardly putting any effort into the project , and they sent Dolenz and Jones to New York for the Changes sessions , to be produced by Jeff Barry . In comments for the liner notes of the 1994 re-release of Changes , Jones said that he felt they had been tricked into recording an `` Andy Kim album '' under the Monkees name . Except for the two singers ' vocal performances , Changes is the only album that fails to win any significant praise from critics looking back 40 years to the Monkees ' recording output . The album spawned the single `` Oh My My '' , which was accompanied by a music film promo ( produced / directed by Dolenz ) . Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions , `` Midnight Train '' , which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series . The `` Oh My My '' b / w `` I Love You Better '' single from the Changes album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States , until 1986 . Originally released in June 1970 , Changes would first chart in Billboard 's Top 200 during the Monkees ' 1986 reunion , staying on the charts for 4 weeks . September 22 , 1970 marked the final recording session by the Monkees in their original incarnation , when Jones and Dolenz recorded `` Do It in the Name of Love '' and `` Lady Jane '' . Not mixed until February 19 , 1971 , and released later that year as a single ( `` Do It in the Name Of Love '' b / w `` Lady Jane '' ) , the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries , the U.S. included . The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S. , but to a misspelled `` Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones '' , although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees ' name . Jones released a solo album in 1971 , titled Davy Jones , featuring the single `` Rainy Jane '' / `` Welcome to My Love '' . Both Jones and Dolenz released multiple singles as solo artists in the years following the original break - up of the Monkees . The duo continued to tour throughout most of the 1970s . Reunions and revivals ( edit ) Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart ( edit ) Partly because of repeats of the television series The Monkees on Saturday mornings and in syndication , The Monkees Greatest Hits charted in 1976 . The LP , issued by Arista , who by this time had custody of the Monkees ' master tapes , courtesy of their corporate owner , Screen Gems , was actually a re-packaging of an earlier ( 1972 ) compilation LP called Refocus that had been issued by Arista 's previous label imprint , Bell Records , also owned by Screen Gems . Dolenz and Jones took advantage of this , joining ex-Monkees songwriters Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to tour the United States . From 1975 to 1977 , as the `` Golden Hits of the Monkees '' show ( `` The Guys who Wrote ' Em and the Guys who Sang ' Em ! '' ) , they successfully performed in smaller venues such as state fairs and amusement parks , as well as making stops in Japan , Thailand , Hong Kong and Singapore . They also released an album of new material as Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart . Nesmith had not been interested in a reunion . Tork claimed later that he had not been asked , although a Christmas single ( credited to Micky Dolenz , Davy Jones and Peter Tork due to legal reasons ) was produced by Chip Douglas and released on his own label in 1976 . The single featured Douglas ' and Howard Kaylan 's `` Christmas Is My Time Of Year '' ( originally recorded by a 1960s group Christmas Spirit ) , with a B - side of Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' ( Douglas released a remixed version of the single , with additional overdubbed instruments , in 1986 ) . This was the first ( albeit unofficial ) Monkees single since 1971 . Tork also joined Dolenz , Jones , Boyce & Hart on stage at Disneyland on July 4 , 1976 , and also joined Dolenz and Jones on stage at the Starwood in Hollywood in 1977 . Other semi-reunions occurred between 1970 and 1986 . Tork helped arrange a Dolenz single , `` Easy on You '' / `` Oh Someone '' in 1971 . Tork also recorded some unreleased tracks for Nesmith 's Countryside label during the 1970s , and Dolenz ( by then a successful television director in the United Kingdom ) directed a segment of Nesmith 's NBC - TV series Television Parts , although the segment in question was not included when the series ' six episodes aired during the summer of 1985 . MTV and Nickelodeon reignite Monkeemania ( edit ) Brushed off by critics during their heyday as manufactured and lacking talent , the Monkees experienced a critical and commercial rehabilitation two decades later . A Monkees TV show marathon ( `` Pleasant Valley Sunday '' ) was broadcast on February 23 , 1986 , on the then five - year - old MTV video music channel . In February and March , Tork and Jones played together in Australia . Then in May , Dolenz , Jones , and Tork announced a `` 20th Anniversary Tour '' produced by David Fishof and they began playing North America in June . Their original albums began selling again as Nickelodeon began to run their old series daily . MTV promotion also helped to resurrect a smaller version of Monkeemania , and tour dates grew from smaller to larger venues and became one of the biggest live acts of 1986 and 1987 . A new greatest hits collection was issued , reaching platinum status . By now , Nesmith was amenable to a reunion , but forced to sit out most projects because of prior commitments to his Pacific Arts video production company . However , he did appear with the band in a 1986 Christmas medley music video for MTV , and appeared on stage with Dolenz , Jones , and Tork at the Greek Theatre , in Los Angeles , on September 7 , 1986 . In September 1988 , the three rejoined to play Australia again , Europe and then North America , with that string of tours ending in September 1989 . Nesmith again returned at the Universal Amphitheatre , Los Angeles , show on July 10 , 1989 and took part in a dedication ceremony at the Hollywood Walk of Fame , when the Monkees received a TV star there in 1989 . The sudden revival of the Monkees in 1986 helped move the first official Monkees single since 1971 , `` That Was Then , This Is Now '' , to the No. 20 position in Billboard Magazine . The success , however , was not without controversy . Jones had declined to sing on the track , recorded along with two other new songs included in a compilation album , Then & Now ... The Best of The Monkees . Some copies of the single and album credit the new songs to `` the Monkees '' , others as `` Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork ( of the Monkees ) '' . Reportedly , these recordings were the source of some personal friction between Jones and the others during the 1986 tour ; Jones would typically leave the stage when the new songs were performed . The 1980s reunion tours were the most lucrative venture the three had ever seen in their days as the Monkees , far surpassing the money they had made in the 1960s . Nesmith had little financial need to join in Monkees - related projects , mostly as his mother Bette Nesmith Graham was the inventor of Liquid Paper , leaving Nesmith over $25 million upon her death in 1980 . A new album by the touring trio , Pool It ! ( the Monkees ' tenth ) , appeared the following year and was a moderate success . From 1986 to 1989 , the Monkees would conduct major concert tours in the United States , Australia , Japan , and Europe . New Monkees ( edit ) Main article : New Monkees In 1987 , a new television series called New Monkees appeared . Four young musicians were placed in a similar series based on the original show , but `` updated '' for the 1980s . The New Monkees left the air after 13 episodes . ( Neither Bob Rafelson nor Bert Schneider were involved in the development or production of the series , although it was produced by `` Straybert Productions '' headed by Steve Blauner , Rafelson and Schneider 's partner in BBS Productions . ) 1990s reunions ( edit ) In the 1990s , the Monkees continued to record new material . In 1993 , Dolenz and Jones worked together on a television commercial , and another reunion tour was launched with the two of them in 1994 . Rhino Records ( which in August 1994 acquired the complete Monkees back audio and video catalog , as well as the rights to the Monkees name and official logo , under an agreement with Rafelson and Schneider ) re-issued all the original LPs on CD , each of which included between three and six bonus tracks of previously unreleased or alternate takes ; the first editions came with collectible trading cards . Dolenz , Jones and Tork appeared in a 1995 episode of Boy Meets World , but not as themselves ; Tork appeared in two episodes as Topanga Lawrence 's father Jedediah . Their eleventh album Justus was released in 1996 . It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced . Justus was produced by the Monkees , all songs were written by one of the four Monkees , and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals , which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling ( Justus = Just Us ) . The trio of Dolenz , Jones , and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996 , while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from Justus . For the first time since the brief 1986 reunion , Nesmith returned to the concert stage for a tour of the United Kingdom in 1997 , highlighted by two sold - out concerts at Wembley Arena in Wembley Park , London . This was a very fitting venue , as from 30 June to 2 July 1967 the Monkees had been the first group to headline on their own at the Empire Pool , as the Arena was then called . The full quartet also appeared in an ABC television special titled Hey , Hey , It 's the Monkees , which was written and directed by Nesmith and spoofed the original series that had made them famous . Following the UK tour , Nesmith declined to continue future performances with the Monkees , having faced harsh criticism from the British music press for his deteriorating musicianship . Tork noted in DVD commentary that `` In 1966 , Nesmith had learned a reasonably good version of the famous ' Last Train to Clarksville ' guitar lick , but in 1996 , Mike was no longer able to play it '' and so Tork took over the lead guitar parts . Nesmith 's departure from the tour was acrimonious . Jones was quoted by the Los Angeles Times as complaining that Nesmith `` made a new album with us . He toured Great Britain with us . Then all of a sudden , he 's not here . Later , I hear rumors he 's writing a script for our next movie . Oh , really ? That 's bloody news to me . He 's always been this aloof , inaccessible person ... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in . '' 2000s reunions ( edit ) Tork , Jones , and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997 , after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States . However , this tour was also accompanied by public sniping . Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had `` fired '' Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit . Tork was quoted as saying that , as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band , `` Shoe Suede Blues . '' Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew : Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour . I 'm both happy and sad over the whole thing . I always loved the work onstage -- but I just could n't handle the backstage problems . I 'd given them 30 days notice that I was leaving so my position is that I resigned first and then they dropped me . Thank God I do n't need the Monkees anymore ... I 'm a recovering alcoholic and have n't had a drink in several years . I 'm not against people drinking -- just when they get mean and abusive . I went on the anniversary tour with the agreement that I did n't have to put up with drinking and difficult behavior offstage . When things were n't getting better , I gave the guys notice that I was leaving in 30 days for good . Tork later stated in 2011 that the alcohol played only a small role and Tork then said , `` I take full responsibility for the backstage problems on the 2001 tour . We were getting along pretty well until I had a meltdown . I ticked the other guys off good and proper and it was a serious mistake on my part . I was not in charge of myself to the best of my ability -- the way I hope I have become since . I really just behaved inappropriately , honestly . I apologized to them . '' Jones and Dolenz went on to tour the United Kingdom in 2002 , but Tork declined to participate . Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002 , and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects . With different Monkees citing different reasons , the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006 . 2010 -- 2011 reunions ( edit ) In October 2010 , Jones stated that a reunion marking the band 's 45th anniversary was a possibility . Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in The Hollywood Reporter that he `` spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences ( which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees ) . '' An Evening with The Monkees : The 45th Anniversary Tour commenced on May 12 , 2011 in Liverpool , England , before moving to North America in June and July for a total of 43 performances . Sandoval noted , `` Their mixed feelings on the music business and their long and winding relationship weighed heavily , but once they hit the stage , the old magic was apparent . For the next three months ... ( they brought ) the music and memories to fans in the band 's grandest stage show in decades . Images from their series and films flashed on a huge screen behind them ; even Rolling Stone , whose owner , Jann Wenner , has vowed to keep them out of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , gushed . '' Nesmith did not take part in the tour , which grossed approximately $4 million . On August 8 , 2011 , the band cancelled ten last - minute shows due to what was initially reported as `` internal group issues and conflicts '' , though Tork later confirmed `` there were some business affairs that could n't be coordinated correctly . We hit a glitch and there was just this weird dislocation at one point . '' Jones clarified that `` the ( 45th Anniversary ) tour was only supposed to go until July . And it was great , the best time we 've had because we 're all on the same page now . We gelled onstage and off . But then more dates were being added . And more . And then the next thing we knew , they were talking about Japan , Australia , Brazil , and we were like , ' Wait a second . This is turning into something more than a tour . ' We were doing 40 songs a night , plus other material . Some of these shows were 2 ​ ⁄ hours long . Then there was the travel , getting to the next venue with no time to revive . The audiences were great . But , let 's face it , we 're not kids . '' Death of Jones and reunion with Nesmith ( edit ) The 45th anniversary tour would be the last with Jones , who died of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29 , 2012 . Soon thereafter , rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones ' death . This was confirmed on August 8 , 2012 , when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December , commencing in Escondido , California and concluding in New York City . The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997 , as well as the first without Jones . Jones ' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video . During one point , the band went quiet and a recording of Jones singing `` I Wanna Be Free '' played while footage of him was screening behind the band . For Jones ' signature song , `` Daydream Believer '' , Dolenz said that the band had discussed who should sing the song and had concluded that it should be the fans , saying `` It does n't belong to us anymore . It belongs to you . '' The Fall 2012 tour was very well received by both fans and critics , resulting in the band scheduling a 24 - date summer tour for 2013 . Dubbed `` A Midsummer 's Night With the Monkees '' , concerts also featured Nesmith , Dolenz , and Tork . `` The reaction to the last tour was euphoric '' , Dolenz told Rolling Stone magazine . `` It was pretty apparent there was a demand for another one . '' A third tour with Nesmith would follow in 2014 . In 2014 , the Monkees were inducted into the Pop Music Hall of Fame at the 2014 Monkees Convention . At the convention the band announced a 2014 tour of the Eastern and Midwestern US . Good Times ! and 50th Anniversary : 2015 - Present ( edit ) Dolenz and Tork toured as the Monkees in 2015 without Nesmith 's participation . Nesmith stated that he was busy with other ventures , although Dolenz said that `` He 's always invited . '' In February 2016 , Dolenz announced that the Monkees would be releasing a new album , titled Good Times ! , as a celebration of their 50th anniversary . Good Times ! , produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne , features contributions by all three surviving members , as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones . The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success , reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews . With the release of the album , the band , featuring Dolenz and Tork , commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour . Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour , again citing other commitments . He did , however , make a few appearances throughout the summer of 2016 , appearing virtually via Skype to perform `` Papa Gene 's Blues '' at one concert and in person for a four - song encore at another . In September , he replaced Tork on the tour for two dates while Tork attended to a family emergency . After Tork returned to the tour , Nesmith performed with the band for a concert at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood on September 16 , which he stated would likely be his final concert appearance with the Monkees . Dolenz and Tork 's tour announced dates to the end of the year , including concerts in Australia and New Zealand . After the end of the 50th Anniversary Tour , Dolenz , Tork , and Nesmith spent 2017 engaging in solo activities . In 2018 , Nesmith toured with a revived version of the First National Band and stated that he was in negotiations with promoters to tour again with Dolenz later in the summer . On February 20 , the tour was announced as `` The Monkees Present : The Mike and Micky Show '' , their first tour as a duo . The pair will play Monkees music and promote the tour under the Monkees banner , but Nesmith stated that `` there 's no pretense there about Micky and I being the Monkees . We 're not . '' Controversies ( edit ) Studio recordings controversy ( edit ) Controversy hit early in 1967 concerning the Monkees ' studio abilities . Dolenz told a reporter that the Wrecking Crew provided the backing tracks for the first two Monkees albums , and that his origin as a drummer was simply that a Monkee had to learn to play the drums , and he only knew the guitar . A January 28 , 1967 Saturday Evening Post article quoted Nesmith railing against the music creation process . `` Do you know how debilitating it is to sit up and have to duplicate somebody else 's records ? '' he asked . `` Tell the world we do n't record our own music . '' The whistle - blowing on themselves worked to force producer Don Kirshner out of the project , and the band took creative control for its third album . But the Monkees toured the U.K. in 1967 and found a chilly reception . The front pages of several U.K. and international music papers proclaimed that the group members did not always play their own instruments or sing the backing vocals in the studio . They were derisively dubbed the `` Pre-Fab Four '' , and the London Sunday Mirror called them a `` disgrace to the pop world . '' Jimi Hendrix was their tour - opener that year , and he told Melody Maker magazine , `` Oh God , I hate them ! Dishwater ... You ca n't knock anybody for making it , but people like the Monkees ? '' Dealing with the controversy proved challenging on the television series . Episode No. 31 `` Monkees at the Movies '' first aired April 1967 , and Bob Rafelson asked the group about accusations that they did not play their instruments in concert . Nesmith responded , `` I 'm fixin ' to walk out there in front of fifteen thousand people , man ! If I do n't play my own instrument , I 'm in a lot of trouble ! '' But the `` Devil and Peter Tork '' episode serves as a parable , as a Kirshner - like producer has Tork sign over his soul to be a success as a musician . In November 1967 , the wave of anti-Monkee sentiment was reaching its peak while they released their fourth album Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn , & Jones Ltd . The liner notes for the 1995 re-release of this album quote Nesmith : `` The press went into a full - scale war against us , talking about how ' The Monkees are four guys who have no credits , no credibility whatsoever and have been trying to trick us into believing they are a rock band . ' Number 1 , not only was this not the case ; the reverse was true . Number 2 , for the press to report with genuine alarm that the Monkees were not a real rock band was looney tunes ! It was one of the great goofball moments of the media , but it stuck . '' Davy Jones stated in 1969 to Tiger Beat , `` I get so angry when musicians say , ' Oh , your music is so bad , ' because it 's not bad to the kids . Those people who talk about ' doing their own thing ' are groups that go and play in the clubs that hold 50 people , while we 're playing to 10,000 kids . You know , it hurts me to think that anybody thinks we 're phony , because we 're not . We 're only doing what we think is our own thing . '' Rolling Stone reported on October 11 , 2011 that Tork still feels that the Monkees do not get the respect that they deserve . `` The Monkees ' songbook is one of the better songbooks in pop history , '' he says . `` Certainly in the top five in terms of breadth and depth . It was revealed that we did n't play our own instruments on the records much at the very moment when the idealism of early Beatlemania in rock was at its peak . So we became the ultimate betrayers . '' Timeline for the studio recordings controversy ( edit ) 1962 : Jones lands the part of Michael in the stage show Peter Pan , in which he is coached on the tone of his voice . Later that year , he lands the role of the Artful Dodger in the Broadway musical production of Oliver ! Nesmith receives his first guitar during Christmas of 1962 . He will build his proficiency with it to rehabilitate his hands after they are injured . Tork takes part in folk ensembles . The initial idea for The Monkees is developed 1963 : Tork moves to New York 's Greenwich Village to play in various folk groups in music `` basket '' houses , where money is collected after each performance . While still performing in the musical Oliver ! , Jones makes his first studio recordings of demonstration tapes of his singing . He is also nominated for a Tony award . Nesmith performs solo and with folk groups and releases his first recording . 1964 : Dolenz plays guitar and sings in his first band , the Missing Links . Dolenz had started playing Spanish guitar when he was 10 -- 12 years old . Jones signs recording contract with Colpix Records . He appears on The Ed Sullivan Show on the same night as the Beatles . This will bring him to the attention of Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider . Nesmith wins Headliner of the Year talent contest performing with John London . Tork tours with folk group . 1965 : Jones 's first singles and album are released . He appears on Dick Clark 's Where the Action Is . Nesmith releases more singles and plays with folk group . He records for Colpix . Record World gives one of Nesmith 's singles a four star review . He appears on a couple of TV shows performing music . Tork still performs in Greenwich Village clubs . Dolenz sings on stage . At the end of the year , the four Monkees are cast in the TV show . Rafelson : `` It 's often been said that the Monkees were manufactured , but the term irritates me just a little bit . The Monkees were more like a Japanese marriage : arranged . In America and elsewhere the divorce rate is pretty high , but in Japan things go better . '' April 1966 : The Monkees begin rehearsing as a band to produce music for the upcoming TV Show and records . Nesmith , Dolenz , and Tork were all experienced guitar players , but no one had experience playing the drums . Jones had been a singer on Broadway , but lacked any experience with any musical instruments . Producer Ward Sylvester tells Tork that he would have signed the band even without a TV show . May 1966 : Filming for the TV show starts , taking 12 hours a day for the cast of the Monkees . The public is informed in the beginning that the Monkees are `` manufactured '' , as seen in this Washington Post report : `` The series stars a fearsome foursome in the Monkees , a wholly manufactured singing group of attractive young men who come off as a combination of the Beatles , the Dead End Kids and the Marx Brothers . Critics will cry foul . Longhairs will demand , outraged , that they be removed from the air . But the kids will adore the Monkees ( ... ) unlike other rock ' n ' roll groups , the boys had never performed together before . Indeed , they 'd never even met ( ... ) they 've been working to create their own sound . '' June 1966 : Although the producers want the Monkees to create their own music , they had not progressed enough by this point and still lacked the `` upbeat , young , happy , driving , pulsating sound '' that they desired . Dolenz stated , `` I 'm sure that Rafelson and Schneider said in all honesty , ' Yeah , do n't worry , when we start going you 're gon na record your own tunes and it will be wonderful . ' But the things get caught up in the inertia of the moment . NBC gets involved . RCA gets involved . Screen Gems gets involved . Millions and millions of dollars are on the line ( ... ) people are n't as forthcoming . Mike 's style was very distinct , country - western , Peter was very folk - rock , neither of which at the time would have been considered mainstream pop . Davy would have done all Broadway tunes ( ... ) I ended up singing the leads ( ... ) pop - rock was more my style . '' However , they used selections of Nesmith 's authorship and composition from the beginning . June 10 , 1966 : The Monkees ' first recording sessions take place . These sessions feature members of the Wrecking Crew , a group of studio musicians in Los Angeles who would play on several Monkees album tracks , mostly those produced by Nesmith . These sessions were unsuccessful , however , and most future sessions in 1966 would feature the Candy Store Prophets , a studio band led by Boyce & Hart . June 25 , 1966 : Nesmith produces his first Monkees track in a recording studio , his two self - composed songs `` All the King 's Horses '' , `` The Kind of Girl I Could Love '' , plus `` I Do n't Think You Know Me '' , as a way for Raybert Productions to fulfill their promise to him to allow him to produce and record his own music . He is not allowed to play the instruments . July 1966 : Various producers from Boyce & Hart to Jack Keller to Nesmith continue to record sessions . Nesmith gets all four members to sing on his productions . On July 18 , 1966 Nesmith also gets Tork to play guitar on the songs he is producing for the first time . Sessions continue in this manner , with the hired producers Boyce & Hart and Jack Keller and Monkees member Nesmith producing / recording songs in the studio through November 1966 . August 1966 : The Monkees ' first single is released . September 1966 : The Monkees ' TV show premieres . October 1966 : The Monkees ' debut album is released . Group member Nesmith , in particular , is angered when he sees the album cover , because he thinks it makes it look like they played all of the instruments . October 2 , 1966 : The Monkees give their first public interview , which appears in The New York Times , in which Jones is asked if the big push for the Monkees is fair to the real rock groups , to which he responds , `` ... That 's the breaks , but you ca n't fool the people , you really ca n't . '' October 24 , 1966 : Newsweek interviews the Monkees . They are asked how the music is created . Davy Jones tells them , `` This is n't a rock ' n ' roll group . This is an act . '' December 1966 : The Monkees perform live in concert starting December 3 , 1966 . TV Week in the meantime , interviews Rafelson about why the Monkees ' public access to interviews is limited , wondering if it could be related to embarrassing questions regarding their musical prowess , to which Rafelson assures that they do all of their own playing and singing . He also states that interviews are almost impossible due to them spending 12 hours a day filming the TV show , 4 hours recording , rehearsing for concert tours , and spending some weekends making personal appearance tours . During this time frame , the Monkees are generally barred from making television appearances on shows outside of their own , as Raybert fears the group 's overexposure . December 27 , 1966 : The Monkees are again interviewed about their music in Look magazine . Tork responds , `` We have the potential , but there 's not time to practice . '' Dolenz says , `` We 're advertisers . We 're selling the Monkees . It 's got ta be that way . '' Nesmith says , `` They 're in the middle of something good and they 're trying to sell something . They want us to be the Beatles , but we 're not . We 're us . We 're funny . '' December 28 , 1966 : Weekly Variety reports that the Monkees are selling faster than the Beatles did at their launch . January 1967 : The Monkees ' second album is released while they were on tour , without the Monkees ' knowledge . This upsets Nesmith and Tork , as they had been told that they were going to be doing their own album . Dolenz and Jones are initially indifferent because to them , coming from the acting world , it was just a soundtrack to the TV show and they were doing their job by singing what they were asked to sing . But when they saw how angry Nesmith and Tork were , they too joined in that anger . January 16 , 1967 : Four months after their first single is released , the Monkees hold their first recording session as a self - contained , fully functioning band . January 28 , 1967 : Band member Nesmith speaks to the Saturday Evening Post in an expose , stating , `` The music had nothing to do with us . It was totally dishonest . Do you know how debilitating it is to sit up and have to duplicate somebody else 's records ? That 's really what we 're doing . The music happened in spite of the Monkees . It was what Kirshner wanted to do . Our records are not our forte . I do n't care if we never sell another record . Maybe we were manufactured ( ... ) Tell the world we 're synthetic because ( ... ) we are . Tell them the Monkees are wholly man - made overnight , that millions of dollars have been poured into this thing . Tell the world we do n't record our own music . But that 's us they see on television . That show is really a part of us . They 're not seeing something invalid . '' Decades later , Nesmith reflected , `` The press decided they were going to unload on us as being somehow illegitimate , somehow false . That we were making an attempt to dupe the public , when in fact it was me that was making the attempt to maintain the integrity . So , the press went into a full - scale war against us . Telling us the Monkees are four guys who have no credits , no credibility whatsoever , who have been trying to trick us into believing that they are a rock band . Number one , not only was it not the case , the reverse was true . Number two , ( for ) the press to report with genuine alarm that the Monkees were not a real rock band was looney tunes . It was one of the great goofball moments of the media , but it stuck . '' February 4 , 1967 : Although the Monkees have continued to play and record their own music for their upcoming album , Jones records some songs with hired producer Jeff Barry . February 1967 : Kirshner works behind the Monkees ' backs to release another single without the band 's knowledge . February 25 , 1967 : Jones is interviewed for the New Musical Express , and says , `` I can only speak for myself . I am an actor and I have never pretended to be anything else . The public have made me into a rock ' n ' roll singer . No one is trying to fool anyone ! People have tried to put us down by saying we copied the Beatles . So , all right , maybe the Monkees is a half - hour Hard Day 's Night . But now we read that the Who are working on a TV series around a group . Now who 's copying who ? '' February 27 , 1967 : Kirshner is dismissed as Music Coordinator for the Monkees , primarily due to his handling of the third would - be-but - withdrawn single from the Monkees . Lester Sill takes his place . The Monkees continue recording their own songs , with them playing instruments , getting ready for their next album . In the meantime , the Nesmith - penned `` The Girl I Knew Somewhere '' is released as part of the Monkees third single , which features the Monkees playing as a self - contained band , which becomes a top 40 hit . May 1967 : The Monkees ' first self made album , Headquarters , is released . After Headquarters , the Monkees started using a mixture of themselves playing along with other musicians , including members of the Wrecking Crew and Candy Store Prophets along with other musicians such as Stephen Stills , Neil Young , and Harry Nilsson ; but they still wrote , sang , produced , and played on their remaining albums , except for their final offering from the original incarnation in 1970 , Changes , which was recorded after Nesmith and Tork had left the group and featured Dolenz and Jones singing to the backing tracks of what Jones referred to in the liner notes of the 1994 reissue that album as `` a rejected Andy Kim album '' . In the same liner notes , Jones stated that he was unhappy about that recording and claimed that it was not a real album . The final album featured one Dolenz composition . Tork commented on some of the controversy when writing about Jones 's death : `` When we first met , I was confronted with a slick , accomplished , young performer , vastly more experienced than I in the ways of show biz , and yes , I was intimidated . Englishness was at a high premium in my world , and his experience dwarfed my entertainer 's life as a hippie , basket - passing folk singer on the Greenwich Village coffee house circuit . If anything , I suppose I was selected for the cast of ' The Monkees ' TV show partly as a rough - hewn counterpart to David 's sophistication . ( ... ) the Monkees -- the group now , not the TV series -- took a lot of flack for being ' manufactured , ' by which our critics meant that we had n't grown up together , paying our dues , sleeping five to a room , trying to make it as had the Beatles and Rolling Stones . Furthermore , critics said , the Monkees ' first albums -- remember albums ? -- were almost entirely recorded by professional studio musicians , with hardly any input from any of us beyond lead vocals . I felt this criticism keenly , coming as I did from the world of the ethical folk singer , basically honoring the standards of the naysayers . We did play as a group live on tour . '' Meeting the Beatles ( edit ) Critics of the Monkees observed that they were simply the `` Pre-Fab four '' , a made - for - TV knockoff of the Beatles ; however , the members of the Beatles themselves took it in their stride and even hosted a party for the Monkees when they visited England . The party occurred during the time when the Beatles were recording album Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ; as such , the party inspired the line in the Monkees ' tune `` Randy Scouse Git '' , written by Dolenz , which read , `` the four kings of EMI are sitting stately on the floor . '' George Harrison praised their self - produced musical attempts , saying , `` It 's obvious what 's happening , there 's talent there . They 're doing a TV show , it 's a difficult chore and I would n't be in their shoes for the world . When they get it all sorted out , they might turn out to be the best . '' ( Monkees member Peter Tork was later one of the musicians on Harrison 's album Wonderwall Music , playing Paul McCartney 's five - string banjo . ) Nesmith attended the Beatles session recording for single `` A Day in the Life '' at Abbey Road Studios ; he can be seen in the Beatles ' home movies , including one scene where he is talking with John Lennon . During the conversation , Nesmith had reportedly asked Lennon `` Do you think we 're a cheap imitation of the Beatles , your movies and your records ? '' to which Lennon assuredly replied , `` I think you 're the greatest comic talent since the Marx Brothers . I 've never missed one of your programs . '' Nesmith wrote about this encounter on Facebook : When the Beatles were recording Sgt . Peppers , Phyllis and I spent a few days with John and wife Cynthia Lennon at their home , and one in the studio with `` the boys . '' That 's where those pictures of John and I come from -- the `` Day in the Life '' session . The minute I had the wherewithal -- cachet and money -- I raced to London and looked up John . During the ' 60s it seemed to me London was the center of the World and the Beatles were the center of London and the Sgt Pepper session was the center of the Beatles . It was an extraordinary time , I thought , and I wanted to get as close as I could to the heart of it . But like a hurricane the center was not stormy or tumultuous . It was exciting , but it was calm , and to an extent peaceful . The confidence of the art permeated the atmosphere . Serene -- and really , really fun . Then I discovered the reason for this . During that time in one of our longer , more reflective , talks I realized that John was not aware of who the Beatles were . Of course he could not be . He was clueless in this regard . He had never seen or experienced them . In the strange paradox of fame , none of the Beatles ever saw the Beatles the way we did . Certainly not the way I did . I loved them beyond my ability to express it . As the years passed and I met more and more exceptional people sitting in the center of their own hurricane I saw they all shared this same sensibility . None of them could actually know the force of their own work . Dolenz was also in the studio during a Sgt . Pepper session , which he mentioned while broadcasting for radio WCBS - FM in New York ( incidentally , he interviewed Ringo Starr on his program ) . On February 21 , 1967 , he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles ' `` Fixing a Hole '' at EMI 's Abbey Road studio 2 . During the 1970s , during Lennon 's infamous `` lost weekend '' , Lennon , Ringo Starr , Micky Dolenz , Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together , and were collectively known in the press as `` The Hollywood Vampires '' . Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film Back in the U.S. singing `` Hey , Hey , We 're The Monkees '' , the theme from The Monkees television show , while backstage . The Monkees `` Cuddly Toy '' and `` Daddy 's Song '' were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson . `` Cuddly Toy '' would be recorded several months before Nilsson 's own debut in October 1967 . At the press conference announcing the formation of Apple , the Beatles named Nilsson as both their favorite American artist and as their favorite American group . Derek Taylor , the Beatles ' press officer , had introduced them to Nilsson 's music . In 1995 , Ringo Starr joined Davy , Peter and Micky to film a Pizza Hut commercial . Julian Lennon was a fan , stating at the time of Davy Jones ' passing , `` You did some great work ! '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( edit ) In June 2007 , Tork complained to the New York Post that Jann Wenner had blackballed the Monkees from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio . Tork stated : ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 . In a Facebook post , Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . '' In 1992 , Davy Jones spoke to People magazine , stating `` I 'm not as wealthy as some entertainers , but I work hard , and I think the best is yet to come . I know I 'm never going to make the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , but maybe there 's something else for me in show business . I 've been given a talent -- however big or little -- that has given me many opportunities . I 've got to try to use it the best way I can . A lot of people go days without having someone hug them or shake their hand . I get that all the time . '' In 2015 , Micky Dolenz said , `` As far as the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame I 've never been one to chase awards or anything like that ; it 's never been very important to me . I was very proud to win an Emmy for The Monkees , having come out of television as a kid . When we won the Emmy for best TV show in ' 66 or ' 67 that was a huge feather in my cap . But I 've never chased that kind of stuff . I 've never done a project and thought , `` What do I do here to win an award ? '' Specifically as far as the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame I 've been very flattered that the fans and people have championed the Monkees . Very flattered and honored that they do . If you know anything about the organization , and I 've done charity work for the foundation , the Hall of Fame is a private club . Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame . Originally unreleased recordings ( edit ) Beginning in 1987 , Rhino Records started to make available previously unreleased Monkees recordings on a series of albums called Missing Links . Having numerous quality songwriters , musicians , producers and arrangers -- along with high budgets -- at their hands while making albums during the 1960s , the band was able to record as many songs as the Beatles in half the time . The three volumes of this initial series contained 59 songs . These include the group 's first recordings as a self - contained band , including the intended single `` All Of Your Toys , '' Nesmith 's Nashville sessions , and alternate versions of songs featured only on the television series . The Listen to the Band box set also contained previously unreleased recordings , as did the 1994 - 95 series CD album reissues . Rhino / Rhino Handmade 's Deluxe Edition reissue series has also included alternate mixes , unreleased songs , and the soundtrack to 331⁄3 Revolutions per Monkee . Band members ( edit ) Micky Dolenz -- vocals , drums , percussion , guitar , moog synthesizer ( 1966 -- 1971 , 1986 -- 1989 , 1996 -- 1997 , 2001 -- 2002 , 2011 -- 2016 ) Peter Tork -- bass guitar , vocals , guitar , keyboards , banjo ( 1966 -- 1968 , 1986 -- 1989 , 1996 -- 1997 , 2001 , 2011 -- 2016 ) Davy Jones -- vocals , percussion , drums , guitar ( 1966 -- 1971 , 1986 -- 1989 , 1996 -- 1997 , 2001 -- 2002 , 2011 -- 2012 ; died 2012 ) Michael Nesmith -- guitar , vocals , keyboards , harmonica ( 1966 -- 1970 , 1986 , 1989 , 1996 -- 1997 , 2012 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Timeline ( edit ) Impact and legacy ( edit ) The Monkees , selected specifically to appeal to the youth market as American television 's response to the Beatles with their manufactured personae and carefully produced singles , are seen as an original precursor to the modern proliferation of studio and corporation - created bands . But this critical reputation has softened somewhat , with the recognition that the Monkees were neither the first manufactured group nor unusual in this respect . The Monkees also frequently contributed their own songwriting efforts on their albums and saw their musical skills improve . They ultimately became a self - directed group , playing their own instruments and writing many of their own songs . Noted Monkees and 1960s music historian Andrew Sandoval noted , in The Hollywood Reporter , that the Monkees `` pioneered the music video format ( and band member Mike Nesmith dreamed up the prototype for what would become MTV ) and paved the way for every boy band that followed in their wake , from New Kids on the Block to ' N Sync to Jonas Brothers , while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber . As pop stars go , you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who did n't take a page from the Monkees ' playbook , even generations later . Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance Easy Rider and Five Easy Pieces , which made Jack Nicholson a star . In fact , the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema , an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful . '' The Chicago Tribune interviewed Davy Jones , who said , `` We touched a lot of musicians , you know . I ca n't tell you the amount of people that have come up and said , ' I would n't have been a musician if it had n't been for the Monkees . ' It baffles me even now , '' Jones added . `` I met a guy from Guns N ' Roses , and he was overwhelmed by the meeting , and was just so complimentary . '' The Monkees found unlikely fans among musicians of the punk rock period of the mid-1970s . Many of these punk performers had grown up on TV reruns of the series , and sympathized with the anti-industry , anti-Establishment trend of their career . Sex Pistols and Minor Threat both recorded versions of `` ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' and it was often played live by Toy Love . The Japanese new wave pop group the Plastics recorded a synthesizer and drum - machine version of `` Last Train to Clarksville '' for their 1979 album Welcome Back . Glenn A. Baker , author of Monkeemania : The True Story of the Monkees , described the Monkees as `` rock 's first great embarrassment '' in 1986 : Like an illegitimate child in a respectable family , the Monkees are destined to be regarded forever as rock 's first great embarrassment ; misunderstood and maligned like a mongrel at a ritzy dog show , or a test tube baby at the Vatican . The rise of the pre-fab four coincided with rock 's desperate desire to cloak itself with the trappings of respectability , credibility and irreproachable heritage . The fact was ignored that session players were being heavily employed by the Beach Boys , the Beatles , the Mamas and the Papas , the Byrds and other titans of the age . However , what could not be ignored , as rock disdained its pubescent past , was a group of middle - aged Hollywood businessmen had actually assembled their concept of a profitable rock group and foisted it upon the world . What mattered was that the Monkees had success handed to them on a silver plate . Indeed , it was not so much righteous indignation but thinly disguised jealousy which motivated the scornful dismissal of what must , in retrospect , be seen as entertaining , imaginative and highly memorable exercise in pop culture . Mediaite columnist Paul Levinson noted that `` The Monkees were the first example of something created in a medium -- in this case , a rock group on television -- that jumped off the screen to have big impact in the real world . '' When commenting on the death of Jones on February 29 , 2012 , Time magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the television show , saying that `` even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit - single generator , we should n't sell The Monkees short . It was far better TV than it had to be ; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies , it was a stylistically ambitious show , with a distinctive visual style , absurdist sense of humor and unusual story structure . Whatever Jones and the Monkees were meant to be , they became creative artists in their own right , and Jones ' chipper Brit - pop presence was a big reason they were able to produce work that was commercial , wholesome and yet impressively weird . Both the style and substance of the Monkees were imitated by American boy band Big Time Rush ( BTR ) , who performed in their own television series which -- by admission of series creator Scott Fellows -- was heavily influenced by the Monkees . Similarly to the Monkees , Big Time Rush featured a `` made - for - tv '' boy band often caught in a series of misadventures , hijinks , and somewhat slapstick comedy . The show , now in reruns but still hugely popular on Teen Nick , is highly stylized and patterned after the Monkees , even capped with similar cartoonish sound effects . Like the Monkees , BTR has also seen critical and commercial success in America and worldwide through album , singles and high TV ratings worldwide . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The highly respected Criterion Collection , whose stated goal is to release `` a continuing series of important classic and contemporary films , ( and ) has been dedicated to gathering the greatest films from around the world and publishing them in editions that offer the highest technical quality and award - winning , original supplements '' recognized The Monkees film Head as meeting their criteria when they fully restored and released it on DVD and Blu - ray in 2010 . They stated that Head was `` way , way ahead of its time '' and `` arguably the most authentically psychedelic film made in 1960s Hollywood '' , Head dodged commercial success on its release but has since been reclaimed as one of the great cult objects of its era . '' In the book , Hey , Hey We 're The Monkees , Rafelson explains , `` ( Head ) explored techniques on film that had n't been used before . The first shot of Micky under water is a perfect example . Now you see it on MTV all the time , but it was invented for the movie ( ... ) I got two long - haired kids out of UCLA who created the effects that the established laboratory guys said could n't be done . We invented double - matted experiences . Polarization had n't been used in movies before . ( ... ) When it was shown in France , the head of the Cinematheque overly praised the movie as a cinematic masterpiece , and from that point on , this movie began to acquire an underground reputation . '' In 2010 , Nick Vernier Band created a digital `` Monkees reunion '' through the release of Mister Bob ( featuring the Monkees ) , a new song produced under license from Rhino Entertainment , containing vocal samples from the band 's recording `` Zilch . '' The contract bridge convention known as either Last Train or Last Train to Clarksville was so named by its inventor , Jeff Meckstroth , after the Monkees ' song . Notable achievements ( edit ) Gave the Jimi Hendrix Experience their first U.S. concert tour exposure as an opening act in July 1967 . Jimi Hendrix 's heavy psychedelic guitar and sexual overtones did not go over well with the teenage girls in the audience , which eventually led to his leaving the tour early . Gene Roddenberry was inspired to introduce the character of Chekov in his Star Trek TV series in response to the popularity of Davy Jones , complete with hairstyle and appearance mimicking that of Jones . The only recording act to have four No. 1 albums in a 12 - month ( changed from 1 year to avoid confusion with a calendar year ) span . In 2014 the Monkees were inducted into America 's Pop Music Hall of Fame . The Music Business Association ( Music Biz ) honored the Monkees with an Outstanding Achievement Award celebrating their 50th anniversary on May 16 , 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Monkees discography The Monkees ( 1966 ) More of The Monkees ( 1967 ) Headquarters ( 1967 ) Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd. ( 1967 ) The Birds , The Bees & the Monkees ( 1968 ) Head ( 1968 ) Instant Replay ( 1969 ) The Monkees Present ( 1969 ) Changes ( 1970 ) Pool It ! ( 1987 ) Justus ( 1996 ) Good Times ! ( 2016 ) Tours ( edit ) North American Tour ( 1966 -- 67 ) British Tour ( 1967 ) Pacific Rim Tour ( 1968 ) North American Tour ( 1969 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Nesmith ) 20th Anniversary World Tour ( 1986 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) Here We Come Again Tour ( 1987 -- 88 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) The Monkees Live ( 1989 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) The Monkees Summer Tour ( 1989 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) Monkees : The 30th Anniversary Tour ( 1996 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) Justus Tour ( 1997 ) North American Tour ( 1997 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) U.S. Tour ( 2001 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ; Tork removed from the tour partway through ) Monkeemania Returns Tour ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( Dolenz , Jones ) An Evening with The Monkees : The 45th Anniversary Tour ( 2011 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Tork ) An Evening with The Monkees ( Fall 2012 ) ( Dolenz , Nesmith , Tork ) A Midsummer 's Night with the Monkees ( Summer 2013 ) ( Dolenz , Nesmith , Tork ) The Monkees Live in Concert ( Spring 2014 ) ( Dolenz , Nesmith , Tork ) An Evening with the Monkees ( 2015 ) ( Dolenz , Tork ) 50th Anniversary Tour ( 2016 ) ( Dolenz , Tork with selected appearances by Nesmith ) Related non-Monkees tours ( edit ) The Great Golden Hits of The Monkees ( 1975 -- 77 ) ( Dolenz , Jones , Boyce and Hart ) Sound of The Monkees ( 1986 ; 1987 ) ( Jones , Tork ) Micky and Davy : Together Again ( 1994 -- 95 ) ( Dolenz , Jones ) The Monkees Present : The Mike and Micky Show ( 2018 ) ( Dolenz , Nesmith ) Comics ( edit ) There was also `` The Monkees '' comic published in the United States by Dell Comics , which ran for seventeen issues from 1967 to 1969 . In the United Kingdom , a Daily Mirror `` Crazy Cartoon Book '' featured four comic stories as well as four photos of The Monkees , all in black and white ; it was published in 1967 . Biopic ( edit ) In 2000 , VH - 1 produced the television biopic Daydream Believers : The Monkees ' Story . In 2002 , the movie was released on DVD , and featured both commentaries and interviews with Dolenz , Jones and Tork . The aired version did differ from the DVD release as the TV version had an extended scene with all four Monkees meeting the Beatles but with a shortened Cleveland concert segment . It was also available on VHS . Musical ( edit ) A stage musical opened in the UK at the Manchester Opera House on Friday March 30 , 2012 , and was dedicated to Davy Jones ( the Jones family attended the official opening on April 3 ) . The production is a Jukebox musical and starred Stephen Kirwan , Ben Evans , Tom Parsons and Oliver Savile as actors playing the parts of the Monkees ( respectively Dolenz , Jones , Nesmith , Tork ) who are hired by an unscrupulous businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band . The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists . It ran in Manchester as part of the `` Manchester Gets it First '' program until April 14 , 2012 before a UK tour . Following its Manchester run , the show appeared in the Glasgow King 's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre . Bibliography ( edit ) Baker , Glenn A. ( 1986 ) . Monkeemania : The True Story of the Monkees . Plexus Publishing . ISBN 0 - 312 - 00003 - 0 . Baker , Glenn A. ( 2000 ) ( 1986 ) . Monkeemania : The True Story of the Monkees . Plexus Publishing . ISBN 0 - 85965 - 292 - 0 . Falkenberg , Lise Lyng ( 2001 ) . The Monkees - caught in a false image . Underskoven . ISBN 87 - 90767 - 31 - 4 . Falkenberg , Lise Lyng ( 2012 ) . The Monkees - caught in a false image . Smashwords / Amazon . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4764 - 2233 - 6 . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Revolt of the Fat Angel : Some samples of the Los Angeles sound '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Lefcowitz , Eric ( 2010 ) . Monkee Business : The Revolutionary Made - For - TV Band . Retrofuture . ISBN 0 - 86719 - 338 - 7 . Lefcowitz , Eric ( 1985 ) . The Monkees Tale . Last Gasp . ISBN 0 - 943249 - 00 - 7 . Lefcowitz , Eric ( 1989 ) ( 1985 ) . The Monkees Tale . Last Gasp . ISBN 0 - 86719 - 378 - 6 . Bronson , Harold ( 1996 ) . Hey , Hey We 're the Monkees . General Publishing Group , Inc . ISBN 1 - 57544 - 012 - 1 . Sandoval , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Monkees : The Day - by - Day Story of the 60s TV Pop Sensation . Thunder Bay Press . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 372 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Book : The Monkees List of The Monkees episodes Monkeemobile References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sandoval , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Monkees : The day - by - day story of the ' 60s TV pop sensation . San Diego , CA : Thunder Bay Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59223 - 372 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Sandoval , Andrew . `` How Davy Jones and the Monkees Impacted Music , Hollywood - and Jack Nicholson '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob . `` The Monkees Return , Terrific as Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Evening with The Monkees - 45th Anniversary Tour '' . The Monkees Live Almanac . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Sofia Vergara , Raquel Welch : Like Mother , Like Daughter ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Evening With The Monkees - Fall Tour Announced '' . rhino.com . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holslin , Peter ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Monkees Delight Believers in Reunion Tour Kickoff '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Andy ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` The Monkees Reveal U.S. Summer Tour Dates '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Piorkowski , Jeff . `` Monkee Micky Dolenz loves science , excels in all forms of entertainment '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Monkees Singer Davy Jones Dead at 66 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ February 21 , 2011 ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Hey Hey , It 's ... The Monkees reformation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Monkees - 1967 - The Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In 1977 Mike Nesmith Fooled The World : When The Monkees Sold More Records Than The Beatles and Rolling Stones Combined - Flashbak '' . Flashbak. 2017 - 09 - 18 . 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ISBN 0 - 06 - 056301 - X . Jump up ^ Source : The Making of Star Trek , by Stephen E. Whitfield and Gene Roddenberry , ( c ) 1968 Ballantine Books , pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Source : TV Guide , September 4 -- 10 , 1993 p. 20 . Jump up ^ Conradt , Stacy ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Quick 10 : 10 Billboard Milestones '' . Mental Floss . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` home '' . home . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Monkees inducted into the American Pop Music Hall of Fame '' . The Monkees Live Almanac . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Music Biz to Celebrate 50 Years of The Monkees with Outstanding Achievement Award at Nashville Convention - Music Business Association - Music Biz '' . Music Business Association - Music Biz. 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Daydream Believers : The Monkees ' Story ( 2000 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gioia , Michael . `` Monkee Business , Featuring Songs of The Monkees , Premieres March 30 at Manchester Opera House '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monkees musical to hit the stage '' . BBC News . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . External Links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Monkees Official website Mike Nesmith Interview - Rocker Magazine 2013 Peter Tork Interview NAMM Oral History Library ( 2009 ) FBI Records : The Vault - The Monkees at vault.fbi.gov <Th_colspan="2"> The Monkees <Td_colspan="2"> Micky Dolenz Davy Jones Michael Nesmith Peter Tork Production / management Don Kirshner Bob Rafelson Bert Schneider Ward Sylvester Lester Sill Raybert Productions Chip Douglas Hank Cicalo Studio albums The Monkees More of the Monkees Headquarters Pisces , Aquarius , Capricorn & Jones Ltd . 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1. The Monkees: American rock and pop band 2. Television series: The Monkees (TV series) 3. Musical career: 1966-1971, 1986-1989, 1993-1997, 2001-2002, 2011-2016 4. Band members: Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith 5. Success and legacy:

who is not busy being born is busy dying

It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) - wikipedia It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Bob Dylan <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Bringing It All Back Home Released March 22 , 1965 Recorded January 15 , 1965 Studio Columbia Recording Studios , New York City Genre Folk rock , folk Length 7 : 29 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson <Th_colspan="2"> Bringing It All Back Home track listing <Td_colspan="2"> 11 tracks Side one `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' `` Love Minus Zero / No Limit '' `` Outlaw Blues '' `` On the Road Again '' `` Bob Dylan 's 115th Dream '' Side two `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' `` Gates of Eden '' `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan and first released on his 1965 album Bringing It All Back Home . It was written in the summer of 1964 , first performed live on October 10 , 1964 , and recorded on January 15 , 1965 . Described by Dylan biographer Howard Sounes as a `` grim masterpiece , '' the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable lyrical images . Among the well - known lines sung in the song are `` He not busy being born is busy dying , '' `` Money does n't talk , it swears , '' `` Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools '' and `` But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked . '' The lyrics express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture . Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics , nevertheless , extend beyond the socio - political , expressing existential concerns , touching on urgent matters of personal experience . Dylan has stated that `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is one of his songs that means the most to him , and he has played the song often in live concerts . Since its original release on Bringing It All Back Home , live versions of the song have been issued on The Bootleg Series Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall , Before the Flood and Bob Dylan at Budokan . Dylan can also be seen performing the song in the film Dont Look Back and the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . The song has been covered by a number of other artists , including Roger McGuinn , the Byrds , Billy Preston , Hugo Race , Terence Trent D'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , and The Duhks . Contents 1 Bob Dylan 's version 2 Cover versions 3 Influence 4 References 5 External links Bob Dylan 's version ( edit ) Dylan wrote `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' in the summer of 1964 . Although he was prepared to take his time developing the song , as he did with `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' , he finished it in time for inclusion on the Bringing It All Back Home album , which was recorded in January 1965 . Dylan first performed `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' live on October 10 , 1964 at Philadelphia Town Hall . The version included on Bringing It All Back Home was recorded on January 15 , 1965 , the same day that the other three songs on side 2 of the album ( `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' , `` Gates of Eden '' and `` It 's All Over Now , Baby Blue '' ) were recorded , with Tom Wilson producing . It was long thought that the four songs that make up side 2 of Bringing It All Back Home were recorded in one long take . This is not true , but `` Gates of Eden '' was recorded in a single take and `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' was recorded in one take after a single false start ( the false start can be heard on both the 6 - disc and 18 - disc versions of The Bootleg Series Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 , released in 2015 ) . Dylan biographer Howard Sounes described `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' as a `` grim masterpiece . '' The only accompaniment is Dylan 's guitar , playing folk - blues riffs and up and down chord progressions . Author Sean Wilentz has noted that the song 's chord structure is similar to that used by the Everly Brothers ' in their hit recording of `` Wake Up Little Susie '' . The lyrics of `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' express Dylan 's anger at what he sees as the hypocrisy , commercialism , consumerism , and war mentality inherent in contemporary American culture , but unlike those in his earlier protest songs , do not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . In his book Bob Dylan , Performing Artist , author Paul Williams has suggested that the song addresses `` the possibility that the most important ( and least articulated ) political issue of our times is that we are all being fed a false picture of reality , and it 's coming at us from every direction . '' Williams goes on to say that the song successfully paints a portrait of an `` alienated individual identifying the characteristics of the world around him and thus declaring his freedom from its ' rules ' . '' As such , a major target in the song is the old , established concepts which give a false picture of reality and hinder new worldviews from being accepted . While it shares a sense of prevailing entropy with the previous song on the album , `` Gates of Eden '' , the critique in `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is more direct and less allusive . Author Michael Gray has commented that although the vitriol Dylan unleashes towards his targets is similar to his earlier political protest songs , `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is a transitional song in that it does not express optimism in the possibility of political solutions . Instead , Dylan sings in a new prophetic voice that would become his trademark . However , with the political pessimism comes a more poetic vision than in his earlier protest songs , along with a more complex figurative language . Howard Sounes notes that the song features some of Dylan 's most memorable images . The opening lines begin the song 's torrent of apocalyptic images : Darkness at the break of noon Shadows even the silver spoon The handmade blade , the child 's balloon Eclipses both the sun and moon To understand you know too soon There is no sense in trying Critic Andy Gill links the opening line of the song to the title of Arthur Koestler 's bleak novel Darkness at Noon , set in the Great Stalinist purge of 1938 in Soviet Russia . For Gill , Dylan is suggesting that the human spirit can be cast into darkness by the dead hand of communism as well as by American capitalism . According to Seth Rogovoy , this opening echoes the Book of Ecclesiastes , where the author states ( 1 : 17 ) `` I observed all deeds beneath the sun , and behold all is futile . '' There are echoes of Ecclesiastes throughout the song . Another example is : Although the masters make the rules For the wise man and the fools The author of Ecclesiastes laments ( 2 : 15 -- 16 ) `` The fate of the fool will befall me also ; to what advantage , then , have I become wise ? But I come to the conclusion that this , too , was futility , because the wise man and the fool are both forgotten . The wise man dies , just like the fool . '' One of the most famous lines from the song reminds listeners that even the most powerful people will ultimately be judged : But even the president of the United States Sometimes must have to stand naked These lines seemed particularly prescient when Dylan performed the song on his 1974 tour with the Band , a few months before Richard Nixon resigned as President of the United States as a result of the Watergate crisis . After the song has confronted sex , religion and politics , it ends with the lines : And if my thought - dreams could be seen They 'd probably put my head in a guillotine But it 's alright , Ma , it 's life and life only Dylan 's preoccupations in the lyrics extend beyond socio - political commentary , and touch on urgent matters of personal experience -- the challenge to live and grow in the face of uncertainty . He not busy being born is busy dying Jimmy Carter would later refer to the line in his presidential nomination speech at the 1976 Democratic National Convention , though it addresses matters of the self which supersede politics , in the process displaying certain themes associated with existentialism . Throughout the song , the words pour out quickly , with Dylan barely taking a breath between lines , so that the intricate rhyming structure is often missed : AAAAAB CCCCCB DDDDDB in the verses and AAB in the chorus . Dylan has cited `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' as one of his songs that means the most to him . In 1980 he stated that `` I do n't think I could sit down now and write ' It 's Alright , Ma ' again . I would n't even know where to begin , but I can still sing it . '' In 1997 , Dylan told The New York Times , `` I 've written some songs that I look at , and they just give me a sense of awe . Stuff like , ' It 's Alright , Ma , ' just the alliteration in that blows me away . '' `` It 's Alright Ma '' song has featured in Dylan 's live concerts throughout his long career . Dylan 's website records that , as of March 2015 , the song has been performed 772 times by Dylan in live performance . Concert performances of the songs have been released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall ( recorded on October 31 , 1964 ) , Live 1962 - 1966 : Rare Performances From The Copyright Collections ( recorded on April 30 , 1965 ) , Before the Flood ( recorded on February 14 , 1974 ) and Bob Dylan at Budokan ( recorded on February 28 , 1978 ) . Dylan also played the song on his Rolling Thunder Revue Tour in 1975 and 1976 , as well as on his 1978 tour and his Never Ending Tour from the late 1980s up to the present . Footage of Dylan playing `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' in May 1965 is included in the film Dont Look Back , and a live performance of Dylan playing the song with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on February 25 , 1986 is included in the video of the HBO special Hard to Handle . Dylan also sang this song at his October 16 , 1992 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration at Madison Square Garden , which was released on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album . The studio recording was re-released on the 2008 compilation album Playlist : The Very Best of Bob Dylan ' 60s . Cover versions ( edit ) A widely known cover of `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' is that performed by Roger McGuinn for the soundtrack of the 1969 film , Easy Rider . One of the film 's scriptwriters , the star , Peter Fonda , had originally intended to use Dylan 's version of the song in the film but after failing to secure the appropriate licensing he asked McGuinn to record a cover of it instead . McGuinn 's version of the song included on the Easy Rider soundtrack album , features McGuinn on guitar and vocals , accompanied by his bandmate from The Byrds , Gene Parsons , on harmonica . The Byrds also recorded a version of the song during the 1970 recording sessions for their album ( Untitled ) but it was not included in the final track listing . The Byrds occasionally performed the song in concert during 1970 and a live recording of it , from a March 1 , 1970 appearance at the Felt Forum , was included on the 2000 remaster of the ( Untitled ) album , which was re-titled as ( Untitled ) / ( Unissued ) . This version also appears as a bonus track on the 2002 remastered version of the compilation album , The Byrds Play Dylan , and on the 2006 4 - disc box set There Is a Season . In 1971 , Nannie Parres included `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' on her album I Thought About You and in 1973 Billy Preston included the song on Everybody Likes Some Kind Of Music . Artists who have covered the song since then include Hugo Race , Terence Trent D'Arby , Mick Farren , Caetano Veloso , Marilyn Scott , The Duhks , and Ground Components . In 2014 , Lee Abramson covered `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' on his band 's album Blood . Influence ( edit ) Clinton Heylin , in his biography Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades Revisited , wrote that the recording `` opened up a whole new genre of finger - pointing song , not just for Dylan but for the entire panoply of pop . '' Heylin adds that `` It 's Alright , Ma '' probably contained more `` memorable aphorisms '' than any of Dylan 's songs . One of these lines is `` he not busy being born is busy dying , '' from the song 's second verse , which was used by Jimmy Carter in his 1976 presidential nomination acceptance speech at the Democratic National Convention . During his presidential campaign in 2000 , Al Gore told talk show host Oprah Winfrey that this was his favorite quotation . Writer and journalist Christopher Hitchens quoted from the song 's lyrics in his last article for Vanity Fair , written shortly before his death from esophageal cancer . Hitchens posted at the top of his essay the verse of `` It 's Alright Ma '' that ends with the words `` That he who is not busy being born is busy dying '' . Another memorable line is `` Money does n't talk , it swears , '' which appears in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . In addition , the Columbia Dictionary of Quotations lists this as well as three other lines from the song : `` Although the masters make the rules , for the wisemen and the fools , '' `` But even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked '' and `` Everything from toy guns that spark to flesh - colored Christs that glow in the dark , it 's easy to see without looking too far that not much is really sacred . '' Other well - known lines include `` Propaganda , all is phony '' and `` Advertising signs they con you into thinking you 're the one . '' In a 2005 reader 's poll reported in Mojo magazine , `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' was listed as the # 8 all - time greatest Bob Dylan song , and a similar poll of artists ranked the song at # 21 . In 2002 , Uncut magazine listed it as the # 5 all - time Dylan song . The song was featured in the final episode of The Sopranos . It has also been referenced by other songwriters . For instance , the indie - rocker Stephen Malkmus quotes `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' at the end of his song `` Jo - Jo 's Jacket '' from Malkmus ' debut solo album . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Heylin , Clinton ( 2003 ) . Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades Revisited . New York : HarperCollins Publishers Inc . pp. 169 -- 170 , 717 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052569 - X . ^ Jump up to : Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air . Chicago Review Press . pp. 210 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 843 - 9 . Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 1995 ) . Bob Dylan : The Recording Sessions ( 1960 -- 1994 ) . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15067 - 9 . Jump up ^ Varesi , Anthony ( 2002 ) . The Bob Dylan Albums . Guernica . pp. 51 -- 53 . ISBN 1 - 55071 - 139 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes , Howard ( 2001 ) . Down the Highway : The Life of Bob Dylan . New York : Grove Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1686 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilentz , Sean ( 2010 ) . Bob Dylan in America . Doubleday . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52988 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Nigel ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to Bob Dylan ( 2nd ed . ) . Rough Guides . pp. 224 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 718 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Gill , Andy ( 1998 ) . Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right . Thunder Mountain Press . p. 76 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 185 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Paul ( 1990 ) . Bob Dylan Performing Artist : The Early Years 1960 -- 1973 . Underwood Miller . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 0 - 88733 - 131 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Michael ( 2000 ) . Song and Dance Man III . Continuum . pp. 133 -- 134 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5150 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hinchey , John ( 2002 ) . Like a Complete Unknown . Stealing Home Press . pp. 88 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 9723592 - 0 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Rogovoy , Seth ( 2009 ) . Bob Dylan : Prophet , Mystic , Poet . Scribner . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 5915 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Trager , Oliver ( 2004 ) . Keys to the Rain . Billboard Books . pp. 322 -- 324 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7974 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nogowski , John ( 2008 ) . Bob Dylan : A Descriptive , Critical Discography and Filmography , 1961 -- 2007 ( Second ed . ) . McFarland . pp. 29 , 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3518 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dylan , Bob . `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) lyrics '' . bobdylan.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Alan ( 2007 ) . Rock ' n ' Roll Wisdom : What Psychologically Astute Lyrics Teach about Life and Love ( 1st ed . ) . Wetport , Connecticut ; London : Praeger . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99164 - 7 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy . `` Jimmy Carter : `` Our Nation 's Past and Future '' : Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in New York City -- July 15 , 1976 `` . The American Presidency Project . Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley -- The American Presidency Project . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1997 ) . `` A Wiser Voice Blowin ' In the Autumn Wind '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) '' . bobdylan.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Hard to Handle ( Video ) '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan : 30th Anniversary Celebration '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Rogan , Johnny . ( 1998 ) . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited ( 2nd ed . ) . Rogan House . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` Untitled '' . ByrdWatcher : A Field Guide to the Byrds of Los Angeles . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rogan , Johnny . ( 1998 ) . The Byrds : Timeless Flight Revisited ( 2nd ed . ) . Rogan House . pp. 591 -- 615 . ISBN 0 - 9529540 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Untitled : The Byrds '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : The Byrds '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : Terence Trent D'Arby '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : Mick Farren '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : Caetano Veloso '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : Marilyn Scott '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : The Duhks '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Alright Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) : Grounded Components '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Abramson , Lee . `` It 's Alright , Ma ( I 'm Only Bleeding ) -- Lee Abramson '' . Amazon Music . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave ( May 19 , 1991 ) . `` Out of the 60 's , Into His 50 's '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kranish , Michael ( September 12 , 2000 ) . `` VP cashes in on golden opportunity : ' Oprah ' '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Hitchens Takes on Nietzsche : Am I Really Stronger ? '' . Jump up ^ Search Results for `` Bob Dylan '' . Little Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Dictionary of Quotations . Columbia University Press . pp. 35 , 181 , 598 , 727 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 07194 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mojo : 100 Greatest Dylan Songs '' . Mojo . September 2005 : 54 -- 85 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Uncut -- Top 40 Dylan Tracks '' . Uncut. 2002 : 112 -- 117 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for `` The Sopranos '' Made in America `` . imdb . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Levine , Robert . `` In Brief : Stephen Malkmus '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics to the song at bobdylan.com <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Dylan The Basement Tapes Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 2017 2018 Films Dont Look Back Eat the Document Renaldo and Clara Hard to Handle The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Trouble No More - A Musical Film Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Recording Sessions The Band Traveling Wilburys Electric Dylan controversy Artists who have covered Dylan songs Joan Baez Suze Rotolo The Telegraph magazine Festival Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Hearts of Fire Theme Time Radio Hour Gotta Serve Somebody : The Gospel Songs of Bob Dylan Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Family Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Alright,_Ma_(I%27m_Only_Bleeding)&oldid=853584526 '' Categories : 1965 songs Bob Dylan songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Songs written by Bob Dylan Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Norsk nynorsk Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 20 : 04 ( UTC ) . 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1. Bob Dylan's song "It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)" 2. Lyrics and themes of the song 3. Dylan's live performances of the song 4. Cover versions of the song by other artists 5. Influence and cultural references of the song

what is a code white in a hospital in canada

Hospital emergency codes - wikipedia Hospital emergency codes Jump to : navigation , search Back of a hospital ID badge showing disaster codes . Hospital emergency codes are coded messages often announced over a public address system of a hospital to alert staff to various classes of on - site emergencies . The use of codes is intended to convey essential information quickly and with minimal misunderstanding to staff while preventing stress and panic among visitors to the hospital . Such codes are sometimes posted on placards throughout the hospital or are printed on employee identification badges for ready reference . Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location , even between hospitals in the same community . Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes . In many American , Canadian , and Australian hospitals , for example `` code blue '' indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest , while `` code red '' indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility . In order for a code call to be useful in activating the response of specific hospital personnel to a given situation , it is usually accompanied by a specific location description ( e.g. , `` Code red , Second floor , corridor three , room two - twelve '' ) . Other codes , however , only signal hospital staff generally to prepare for the fallout of some external event such as a natural disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Color code standardization 2 Codes 2.1 Code Blue 2.1. 1 Medical lockdown 2.1. 2 Variations 2.2 `` Doctor '' Codes 2.3 `` Resus '' Codes 3 Codes by emergency 3.1 Active assailant 3.2 Bomb threat 3.3 Cardio - respiratory arrest 3.4 Child abduction / missing person 3.5 Combative person / assault 3.6 Evacuation 3.7 Fire 3.8 Hazardous materials spill / release / decontamination 3.9 Hostage situation 3.10 Internal disaster 3.11 Lockdown / limited access 3.12 Mass - casualty incident / external disaster 3.13 Other patient emergencies 3.14 Severe weather 3.15 Theft / armed robbery 3.16 Total divert 3.17 Other codes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Color code Standardization ( edit ) Australia : Australian hospitals and other buildings are covered by Australian Standard 4083 ( 1997 ) and many are in the process of changing to those standards . Canada : Codes used in British Columbia , prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Health . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Medical lockdown Code Orange : Disaster or Mass Casualties Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Amber : Missing or Abducted Infant or Child Code Black : Bomb Threat Code White : Aggression Code Brown : Hazardous Spill Code Grey : System Failure Code Pink : Pediatric Emergency and / or Obstetrical Emergency Codes in Alberta are prescribed by Alberta Health Services . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency Code Orange : Mass Casualty Incident Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Package Code White : Violence / Agression Code Brown : Chemical Spill / Hazardous Material Code Grey : Shelter in Place / Air Exclusion Code Purple : Hostage Situation In Ontario , a standard emergency response code set by the Ontario Hospital Association is used , with minor variations for some hospitals . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Adult Code Orange : Disaster Code Orange CBRN : CBRN ( Chemical , Biological , Radiological , and Nuclear ) Disaster Code Green : Evacuation ( Precautionary ) Code Green STAT : Evacuation ( Crisis ) Code Yellow : Missing Person Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Object Code White : Violent / Behavioural Situation Code Brown : In - facility Hazardous Spill Code Grey : Infrastructure Loss or Failure Code Grey Button - down : External Air Exclusion Code Pink : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Infant / Child Code Amber ( code purple ) : Missing Child / Child Abduction Code Purple : Hostage Taking / Gang Activity Code Aqua : Flood Code Grey : Infrastructure Loss or Failure Code Grey Button - down : External Air Exclusion United States : In 2000 , the Hospital Association of Southern California ( HASC ) determined that a uniform code system is needed after `` three persons were killed in a shooting incident at an area medical center after the wrong emergency code was called . '' While codes for fire ( red ) and medical emergency ( blue ) were similar in 90 % of California hospitals queried , 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 for combative person . In light of this , HASC published a handbook titled `` Healthcare Facility Emergency Codes : A Guide for Code Standardization '' listing various codes and has strongly urged hospitals to voluntarily implement the revised codes . In 2003 , Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes . In 2008 , the Oregon Association of Hospitals & Health Systems , Oregon Patient Safety Commission , and Washington State Hospital Association formed a taskforce to standardize emergency code calls under the leadership of the Dr. Lawrence Schecter , Chief Medical Officer , Providence Regional Medical Center Everett . After both states had conducted a survey from all hospital members , the taskforce found many hospitals used the same code for fire ( code Red ) ; however , there were tremendous variations existed for codes representing respiratory and cardiac arrest , infant and child abduction , and combative person . After deliberations and decisions , the taskforce suggested the following as the Hospital Emergency Code : Code Blue : Heart or Respiration Stops ( An adult , child , or infant 's heart has stopped or they are not breathing . ) Code Red : Fire Code Orange : Hazardous Spills ( A hazardous material spill or release ; Unsafe exposure to spill . ) Code Silver : Weapon or Hostage Situation Code Grey : Combative Person ( Combative or abusive behavior by patients , families , visitors , staff or physicians ) If a weapon is involved `` CODE SILVER '' should be called . Amber Alert : Infant / Child Abduction Internal Triage : Internal Emergency ( Internal emergency in multiple departments including : Bomb or bomb threat ; Computer network down ; Major plumbing problems ; and Power or telephone outage . ) External Triage : External Disaster ( External emergencies impacting hospital including : Mass casualties ; Severe weather ; Massive power outages ; and Nuclear , biological , and chemical accidents ) Rapid Response Team : Medical Team Needed at Bedside ( A patient 's medical condition is declining and needs an emergency medical team at the bedside ) Prior to heart or respiration stopping Code Clear : Announced when emergency is over In 2015 , the South Carolina Hospital Association formed a work group to develop plain language standardization code recommendations . Abolishing all color codes was suggested . Codes ( edit ) Note : Different codes are used in different hospitals . Code Blue ( edit ) Medical lockdown ( edit ) `` Code Blue '' is generally used to indicate a patient requiring resuscitation or in need of immediate medical attention , most often as the result of a respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest ( by cardiac arrest is nowadays considered to not just mean asystole , the most severe example , but also pulseless electrical activity ( PEA ) , coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation ( VF or V - fib ) , or unstable irregular ventricular tachycardia ( VT or V - tach ) - some of these lethal , non-circulating arrhythmias are shockable by a defibrillator , some are not and are primarily treated by epinephrine and similar drugs ) . When called overhead , the page takes the form of `` Code Blue , ( floor ) , ( room ) '' to alert the resuscitation team where to respond . Every hospital , as a part of its disaster plans , sets a policy to determine which units provide personnel for code coverage . In theory any medical professional may respond to a code , but in practice the team makeup is limited to those with advanced cardiac life support or other equivalent resuscitation training . Frequently these teams are staffed by physicians ( from anesthesia and internal medicine in larger medical centers or the Emergency physician in smaller ones ) , respiratory therapists , pharmacists , and nurses . A code team leader will be a physician in attendance on any code team ; this individual is responsible for directing the resuscitation effort and is said to `` run the code '' . This phrase was coined at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City , Kansas . The term `` code '' by itself is commonly used by medical professionals as a slang term for this type of emergency , as in `` calling a code '' or describing a patient in arrest as `` coding '' or `` coded '' . Australian Standard Californian Standard In some hospitals or other medical facilities , the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a patient in cardiac arrest , a practice known as `` slow code '' , or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the patient 's family , a practice known as `` show code '' . Such practices are ethically controversial , and are banned in some jurisdictions . Variations ( edit ) `` Plan Blue '' was used at St. Vincent 's Hospital in New York City to indicate arrival of a trauma patient so critically injured that even the short delay of a stop in the ER for evaluation could be fatal ; the `` Plan Blue '' was called out to alert the surgeon on call to go immediately to the ER entrance and take the patient for immediate surgery . This was illustrated in an episode of Trauma : Life in the ER , entitled `` West Side Stories '' . `` Doctor '' codes ( edit ) `` Doctor '' codes are often used in hospital settings for announcements over a general loudspeaker or paging system that might cause panic or endanger a patient 's privacy . Most often , `` Doctor '' codes take the form of `` Paging Dr. Sinclair '' , where the doctor 's `` name '' is a code word for a dangerous situation or a patient in crisis . In Johnny Mnemonic It was explained by Spider ( Henry Rollins ) that the doctor 's name was `` Dr. Allcome '' . e.g. : `` Paging Doctor Firestone , third floor , '' to indicate a possible fire in the location specified . `` Paging Dr. Stork '' normally indicates that a woman is in labor and needs immediate assistance . `` Resus '' codes ( edit ) Specific to emergency medicine , incoming patients in immediate danger of life or limb , whether presenting via ambulance or walk - in triage , are paged locally within the emergency department as `` Resus '' ( ri : səs ) codes . These codes indicate the type of emergency ( general medical , trauma , cardiopulmonary or neurological ) and type of patient ( adult or pediatric ) . An estimated time of arrival may be included , or `` now '' if the patient is already in the department . The patient is transported to the nearest open trauma bay or evaluation room , and is immediately attended by a designated team of physicians and nurses for purposes of immediate stabilization and treatment . Codes by emergency ( edit ) Active assailant ( edit ) Code Silver : Providence Medical Center , Dominion Hospital Bomb threat ( edit ) Code Black : UnityPoint Health ( Formerly known as Iowa Health System ) Code Yellow : HASC Code Yellow : Reported Bomb Threat ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code 10 : Stanford University Medical Center ( old system ) , Scripps Healthcare San Diego Code Black : Standard government reporting code . Markham Stouffville Hospital , University of Chicago Medicine , Ohio State University Medical Center , Alberta , Quebec and Ontario hospitals , Cheyenne Regional Medical Center Cheyenne , Wyoming and HealthPartners Regions Hospital St. Paul , MN Code Blue : Some schools in Western New York and in schools in Volusia County , Florida Code 100 : Heartland Regional Medical Center Code Purple : by Telephone , Mail , Person on Site . Australian Standard Code Orange : Oakwood Healthcare Code B : Superstition Mountain Mental Health Center ( SMMHC , Inc . ) Code Grey : Bronson Methodist Hospital Code White : Mercy Hospital , Oklahoma City , OK Operation 005 : Baptist Health Floyd , New Albany , IN Cardio - respiratory arrest ( edit ) Code Blue ( Child ) -- Cardio - Respiratory Arrest Age > 30 days to 13 years in Ontario Code Pink -- Cardio - Respiratory Arrest Neonatal Age < 30 days in Ontario Code Blue : Cardio - respiratory arrest or medical emergency for Adult ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code Pink -- Used as cardiac arrest in an infant at Miami Valley Hospital in Dayton . Code White - Neonatal : Cardio - respiratory arrest or medical emergency for < 28 days ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code White - Pediatric : Cardio - respiratory arrest or medical emergency for > 28 days ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code Blue - Pediatric : Pediatric cardio - respiratory arrest HealthPartners Regions Hospital Code Blue - Adult : Adult cardio - respiratory arrest HealthPartners Regions Hospital Medical Team / Pediatric Medical Team -- Cardio - Respiratory arrest in an adult / child ( South Nassau Communities Hospital , Oceanside , NY ) Code 10 : cardio pulmonary arrest Cardiac Alert : cardio pulmonary arrest ( Hartford Hospital , Connecticut ) Dr Quick : cardio pulmonary arrest ( New Britain General , Connecticut ) `` 99 '' : Cardiopulmonary Arrest ( Health Sciences Centre , Winnipeg , Manitoba , CANADA ) CPR Team : cardiopulmonary arrest ( Beaumont Health , Detroit , MI ) Child abduction / missing person ( edit ) Amber Alert and Code Adam , both well - known public announcements to denote missing or abducted children , have gained traction in hospital usage since 2000 . Used at Miami Valley Hospital . Code Pink can denote child or infant abduction . Used at Northside Hospital in Atlanta , Cedars - Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles , Carolinas Healthcare System in North Carolina , University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston , Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston , Winchester Hospital in Winchester , Massachusetts , Marin General Hospital in Greenbrae , CA , Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital , Regions Hospital , Cheyenne Regional Medical Center , Oregon Health and Science University in Portland , Oregon , and Seattle Children 's . Included in HASC recommendation for Infant Abduction . Code Purple was sometimes also used for Child Abduction when Code Pink is specifically for infant abduction . Included in HASC recommendation for Child Abduction . Code Gold : Calgary Health Region Code Amber : Alberta health regions and Ontario Code Nap : Used at some rural Iowa hospitals . Code Rainbow : University of California at Davis Medical Center Code Stork : Health Partners Regions Hospital Code Black : Heartland Regional Medical Center Code Purple : UnityPoint Health ( Formerly known as Iowa Health System ) Code Walker ( Oregon Health and Science University in Portland , Oregon ) for a cognitively impaired individual who has wandered away from a clinical area . Code Yellow -- Missing Patient / Infant Abduction in Ontario Code Alert : Infant Abduction Baptist Health Floyd , New Albany , IN Combative person / assault ( edit ) Code Green : UnityPoint Health ( Formerly known as Iowa Health System ) Code North : Stanford University Medical Center Code Gray : Angry / Violent patient or visitor ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code Grey : Combative Person with no weapon ( HASC ) Code Silver : Combative Person with a weapon ( HASC ) Code Black : Personal Attack ( Australian Standard Code ) Code White : Violent Patient ( Markham Stouffville Hospital ) , Quebec and Ontario Code Atlas : Virginia Healthcare System Security Stat : Heartland Regional Medical Center `` Mr. or Dr. Strong '' to ( location ) , at other hospitals ( Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY -- Also Code 5 ) `` Dr. Heavy '' to ( location ) , at other hospitals ( Nassau University Medical Center , Nassau , NY , Mather Hospital , Suffolk , NY ) `` Dr. Armstrong '' to ( location ) , at other hospitals Code Yellow : Cheyenne Regional Medical Center Yellow Alert : Health Partners Regions Hospital Code 21 : University of Minnesota Medical Center , Fairview , UofM Amplatz Children 's Code Violet : Nationwide Children 's Hospital , Miami Valley Hospital Code Purple : Seattle Children 's Code Secure : Security needed to deal with a combative patient or family member . BERT / BERT Strong : Behavioral emergency response team / Behavioral emergency response team when person becomes violent ( Dominion Hospital , Falls Church , VA ) Evacuation ( edit ) Code White : Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center in U.S Code Orange : Australian Standard . Code Green : Mercy Hospital , Oklahoma City , OK Code Green : Quebec and Ontario Under the HASC Emergency Code System , evacuation would be included in an Emergency Alert , Code Triage . Fire ( edit ) Usually Code Red . Australian Standard . California Standard . Joint Commission standard . Ontario Hospital Association color code standard Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital Dr. Red Cheyenne Regional Medical Center El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA Oregon Health and Science University in Portland , Oregon Long Grass Health Partners Regions Hospital Sometimes Dr. Red , Dr. Pyro , or Dr. Firestone . Sometimes `` Evacuation Bell '' Code F ( University of Michigan Hospitals ) Red Alert ( Beaumont Health , Detroit , MI ) Hazardous materials spill / release / decontamination ( edit ) Code Orange : Nationwide Children 's Hospital , El Camino Hospital ( Mountain View , CA ) , Seattle Children 's Code Brown : Ontario Hostage situation ( edit ) Code Silver -- Person with a weapon / hostage situation ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code Purple -- Hostage in Ontario Code Siege -- Carilion Clinic Hospitals Internal disaster ( edit ) Code Green : Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center . Code Grey : University Health Network , Toronto Code Yellow : Stanford University Medical Center ( old system ) , Australian Standard , Mercy Hospital ( Oklahoma City , OK ) Code Triage -- Internal : HASC , El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA Code Orange : Hazardous Materials spill ( El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA ) Code 4 : Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY Code Alert sometimes denotes disaster . Code Brown -- Internal Crisis / Hazardous Spill in Ontario / e.g. Sewer backup and overflow . Dr. Whitestone : Internal Disaster Baptist Health Floyd , New Albany , IN Lockdown / limited access ( edit ) Lima Delta : UnityPoint Health ( Formerly known as Iowa Health System ) Code Orange : Ontario Used in Ontario hospitals to indicate an external disaster with mass casualties , CBRNE and Pandemic . Lockdown or controlled facility access is often used as part of the response . Volunteers , Families and Students were denied access during SARS Outbreak of 2003 . Code Red : Most commonly used by schools to indicate that a dangerous and / or harmful person is on campus . Code Silver : Carilion Clinic Hospitals Code Yellow ( Fort Pierce , Florida ) Mass - casualty incident / external disaster ( edit ) Code Brown An Australian standard code used to describe any outside of the hospital incident such as loss of power , communications , a natural disaster ( such as flood or bushfire ) that threatens to overwhelm or disrupt a hospital or health service capability with large numbers of casualties . Code Yellow : Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Nationwide Children 's Hospital `` MASCAL '' may also be used Code 10 , Code 20 , or Code 99 : Heartland Regional Medical Center , Brookdale Hospital Code Orange : Calgary Health Region , Quebec and Ontario Code Triage : Scripps Healthcare San Diego ; Hoag Hospital Newport Beach ; Seton Medical Center , Daly City , California ; El Camino Hospital , Mountain View , CA . Code 1000 : Fletcher Allen Medical Center ; Burlington , VT Code Orange : Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital Code Orange : Cheyenne Regional Medical Center Orange Alert : Health Partners Regions Hospital Code 7 : Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY ( aka External Disaster ) Mr. Victor Charlie : MVC - Multiple Vehicle Collision , Ottawa Emergency Services and First Responders ( prepare for Code Orange ) Dr. Redstone : External Disaster Baptist Health Floyd , New Albany , IN Other patient emergencies ( edit ) Code Brain : Possible stroke or CVA patient : Used by many facilities with stroke center certification to indicate for critical care nurses and doctors to respond as well as for CT scan techs and radiologists to be ready to scan and read . Code Heart : Used to indicate a patient who is experiencing an acute cardiac event such as an MI . Code Heart is generally used to assemble a team of critical care nurses and doctors to stabilize the patient as well as mobilizing a cath lab team if necessary . Code Rapid Response : Used in many facilities with a rapid response system in place to call for response by a rapid response team : generally made up of nurses , respiratory therapists , lab techs and sometimes doctors who respond to a patients bedside and intervene to prevent a patient from escalating to Code Blue . Code Rapid Response is generally called when there is a change in the patients mental status or vital signs as well as when a patient begins seizing . In most facilities with a rapid response team in place , the code can be called by anyone such as concerned staff member or family member . Code Sepsis : This code is called whenever there is a patient who is in or is in danger of entering septic shock . Severe weather ( edit ) Code Brown : Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Code Black : Mercy Health Center ( Oklahoma City ) ; Norman Regional Hospital ( Norman ) ; Denton Regional Medical Center ; Iowa Health System ( Severe Warning ) ; Parkland Hospital ( Dallas ) Code Gray : Cook Children 's Medical Center , Fort Worth , TX ; Iowa Health System ( Severe Watch ) ; St. John 's Regional Medical Center , Joplin , MO ; Miami Valley Hospital ( Tornado Warning ) Code Yellow : Heartland Regional Medical Center Code Green : Schools in Volusia County , Florida Code White : schools in Morgan County , West Virginia Code Purple : Schools in Berkeley County , West Virginia Theft / armed robbery ( edit ) Code Amber : Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center ; New Jersey Hospital Association Total Divert ( edit ) A status sometimes called `` Critical Care Bypass '' ( Ontario ) , `` Total Divert '' , `` triage situation '' , `` Saturation Alert '' or `` High Occupancy '' ( University of Michigan Health System ) . Generally used by hospitals as a status indicator for EMS / ambulance services denoting that the issuing ER / trauma facility has reached maximum patient capacity and should not receive any more new patients if at all possible . A variation on `` Total Divert '' , called `` Bypass '' , is used at many U.S. hospitals to indicate emergency facilities at or over maximum capacity ; this variation was featured in the `` Road Warriors '' episode of Trauma : Life in the E.R. . As explained by a trauma nurse in the episode , the status change does not always keep new patients from arriving . Can be denoted as Code Purple or Code Yellow in some hospitals . The Joint Commission status is called `` on diversion '' ( for a class of patients ) and `` total diversion '' ( not receiving any patient ) , referring to diversionary contracts required by EMTALA . Other codes ( edit ) Code Black -- An influx of patients so great that a hospital does n't have the resources to handle them ( mostly caused by major disasters such as a fire injuring many victims ) . Code Omega -- Life - Threatening Blood Loss . Used in Ontario Code Omega -- ( Obstetrics ) Life Threatening Blood Loss in a Peri-Partum Woman . Used in Ontario Gold Alert -- Unstable Patient ( s ) with Multiple System Trauma en route . Kentucky . Code 33 -- Obstetrical Crisis in Ontario Code 99 -- Stroke Patient ( Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital ) Incoming Code 99 -- Stroke patient arriving by ambulance or helicopter ( Park Nicollet Methodist Hospital ) Trauma Alert ( Level 1 or 2 , or Full or Partial ) -- Trauma Patient ( s ) en route . Code Roscoe -- Active Shooter / Armed Intruder ( Mercy Hospital , Oklahoma City , OK ) Code Yellow : Standby status means the hospital has been contacted about a `` possible '' incident in the community . Alert status means that the incident `` has '' occurred . Used at : Miami Valley Hospital . Dr Gottaway : Dr Jane Gottaway / Dr Joe Gottaway -- pt elopement ( male vs female ) `` ( service ( respiratory , surgery , etc . ) 25 '' : Medical Emergency ( Health Sciences Centre , Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) See also ( edit ) Inspector Sands , code used over PA system in British public transport to indicate a serious situation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : AS 4083 - 1997 Planning for emergencies - Health care facilities Jump up ^ `` BC Standardized Hospital Colour Codes '' ( PDF ) . Victoria , BC : British Columbia Ministry of Health . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AHS Emergency / Disaster Management '' ( PDF ) . Edmonton , AB : Alberta Health Services . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OHA Emergency Management Toolkit '' ( PDF ) . Toronto , ON : Ontario Hospital Association . 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North York General Hospital -- Emergency Preparedness '' . nygh.on.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Emergency Codes '' . sunnybrook.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` LISTSERV 16.0 -- Archives -- Error '' . buffalo.edu . Jump up ^ California Healthcare Association News Briefs July 12 , 2002Vol. 35 No. 27 Jump up ^ DSD.state.md.us Jump up ^ `` Standardization Emergency Codes Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . October 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Poster Emergency Code Call '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . January 2009 . Retrieved http://www.wsha.org/wp-content/uploads/Standardization_PosterEmergencyCodeCallsAA.pdf . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Plain Language Emergency Codes Implementation Tool Kit '' ( PDF ) . South Carolina Hospital Association . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unplugged '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Slow Codes , Show Codes and Death '' . The New York Times . 22 August 1987 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Judith A. ; Miller , Scott ; Ozanich , Evelyn ; Yancich , Lynne M. ( November 1999 ) . `` ' Slow ' Code : Perspectives of a Physician and Critical Care Nurse '' . Critical Care Nursing Quarterly . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 22 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 99 . ISSN 1550 - 5111 . doi : 10.1097 / 00002727 - 199911000 - 00014 . Jump up ^ Providence Medical Center April 2013 Jump up ^ `` Hospital Emergency Codes -- Hospital Association of Southern California ( HASC ) '' . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://facultyfiles.deanza.edu/gems/oneillpatricia/ECHClinicalStudentOrientatio.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.grhc.org.au/document-library/doc_download/850-code-brown-template-july-2014 Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Tornadoes Tear Through Dallas -- ABC News '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Emergency department overcrowding : ambulance diversion and the legal duty to care '' . cmaj.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Code Red / Code Blue / Code whatever ... what do you have / what are they for ? '' . allnurses.com . External links ( edit ) Codes Listing , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Stanford Medical Codes ( HASC based scheme ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_emergency_codes&oldid=803945303 '' Categories : Hospitals Medical terminology Emergency communication Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本 語 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Hospital emergency codes 2. Code Blue 3. Code Red 4. Standardization of emergency codes 5. Active assailant emergency code

who was the man in charge of the british committee of evacuation

Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II - wikipedia Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II Jump to : navigation , search The UK Ministry of Health advertised the evacuation programme through posters , among other means . The poster depicted here was used in the London Underground . The evacuation of civilians in Britain during the Second World War was designed to protect people , especially children , from the risks associated with aerial bombing of cities by moving them to areas thought to be less at risk . Operation Pied Piper , which began on 1 September 1939 , officially relocated more than 3.5 million people . There were further waves of official evacuation and re-evacuation from the south and east coasts in June 1940 , when a seaborne invasion was expected , and from affected cities after the Blitz began in September 1940 . There were also official evacuations from the UK to other parts of the British Empire , and many non-official evacuations within and from the UK . Other mass movements of civilians included British citizens arriving from the Channel Islands , and displaced people arriving from continental Europe . Child evacuees from Bristol arriving at Brent in Devon in 1940 The Government Evacuation Scheme was developed during summer 1938 by the Anderson Committee and implemented by the Ministry of Health . The country was divided into zones , classified as either `` evacuation '' , `` neutral '' , or `` reception '' , with priority evacuees being moved from the major urban centres and billeted on the available private housing in more rural areas . Each zone covered roughly a third of the population , although several urban areas later bombed had not been classified for evacuation . In early 1939 , the reception areas compiled lists of available housing . Space was found for about 2000 people , and the government also constructed camps which provided a few thousand additional spaces . In summer 1939 , the government began to publicise its plan through the local authorities . They had overestimated demand : only half of all school - aged children were moved from the urban areas instead of the expected 80 % . There was enormous regional variation : as few as 15 % of the children were evacuated from some urban areas , while over 60 % of children were evacuated from Manchester , Belfast and Liverpool . The refusal of the central government to spend large sums on preparation also reduced the effectiveness of the plan . In the event over 1,474,000 people were evacuated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evacuation 1.1 Evacuation Centres 1.2 Overseas Evacuation 2 Other evacuations 3 Cultural impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Evacuation ( edit ) Evacuees from Bristol boarding a bus at Kingsbridge in Devon en route to their billets in 1940 Evacuees in Montgomeryshire , 1939 Almost 3.75 million people were displaced , with around a third of the entire population experiencing some effects of the evacuation . In the first three days of official evacuation , 1.5 million people were moved : 827,000 children of school age ; 524,000 mothers and young children ( under 5 ) ; 13,000 pregnant women ; 70,000 disabled people and over 103,000 teachers and other ' helpers ' . Children were parted from their parents . Goods as well as people were evacuated . Art treasures were sent to distant storage : The National Gallery collection spent the war at the Manod Quarry near Ffestiniog , North Wales . The Bank of England moved to the small town of Overton , Hampshire and in 1939 -- 40 moved 2,154 tons of gold to the vaults of the Bank of Canada in Ottawa . The BBC moved variety production to Bristol and Bedford and moved senior staff to Wood Norton near Evesham , Worcestershire . Many senior Post Office staff were relocated to Harrogate . Some private companies moved head offices or their most vital records to comparative safety away from major cities . Government functions were also evacuated . Under `` Plan Yellow '' , some 23,000 civil servants and their paperwork were dispatched to available hotels in the better coastal resorts and spa towns . Other hotels were requisitioned and emptied for a possible last - ditch `` Black Move '' should London be destroyed or threatened by invasion . Under this plan , the nucleus of government would relocate to the West Midlands -- the War Cabinet and ministers would move to Hindlip Hall , Bevere House and Malvern College near Worcester and Parliament to Stratford - upon - Avon . Winston Churchill was to relocate to Spetchley Park whilst King George VI and other members of the royal family would take up residence at Madresfield Court near Malvern . In Manchester children were dispatched from Piccadilly train station . St James ' School , Gorton sent children aged 5 to 14 to areas such as Hazel Grove near Stockport ( 9 miles away ) . In one case , a mother with her two youngest children were separated from the rest of their family and sent to Blackpool ( 52 miles away ) , where she gave birth to a girl at the Hydro Hotel . The family were separated for about two years , with communications only by letters , which were often not passed on to the children . Some strained areas took the children into local schools by adopting the World War I expedient of `` double shift education '' -- taking twice as long but also doubling the number taught . The movement of teachers also meant that almost a million children staying home had no source of education . Evacuation centres ( edit ) Marchant 's Hill School was an evacuation camp of wooden buildings built at Hindhead in Surrey . This is the dining hall in use in 1944 . In 1939 the British Government passed the Camps Act 1939 which established the National Camps Corporation as a body to design and build residential camps for young people , which could provide opportunities for outdoor learning and also act as evacuation centres in the event of war . The architect T.S. Tait was responsible for the design of the buildings , which included accommodation for over 200 children and staff , recreational halls , wash blocks and a dining hall / kitchen complex . These camps were replicated in over thirty different rural locations around the country . During the war years , they acted as safe refuges for city children . After the war the ownership of the sites was transferred to the local authorities . Over the years most of these sites have been lost , but the best preserved example today is Sayers Croft at Ewhurst , Surrey . The dining hall and kitchen complex is protected as a Grade II listed building because of the importance of Tait 's work , and because of the painted murals depicting the life of the many evacuees . Overseas evacuation ( edit ) The Children 's Overseas Reception Board ( CORB ) approved 24,000 children for evacuation overseas . Between June and September 1940 , 1,532 children were evacuated to Canada , mainly through the Pier 21 immigration terminal ; 577 to Australia ; 353 to South Africa and 202 to New Zealand . The scheme was cancelled after the City of Benares was torpedoed on 17 September 1940 , killing 77 of the 90 CORB children aboard . However , in 1940 and 1941 about 14,000 children were evacuated privately to overseas relatives or foster families , including 6,000 to Canada and 5,000 to the United States . Other evacuations ( edit ) Some parents who missed their children were tempted to bring them back from evacuation . This Ministry of Health poster was published to discourage them . A second evacuation effort started during and after the fall of France . From 13 to 18 June 1940 , around 100,000 children were evacuated ( in many cases re-evacuated ) . Efforts were made to remove the vulnerable from coastal towns in southern and eastern England facing German - controlled areas . By July , over 200,000 children had been moved ; some towns in Kent and East Anglia evacuated over 40 % of the population . Also , some 30,000 people arrived from continental Europe and from 20 to 24 June 25,000 people arrived from the Channel Islands . One of the speediest moves was accomplished by the London , Midland and Scottish Railway when it transferred its headquarters out of London . The company took over The Grove , on the estate of the Earl of Clarendon in Hertfordshire . This was made ready as offices and a number of huts built in the surrounding park . On 1 September 1939 , it was decided to move in and the transfer was completed before war was declared two days later . Within three days some 3,000 of the staff were based at the new headquarters . Men of German ( and later Italian ) origin were interned from 12 May 1940 . Many interned were refugees from Nazi Germany . By July , almost all of these men under 70 were held in military camps , mainly on the Isle of Man . At first , unnecessary mistreatment was common , but conditions soon improved . For many interned persons , conditions in the camps were not especially unpleasant . Evacuee children returning to Southampton from Australia aboard the troop ship Andes in September 1945 . Note the wartime anti-aircraft gun mount in the background . When the Blitz began in September 1940 , there were clear grounds for evacuation . Free travel and billeting allowance were offered to those who made private arrangements . They were also given to children , the elderly , the disabled , pregnant women , the ill and those who had lost their homes ( some 250,000 in the first six weeks in London ) . By the combination of all the state and private efforts , London 's population was reduced by almost 25 % . As bombing affected more towns , `` assisted private evacuation '' was extended . London proved resilient to bombing despite the heavy bombardment . The destruction in the smaller towns was more likely to provoke panic and spontaneous evacuations . The number of official evacuees rose to a peak of 1.37 million by February 1941 . By September , it stood at just over one million . By the end of 1943 , there were just 350,000 people officially billeted . Still , the V - 1 flying bomb attacks from June 1944 provoked another significant exodus from London . Up to 1.5 million people left by September -- only 20 % were `` official '' evacuees . From September 1944 , the evacuation process was officially halted and reversed for most areas except for London and the East coast . Returning to London was not officially approved until June 1945 . In March 1946 , the billeting scheme was ended , with 38,000 people still without homes . Cultural impact ( edit ) Evacuee children on a haycart at Chapel Cleeve , Somerset in 1942 This stained glass window by Michael Stokes , in All Saints church , Sudbury , Derbyshire , was a gift from former Manchester evacuees to the community where they were looked after during the war The movement of urban children of all classes to unfamiliar rural locations , without their parents , had a major impact . The Evacuees Reunion Association was formed with the support of the Imperial War Museum . It provides opportunities for former evacuees to contribute and share evacuation experiences and for researchers to request information such as the long - term effects of evacuation upon children . The evacuation spawned a whole literature of children 's and young adult fiction . The convenience of the setting for the writer is clear , allowing the child heroes to have adventures in a strange , new world . Some of the authors , like Nina Bawden , had themselves experienced evacuation . Kitty Barne 's Carnegie Medal - winning Visitors from London ( 1940 ) is an early novel about evacuees , set in Sussex . In Richmal Crompton 's William and the Evacuees ( 1940 ) , William Brown is envious of the special treats the evacuees receive and organizes an ' evacuation ' of the village children . In C.S. Lewis 's novel , The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) , the Pevensie children are evacuated from London to the stately manor that contains the wardrobe portal to Narnia . It is never stated in which part of England the house was situated . William Golding 's novel , Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) , is about a planeful of evacuating children who are shot down over a tropical island . Michael Bond 's beloved children 's book character , Paddington Bear ( 1958 ) , is an anthropomorphised orphan bear , who -- having stowed away from `` Darkest Peru '' -- is found by a family at Paddington railway station in London , sitting on his suitcase with a note attached to his coat that reads , `` Please look after this bear . Thank you . '' Bond has said that his memories of newsreels showing trainloads of child evacuees leaving London during WWII , with labels around their necks and their possessions in small suitcases , prompted him to do the same for Paddington . Nina Bawden 's novel , Carrie 's War ( 1973 ) , is about Carrie and Nick , who encounter different religions when they are evacuated to Wales . Noel Streatfeild 's novel , When the Sirens Wailed ( 1974 ) , is about three evacuees and covers issues like rations for evacuees , relationship between evacuees and townspeople , and the problems encountered by those who stayed behind . Michael Morpurgo 's novel , Friend or Foe ( 1977 ) , is about two evacuees who befriend the crew of a crashed German bomber hiding on Dartmoor . Diana Wynne Jones 's novel , A Tale of Time City ( 1987 ) begins with the main character , Vivian , being evacuated from London . Jones herself was evacuated to Wales in 1939 . Michelle Magorian 's novel , Goodnight Mister Tom ( 1981 ) , tells the story of the evacuee Willie Beech and elderly Thomas Oakley with whom he is billeted . It was made into a TV film starring John Thaw as Mr Tom . In the Disney sequel to Peter Pan , Return to Neverland , Wendy Darling 's children Jane and Daniel are to prepare for evacuation before Jane is kidnapped by Captain Hook . The introduction to the movie details about the evacuation order and how children need Peter Pan now more than ever . Kit Pearson 's Guests of War trilogy , beginning with The Sky Is Falling ( 1989 ) , chronicles the story of ten - year - old Norah Stoakes and her younger brother Gavin , who are evacuated to Toronto . Boys from Rotherhithe Nautical School in Bermondsey doing boat drill at Ferryside in Carmarthenshire in 1940 Novels for adults featuring evacuation and evacuees are : Put Out More Flags by Evelyn Waugh , in which Waugh 's anti-hero Basil Seal uses his position as Billeting Officer to extort bribes ( for moving disruptive children elsewhere ) from hapless and reluctant hosts . Noel Streatfeild 's adult novel Saplings ( 1945 ) Connie Willis 's two - volume novel , Blackout / All Clear ( 2010 ) has extensive chapters about a time travelling character from the future , a historian named Merope ( she takes on the persona of Eileen O'Reilly , an Irish maid ) , who intends to study the impact of evacuation on the children . When she becomes stranded in the past , she eventually adopts two bratty children to raise herself . Non-fiction : Out of Harm 's Way by Jessica Mann ( Headline Publishers 2005 ) tells the story of the overseas evacuation of children from Britain in the Second World War . In Pam Hobbs 's memoir Do n't Forget to Write : the true story of an evacuee and her family ( 2009 ) , a 10 - year - old is evacuated in 1940 from Leigh - on - Sea , Essex to Derbyshire , where she lives with a number of families and encounters a range of receptions from love to outright hostility -- and enormous cultural differences . Alan Derek Clifton published his memories of being evacuated to Northern Rhodesia in 1940 in the book entitled , From Cockney to Colonial ( And Back Again ) ( 2010 ) . Ben Wicks 's No Time to Wave Goodbye and The Day They Took the Children , The Story of evacuation for many in England , complete with letters home from children Other : Stephen Poliakoff 's television drama , Perfect Strangers ( 2001 ) , includes a lengthy flashback of two evacuated sisters who leave the family they are sent to and live as wild children in the woods for the remainder of the war . In the movie , Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) , the evacuated children are taken in by a good witch - in - training . In the movie , The Woman in Black 2 : Angel of Death ( 2014 ) , the major plot of the film involves a headmistress and a teacher evacuating a group of children out of London . One of the children lost his parents in a Blitz . See also ( edit ) Girls from Notre Dame High School in Battersea bathing in the River Towy at Llandovery , Carmarthenshire in 1940 World War II portal Battle of Britain British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War Children 's Overseas Reception Board Evacuations of children in Germany during World War II Evacuations of civilians in Japan during World War II The Government Evacuation Scheme Kindertransport Evacuation of civilians from the Channel Islands in 1940 Q Camp : experimental children 's community References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Evacuation '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hidden treasures '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Canada Releases Interim Report 1997 -- Press Releases -- Publications and Research -- Bank of Canada '' . Bank of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of England Archive : Records On Wartime Gold Transactions '' . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . 17 November 1997 . Archived from the original on 8 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Subterranea Britannica : Wood Norton Hall ^ Jump up to : Cox , Noel ( 1998 ) . `` The Continuity of Government in the face of enemy -- the British experience , part 1 '' . Forts and Works . 6 : 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Noel ( 1999 ) . `` The Continuity of Government in the face of enemy attack -- the British experience , part 2 '' . Forts and Works . 7 : 11 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` Where did the government go ? '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Neil ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Madresfield Court : The King 's redoubt if Hitler called '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Riley , Joan ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . The Age of Innocence : Memoirs of Wartime England . True Stories . Jump up ^ National Archives . `` Camps Act '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Calder , Angus ( 1969 ) . The People 's War : Britain 1939 -- 45 . London : Jonathan Cape . p. 139 . ISBN 0712652841 . Jump up ^ Williams , Michael ( 2013 ) . Steaming to Victory : How Britain 's Railways Won the War . New York and London : Preface Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 1848093144 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Emma ( 13 February 2012 ) . `` Paddington Bear ' inspired by evacuees ' says author Bond '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chrestomanci Castle : Something About the author '' . Diana Wynne Jones . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Further reading ( edit ) Johnson , Derek E ( 1985 ) . Exodus of Children : Story of the Evacuation , 1939 -- 45 . Clacton - on - Sea : Pennyfarthing Publications . ISBN 0 - 9500031 - 1 - 5 . Parsons M. ( ed ) Children . The Invisible Victims of War ... DSM Oct. 2008 ISBN 0954722949 Parsons M. War Child . Children Caught in Conflict . History Press . Jan 08 ISBN 9780752442938 Parsons M. Manchester Evacuation . The Exception to the Rule . DSM publishing . April 2004 ISBN 0954722906 Parsons M. ' I 'll take that one ! ' Dispelling the Myths of Civilian Evacuation in the UK during World War Two . 290pp Beckett Karlson . Dec. 1998 . ISBN 1 901292037 . Parsons M. Waiting to go home ! . Beckett Karlson . August 1999 . ISBN 0953651606 Parsons M & Starns P . ' The Evacuation . The true Story ' October 1999 . DSM & BBC . ISBN 0953651614 ( 50 % ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to British evacuees in the Second World War . BBC BBC People 's War -- Yvonne Devereux ' Evacuated to Canada ' How We Lived Then -- extract from Norman Longmate book CLUTCH Club History Learning Site Lecture transcript on Operation Pied Piper , 31 May 2006 The Evacuees Reunion Association Watch the documentary Children from Overseas online Read Luck of the Irish by Ronnie Carroll , a distressing story being a London evacuee Operation Pied Piper <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Blitz Towns and Cities Barrow Bath Belfast Birmingham Brighton Bristol Cardiff Clydebank Coventry Greenock Hull Leeds Liverpool London Manchester Newcastle Norwich Nottingham Plymouth Sheffield Southampton Swansea Related topics Air - raid shelter Anderson shelter Morrison shelter Battle of the Beams Blackout Baedeker Blitz Evacuation of civilians Starfish ( decoy ) sites Organisations Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom Anti-Aircraft Command American Ambulance Great Britain Auxiliary Fire Service Civil Defence Service National Fire Service War Damage Commission Women 's Voluntary Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II&oldid=817811418 '' Categories : Battle of Britain The Blitz Evacuations Politics of World War II United Kingdom home front during World War II Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2016 Use British English from November 2016 Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 18 : 56 . 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1. Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II 2. Operation Pied Piper 3. Government Evacuation Scheme 4. Overseas evacuation 5. Cultural impact of evacuation

how did the great compromise solve the problem of representation

Connecticut Compromise - wikipedia Connecticut Compromise This article is about the agreement sometimes referred to as the Great Compromise . For the song by John Prine , see The Great Compromise ( song ) . The Connecticut Compromise ( also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise ) was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution . It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman , along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house , but required the upper house to be weighted equally among the states . Each state would have two representatives in the upper house . Contents 1 Context 2 The Compromise 3 Aftermath 4 See also 5 References Context On May 29 , 1787 , Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature . Under his proposal , membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population ; however , candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state . Candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house . This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan . Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states . Many delegates also felt that the Convention did not have the authority to completely scrap the Articles of Confederation , as the Virginia Plan would have . In response , on June 15 , 1787 , William Paterson of the New Jersey delegation proposed a legislature consisting of a single house . Each state was to have equal representation in this body , regardless of population . The New Jersey Plan , as it was called , would have left the Articles of Confederation in place , but would have amended them to somewhat increase Congress 's powers . At the time of the convention , the South was growing more quickly than the North , and Southern states had the most extensive Western claims . South Carolina , North Carolina , and Georgia were small in the 1780s , but they expected growth , and thus favored proportional representation . New York was one of the largest states at the time , but two of its three representatives ( Alexander Hamilton being the exception ) supported an equal representation per state , as part of their desire to see maximum autonomy for the states . ( The two representatives other than Hamilton had left the convention before the representation issue was resolved , leaving Hamilton , and New York State , without a vote . ) James Madison and Hamilton were two of the leaders of the proportional representation group . Madison argued that a conspiracy of large states against the small states was unrealistic as the large states were so different from each other . Hamilton argued that the states were artificial entities made up of individuals , and accused small state representatives of wanting power , not liberty ( see History of the United States Senate ) . For their part , the small state representatives argued that the states were , in fact , of a legally equal status , and that proportional representation would be unfair to their states . Gunning Bedford , Jr. of Delaware notoriously threatened on behalf of the small states , `` the small ones w ( ould ) find some foreign ally of more honor and good faith , who will take them by the hand and do them justice . '' Elbridge Gerry ridiculed the small states ' claim of sovereignty , saying `` that we never were independent States , were not such now , & never could be even on the principles of the Confederation . The States & the advocates for them were intoxicated with the idea of their sovereignty . '' The Compromise On June 14 , when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan , William Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan . The request was granted , and , on the next day , Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation , which was followed by a vigorous debate . On June 19 , the delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia Plan . The small States became increasingly discontented , and some threatened to withdraw . On July 2 , the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house , with five States in the affirmative , five in the negative , and one divided . The problem was referred to a committee consisting of one delegate from each State to reach a compromise . On July 5 , the committee submitted its report , which became the basis for the `` Great Compromise '' of the Convention . The report recommended that in the upper house each State should have an equal vote and in the lower house , each State should have one representative for every 40,000 inhabitants , counting slaves as three - fifths of an inhabitant , and that money bills should originate in the lower house ( not subject to amendment by the upper chamber ) . After six weeks of turmoil , North Carolina switched its vote to equal representation per state and Massachusetts abstained , and a compromise was reached , being called the `` Great Compromise . '' In the `` Great Compromise , '' every state was given equal representation , previously known as the New Jersey Plan , in one house of Congress , and proportional representation , known before as the Virginia Plan , in the other . Because it was considered more responsive to majority sentiment , the House of Representatives was given the power to originate all legislation dealing with the federal budget and revenues / taxation , per the Origination Clause . Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth , both of the Connecticut delegation , created a compromise that , in a sense , blended the Virginia ( large - state ) and New Jersey ( small - state ) proposals regarding congressional apportionment . Ultimately , however , its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate . Sherman sided with the two - house national legislature of the Virginia Plan but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st . Branch ( house ) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants ; and that in the second branch or Senate , each State should have one vote and no more . '' Although Sherman was well liked and respected among the delegates , his plan failed at first . It was not until July 23 that representation was finally settled . What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan , partly because the larger states disliked it . In committee , Benjamin Franklin modified Sherman 's proposal to make it more acceptable to the larger states . He added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house . The final vote on the Connecticut Compromise on July 16 left the Senate looking to the Confederation Congress . In the preceding weeks of debate , James Madison of Virginia , Rufus King of New York , and Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason . For the nationalists , the Convention 's vote for the compromise was a stunning defeat . However , on July 23 , they found a way to salvage their vision of an elite , independent Senate . Just before most of the convention 's work was referred to the Committee of Detail , Gouverneur Morris and Rufus King moved that state 's members in the Senate be given individual votes , rather than voting en bloc , as they had in the Confederation Congress . Then Oliver Ellsworth , a leading proponent of the Connecticut Compromise , supported their motion , and the Convention adopted the Compromise . Since the Convention had early acquiesced in the Virginia Plan 's proposal that senators have long terms , restoring that Plan 's vision of individually powerful senators stopped the Senate from becoming a strong safeguard of federalism . State governments lost their direct say in Congress 's decisions to make national laws . As the personally influential senators received terms much longer than the state legislators who elected them , they became substantially independent . The compromise continued to serve the self - interests of small - state political leaders , who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained . Aftermath Senate representation was explicitly protected in Article Five of the United States Constitution : ... no state , without its consent , shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate . This agreement allowed deliberations to continue and thus led to the Three - Fifths Compromise , which further complicated the issue of popular representation in the House . See also History of the United States Senate Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Three - Fifths Compromise References Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 16 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , May 30 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 15 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . Jump up ^ `` Madison 's notes , June 29 1787 '' . Yale Avalon project . ^ Jump up to : Yazawa , Melvin ( 2016 ) . Contested Conventions : The Struggle to Establish the Constitution and Save the Union , 1787 -- 1789 . JHU Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 2026 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : US Constitution.net . `` Constitutional Topic : The Constitutional Convention '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 489 , 490 , 551 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ 2 THE RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL CONVENTION OF 1787 , at 94 - 95 ( Max Farrand ed. , 1911 ) Jump up ^ See Laurence Claus , Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` The Constitution of the United states Article V '' . archives.gov . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connecticut_Compromise&oldid=866134205 '' Categories : Drafting of the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1787 in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2018 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 13 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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1. Connecticut Compromise 2. Great Compromise 3. Constitutional Convention of 1787 4. Legislative structure and representation 5. Bicameral legislature

what do we call joint family in hindi

Hindu joint family - Wikipedia Hindu joint family This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . 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Krishnamurti Sai Baba Vivekananda Nigamananda Yogananda Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade Tibbetibaba Trailanga Society ( show ) Varna Brahmin Kshatriya Vaishya Shudra Dalit Jati Denominations Persecution Nationalism Hindutva Other topics ( show ) Hinduism by country Balinese Hinduism Criticism Calendar Iconography Mythology Pilgrimage sites Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam Glossary of Hinduism terms Hinduism portal A joint family or undivided family is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent , particularly in India , consisting of many generations living in the same household , all bound by the common relationship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Family structure 1.1 Relationships 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Family structure ( edit ) Historically , for generations India had a prevailing tradition of the Joint Hindu Family or undivided family . The system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent , particularly in India , consisting of many generations living in the same home , all bound by the common relationship . A joint family consists of a husband and wife ; their sons ; their daughters , and so on up - to generations . Any number of these people may without impacting the legal existence of the family , be decreased . The family is headed by a senior person called a ' Karta ' , usually the oldest male or female , who makes decisions on economic and social matters on behalf of the entire family . The patriarch 's wife generally exerts control over the household and minor religious practices and often wields considerable influence in domestic matters . Family income flows into a common pool , from which resources are drawn to meet the needs of all members , which are regulated by the heads of the family . However , with urbanization and economic development , India has witnessed a break up of traditional joint family into more nuclear - like families , and the traditional joint family in India accounted for a small number of Indian households . A Hindu undivided family or HUF is a legal term related to the Hindu Marriage Act . The female members are also given the right of share to the property in the HUF . The term finds reference in the provisions of the Income Tax Act , but the expression is not defined in the act . There are various aspects of Hindu law relevant for the purpose assessment of income of HUF with Hindu Succession Act 1956 and Income Tax Act 1961 and wealth in the status of HUF , as well as the impact of the provisions of Hindu Succession Act 1956 as amended by Hindu Succession ( Amendment ) Act 2005 relevant for the purpose of assessment of income and wealth in the status of HUF under the Income Tax Act 1961 . In the case of Surjit Lal Chhabra 101 ITR 776 SC , joint family and undivided family are synonymous : `` A joint Hindu family consists of persons lineally descended from a common ancestor and includes their wives and unmarried daughters . The daughter , on marriage , ceases to be a member of her father 's family and becomes a member of her husband 's family . '' In 2016 , a judgment of the Delhi High Court ruled that the eldest female member of a Hindu Undivided Family can be its ' Karta ' ( manager ) . Relationships ( edit ) Different relationships are addressed via different names . The nature of relationship also varies . Relations can be of equivalence , mutual respect or teasing in nature . In joint families in northern and central India between a bride or sister - in - law and her younger brother - in - law , a joking or teasing relationship is common , and the relationship towards an older brother - in - law is that of respectfulness . In a traditional joint Hindu family , there is a subservient relationship between the wives of the brothers : the patriarch 's wife is addressed as `` Badi Bhabhi '' ( in Hindi ) , meaning `` eldest brother 's wife . '' She is traditionally considered the mistress of the house and is in charge of running the household affairs and overseeing the servants ( if any ) . The subsequent younger brothers ' wives typically seek her advice and permission for any matters / decisions regarding the household and rearing of the children . See also ( edit ) Look up joint family in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nuclear family Extended family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henry Orenstein and Michael Micklin . `` The Hindu Joint Family : The Norms and the Numbers '' . Pacific Affairs . 39 ( 3 / 4 ) : 314 -- 325 . JSTOR 2754275 . Autumn , 1966 Further reading ( edit ) Donner , Henrike ( 2008 ) , Domestic goddesses : maternity , globalization and middle - class identity in contemporary India , Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing , ISBN 0 - 7546 - 4942 - 3 Michaels , Axel ; Harshav , Barbara ( 2004 ) , Hinduism : Past and Present ( 5th ed . ) , Princeton : Princeton University Press , pp. 111 -- 131 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08953 - 1 <Th_colspan="2"> hide South Asian wedding By religion Bahá'í Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Zoroastrian By region or culture Arunachal Pradesh ( Panchai baja ) Bengal Bengal ( Hindu ) Kerala ( Kettu Kalyanam ) Orissa Punjabi Rajasthan ( Rajput ) Sikkim ( Limbu ) Tamil ( Iyer ) Telugu By country Bangladesh India ( Hindu ) Nepal ( Ihi ) Pakistan Sri Lanka ( Buddhist ) Types Arranged marriage in India Inter caste marriage Love marriage Traditions Baraat Dahej ( dowry ) Mahr ( dower ) Nikah Sarbala Stealing shoes Rituals Balle Mallarada Puje Bodhu Boron Bou Bhaat Gauna Gaye holud ( Bengali ) Kankana Dharane Mangal Ashtaka Pade Puje Parikrama Saptapadi Saat Phere Shakunamanojaya Upanayana Items Alta Bangles Henna Mangalsutra Nose ring Palki Pheta Sehra Sindoor Thali necklace Tiara Topor Upanayana Varmala Wedding mandap Wedding sari Other Card Photography Songs Websites <Th_colspan="2"> Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - related violence Dalit Reservation Communalism Proposed states and territories Ethnic relations Religious conflicts Religious violence Secularism Separatist movements Crime Corruption Groom kidnapping Human trafficking Illegal housing Illegal immigration Illegal mining Organised crime Terrorism Vigilantism Cybercrime Health Epidemics HIV / AIDS Leprosy Malnutrition Obesity Suicide Media Censorship Internet Films about social issues Freedom of expression Social impact of Indian soap opera Other issues Feudalism Gambling Hijra Homosexuality Human rights Prohibition Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Superstitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_joint_family&oldid=840879995 '' Categories : Marriage , unions and partnerships in India Hindu law Family in Asia Living arrangements Hidden categories : Use Indian English from September 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 19 : 04 . 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1. Hindu joint family structure 2. Generations living in the same household 3. Roles and relationships within a joint family 4. Transition from joint families to nuclear families in India 5. Legal aspects of Hindu joint families

monument to the foundation of the workers' party

Monument to Party Founding - wikipedia Monument to Party Founding Jump to : navigation , search Monument to Party Founding <Td_colspan="2"> The monument with the surrounding flag - shaped buildings <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Pyongyang Coordinates 39 ° 1 ′ 40 '' N 125 ° 46 ′ 35 '' E  /  39.02778 ° N 125.77639 ° E  / 39.02778 ; 125.77639 Coordinates : 39 ° 1 ′ 40 '' N 125 ° 46 ′ 35 '' E  /  39.02778 ° N 125.77639 ° E  / 39.02778 ; 125.77639 Location Pyongyang , North Korea Designer Mansudae Art Studio Material Granite and bronze Length Belt : 50 m outer and 42 m inner diameter Base : 70 m diameter Height 50 metres ( 160 ft ) Opening date 10 October 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 10 ) Dedicated to The foundation of the Workers ' Party of Korea <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 당 창건 기념탑 Hancha 黨 創建 紀念 塔 Revised Romanization Dangchanggeonginyeomtap McCune -- Reischauer Tangch'anggŏnkinyŏmt'ap <Td_colspan="2"> The Monument to Party Founding ( Chosŏn'gŭl : 당 창건 기념탑 ; MR : Tangch'anggŏnkinyŏmt'ap ) is a monument in Pyongyang , the capital of North Korea . The monument is rich in symbolism : the hammer , sickle and calligraphy brush symbolize the workers , farmers and intellectuals . The element is 50 meters high to symbolize the 50 - year anniversary of the founding of the Workers ' Party of Korea . The number of slabs comprising the belt around the monument and its diameter stand for the date of birth of Kim Jong - il . The inscription on the outer belt says `` The organizers of the victory of the Korean people and the leader of the Workers Party of Korea ! '' On the inside of the belt are three bronze reliefs with their distinct meanings : the historical root of the party , the unity of people under the party and the party 's vision for a progressive future . Two red flag - shaped buildings with letters forming the words `` ever - victorious '' surround the monument . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Belt 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Works cited 5 External links History ( edit ) The monument , designed by Mansudae Art Studio , was completed on 10 October 1995 , on the 50th anniversary of the foundation of the Workers ' Party of Korea . A previous monument dedicated to the foundation had been erected on 10 October 1975 on the grounds of the Party Founding Museum . The Monument to Party Founding has appeared on postage stamps in 1995 and 2005 and on the 50 won banknote . Features ( edit ) The monument is directly opposite to the Mansu Hill Grand Monument on the other side of the Taedong River from where it can be seen . The element based on the emblem of the Workers ' Party symbolizes the worker , farmer and intellectual . The monument is situated on Munsu Street in the Taedonggang District of Pyongyang . The monument sits on the bank of the Taedong River . Opposite to the other side of the river is the Mansu Hill Grand Monument , and the Korean Revolutionary Museum , both of which the Monument to Party Founding is symmetrically aligned with . This axis across the center of Pyongyang symbolizes the dynasty of Kim Il - sung and Kim Jong - il . The monument site in its entirety spans 25,000 square meters . This includes a plaza in front of the monument where dances and festivities are held . The lawn of the park surrounding the monument is 15,000 square meters in extent . There are 12 fountain basins . The grounds are spotted with more than 53,000 trees . There are symmetrical , waving flag - shaped , red residential buildings on either side of the monument . The letters on top of the buildings read : `` ever - victorious '' . The monument itself is made of granite and the reliefs are bronze . Three highest element of the monument features three clenched fists holding a hammer , sickle and a calligraphy brush . The hammer and sickle symbolize workers and farmers and the brush intellectuals . The triumvirate is based on the emblem of the Workers ' Party of Korea . The monument reaches to a height of 50 meters to signify the 50th anniversary of the party . The architectural style bears resemblance to concrete structures in the city , such as the Pyongyang Ice Rink or the Ryugyong Hotel . Belt ( edit ) The three fists are surrounded by a belt , symbolizing the `` single - hearted unity of the leader , Party and people '' . The inscription on the outer belt reads : `` The organizers of the victory of the Korean people and the leader of the Workers Party of Korea ! '' ( 조선 인민 의 모든 승리 의 조직자 이며 향도 자인 조선 로동당 만세 ! ) The diameter of the belt is 50 meters on the outside and 42 meters on the inside . The belt is made of 216 blocks . The 216 blocks and the 42 - meter inner diameter symbolize the date 16 February 1942 , the purported date of birth of Kim Jong - il . In reality , he was born on 16 February 1941 in the Soviet Union . The circular foundation under the monument is 70 meters in diameter symbolizing the about 70 - year history of the party from the days of the Down - With - Imperialism Union . On the inside of the belt are three reliefs covering the history of the party . Depicts `` the glorious revolutionary traditions of the Workers ' Party of Korea '' : armed anti-Japanese struggle and the foundation of the Society for Rallying Comrades , Association for the Restoration of the Fatherland and the Down - With - Imperialism Union . Depicts `` the harmonious whole of the leader , the Party and the masses '' : veteran handing down the torch of Juche to the younger generation , and a worker , farmer , intellectual , soldier and a student united by the party flag . Depicts `` the struggle to realize global independence '' : the desire for reunification and the advance of socialist construction under the torch of Juche . The inscription against the world map reads : `` Let us defend independence ! '' See also ( edit ) North Korea portal Visual arts portal Juche Tower Arch of Triumph ( Pyongyang ) Party Foundation Day History of the Workers ' Party of Korea Socialist realism Culture of North Korea Korean architecture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Corfield 2013 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Winter , Caroline ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Mansudae Art Studio , North Korea 's Colossal Monument Factory '' . Businessweek.com . p. 1 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Corfield 2013 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Corfield 2013 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Cuhaj , George S. , ed. ( 17 February 2012 ) . 2013 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money -- Modern Issues : 1961 -- Present ( 18 ed . ) . Iola : Krause Publications . p. 748 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2956 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tourist guide for Monument to Party Founding , Pyongyang , North Korea '' . Korea Konsult . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Willoughby 2014 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Howard , Keith ( 2004 ) . `` Dancing for the Eternal President '' . In Randall , Annie J. Music , Power , and Politics . New York : Routledge . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 94691 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Korea Pictorial , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Willoughby 2014 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Choe So - ok ; Ri Jung - gil ( 30 May 2002 ) . Han Pŏn - jo , ed . Pyongyang : A Park City . Translated by Choe Sang - gwon and Im Hwan. Korea Pictorial . p. 26 . OCLC 867776819 . Jump up ^ Teo , Reuben ( 26 April 2015 ) . `` 30 Best Panoramas of Pyongyang '' . Reuben Teo Photography . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) , 6 : 15 -- 6 : 30 . Jump up ^ Hoare , James ; Pares , Susan ( 2005 ) . North Korea in the Twenty - first Century . Global Oriental . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 901903 - 91 - 1 . Jump up ^ Corfield 2013 , p. 142 - 143 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture for Immortality of Leader '' . North Korean Economy Watch . KCNA. 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoare , James E. ( 13 July 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of Democratic People 's Republic of Korea . Plymouth : Scarecrow Press . pp. 289 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7987 - 4 . Jump up ^ Willoughby 2014 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) , 2 : 40 -- 2 : 55 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Kim Jong - il '' . BBC News . 16 January 2009 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korea Pictorial , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) , 3 : 55 -- 4 : 50 . Jump up ^ `` Guide Explains Pyongyang Monument to the Korean Workers Party , Part 2 '' . YouTube . North Korea Vagabond. 1 October 2013 . 1 : 05 -- 1 : 20 minutes in . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) , 4 : 50 -- 5 : 30 . Jump up ^ Korea Pictorial , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) , 5 : 30 -- 6 : 00 . Works cited ( edit ) Corfield , Justin ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang . London : Anthem Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85728 - 234 - 7 . `` Monument to Party Founding '' . Pyongyang : Korea Pictorial . n.d . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Monument to Party Founding ( DVD ) . Running time : 7 : 38 . Pyongyang . n.d. KPEA 2LC016 . Willoughby , Robert ( 2014 ) . North Korea : The Bradt Travel Guide ( Third ed . ) . England : Bradt Travel Guides . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 476 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monument to the Founding of the Worker 's Party . Monument to Party Founding on Flickr 360 - degree panorama Documentary about construction on YouTube ( in Korean ) Documentary about the monument and Mansu Hill Grand Monument on YouTube ( in Korean ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_Party_Founding&oldid=832485987 '' Categories : Monuments and memorials in North Korea Buildings and structures in Pyongyang 1995 establishments in North Korea Buildings and structures completed in 1995 History of the Workers ' Party of Korea Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with Korean - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 09 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Monument to Party Founding in Pyongyang 2. Symbolism of the monument 3. Design and features of the monument 4. History and significance of the monument 5. Location and surroundings of the monument

what is the equation for tension on a string

String vibration - wikipedia String vibration Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vibration , standing waves in a string . The fundamental and the first 5 overtones in the harmonic series . A vibration in a string is a wave . Resonance causes a vibrating string to produce a sound with constant frequency , i.e. constant pitch . If the length or tension of the string is correctly adjusted , the sound produced is a musical tone . Vibrating strings are the basis of string instruments such as guitars , cellos , and pianos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Wave 1.1 Derivation 2 Frequency of the wave 3 Observing string vibrations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Wave ( edit ) The velocity of propagation of a wave in a string ( v ( \ displaystyle v ) ) is proportional to the square root of the force of tension of the string ( T ( \ displaystyle T ) ) and inversely proportional to the square root of the linear density ( μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) ) of the string : v = T μ . ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ sqrt ( T \ over \ mu ) ) . ) This relationship was discovered by Vincenzo Galilei in the late 1500s . Derivation ( edit ) Source : Let Δ x ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x ) be the length of a piece of string , m ( \ displaystyle m ) its mass , and μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) its linear density . If the horizontal component of tension in the string is a constant , T ( \ displaystyle T ) , then the tension acting on each side of the string segment is given by T 1 x = T 1 cos ⁡ ( α ) ≈ T . ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 1x ) = T_ ( 1 ) \ cos ( \ alpha ) \ approx T . ) T 2 x = T 2 cos ⁡ ( β ) ≈ T . ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 2x ) = T_ ( 2 ) \ cos ( \ beta ) \ approx T . ) If both angles are small , then the tensions on either side are equal and the net horizontal force is zero . From Newton 's second law for the vertical component , the mass of this piece times its acceleration , a ( \ displaystyle a ) , will be equal to the net force on the piece : Σ F y = T 1 y − T 2 y = − T 2 sin ⁡ ( β ) + T 1 sin ⁡ ( α ) = Δ m a ≈ μ Δ x ∂ 2 y ∂ t 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ Sigma F_ ( y ) = T_ ( 1y ) - T_ ( 2y ) = - T_ ( 2 ) \ sin ( \ beta ) + T_ ( 1 ) \ sin ( \ alpha ) = \ Delta ma \ approx \ mu \ Delta x ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Dividing this expression by T ( \ displaystyle T ) and substituting the first and second equations obtains μ Δ x T ∂ 2 y ∂ t 2 = − T 2 sin ⁡ ( β ) T 2 cos ⁡ ( β ) + T 1 sin ⁡ ( α ) T 1 cos ⁡ ( α ) = − tan ⁡ ( β ) + tan ⁡ ( α ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mu \ Delta x ) ( T ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - ( \ frac ( T_ ( 2 ) \ sin ( \ beta ) ) ( T_ ( 2 ) \ cos ( \ beta ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( T_ ( 1 ) \ sin ( \ alpha ) ) ( T_ ( 1 ) \ cos ( \ alpha ) ) ) = - \ tan ( \ beta ) + \ tan ( \ alpha ) ) The tangents of the angles at the ends of the string piece are equal to the slopes at the ends , with an additional minus sign due to the definition of alpha and beta . Using this fact and rearranging provides 1 Δ x ( ∂ y ∂ x x + Δ x − ∂ y ∂ x x ) = μ T ∂ 2 y ∂ t 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ Delta x ) ) \ left ( \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ^ ( x+ \ Delta x ) - \ left. ( \ frac ( \ partial y ) ( \ partial x ) ) \ right ^ ( x ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( T ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) In the limit that Δ x ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x ) approaches zero , the left hand side is the definition of the second derivative of y ( \ displaystyle y ) : ∂ 2 y ∂ x 2 = μ T ∂ 2 y ∂ t 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu ) ( T ) ) ( \ frac ( \ partial ^ ( 2 ) y ) ( \ partial t ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This is the wave equation for y ( x , t ) ( \ displaystyle y ( x , t ) ) , and the coefficient of the second time derivative term is equal to v − 2 ( \ displaystyle v ^ ( - 2 ) ) ; thus v = T μ , ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ sqrt ( T \ over \ mu ) ) , ) where v ( \ displaystyle v ) is the speed of propagation of the wave in the string . ( See the article on the wave equation for more about this ) . However , this derivation is only valid for vibrations of small amplitude ; for those of large amplitude , Δ x ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x ) is not a good approximation for the length of the string piece , the horizontal component of tension is not necessarily constant , and the horizontal tensions are not well approximated by T ( \ displaystyle T ) . Frequency of the wave ( edit ) Once the speed of propagation is known , the frequency of the sound produced by the string can be calculated . The speed of propagation of a wave is equal to the wavelength λ ( \ displaystyle \ lambda ) divided by the period τ ( \ displaystyle \ tau ) , or multiplied by the frequency f ( \ displaystyle f ) : v = λ τ = λ f . ( \ displaystyle v = ( \ frac ( \ lambda ) ( \ tau ) ) = \ lambda f . ) If the length of the string is L ( \ displaystyle L ) , the fundamental harmonic is the one produced by the vibration whose nodes are the two ends of the string , so L ( \ displaystyle L ) is half of the wavelength of the fundamental harmonic . Hence one obtains Mersenne 's laws : f = v 2 L = 1 2 L T μ ( \ displaystyle f = ( \ frac ( v ) ( 2L ) ) = ( 1 \ over 2L ) ( \ sqrt ( T \ over \ mu ) ) ) where T ( \ displaystyle T ) is the tension ( in Newtons ) , μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the linear density ( that is , the mass per unit length ) , and L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the length of the vibrating part of the string . Therefore : the shorter the string , the higher the frequency of the fundamental the higher the tension , the higher the frequency of the fundamental the lighter the string , the higher the frequency of the fundamental Moreover , if we take the nth harmonic as having a wavelength given by λ n = 2 L / n ( \ displaystyle \ lambda _ ( n ) = 2L / n ) , then we easily get an expression for the frequency of the nth harmonic : f n = n v 2 L ( \ displaystyle f_ ( n ) = ( \ frac ( nv ) ( 2L ) ) ) And for a string under a tension T with density μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) , then f n = n 2 L T μ ( \ displaystyle f_ ( n ) = ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2L ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( T ) ( \ mu ) ) ) ) Observing string vibrations ( edit ) One can see the waveforms on a vibrating string if the frequency is low enough and the vibrating string is held in front of a CRT screen such as one of a television or a computer ( not of an analog oscilloscope ) . This effect is called the stroboscopic effect , and the rate at which the string seems to vibrate is the difference between the frequency of the string and the refresh rate of the screen . The same can happen with a fluorescent lamp , at a rate that is the difference between the frequency of the string and the frequency of the alternating current . ( If the refresh rate of the screen equals the frequency of the string or an integer multiple thereof , the string will appear still but deformed . ) In daylight and other non-oscillating light sources , this effect does not occur and the string appears still but thicker , and lighter or blurred , due to persistence of vision . A similar but more controllable effect can be obtained using a stroboscope . This device allows matching the frequency of the xenon flash lamp to the frequency of vibration of the string . In a dark room , this clearly shows the waveform . Otherwise , one can use bending or , perhaps more easily , by adjusting the machine heads , to obtain the same , or a multiple , of the AC frequency to achieve the same effect . For example , in the case of a guitar , the 6th ( lowest pitched ) string pressed to the third fret gives a G at 97.999 Hz . A slight adjustment can alter it to 100 Hz , exactly one octave above the alternating current frequency in Europe and most countries in Africa and Asia , 50 Hz . In most countries of the Americas -- where the AC frequency is 60 Hz -- altering A# on the fifth string , first fret from 116.54 Hz to 120 Hz produces a similar effect . See also ( edit ) Fretted instruments Musical acoustics Vibrations of a circular drum Melde 's experiment 3rd bridge ( harmonic resonance based on equal string divisions ) String resonance Reflection phase change References ( edit ) Molteno , T.C.A. ; N.B. Tufillaro ( September 2004 ) . `` An experimental investigation into the dynamics of a string '' . American Journal of Physics. 72 ( 9 ) : 1157 -- 1169 . Bibcode : 2004AmJPh ... 72.1157 M . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1764557 . Tufillaro , N.B. ( 1989 ) . `` Nonlinear and chaotic string vibrations '' . American Journal of Physics. 57 ( 5 ) : 408 . Bibcode : 1989AmJPh ... 57 ... 408T . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16011 . Specific Jump up ^ The wave equation and wave speed External links ( edit ) Java simulation of waves on a string Physics of a harpsichord string A friendly explanation of standing waves and fundamental frequency `` The Vibrating String '' by Alain Goriely and Mark Robertson - Tessi , The Wolfram Demonstrations Project . <Th_colspan="3"> Acoustics Engineering Architectural acoustics Monochord Reverberation Soundproofing String vibration string resonance Spectrogram Psychoacoustics Bark scale Combination tone Equal - loudness contour Fletcher -- Munson curves Mel scale Missing fundamental Frequency and pitch Beat Formant Fundamental frequency Frequency spectrum harmonic spectrum Harmonic series inharmonicity Mersenne 's laws Overtone Resonance Standing wave Node Subharmonic Acousticians John Backus Jens Blauert Ernst Chladni Hermann von Helmholtz Franz Melde Marin Mersenne Werner Meyer - Eppler Lord Rayleigh Joseph Sauveur D. Van Holliday Thomas Young Related topics Echo Infrasound Sound Ultrasound Musical acoustics piano violin <Th_colspan="3"> Musical strings , wires , and instruments ( list / HS list ) <Td_colspan="2"> Bow Bridge Third bridge Chordophone Course Drone Enharmonicity Fingerboard Fret Fundamental / Harmonics / Overtones / String harmonic Longitudinal wave Long - string instrument Melde 's experiment Mersenne 's laws Monochord Music On A Long Thin Wire Node Re-entry Scale length Soundboard Standing wave String vibration Transverse wave Tuning peg Monochords and musical bows Ahardin Berimbau Bladder fiddle Boom - ba Đàn bầu Diddley bow Duxianqin Ektara Ground bow Ichigenkin Japanese fiddle Jaw harp Genggong Gogona Khomuz Kubing Morsing Mukkuri Langeleik Lesiba Masenqo Onavillu Psalmodicon Tromba marina Tumbi Umuduri Unitar Washtub bass Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=String_vibration&oldid=829451533 '' Categories : Mechanical vibrations Sound String instrument construction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar Norsk Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 18 : 46 . 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1. String vibration and resonance 2. Wave propagation in strings 3. Frequency and harmonics in vibrating strings 4. Observing string vibrations using stroboscopic effect 5. Musical instruments and string vibrations

what is the purpose of high level and low level formatting

Disk storage - wikipedia Disk storage Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Disk storage ( also sometimes called drive storage ) is a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic , magnetic , optical , or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks . A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism . Notable types are the hard disk drive ( HDD ) containing a non-removable disk , the floppy disk drive ( FDD ) and its removable floppy disk , and various optical disc drives ( ODD ) and associated optical disc media . ( The spelling disk and disc are used interchangeably except where trademarks preclude one usage , e.g. the Compact Disc logo . The choice of a particular form is frequently historical , as in IBM 's usage of the disk form beginning in 1956 with the `` IBM 350 disk storage unit '' ) . Six hard disk drives Three floppy disk drives A CD - ROM ( optical ) disc drive Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Access methods 3 Rotation speed and track layout 4 Interfaces 5 Basic terminology 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) Audio information was originally recorded by analog methods ( see Sound recording and reproduction ) . Similarly the first video disc used an analog recording method . In the music industry , analog recording has been mostly replaced by digital optical technology where the data is recorded in a digital format with optical information . The first commercial digital disk storage device was the IBM 350 which shipped in 1956 as a part of the IBM 305 RAMAC computing system . The random - access , low - density storage of disks was developed to complement the already used sequential - access , high - density storage provided by tape drives using magnetic tape . Vigorous innovation in disk storage technology , coupled with less vigorous innovation in tape storage , has reduced the difference in acquisition cost per terabyte between disk storage and tape storage ; however , the total cost of ownership of data on disk including power and management remains larger than that of tape . Disk storage is now used in both computer storage and consumer electronic storage , e.g. , audio CDs and video discs ( standard DVD and Blu - ray ) . Data on modern disks is stored in fixed length blocks , usually called sectors and varying in length from a few hundred to many thousands of bytes . Gross disk drive capacity is simply the number of disk surfaces times the number of blocks / surface times the number of bytes / block . In certain legacy IBM CKD drives the data was stored on magnetic disks with variable length blocks , called records ; record length could vary on and between disks . Capacity decreased as record length decreased due to the necessary gaps between blocks . Access methods ( edit ) Digital disk drives are block storage devices . Each disk is divided into logical blocks ( collection of sectors ) . Blocks are addressed using their logical block addresses ( LBA ) . Read from or writing to disk happens at the granularity of blocks . Originally the disk capacity was quite low and has been improved in one of several ways . Improvements in mechanical design and manufacture allowed smaller and more precise heads , meaning that more tracks could be stored on each of the disks . Advancements in data compression methods permitted more information to be stored in each of the individual sectors . The drive stores data onto cylinders , heads , and sectors . The sectors unit is the smallest size of data to be stored in a hard disk drive and each file will have many sectors units assigned to it . The smallest entity in a CD is called a frame , which consists of 33 bytes and contains six complete 16 - bit stereo samples ( two bytes × two channels × six samples = 24 bytes ) . The other nine bytes consist of eight CIRC error - correction bytes and one subcode byte used for control and display . The information is sent from the computer processor to the BIOS into a chip controlling the data transfer . This is then sent out to the hard drive via a multi-wire connector . Once the data is received onto the circuit board of the drive , they are translated and compressed into a format that the individual drive can use to store onto the disk itself . The data is then passed to a chip on the circuit board that controls the access to the drive . The drive is divided into sectors of data stored onto one of the sides of one of the internal disks . An HDD with two disks internally will typically store data on all four surfaces . The hardware on the drive tells the actuator arm where it is to go for the relevant track and the compressed information is then sent down to the head which changes the physical properties , optically or magnetically for example , of each byte on the drive , thus storing the information . A file is not stored in a linear manner , rather , it is held in the best way for quickest retrieval . Rotation speed and track layout ( edit ) Comparison of several forms of disk storage showing tracks ( not - to - scale ) ; green denotes start and red denotes end . * Some CD - R ( W ) and DVD - R ( W ) / DVD + R ( W ) recorders operate in ZCLV , CAA or CAV modes . Mechanically there are two different motions occurring inside the drive . One is the rotation of the disks inside the device . The other is the side - to - side motion of the head across the disk as it moves between tracks . There are two types of disk rotation methods : constant linear velocity ( used mainly in optical storage ) varies the rotational speed of the optical disc depending upon the position of the head , and constant angular velocity ( used in HDDs , standard FDDs , a few optical disc systems , and vinyl audio records ) spins the media at one constant speed regardless of where the head is positioned . Track positioning also follows two different methods across disk storage devices . Storage devices focused on holding computer data , e.g. , HDDs , FDDs , Iomega zip drives , use concentric tracks to store data . During a sequential read or write operation , after the drive accesses all the sectors in a track it repositions the head ( s ) to the next track . This will cause a momentary delay in the flow of data between the device and the computer . In contrast , optical audio and video discs use a single spiral track that starts at the inner most point on the disc and flows continuously to the outer edge . When reading or writing data there is no need to stop the flow of data to switch tracks . This is similar to vinyl records except vinyl records started at the outer edge and spiraled in toward the center . Interfaces ( edit ) The disk drive interface is the mechanism / protocol of communication between the rest of the system and the disk drive itself . Storage devices intended for desktop and mobile computers typically use ATA ( PATA ) and SATA interfaces . Enterprise systems and high - end storage devices will typically use SCSI , SAS , and FC interfaces in addition to some use of SATA . Basic terminology ( edit ) Disk - Generally refers to magnetic media and devices . Disc - Required by trademarks for certain optical media and devices . Platter -- An individual recording disk . A hard disk drive contains a set of platters . Developments in optical technology have led to multiple recording layers on DVDs . Spindle -- the spinning axle on which the platters are mounted . Rotation -- Platters rotate ; two techniques are common : Constant angular velocity ( CAV ) keeps the disk spinning at a fixed rate , measured in revolutions per minute ( RPM ) . This means the heads cover more distance per unit of time on the outer tracks than on the inner tracks . This method is typical with computer hard drives . Constant linear velocity ( CLV ) keeps the distance covered by the heads per unit time fixed . Thus the disk has to slow down as the arm moves to the outer tracks . This method is typical for CD drives . Track -- The circle of recorded data on a single recording surface of a platter . Sector -- A segment of a track Low level formatting -- Establishing the tracks and sectors . Head -- The device that reads and writes the information -- magnetic or optical -- on the disk surface . Arm -- The mechanical assembly that supports the head as it moves in and out . Seek time -- Time needed to move the head to a new position ( specific track ) . Rotational latency -- Average time , once the arm is on the right track , before a head is over a desired sector . Data transfer rate - The rate at which user data bits are transferred from or to the medium . Technically , this would more accurately be entitled the `` gross '' data transfer rate . See also ( edit ) Disk array Disk drive performance characteristics Magnetic storage RAID USB flash drive References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard L. Moore ; et al. ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Disk and Tape Storage Cost Models '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Supercomputer Center , UCSD . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disk_storage&oldid=843490923 '' Categories : Computer storage devices Rotating disc computer storage media Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Олык марий Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Disk storage mechanisms 2. Types of disk drives 3. Access methods for disk storage 4. Rotation speed and track layout in disk storage 5. Disk drive interfaces

what countries were allies of germany in ww2

Allies of World war II - wikipedia Allies of World war II <Th_colspan="2"> Allies of World War II United Nations <Td_colspan="2"> 1939 -- 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> Allied Powers ( and their colonies ) Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis powers and co-belligerents Neutral powers ( and their colonies ) The `` Big Four '' : United States ( from December 1941 ) Soviet Union ( from June 1941 ) United Kingdom China Occupied countries with governments - in - exile : France Poland Yugoslavia Greece Netherlands Belgium Luxembourg Norway Czechoslovakia Other Allied combatant states : India Canada Australia New Zealand South Africa Ethiopia Brazil Mexico Philippines Nicaragua Panama El Salvador Costa Rica Former Axis powers or co-belligerents : Italy ( from 1943 ) Finland ( from 1944 ) Romania ( from 1944 ) Bulgaria ( from 1944 ) Status Military alliance Historical era World War II <Td_colspan="2"> 1939 1945 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Preceded by Succeeded by Allies of World War I United Nations NATO Warsaw Pact The `` United Nations Honour Flag '' , used as a symbol of the wartime Allies , c. 1943 -- 1948 The Allied leaders of the European theatre : Joseph Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meeting at the Tehran Conference in 1943 The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theater : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference in 1943 United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and their advisors in the Casablanca Conference , 1943 The Allies of World War II , called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration , were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . The Allies promoted the alliance as a means to control German , Japanese and Italian aggression . At the start of the war on 1 September 1939 , the Allies consisted of France , Poland and the United Kingdom , as well as their dependent states , such as British India . Within days they were joined by the independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth : Australia , Canada , New Zealand and South Africa . After the start of the German invasion of North Europe until the Balkan Campaign , the Netherlands , Belgium , Greece , and Yugoslavia joined the Allies . After first having cooperated with Germany in invading Poland whilst remaining neutral in the Allied - Axis conflict , the Soviet Union perforce joined the Allies in June 1941 after being invaded by Germany . The United States provided war materiel and money all along , and officially joined in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . China had already been in a prolonged war with Japan since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 1937 , but officially joined the Allies in 1941 . The alliance was formalised by the Declaration by United Nations , from 1 January 1942 . However , the name United Nations was rarely used to describe the Allies during the war . The leaders of the `` Big Three '' -- the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- controlled Allied strategy ; relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were especially close . The Big Three together with China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , then were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in the Declaration by United Nations and later as the `` Four Policemen '' of the United Nations . After the war ended , the Allied nations became the basis of the modern United Nations . Contents 1 Origins and creation 2 Major affiliated state combatants 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 War declared 2.1. 1.1 Colonies and dependencies 2.1. 1.1. 1 In Africa 2.1. 1.1. 2 In the Americas 2.1. 1.1. 3 In Asia 2.1. 1.1. 4 In Europe 2.2 China 2.2. 1 Factions 2.2. 1.1 Nationalists 2.2. 1.2 Communists 2.3 France 2.3. 1 War declared 2.3. 2 Colonies and dependencies 2.3. 2.1 In Africa 2.3. 2.2 In Asia and Oceania 2.3. 2.3 In the Americas 2.4 Soviet Union 2.4. 1 Outbreak 2.4. 2 History 2.5 United States 2.5. 1 War justifications 2.5. 2 History 2.5. 3 Colonies and dependencies 2.5. 3.1 In the Americas and the Pacific 2.5. 3.2 In Asia 3 Other affiliated state combatants 3.1 Australia 3.2 Belgium 3.2. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.3 Brazil 3.4 Canada 3.5 Cuba 3.6 Czechoslovakia 3.7 Dominican Republic 3.8 Greece 3.9 Luxembourg 3.10 Mexico 3.11 Netherlands 3.11. 1 Colonies and dependencies 3.12 New Zealand 3.13 Norway 3.14 Poland 3.15 Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 3.16 South Africa 3.17 Yugoslavia 3.17. 1 Resistance factions 3.17. 1.1 Partisans 3.17. 1.2 Chetniks 4 Client states 4.1 British 4.1. 1 Egypt 4.1. 2 India ( British Raj ) 4.1. 3 Iran 4.1. 4 Iraq 4.2 Soviet 4.2. 1 Bulgaria 4.2. 2 Mongolia 4.2. 3 Poland 4.2. 4 Romania 4.2. 5 Tannu Tuva 5 Co-belligerent state combatants 5.1 Italy 6 Associated power 6.1 Albania 7 United Nations 7.1 Declaration by United Nations 7.2 Alliance growing 7.3 Charter of the United Nations 8 Timeline of Allied nations entering the war 8.1 1939 8.2 1940 8.3 1941 8.4 Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 8.5 1942 8.6 1943 8.7 1944 8.8 1945 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Origins and creation Main articles : Causes of World War II and Grand Alliance ( World War II ) The origins of the Allied powers stem from the Allies of World War I and cooperation of the victorious powers at the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 . Germany resented signing Treaty of Versailles . The new Weimar Republic 's legitimacy became shaken . However , the 1920s were peaceful . With the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression , political unrest in Europe soared including the rise in support of revanchist nationalists in Germany who blamed the severity of the economic crisis on the Treaty of Versailles . By the early 1930s , the Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler became the dominant revanchist movement in Germany and Hitler and the Nazis gained power in 1933 . The Nazi regime demanded the immediate cancellation of the Treaty of Versailles and made claims to German - populated Austria , and German - populated territories of Czechoslovakia . The likelihood of war was high , and the question was whether it could be avoided through strategies such as appeasement . In Asia , when Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 , the League of Nations condemned it for aggression against China . Japan responded by leaving the League of Nations in March 1933 . After four quiet years , the Sino - Japanese War erupted in 1937 with Japanese forces invading China . The League of Nations condemned Japan 's actions and initiated sanctions on Japan . The United States , in particular , was angered at Japan and sought to support China . In March 1939 , Germany took over Czechoslovakia , violating the Munich Agreement signed six months before , and demonstrating that the appeasement policy was a failure . Britain and France decided that Hitler had no intention to uphold diplomatic agreements and responded by preparing for war . On 31 March 1939 , Britain formed the Anglo - Polish military alliance in an effort to avert a German attack on the country . Also , the French had a long - standing alliance with Poland since 1921 . The Soviet Union sought an alliance with the western powers , but Hitler ended the risk of a war with Stalin by signing the Nazi -- Soviet non-aggression pact in August 1939 . The agreement secretly divided the independent nations of Eastern Europe between the two powers and assured adequate oil supplies for the German war machine . On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland ; two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany . Then , on 17 September 1939 , the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east . A Polish government - in - exile was set up and it continued to be one of the Allies , a model followed by other occupied countries . After a quiet winter , Germany in April 1940 invaded and quickly defeated Denmark , Norway , Belgium , the Netherlands and France . Britain and its Empire stood alone against Hitler and Mussolini . In June 1941 , Hitler broke the non-aggression agreement with Stalin and Germany invaded the Soviet Union . In December , Japan attacked the US and Britain . The main lines of World War II had formed . Major affiliated state combatants Main articles : Four Policemen and Diplomatic history of World War II During December 1941 , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt devised the name `` United Nations '' for the Allies and proposed it to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill . He referred to the Big Three and China as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' , and then later the `` Four Policemen '' . The Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 was the basis of the modern United Nations ( UN ) . At the Potsdam Conference of July -- August 1945 , Roosevelt 's successor , Harry S. Truman , proposed that the foreign ministers of China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States `` should draft the peace treaties and boundary settlements of Europe '' , which led to the creation of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the `` Big Five '' , and soon thereafter the establishment of those states as the permanent members of the UNSC . United Kingdom Further information : Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II British Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft ( bottom ) flying past a German Heinkel He - 111 bomber aircraft ( top ) during the Battle of Britain ( 1940 ) British Crusader tanks during the North African Campaign British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal under attack from Italian aircraft during the Battle of Cape Spartivento ( Nov. 27 , 1940 ) British soldiers of the King 's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry in Elst , Netherlands on 2 March 1945 War declared Great Britain and other members of the British Commonwealth , most known as the Dominions , declared war on Germany separately from 3 September 1939 with the UK first , all within one week of each other ; these countries were Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . Colonies and dependencies Further information : British Empire in World War II In Africa Further information : Southern Rhodesia in World War II British West Africa and the British colonies in East and Southern Africa participated , mainly in the North African , East African and Middle - Eastern theatres . Two West African and one East African division served in the Burma Campaign . Southern Rhodesia was a self - governing colony , having received responsible government in 1923 . It was not a sovereign dominion . It governed itself internally and controlled its own armed forces , but had no diplomatic autonomy , and , therefore , was officially at war as soon as Britain was at war . The Southern Rhodesian colonial government issued a symbolic declaration of war nevertheless on 3 September 1939 , which made no difference diplomatically , but preceded the declarations of war made by all other British dominions and colonies . In the Americas These included : the British West Indies , British Honduras , British Guiana and the Falkland Islands . Newfoundland was ruled as a royal colony in 1933 -- 49 , with a governor appointed by London who made the decisions . In Asia Further information : India in World War II and Indian Army during World War II British India included the areas and peoples covered by later India , Bangladesh , Pakistan and ( until 1937 ) Burma / Myanmar , which later became a separate colony . British Malaya covers the areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore , while British Borneo covers the area of Brunei , including Sabah and Sarawak of Malaysia . Territories controlled by the Colonial Office , namely the Crown Colonies , were controlled politically by the UK and therefore also entered hostilities with Britain 's declaration of war . At the outbreak of World War II , the British Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II , the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . It suffered 87,000 military casualties ( more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom ) . The UK suffered 382,000 military casualties . Protectorates included : Kuwait was a protectorate of the United Kingdom formally established in 1920 . The Trucial States were protectorates in the Persian Gulf . Palestine was a mandate dependency created in the peace agreements after World War I from former territory of the Ottoman Empire , Iraq . In Europe The Cyprus Regiment was formed by the British Government during the Second World War and made part of the British Army structure . It was mostly Greek Cypriot volunteers and Turkish speaking Cypriot inhabitants of Cyprus but also included other Commonwealth nationalities . On a brief visit to Cyprus in 1943 , Winston Churchill praised the `` soldiers of the Cyprus Regiment who have served honourably on many fields from Libya to Dunkirk '' . About 30,000 Cypriots served in the Cyprus Regiment . The regiment was involved in action from the very start and served at Dunkirk , in the Greek Campaign ( Battle of Greece ) ( about 600 soldiers were captured in Kalamata in 1941 ) , North Africa ( Operation Compass ) , France , the Middle East and Italy . Many soldiers were taken prisoner especially at the beginning of the war and were interned in various POW camps ( Stalag ) including Lamsdorf ( Stalag VIII - B ) , Stalag IVC at Wistritz bei Teplitz and Stalag 4b near Most in the Czech Republic . The soldiers captured in Kalamata were transported by train to prisoner of war camps . China Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War In the 1920s the Soviet Union provided military assistance to the Kuomintang , or the Nationalists and helped reorganize their party along Leninist lines : a unification of party , state , and army . In exchange the Nationalists agreed to let members of the Chinese Communist Party join the Nationalists on an individual basis . However , following the nominal unification of China at the end of the Northern Expedition in 1928 , Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek purged leftists from his party and fought against the revolting Chinese Communist Party , former warlords , and other militarist factions . A fragmented China provided easy opportunities for Japan to gain territories piece by piece without engaging in total war . Following the 1931 Mukden Incident , the puppet state of Manchukuo was established . Throughout the early to mid-1930s , Chiang 's anti-communist and anti-militarist campaigns continued while he fought small , incessant conflicts against Japan , usually followed by unfavorable settlements and concessions after military defeats . In 1936 Chiang was forced to cease his anti-communist military campaigns after his kidnap and release by Zhang Xueliang , and reluctantly formed a nominal alliance with the Communists , while the Communists agreed to fight under the nominal command of the Nationalists against the Japanese . Following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident of 7 July 1937 , China and Japan became embroiled in a full - scale war . The Soviet Union , wishing to keep China in the fight against Japan , supplied China with military assistance until 1941 , when it signed a non-aggression pact with Japan . Continuous clashes between the Communists and Nationalists behind enemy lines cumulated in a major military conflict between these two former allies that effectively ended their cooperation against the Japanese , and China had been divided between the internationally recognized Nationalist China under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek and Communist China under the leadership of Mao Zedong until the Japanese surrendered in 1945 . Factions Nationalists Main article : Nationalist Government Soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army associated with Nationalist China , during the Second Sino - Japanese War Prior to the alliance of Germany and Italy to Japan , the Nationalist Government held close relations with both Germany and Italy . In the early 1930s , Sino - German cooperation between the Nationalist Government and Germany in military and industrial matters . Nazi Germany provided the largest proportion of Chinese arms imports and technical expertise . Relations between the Nationalist Government and Italy during the 1930s varied , however even after the Nationalist Government followed League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia , the international sanctions proved unsuccessful , and relations between the Fascist government in Italy and the Nationalist Government in China returned to normal shortly afterwards . Up until 1936 , Mussolini had provided the Nationalists with Italian military air and naval missions to help the Nationalists fight against Japanese incursions and communist insurgents . Italy also held strong commercial interests and a strong commercial position in China supported by the Italian concession in Tianjin . However , after 1936 the relationship between the Nationalist Government and Italy changed due to a Japanese diplomatic proposal to recognize the Italian Empire that included occupied Ethiopia within it in exchange for Italian recognition of Manchukuo , Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano accepted this offer by Japan , and on 23 October 1936 Japan recognized the Italian Empire and Italy recognized Manchukuo , as well as discussing increasing commercial links between Italy and Japan . The Nationalist Government held close relations with the United States . The United States opposed Japan 's invasion of China in 1937 that it considered an illegal violation of China 's sovereignty , and offered the Nationalist Government diplomatic , economic , and military assistance during its war against Japan . In particular , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a complete halt by imposing a full embargo on all trade between the United States to Japan , Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , resulting in an economic and military crisis for Japan that could not continue its war effort with China without access to petroleum . In November 1940 , American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan , set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan , known as the Flying Tigers . US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941 . However , they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor . The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government . The Soviet Union also urged military and cooperation between Nationalist China and Communist China during the war . Even though China had been fighting the longest among all the Allied powers , it only officially joined the Allies after the attack on Pearl Harbor , on 7 December 1941 . China fought the Japanese Empire before joining the Allies In the Pacific War . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek thought Allied victory was assured with the entrance of the United States into the war , and he declared war on Germany and the other Axis nations . However , Allied aid remained low because the Burma Road was closed and the Allies suffered a series of military defeats against Japan early on in the campaign . General Sun Li - jen led the R.O.C. forces to the relief of 7,000 British forces trapped by the Japanese in the Battle of Yenangyaung . He then reconquered North Burma and re-established the land route to China by the Ledo Road . But the bulk of military aid did not arrive until the spring of 1945 . More than 1.5 million Japanese troops were trapped in the China Theatre , troops that otherwise could have been deployed elsewhere if China had collapsed and made a separate peace . Communists Main article : Communist - controlled China ( 1927 -- 49 ) Soldiers of the First Workers ' and Peasants ' Army associated with Communist China , during the Sino - Japanese War Victorious Chinese Communist soldiers holding the flag of the Republic of China during the Hundred Regiments Offensive Communist China had been tacitly supported by the Soviet Union since the 1920s , though the Soviet Union diplomatically recognised the Republic of China , Joseph Stalin supported cooperation between the Nationalists and the Communists -- including pressuring the Nationalist Government to grant the Communists state and military positions in the government . This was continued into the 1930s that fell in line with the Soviet Union 's subversion policy of popular fronts to increase communists ' influence in governments . The Soviet Union urged military and cooperation between Soviet China and Nationalist China during China 's war against Japan . Initially Mao Zedong accepted the demands of the Soviet Union and in 1938 had recognized Chiang Kai - shek as the `` leader '' of the `` Chinese people '' . In turn , the Soviet Union accepted Mao 's tactic of `` continuous guerilla warfare '' in the countryside that involved a goal of extending the Communist bases , even if it would result in increased tensions with the Nationalists . After the breakdown of their cooperation with the Nationalists in 1941 , the Communists prospered and grew as the war against Japan dragged on , building up their sphere of influence wherever opportunities were presented , mainly through rural mass organizations , administrative , land and tax reform measures favoring poor peasants ; while the Nationalists attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence by military blockade and fighting the Japanese at the same time . The Communist Party 's position in China was boosted further upon the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in August 1945 against the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and the Japanese Kwantung Army in China and Manchuria . Upon the intervention of the Soviet Union against Japan in World War II in 1945 , Mao Zedong in April and May 1945 had planned to mobilize 150,000 to 250,000 soldiers from across China to work with forces of the Soviet Union in capturing Manchuria . France Main article : France during World War II Further information : Free France and Military history of France during World War II Free French forces at the Battle of Bir Hakeim ( 1942 ) War declared FAFL Free French GC II / 5 `` LaFayette '' receiving ex-USAAF Curtiss P - 40 fighters at Casablanca , French Morocco The French fleet scuttled itself rather than fall into the hands of the Axis after their invasion of Vichy France on 11 November 1942 . After Germany invaded Poland , France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 . In January 1940 , French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier made a major speech denouncing the actions of Germany : At the end of five months of war , one thing has become more and more clear . It is that Germany seeks to establish a domination of the world completely different from any known in world history . The domination at which the Nazis aim is not limited to the displacement of the balance of power and the imposition of the supremacy of one nation . It seeks the systematic and total destruction of those conquered by Hitler and it does not treaty with the nations which it has subdued . He destroys them . He takes from them their whole political and economic existence and seeks even to deprive them of their history and culture . He wishes only to consider them as vital space and a vacant territory over which he has every right . The human beings who constitute these nations are for him only cattle . He orders their massacre or migration . He compels them to make room for their conquerors . He does not even take the trouble to impose any war tribute on them . He just takes all their wealth and , to prevent any revolt , he scientifically seeks the physical and moral degradation of those whose independence he has taken away . France experienced several major phases of action during World War II : The `` Phoney War '' of 1939 -- 1940 , also called drôle de guerre in France , dziwna wojna in Poland ( both meaning `` Strange War '' ) , or the `` Sitzkrieg '' ( `` Sitting War '' ) in Germany . The Battle of France in May -- June 1940 , which resulted in the defeat of the Allies , the fall of the French Third Republic , the German occupation of northern and western France , and the creation of the rump state Vichy France , which received diplomatic recognition from the Axis and most neutral countries including the United States . The period of resistance against the occupation and Franco - French struggle for control of the colonies between the Vichy regime and the Free French , who continued the fight on the Allies ' side after the Appeal of 18 June by General Charles de Gaulle , recognized by the United Kingdom as France 's government - in - exile . It culminated in the Allied landings in North Africa on 11 November 1942 , when Vichy ceased to exist as an independent entity after having been invaded by both the Axis and the Allies simultaneously , being thereafter only the nominal government in charge during the occupation of France . Vichy forces in French North Africa switched allegiance and merged with the Free French to participate in the campaigns of Tunisia and of Italy and the invasion of Corsica in 1943 -- 44 . The liberation of mainland France beginning with D - Day on 6 June 1944 and operation Overlord , and then with operation Dragoon on 15 August 1944 , leading to the Liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944 by the Free French 2e Division Blindée and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic in the newly liberated capital . Participation of the re-established provisional French Republic 's First Army in the Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine and the Western Allied invasion of Germany until V-E Day on 8 May 1945 . Colonies and dependencies In Africa In Africa these included : French West Africa , French Equatorial Africa , the League of Nations mandates of French Cameroun and French Togoland , French Madagascar , French Somaliland , and the protectorates of French Tunisia and French Morocco . French Algeria was then not a colony or dependency but a fully - fledged part of metropolitan France . In Asia and Oceania The fall of Damascus to the Allies , late June 1941 . A car carrying Free French commanders General Georges Catroux and General Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme enters the city , escorted by French Circassian cavalry ( Gardes Tcherkess ) . In Asia and Oceania these included : French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna , New Caledonia , the New Hebrides , French Indochina , French India , the mandates of Greater Lebanon and French Syria . The French government in 1936 attempted to grant independence to its mandate of Syria in the Franco - Syrian Treaty of Independence of 1936 signed by France and Syria . However , opposition to the treaty grew in France and the treaty was not ratified . Syria had become an official republic in 1930 and was largely self - governing . In 1941 , a British - led invasion supported by Free French forces expelled Vichy French forces in operation Exporter . In the Americas In the Americas these included : Martinique , Guadeloupe , French Guiana and Saint Pierre and Miquelon . Soviet Union Further information : Soviet Union in World War II Soviet soldiers and T - 34 tanks advance in skirmish near Bryansk in 1942 . Soviet soldiers fighting in the ruins of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad Soviet Il - 2 ground attack aircraft attacking German ground forces during the Battle of Kursk ( 1943 ) Outbreak The German invasion of the Soviet Union , Operation Barbarossa , began on 22 June 1941 . General Secretary Joseph Stalin and the government of the Soviet Union described the Soviet war effort as a war being fought by the Soviet people for their survival . Stalin had supported popular front movements of anti-fascists including communists and non-communists from 1935 to 1939 . The popular front strategy was terminated from 1939 to 1941 when the Soviet Union cooperated with Germany in 1939 in the occupation and partitioning of Poland while the Soviet Union refused to endorse either the Allies or the Axis from 1939 to 1941 , as it called the Allied - Axis conflict an `` imperialist war '' . After the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 , Stalin endorsed the Western Allies as part of a renewed popular front strategy against Germany and called for the international communist movement to make a coalition with all those who opposed the Nazis . The Soviet Union intervened against Japan and its client state in Manchuria in 1945 , cooperating with the Nationalist Government of China and the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai - shek ; though also cooperating , preferring , and encouraging the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong to take effective control of Manchuria after expelling Japanese forces . History In the lead up to the war between the Soviet Union and Germany , relations between the Soviet Union and Germany underwent several stages . Stalin studied Hitler , including reading Mein Kampf and from it knew of Hitler 's desire to destroy the Soviet Union . In 1933 , the Soviet Union had immediate concerns with the threat of a potential German invasion of the country should Germany attempt a conquest of the Baltic states , and in December of that year , Polish - Soviet negotiations began for the issuing of a joint declaration by the two countries guaranteeing the sovereignty of the Baltic states . However , Poland withdrew from the negotiations following German and Finnish objections . The Soviet Union and Germany at this time competed with each other for influence in Poland . The Soviet government also was concerned with the anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland and particularly Józef Piłsudski 's proposed Polish federation that would include the territories of Poland , Lithuania , Belarus , and Ukraine within it that threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union . On 20 August 1939 , forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under General Georgy Zhukov , together with the People 's Republic of Mongolia eliminated the threat of conflict in the east with a victory over Imperial Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol in eastern Mongolia . On the same day , Soviet party leader Joseph Stalin received a telegram from German Chancellor Adolf Hitler , suggesting that German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop fly to Moscow for diplomatic talks . ( After receiving a lukewarm response throughout the spring and summer , Stalin abandoned attempts for a better diplomatic relationship with France and the United Kingdom . ) On 23 August , Ribbentrop and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov signed the non-aggression pact including secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe into defined `` spheres of influence '' for the two regimes , and specifically concerning the partition of the Polish state in the event of its `` territorial and political rearrangement '' . On 15 September 1939 , Stalin concluded a durable ceasefire with Japan , to take effect the following day ( it would be upgraded to a non-aggression pact in April 1941 ) . The day after that , 17 September , Soviet forces invaded Poland from the east . Although some fighting continued until 5 October , the two invading armies held at least one joint military parade on 25 September , and reinforced their non-military partnership with the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation on 28 September . On 30 November , the Soviet Union attacked Finland , for which it was expelled from the League of Nations . In the following year of 1940 , while the world 's attention was focused upon the German invasion of France and Norway , the USSR militarily occupied the Baltic states of Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of Romania . German - Soviet treaties were brought to an end by the German surprise attack on the USSR on 22 June 1941 . The Soviet Union soon entered in alliance with the United Kingdom . Following the USSR , a number of other communist , pro-Soviet or Soviet - controlled forces fought against the Axis powers during the Second World War . They were as follows : the Albanian National Liberation Front , the Chinese Red Army , the Greek National Liberation Front , the Hukbalahap , the Malayan Communist Party , the People 's Republic of Mongolia , the Polish People 's Army , the Tuvan People 's Republic ( annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944 ) , the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans . United States Further information : Military history of the United States during World War II American Douglas SBD Dauntless dive - bomber aircraft attacking the Japanese cruiser Mikuma during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 American Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign in November 1942 American Consolidated B - 24 Liberator bomber aircraft during the bombing of oil refineries in Ploiești , Romania on 1 August 1943 during Operation Tidal Wave American soldiers depart landing craft during the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 known as D - Day , in the Battle of Normandy . War justifications The United States had indirectly supported Britain 's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement . Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend - Lease Act starting in 1941 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941 promulgated the Atlantic Charter that pledged commitment to achieving `` the final destruction of Nazi tyranny '' . Signing the Atlantic Charter , and thereby joining the `` United Nations '' was the way a nation joined the Allies , and also became eligible for membership in the United Nations world body that formed in 1945 . The US strongly supported the Nationalist Government in China in its war with Japan , and provided military equipment , supplies , and volunteers to the Nationalist Government of China to assist in its war effort . In December 1941 Japan opened the war with its attack on Pearl Harbor , the US declared war on Japan , and Japan 's allies Germany and Italy declared war on the US , bringing the US into World War II . History On 8 December 1941 , following the attack on Pearl Harbor , the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt . This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11 December , bringing the country into the European theatre . The US - led Allied forces in the Pacific theatre against Japanese forces from 1941 to 1945 . From 1943 to 1945 , the US - led and coordinated the Western Allies ' war effort in Europe under the leadership of General Dwight D. Eisenhower . The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor followed by Japan 's swift attacks on Allied locations throughout the Pacific , resulted in major US losses in the first several months in the war , including losing control of the Philippines , Guam , Wake Island and several Aleutian islands including Attu and Kiska to Japanese forces . American naval forces attained some early successes against Japan . One was the bombing of Japanese industrial centres in the Doolittle Raid . Another was repelling a Japanese invasion of Port Moresby in New Guinea during the Battle of the Coral Sea . A major turning point in the Pacific War was the Battle of Midway where American naval forces were outnumbered by Japanese forces that had been sent to Midway to draw out and destroy American aircraft carriers in the Pacific and seize control of Midway that would place Japanese forces in proximity to Hawaii . However American forces managed to sink four of Japan 's six large aircraft carriers that had initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor along with other attacks on Allied forces . Afterwards the US began an offensive against Japanese - captured positions . The Guadalcanal Campaign from 1942 to 1943 was a major contention point where Allied and Japanese forces struggled to gain control of Guadalcanal . Colonies and dependencies In the Americas and the Pacific The United States held multiple dependencies in the Americas , such as Alaska , the Panama Canal Zone , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . In the Pacific it held multiple island dependencies such as American Samoa , Guam , Hawaii , Midway Islands , Wake Island and others . These dependencies were directly involved in the Pacific campaign of the war . In Asia Philippine Scouts at Fort William McKinley firing a 37 mm anti-tank gun in training The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a sovereign protectorate referred to as an `` associated state '' of the United States . From late 1941 to 1944 , the Philippines was occupied by Japanese forces , who established the Second Philippine Republic as a client state that had nominal control over the country . Other affiliated state combatants Australia Further information : Military history of Australia during World War II Australia was a sovereign Dominion under the Australian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . At the start of the war Australia followed Britain 's foreign policies , and accordingly declared war against Germany on 3 September 1939 . Australian foreign policy became more independent after the Australian Labor Party formed government in October 1941 , and Australia separately declared war against Finland , Hungary and Romania on 8 December 1941 and against Japan the next day . Belgium Main article : Belgium in World War II Members of the Belgian Resistance with a Canadian soldier in Bruges , September 1944 during the Battle of the Scheldt Before the war , Belgium had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . During the ensuing fighting , Belgian forces fought alongside French and British forces against the invaders . While the British and French were struggling against the fast German advance elsewhere on the front , the Belgian forces were pushed into a pocket to the north . Finally , on 28 May , the King Leopold III surrendered himself and his military to the Germans , having decided the Allied cause was lost . The legal Belgian government was reformed as a government in exile in London . Belgian troops and pilots continued to fight on the Allied side as the Free Belgian Forces . Belgium itself was occupied , but a sizeable Resistance was formed and was loosely coordinated by the government in exile and other Allied powers . British and Canadian troops arrived in Belgium in September 1944 and the capital , Brussels , was liberated on 6 September . Because of the Ardennes Offensive , the country was only fully liberated in early 1945 . Colonies and dependencies Belgium had the colony of the Belgian Congo and the League of Nations mandate of Ruanda - Urundi . The Belgian Congo was not occupied and remained loyal to the Allies as an important economic asset while its deposits of uranium were useful to the Allied efforts to develop the atomic bomb . Troops from the Belgian Congo participated in the East African Campaign against the Italians . The colonial Force Publique also served in other theatres including Madagascar , the Middle - East , India and Burma within British units . Brazil Main article : Brazilian Expeditionary Force Brazilian soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force greet civilians in the city of Massarosa , Italy , September 1944 . Initially , Brazil maintained a position of neutrality , trading with both the Allies and the Axis , while Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas 's quasi-Fascist policies indicated a leaning toward the Axis powers . However , as the war progressed , trade with the Axis countries became almost impossible and the United States initiated forceful diplomatic and economic efforts to bring Brazil onto the Allied side . At the beginning of 1942 , Brazil permitted the United States to set up air bases on its territory , especially in Natal , strategically located at the easternmost corner of the South American continent , and on 28 January the country severed diplomatic relations with Germany , Japan and Italy . After that , 36 Brazilian merchant ships were sunk by the German and Italian navies , which led the Brazilian government to declare war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 . Brazil then sent a 25,700 strong Expeditionary Force to Europe that fought mainly on the Italian front , from September 1944 to May 1945 . Also , the Brazilian Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean from the middle of 1942 until the end of the war . Brazil was the only South American country to send troops to fight in the European theatre in the Second World War . Canada Main articles : Declaration of war by Canada § Germany , and Military history of Canada during World War II Canada was a sovereign Dominion under the Canadian monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . In a symbolic statement of autonomous foreign policy Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King delayed parliament 's vote on a declaration of war for seven days after Britain had declared war . Canada was the last member of the Commonwealth to declare war on Germany on 10 September 1939 . Cuba Main article : Cuba in World War II Because of Cuba 's geographical position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico , Havana 's role as the principal trading port in the West Indies , and the country 's natural resources , Cuba was an important participant in the American Theater of World War II , and subsequently one of the greatest beneficiaries of the United States ' Lend - Lease program . Cuba declared war on the Axis powers in December 1941 , making it one of the first Latin American countries to enter the conflict , and by the war 's end in 1945 its military had developed a reputation as being the most efficient and cooperative of all the Caribbean nations . On 15 May 1943 , the Cuban patrol boat CS - 13 sank the German submarine U-176 . Czechoslovakia Ludvík Svoboda with Czechoslovak soldiers of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps on the Eastern Front in 1943 Czechoslovakia along with the United Kingdom and France attempted to resolve German irredentist claims to the Sudetenland region in 1938 with the Munich Agreement , however in March 1939 , Czechoslovakia was invaded by Germany and partitioned between Germany , Hungary , Poland , and a German client state of Slovakia . The Czechoslovak government - in - exile joined the Allies , the occupation and partition of Czechoslovakia amongst the Axis powers was not accepted by the Allied powers . Czechoslovakian military units took part in the war . Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic was one of the very few countries willing to accept mass Jewish immigration during World War II . At the Évian Conference , it offered to accept up to 100,000 Jewish refugees . The DORSA ( Dominican Republic Settlement Association ) was formed with the assistance of the JDC , and helped settle Jews in Sosúa , on the northern coast . About 700 European Jews of Ashkenazi Jewish descent reached the settlement where each family received 33 hectares ( 82 acres ) of land , 10 cows ( plus 2 additional cows per children ) , a mule and a horse , and a US $ 10,000 loan ( about 166,000 dollars at 2018 prices ) at 1 % interest . The Dominican Republic officially declared war on the Axis powers on December 11 , 1941 , after the attack on Pearl Harbor . However , the Caribbean nation had already been engaged in war actions since before the formal declaration of war . Dominican sailboats and schooners had been attacked on previous occasions by German submarines as , highlighting the case of the 1,993 - ton merchant ship , `` San Rafael '' , which was making a trip from Tampa , Florida to Kingston , Jamaica , when 80 miles away from its final destination , it was torpedoed by the German submarine U-125 , causing the command to abandon the ship by the commander . Although the crew of San Rafael managed to escape the event , it would be remembered by the Dominican press as a sign of the infamy of the German submarines and the danger they represented in the Caribbean . Recently , due to a research work carried out by the Embassy of the United States of America in Santo Domingo and the Institute of Dominican Studies of the City of New York ( CUNY ) , documents of the Department of Defense were discovered in which it was confirmed that Around 340 men and women of Dominican origin were part of the US Armed Forces during the World War II . Many of them received medals and other recognitions for their outstanding actions in combat . Greece Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II and Axis occupation of Greece Greek soldiers in March 1941 during the Greco - Italian War Greece was invaded by Italy on 28 October 1940 and subsequently joined the Allies . The Greek Army managed to stop the Italian offensive from Italy 's protectorate of Albania , and Greek forces pushed Italian forces back into Albania . However , after the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 , German forces managed to occupy mainland Greece and , a month later , the island of Crete . The Greek government went into exile , while the country was placed under a puppet government and divided into occupation zones run by Italy , Germany and Bulgaria . From 1942 , a strong resistance movement appeared , chiefly in the mountainous interior , where it established a `` Free Greece '' by mid-1943 . Following the Italian capitulation in September 1943 , the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans . Axis forces left mainland Greece in October 1944 , although some Aegean islands , notably Crete , remained under German occupation until the end of the war . Luxembourg Main article : Luxembourg in World War II See also : Luxembourgish government in exile , Luxembourg Resistance , Battle of the Bulge , and Luxembourg American Cemetery and Memorial Soldiers from Luxembourg training in Britain , 1943 Before the war , Luxembourg had pursued a policy of neutrality and only became an Allied member after being invaded by Germany on 10 May 1940 . The government in exile fled , winding up in England . It made Luxembourgish language broadcasts to the occupied country on BBC radio . In 1944 , the government in exile signed a treaty with the Belgian and Dutch governments , creating the Benelux Economic Union and also signed into the Bretton Woods system . Mexico Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States . These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers . Mexico formed Escuadrón 201 fighter squadron as part of the Fuerza Aérea Expedicionaria Mexicana ( FAEM -- `` Mexican Expeditionary Air Force '' ) . The squadron was attached to the 58th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces and carried out tactical air support missions during the liberation of the main Philippine island of Luzon in the summer of 1945 . Some 300,000 Mexican citizens went to the United States to work on farms and factories . Some 15,000 US nationals of Mexican origin and Mexican residents in the US enrolled in the US Armed Forces and fought in various fronts around the world . Netherlands Main article : Netherlands in World War II The Netherlands became an Allied member after being invaded on 10 May 1940 by Germany . During the ensuing campaign , the Netherlands were defeated and occupied by Germany . The Netherlands was liberated by Canadian , British , American and other allied forces during the campaigns of 1944 and 1945 . The Princess Irene Brigade , formed from escapees from the German invasion , took part in several actions in 1944 in Arromanches and in 1945 in the Netherlands . Navy vessels saw action in the British Channel , the North Sea and the Mediterranean , generally as part of Royal Navy units . Dutch airmen flying British aircraft participated in the air war over Germany . Colonies and dependencies The Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) was the principal Dutch colony in Asia , and was seized by Japan in 1942 . During the Dutch East Indies Campaign , the Netherlands played a significant role in the Allied effort to halt the Japanese advance as part of the American - British - Dutch - Australian ( ABDA ) Command . The ABDA fleet finally encountered the Japanese surface fleet at the Battle of Java Sea , at which Doorman gave the order to engage . During the ensuing battle the ABDA fleet suffered heavy losses , and was mostly destroyed after several naval battles around Java ; the ABDA Command was later dissolved . The Japanese finally occupied the Dutch East Indies in February -- March 1942 . Dutch troops , aircraft and escaped ships continued to fight on the Allied side and also mounted a guerrilla campaign in Timor . New Zealand Further information : Military history of New Zealand during World War II New Zealand was a sovereign Dominion under the New Zealand monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . It quickly entered World War II , officially declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 , just hours after Britain . Unlike Australia , which had felt obligated to declare war , as it also had not ratified the Statute of Westminster , New Zealand did so as a sign of allegiance to Britain , and in recognition of Britain 's abandonment of its former appeasement policy , which New Zealand had long opposed . This led to then Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring two days later : With gratitude for the past and confidence in the future we range ourselves without fear beside Britain . Where she goes , we go ; where she stands , we stand . We are only a small and young nation , but we march with a union of hearts and souls to a common destiny . Norway Norwegian soldiers on the Narvik front , May 1940 Because of its strategic location for control of the sea lanes in the North Sea and the Atlantic , both the Allies and Germany worried about the other side gaining control of the neutral country . Germany ultimately struck first with operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940 , resulting in the two - month - long Norwegian Campaign , which ended in a German victory and their war - long occupation of Norway . Units of the Norwegian Armed Forces evacuated from Norway or raised abroad continued participating in the war from exile . The Norwegian merchant fleet , then the fourth largest in the world , was organized into Nortraship to support the Allied cause . Nortraship was the world 's largest shipping company , and at its height operated more than 1000 ships . Norway was neutral when Germany invaded , and it is not clear when Norway became an Allied country . Great Britain , France and Polish forces in exile supported Norwegian forces against the invaders but without a specific agreement . Norway 's cabinet signed a military agreement with Britain on 28 May 1941 . This agreement allowed all Norwegian forces in exile to operate under UK command . Norwegian troops in exile should primarily be prepared for the liberation of Norway , but could also be used to defend Britain . Poland Further information : Polish contribution to World War II , Polish resistance movement in World War II , Polish Armed Forces in the West , and Polish Armed Forces in the East Pilots of the No. 303 `` Kościuszko '' Polish Fighter Squadron during the Battle of Britain The invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 , started the war in Europe , and the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany on 3 September . Poland fielded the third biggest army among the European Allies , after the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , but before France . The country never officially surrendered to the Third Reich , nor to the Soviet Union , primarily because neither of the totalitarian powers requested an official surrender , and continued the war effort under the Polish government in exile . However , the Soviet Union unilaterally considered the flight to Romania of President Ignacy Mościcki and Marshal Edward Rydz - Śmigły on 17 September as an evidence of debellatio causing the extinction of the Polish state , and consequently declared itself allowed to invade ( according to the Soviet position : `` to protect '' ) Eastern Poland starting from the same day . It must be noted that the Red Army had invaded the Second Polish Republic several hours before the Polish president fled to Romania . The Soviets invaded on 17 September at 3 a.m. , while president Mościcki crossed the Polish - Romanian border at 21 : 45 on the same day . The Polish military continued to fight , and the last major battle of the war , the Battle of Kock , ended at 1 a.m. on 6 October 1939 with the Independent Operational Group `` Polesie , '' a field army , surrendering due to lack of ammunition . Polish Home Army resistance fighters from the `` Kiliński '' Battalion during the Warsaw Uprising ( 1944 ) Polish soldiers fought under their own flag but under the command of the British military . They were major contributors to the Allies in the theatre of war west of Germany and in the theatre of war east of Germany , with the Soviet Union . The Polish armed forces in the West created after the fall of Poland played minor roles in the Battle of France , and important ones in the Italian and North African Campaigns . The Polish People 's Army took part in the Battle of Berlin , the closing battle of the European theater of war . They occupied the city alongside the Soviet Red Army . The Home Army , the largest underground force in Europe , and other resistance organizations in occupied Poland provided intelligence that enabled successful operations later in the war and led to uncovering of Nazi war crimes ( i.e. , death camps ) to the Western Allies . Notable Polish units fought in every campaign in North Africa and Europe ( outside the Balkans ) . The Soviet Union recognized the London - based government at first . But it broke diplomatic relations after the Katyn massacre of Polish nationals was revealed . In 1943 , the Soviet Union organized the Polish People 's Army under Zygmunt Berling , around which it constructed the post-war successor state People 's Republic of Poland . Provisional government of the Republic of Korea Further information : Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and Korean Liberation Army The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was established on April 13 , 1919 . During the time when the Provisional Government was created , Korea was under Japanese rule . The Provisional Government had governmental tasks and created important organizations for their independence movement , such as the Korean Liberation Army ( KLA ) on September 17 , 1940 . The Provisional Government also declared war against the Empire of Japan on December 10 , 1941 . The Provisional Government is also the first democratic government of Korea . The KLA participated in the battles ongoing in China with the Kuomintang forces . In 1943 , KLA underground activists , cooperating with British forces in Burma and India , initiated joint operations with British forces . The KLA failed to initiate Operation Eagle , a plan to liberate the Korean Peninsula by first attacking the capital region ( Seoul and Incheon ) , on August 18 , 1945 . The Office of Strategic Services of the United States also promised to assist the KLA with warplanes , submarines , and airborne troops during the operation . However , the plan failed due to the early surrender of Japan on August 15 , 1945 . The Provisional Government also faced heavy opposition from the United States Army Military Government in Korea after World War II . In addition , other governments in the Treaty of San Francisco did not recognize the Provisional Government as a member of the Allies . The government of the Republic of Korea was established on August 15 , 1948 , under President Syngman Rhee , and the Provisional Government was disbanded officially . South Africa Further information : Military history of South Africa during World War II South Africa was a sovereign Dominion under the South African monarchy , as per the Statute of Westminster 1931 . South Africa held authority over the mandate of South - West Africa . Yugoslavia Main article : World War II in Yugoslavia The Partisans and the Chetniks carried captured Germans through Užice , autumn 1941 . Yugoslavia entered the war on the Allied side after the invasion of Axis powers on 6 April 1941 . The Royal Yugoslav Army was thoroughly defeated in less than two weeks and the country was occupied . The Italian - backed Croatian fascist leader Ante Pavelić declared the Independent State of Croatia before the invasion was over . King Peter II and much of the Yugoslavian government had left the country . In the United Kingdom , they joined numerous other governments in exile from Nazi - occupied Europe . Beginning with the uprising in Herzegovina in June 1941 , there was continuous anti-Axis resistance in Yugoslavia until the end of the war . Resistance factions Partisan leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito with Winston Churchill in 1944 Before the end of 1941 , the anti-Axis resistance movement split between the royalist Chetniks and the communist Yugoslav Partisans of Josip Broz Tito who fought both against each other during the war and against the occupying forces . The Yugoslav Partisans managed to put up considerable resistance to the Axis occupation , forming various liberated territories during the war . In August 1943 , there were over 30 Axis divisions on the territory of Yugoslavia , not including the forces of the Croatian puppet state and other quisling formations . In 1944 , the leading Allied powers persuaded Tito 's Yugoslav Partisans and the royalist Yugoslav government led by Prime Minister Ivan Šubašić to sign the Treaty of Vis that created the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia . Partisans The Partisans were a major Yugoslav resistance movement against the Axis occupation and partition of Yugoslavia . Initially the Partisans were in rivalry with the Chetniks over control of the resistance movement . However , the Partisans were recognized by both the Eastern and Western Allies as the primary resistance movement in 1943 . After that , their strength increased rapidly , from 100,000 at the beginning of 1943 to over 648,000 in September 1944 . In 1945 they were transformed into the Yugoslav army , organized in 4 field armies with 800,000 fighters . Chetniks Chetniks leader General Mihailovic with the members of the US military mission , Operation Halyard 1944 The Chetniks , the short name given to the movement titled the Yugoslav Army of the Fatherland , were initially a major Allied Yugoslav resistance movement . However , due to their royalist and anti-communist views , Chetniks were considered to have begun collaborating with the Axis as a tactical move to focus on destroying their Partisan rivals . The Chetniks presented themselves as a Yugoslav movement , but were primarily a Serb movement . They reached their peak in 1943 with 93,000 fighters . Their major contribution was Operation Halyard in 1944 . In collaboration with the OSS , 413 Allied airmen shot down over Yugoslavia were rescued and evacuated . Client States British Egypt Main article : Military history of Egypt during World War II The United Kingdom controlled Egypt and used it as a major base for Allied operations throughout the region , especially the battles in North Africa against Italy and Germany . Its highest priorities were control of the Eastern Mediterranean , and especially keeping the Suez Canal open for merchant ships and for military connections with India and Australia . The Kingdom of Egypt was nominally an independent state since 1922 but effectively remained in the British sphere of influence with the British Mediterranean fleet being stationed in Alexandria and British Army forces being stationed in the Suez Canal zone . Egypt faced an Axis campaign led by Italian and German forces during the war . British frustration over King Farouk 's reign over Egypt resulted in the Abdeen Palace Incident of 1942 where British Army forces surrounded the royal Abdeen Palace and demanded a new government be established , nearly forcing the abdication of Farouk until he submitted to British demands . The Kingdom of Egypt joined the United Nations on 24 February 1945 . India ( British raj ) Further information : India in World War II At the outbreak of World War II , the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men . Later during World War II the Indian Army became the largest all - volunteer force in history , rising to over 2.5 million men in size. ( 10 ) These forces included tank , artillery and airborne forces . Indian soldiers earned 30 Victoria Crosses during the Second World War . During the war India suffered 1,500,000 civilian casualties ( more than the United Kingdom ) , mainly from the Bengal famine of 1943 and 87,000 military casualties , more than any Crown colony but fewer than the United Kingdom , which suffered 382,000 military casualties . Iran Further information : Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Iraq Further information : Anglo - Iraqi War This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) Soviet Bulgaria Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II After a period of neutrality , Bulgaria joined the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 . The Orthodox Church and others convinced King Boris to not allow the Bulgarian Jews to be exported to concentration camps . The king died shortly afterwards , suspected of being poisoned after a visit to Germany . Bulgaria abandoned the Axis and joined the Allies when the Soviet Union invaded , offering no resistance to the incoming forces . In the 1947 peace treaties , Bulgaria gained a small area near the Black Sea from Romania , making it the only former German ally to gain territory from WWII . Mongolia Main article : Mongolia in World War II Mongolia fought against Japan during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 and the Soviet -- Japanese War in August 1945 to protect its independence and to liberate Southern Mongolia from Japan and China . Mongolia had been a Soviet sphere of influence since the 1920s . Poland Main article : Polish Armed Forces in the East By 1944 , Poland entered the Soviet sphere of influence with the establishment of Władysław Gomułka 's communist regime . Polish forces fought alongside Soviet forces against Germany . Romania Main articles : Romania in World War II and King Michael 's Coup Romanian soldiers in Transylvania , September - October 1944 Romania had initially been a member of the Axis powers but switched allegiance upon facing invasion by the Soviet Union . In a radio broadcast to the Romanian people and army on the night of 23 August 1944 King Michael issued a cease - fire , proclaimed Romania 's loyalty to the Allies , announced the acceptance of an armistice ( to be signed on 12 September ) offered by the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States , and declared war on Germany . The coup accelerated the Red Army 's advance into Romania , but did not avert a rapid Soviet occupation and capture of about 130,000 Romanian soldiers , who were transported to the Soviet Union where many perished in prison camps . The armistice was signed three weeks later on 12 September 1944 , on terms virtually dictated by the Soviet Union . Under the terms of the armistice , Romania announced its unconditional surrender to the USSR and was placed under occupation of the Allied forces with the Soviet Union as their representative , in control of the media , communication , post , and civil administration behind the front . Tannu Tuva Tannu Tuva was a partially recognized state founded from the former Tuvan protectorate of Imperial Russia . It was a client state of the Soviet Union and was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1944 . Co-belligerent state combatants Italy Further information : Italian Civil War , Italian Co-Belligerent Army , and Italian resistance movement The dead bodies of Benito Mussolini , his mistress Clara Petacci , and several Fascist leaders , hanging for public display after they were executed by Italian partisans in 1945 Italy initially had been a leading member of the Axis powers , however after facing multiple military losses including the loss of all of Italy 's colonies to advancing Allied forces , Duce Benito Mussolini was deposed and arrested in July 1943 by order of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in co-operation with members of the Grand Council of Fascism who viewed Mussolini as having led Italy to ruin by allying with Germany in the war . Victor Emmanuel III dismantled the remaining apparatus of the Fascist regime and appointed Field Marshal Pietro Badoglio as Prime Minister of Italy . On 8 September 1943 , Italy signed the Armistice of Cassibile with the Allies , ending Italy 's war with the Allies and ending Italy 's participation with the Axis powers . Expecting immediate German retaliation , Victor Emmanuel III and the Italian government relocated to southern Italy under Allied control . Germany viewed the Italian government 's actions as an act of betrayal , and German forces immediately occupied all Italian territories outside of Allied control , in some cases even massacring Italian troops . Italy became a co-belligerent of the Allies , and the Italian Co-Belligerent Army was created to fight against the German occupation of Northern Italy , where German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from arrest and he was placed in charge of a German puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic ( RSI ) . Italy descended into civil war until the end of hostilities after his deposition and arrest , with Fascists loyal to him allying with German forces and helping them against the Italian armistice government and partisans . Associated power Albania Albania was recognized as an `` Associated Power '' at the 1946 Paris conference and officially signed the treaty ending WWII between the `` Allied and Associated Powers '' and Italy in Paris , on 10 February 1947 . United Nations Declaration by United Nations Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1941 by the US Office of War Information The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations on 1 January 1942 . There were 26 signatories : Australia Belgium Canada China Costa Rica Cuba Czechoslovakia Dominican Republic El Salvador Greece Guatemala Haiti Honduras India Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Panama Poland Soviet Union South Africa United Kingdom United States Yugoslavia Alliance growing Wartime poster for the United Nations , created in 1943 by the US Office of War Information The United Nations began growing immediately after their formation . In 1942 , Mexico , the Philippines and Ethiopia adhered to the declaration . The African nation had been restored in its independence by British forces after the Italian defeat on Amba Alagi in 1941 , while the Philippines , still dependent on Washington but granted international diplomatic recognition , was allowed to join on 10 June despite their occupation by Japan . During 1943 , the Declaration was signed by Iraq , Iran , Brazil , Bolivia and Colombia . A Tripartite Treaty of Alliance with Britain and the USSR formalised Iran 's assistance to the Allies . In Rio de Janeiro , Brazilian dictator Getúlio Vargas was considered near to fascist ideas , but realistically joined the United Nations after their evident successes . In 1944 , Liberia and France signed . The French situation was very confused . Free French forces were recognized only by Britain , while the United States considered Vichy France to be the legal government of the country until Operation Overlord , while also preparing US occupation francs . Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944 ; the Prime Minister feared that after the war , Britain could remain the sole great power in Europe facing the Communist threat , as it was in 1940 and 1941 against Nazism . During the early part of 1945 , Peru , Chile , Paraguay , Venezuela , Uruguay , Turkey , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Lebanon , Syria ( these latter two French colonies had been declared independent nations by British occupation troops , despite big protests by Pétain before , and De Gaulle after ) and Ecuador became signatories . Ukraine and Belarus , which were not independent nations but parts of the Soviet Union , were accepted as members of the United Nations as way to provide greater influence to Stalin , who had only Yugoslavia as a communist partner in the alliance . Charter of the United Nations Main article : Charter of the United Nations The first version of the flag of the United Nations , introduced in April 1945 The Charter of the United Nations was agreed to during the war at the United Nations Conference on International Organization , held between April and July 1945 . The Charter was signed by 50 nations on 26 June ( Poland had its place reserved and later became the 51st `` original '' signatory ) , and was formally ratified shortly after the war on 24 October 1945 . In 1944 , the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , the United States and China at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference where the formation and the permanent seats ( for the `` Big Five '' , China , France , the UK , US , and USSR ) of the United Nations Security Council were decided . The Security Council met for the first time in the immediate aftermath of war on 17 January 1946 . These are the original 51 signatories ( UNSC permanent members are asterisked ) : Argentine Republic Commonwealth of Australia Kingdom of Belgium Republic of Bolivia United States of Brazil Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic Dominion of Canada Republic of Chile Republic of China * Republic of Colombia Republic of Costa Rica Republic of Cuba Czechoslovak Republic Kingdom of Denmark Dominican Republic Republic of Ecuador Kingdom of Egypt Republic of El Salvador Ethiopian Empire French Republic * Kingdom of Greece Republic of Guatemala Republic of Haiti Republic of Honduras Indian Empire Imperial Kingdom of Iran Kingdom of Iraq Lebanese Republic Republic of Liberia Grand Duchy of Luxembourg United Mexican States Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominion of New Zealand Republic of Nicaragua Kingdom of Norway Republic of Panama Republic of Paraguay Republic of Peru Commonwealth of the Philippines Republic of Poland Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Union of South Africa Syrian Republic Republic of Turkey Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Union of Soviet Socialist Republics * United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland * United States of America * Oriental Republic of Uruguay United States of Venezuela Democratic Federal Yugoslavia Timeline of Allied Nations entering the war Main article : Declarations of war during World War II The following list denotes dates on which nations declared war on the Axis powers , or on which an Axis power declared war on them . Nepal was formally independent . The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions . A British poster from 1941 , promoting the greater alliance against Germany 1939 Poland : 1 September 1939 France : 3 September 1939 -- On 22 June 1940 , Vichy France under Marshal Pétain formally capitulated to Germany , and became neutral . This capitulation was denounced by General de Gaulle , who established the Free France government - in - exile , which continued to fight against Germany . This led to the Provisional Government of the French Republic , which was officially recognized by the other Allies as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944 . Pétain 's 1940 surrender was also legally nullified , so France is considered an Ally throughout the war . United Kingdom : 3 September 1939 India : 3 September 1939 Australia : 3 September 1939 New Zealand : 3 September 1939 Nepal : 4 September 1939 South Africa : 6 September 1939 Canada : 10 September 1939 1940 Norway : 8 April 1940 -- German invasion of a neutral country without declaration of war Denmark 9 April 1940 -- German invasion without declaration of war Belgium : 10 May 1940 Luxembourg : 10 May 1940 Netherlands : 10 May 1940 Greece : 28 October 1940 1941 Yugoslavia : 6 April 1941 ( Yugoslavia signed the Tripartite Pact , becoming a nominal member of the Axis on 25 March ; but was attacked by the Axis on 6 April 1941 . ) Soviet Union : 22 June 1941 ; Despite membership of the Soviet Union , Ukraine and Belarus were recognized as separate fighting States by the United Kingdom and the United States at the end of the war . Panama : 7 December 1941 United States : 8 December 1941 ( war declared against Japan ) Philippines : 8 December 1941 Costa Rica : 8 December 1941 Dominican Republic : 8 December 1941 El Salvador : 8 December 1941 Haiti : 8 December 1941 Honduras : 8 December 1941 Nicaragua : 8 December 1941 China : 9 December 1941 ( at war with Japan since 1937 ) Cuba : 9 December 1941 Guatemala : 9 December 1941 United States : 11 December 1941 ( war declared on the U.S. by Germany and Italy ) Provisional governments or governments - in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 Vietnam ( Viet Minh ) : 7 December 1941 Korea ( government in exile ) : 10 December 1941 Czechoslovakia ( government - in - exile ) : 16 December 1941 1942 Peru : 12 February 1942 Mexico : 22 May 1942 Brazil : 22 August 1942 Ethiopia : 14 December 1942 1943 Iraq : 16 January 1943 Bolivia : 7 April 1943 Colombia : 26 July 1943 Iran : 9 September 1943 Italy : 10 October 1943 -- former Axis power 1944 Liberia : 27 January 1944 Romania : 25 August 1944 -- former Axis power Bulgaria : 8 September 1944 -- former Axis power 1945 Hungary : 20 January 1945 -- former Axis power Ecuador : 2 February 1945 Paraguay : 7 February 1945 Uruguay : 15 February 1945 Venezuela : 15 February 1945 Turkey : 23 February 1945 Egypt : 24 February 1945 Syria : 26 February 1945 Lebanon : 27 February 1945 Saudi Arabia : 1 March 1945 Finland : 3 March 1945 -- former co-belligerent of Germany in the Continuation War . On 3 March 1945 , Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944 . Argentina : 27 March 1945 Chile : 11 April 1945 declared war on Japan Mongolia : August 1945 declared war on Japan See also World War II portal War portal History portal Allies of World War I Diplomatic history of World War II Free World ( World War II ) Military production during World War II Neutral powers during World War II Participants in World War II Footnotes Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 150 -- 151 . ^ Jump up to : Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780847694167 . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Ian C.B. Dear and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , pp 29 , 1176 Jump up ^ Ward , Geoffrey C. ; Burns , Ken ( 2014 ) . `` Nothing to Conceal '' . The Roosevelts : An Intimate History . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0385353065 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations '' . Wordorigins.org. 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas Brinkley , FDR & the Making of the U.N. Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston S. ( 1981 ) ( 1953 ) . The Second World War , Volume VI : Triumph and Tragedy . Houghton - Mifflin Company . p. 561 . Jump up ^ Wood , JRT ( June 2005 ) . So Far And No Further ! Rhodesia 's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959 -- 1965 . Victoria , British Columbia : Trafford Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4120 - 4952 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ G. Bruce Strang . On the fiery march : Mussolini prepares for war . Westport , Connecticut , US : Greenwood Publishing Group , Inc. , 2003 . Pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Euan Graham . Japan 's sea lane security , 1940 -- 2004 : a matter of life and death ? Oxon , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Routledge , 2006 . Pp. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Guo wu yuan . Xin wen ban gong shi . Col. C.L. Chennault and Flying Tigers . English translation . State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . Pp. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Frederic J. Fleron , Erik P. Hoffmann , Robbin Frederick Laird . Soviet Foreign Policy : Classic and Contemporary Issues . Third paperback edition . New Brunswick , New Jersey , US : Transaction Publishers , 2009 . Pp. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Crisis '' . Time . 13 November 1944 . Jump up ^ Dieter Heinzig . The Soviet Union and communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : the arduous road to the alliance . M.E. Sharpe , 2004 . Pp. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Speeches that Reshaped the World . Jump up ^ `` When the US wanted to take over France ‐ Le Monde diplomatique ‐ English edition '' . Le Monde diplomatique . May 2003 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Helen Rapport . Joseph Stalin : A Biographical Companion . Santa Barbara , California , US : ABC - CLIO , 1999 . P. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Bushkovitch . A Concise History of Russia . Cambridge , England , UK ; New York , New York , US : Cambridge University Press , 2012 . P. 390 -- 391 . Jump up ^ The Soviet Union and Communist China , 1945 -- 1950 : The Road to Alliance . P. 78 . Jump up ^ Kees Boterbloem . A History of Russia and Its Empire : From Mikhail Romanov to Vladimir Putin . P235 . ^ Jump up to : David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 . P184 . Jump up ^ Jan Karski . The Great Powers and Poland : From Versailles to Yalta . Rowman & Littlefield , 2014 . P197 . Jump up ^ David L. Ransel , Bozena Shallcross . Polish Encounters , Russian Identity . Indiana University Press , 2005 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Overy 1997 , pp 41 , 43 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 148 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp 16 , 154 . Jump up ^ Khudoley , Konstantin K. ( 2009 ) . `` The Baltic factor '' . In Hiden , John . The Baltic question during the Cold War . Vahur Made , David J. Smith . Psychology Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37100 - 1 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey , Roberts ( 2004 ) . `` Ideology , calculation , and improvisation . Sphere of influence and Soviet foreign policy 1939 -- 1945 '' . In Martel , Gordon . The World War Two reader . Routledge . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22402 - 4 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1995 ) . `` Soviet policy and the Baltic States , 1939 -- 1940 a reappraisal '' . Diplomacy & Statecraft . Francis & Taylor . 6 ( 3 ) : 672 -- 700 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592299508405982 . Jump up ^ Toomas Alatalu . Tuva . A State Reawakens . 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Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) Delia Radu , `` Serialul ' Ion Antonescu şi asumarea istoriei ' ( 3 ) '' , BBC Romanian edition , 1 August 2008 Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Dictatura + a + luat + sfarsit + si + cu + ea + inceteaza + toate + asupririle '' `` The Dictatorship Has Ended and along with It All Oppression '' - From The Proclamation to The Nation of King Michael I on The Night of August 23 1944 , Curierul Naţional , 7 August 2004 Jump up ^ `` King Proclaims Nation 's Surrender and Wish to Help Allies '' , The New York Times , 24 August 1944 Jump up ^ Josef Becker ; Franz Knipping ( 1986 ) . Great Britain , France , Italy and Germany in a Postwar World , 1945 -- 1950 . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 506 -- 7 . ISBN 9783110863918 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Philip ( 2007 ) . The Fall of Mussolini : Italy , the Italians , and the Second World War . Oxford UP . pp. 194 -- 85 . ISBN 9780191578755 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State , Foreign relations of the United States , 1946 . 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Jump up ^ `` Ordre de la Libération '' . ordredelaliberation.fr . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental . - Legifrance '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Mark ( 2012 ) . The IRA on Film and Television : A History . McFarland . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 8961 - 9 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61826 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . Australia : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958993 - 7 . Jump up ^ New Zealand declares war on Germany , Ministry for Culture and Heritage , updated 14 - Oct - 2014 Jump up ^ Selley , Ron ; Cocks , Kerrin ( 2014 ) . I Wo n't Be Home Next Summer : Flight Lieutenant R.N. Selley DFC ( 1917Ð1941 ) . Pinetown : 30 Degrees South Publishers . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 928211 - 19 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tamelander , M. og N. Zetterling ( 2001 ) : 9 . april . Oslo : Spartacus . Jump up ^ Sotirović , Vladislav B. ( 18 December 2011 ) . `` Кнез Павле Карађорђевић и приступање Југославије Тројном пакту '' . NSPM. ( in Serbian ) '' Jump up ^ Kluckhohn , Frank L. ( 8 December 1941 ) . `` U.S. Declares War , Pacific Battle Widens '' . The New York Times : 1 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 878 - 9 Jump up ^ Rana Mitter . `` Forgotten ally ? China 's unsung role in World War II '' . CNN . Jump up ^ A. Wigfall Green ( 2007 ) . The Epic Of Korea . Read Books . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 0320 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dear and Foot , Oxford Companion to World War II pp 279 - 80 Jump up ^ A Political Chronology of Europe , Psychology Press , 2001 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Decree 6945 / 45 Bibliography Davies , Norman ( 2006 ) , Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69285 - 3 Dear , Ian C.B. and Michael Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2005 ) , comprehensive encyclopedia for all countries Holland R. ( 1981 ) , Britain and the Commonwealth alliance , 1918 -- 1939 , London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 27295 - 4 Overy , Richard ( 1997 ) , Russia 's War : A History of the Soviet Effort : 1941 -- 1945 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027169 - 4 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Comprehensive coverage of the war with emphasis on diplomacy excerpt and text search Further reading Ready , J. Lee ( 2012 ) ( 1985 ) . Forgotten Allies : The Military Contribution of the Colonies , Exiled Governments , and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780899501178 . OCLC 586670908 . 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who added the concept of reinforcement to learning theory

Reinforcement - wikipedia Reinforcement Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the psychological concept . For other uses , see Reinforcement ( disambiguation ) . Diagram of operant conditioning In behavioral psychology , reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism 's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus . This strengthening effect may be measured as a higher frequency of behavior ( e.g. , pulling a lever more frequently ) , longer duration ( e.g. , pulling a lever for longer periods of time ) , greater magnitude ( e.g. , pulling a lever with greater force ) , or shorter latency ( e.g. , pulling a lever more quickly following the antecedent stimulus ) . Rewarding stimuli , which are associated with `` wanting '' and `` liking '' ( desire and pleasure , respectively ) and appetitive behavior , function as positive reinforcers ; the converse statement is also true : positive reinforcers provide a desirable stimulus . Reinforcement does not require an individual to consciously perceive an effect elicited by the stimulus . Thus , reinforcement occurs only if there is an observable strengthening in behavior . However , there is also negative reinforcement , which is characterized by taking away an undesirable stimulus . An ibuprofen is a negative reinforcer because it takes away pain . In most cases , the term `` reinforcement '' refers to an enhancement of behavior , but this term is also sometimes used to denote an enhancement of memory ; for example , `` post-training reinforcement '' refers to the provision of a stimulus ( such as food ) after a learning session in an attempt to increase the retained breadth , detail , and duration of the individual memories or overall memory just formed . The memory - enhancing stimulus can also be one whose effects are directly rather than only indirectly emotional , as with the phenomenon of `` flashbulb memory , '' in which an emotionally highly intense stimulus can incentivize memory of a set of a situation 's circumstances well beyond the subset of those circumstances that caused the emotionally significant stimulus , as when people of appropriate age are able to remember where they were and what they were doing when they learned of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or of the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks . Reinforcement is an important part of operant or instrumental conditioning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Introduction 3 Brief history 4 Operant conditioning 4.1 Positive reinforcement 4.2 Negative reinforcement 4.3 Reinforcement versus punishment 4.4 Further ideas and concepts 4.5 Primary reinforcers 4.6 Secondary reinforcers 4.7 Other reinforcement terms 5 Natural and artificial 6 Intermittent reinforcement schedules 6.1 Simple schedules 6.1. 1 Effects of different types of simple schedules 6.2 Compound schedules 6.3 Superimposed schedules 6.4 Concurrent schedules 7 Shaping 8 Chaining 9 Persuasive communication and the reinforcement theory 10 Mathematical models 11 Criticisms 11.1 History of the terms 12 Applications 12.1 Addiction and dependence 12.2 Animal training 12.3 Child behaviour -- parent management training 12.4 Economics 12.5 Gambling -- variable ratio scheduling 12.6 Nudge theory 12.7 Praise 12.8 Psychological manipulation 12.9 Traumatic bonding 12.10 Video games 12.11 Workplace culture of fear 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Terminology ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Addiction and dependence glossary <Td_colspan="2"> addiction -- a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences addictive behavior -- a behavior that is both rewarding and reinforcing addictive drug -- a drug that is both rewarding and reinforcing dependence -- an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus ( e.g. , drug intake ) drug sensitization or reverse tolerance -- the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose drug withdrawal -- symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use physical dependence -- dependence that involves persistent physical -- somatic withdrawal symptoms ( e.g. , fatigue and delirium tremens ) psychological dependence -- dependence that involves emotional -- motivational withdrawal symptoms ( e.g. , dysphoria and anhedonia ) reinforcing stimuli -- stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them rewarding stimuli -- stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach sensitization -- an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it substance use disorder -- a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress tolerance -- the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose <Td_colspan="2"> Main section : Reinforcement # Operant conditioning In the behavioral sciences , the terms `` positive '' and `` negative '' refer when used in their strict technical sense to the nature of the action performed by the conditioner rather than to the responding operant 's evaluation of that action and its consequence ( s ) . `` Positive '' actions are those that add a factor , be it pleasant or unpleasant , to the environment , whereas `` negative '' actions are those that remove or withhold from the environment a factor of either type . In turn , the strict sense of `` reinforcement '' refers only to reward - based conditioning ; the introduction of unpleasant factors and the removal or withholding of pleasant factors are instead referred to as `` punishment , '' which when used in its strict sense thus stands in contradistinction to `` reinforcement . '' Thus , `` positive reinforcement '' refers to the addition of a pleasant factor , `` positive punishment '' refers to the addition of an unpleasant factor , `` negative reinforcement '' refers to the removal or withholding of an unpleasant factor , and `` negative punishment '' refers to the removal or withholding of a pleasant factor . This usage is at odds with some non-technical usages of the four term combinations , especially in the case of the term `` negative reinforcement , '' which is often used to denote what technical parlance would describe as `` positive punishment '' in that the non-technical usage interprets `` reinforcement '' as subsuming both reward and punishment and `` negative '' as referring to the responding operant 's evaluation of the factor being introduced . By contrast , technical parlance would use the term `` negative reinforcement '' to describe encouragement of a given behavior by creating a scenario in which an unpleasant factor is or will be present but engaging in the behavior results in either escaping from that factor or preventing its occurrence , as in Martin Seligman 's experiments involving dogs ' learning processes regarding the avoidance of electric shock . Introduction ( edit ) B.F. Skinner was a well - known and influential researcher who articulated many of the theoretical constructs of reinforcement and behaviorism . Skinner defined reinforcers according to the change in response strength ( response rate ) rather than to more subjective criteria , such as what is pleasurable or valuable to someone . Accordingly , activities , foods or items considered pleasant or enjoyable may not necessarily be reinforcing ( because they produce no increase in the response preceding them ) . Stimuli , settings , and activities only fit the definition of reinforcers if the behavior that immediately precedes the potential reinforcer increases in similar situations in the future ; for example , a child who receives a cookie when he or she asks for one . If the frequency of `` cookie - requesting behavior '' increases , the cookie can be seen as reinforcing `` cookie - requesting behavior '' . If however , `` cookie - requesting behavior '' does not increase the cookie can not be considered reinforcing . The sole criterion that determines if a stimulus is reinforcing is the change in probability of a behavior after administration of that potential reinforcer . Other theories may focus on additional factors such as whether the person expected a behavior to produce a given outcome , but in the behavioral theory , reinforcement is defined by an increased probability of a response . The study of reinforcement has produced an enormous body of reproducible experimental results . Reinforcement is the central concept and procedure in special education , applied behavior analysis , and the experimental analysis of behavior and is a core concept in some medical and psychopharmacology models , particularly addiction , dependence , and compulsion . Brief history ( edit ) Laboratory research on reinforcement is usually dated from the work of Edward Thorndike , known for his experiments with cats escaping from puzzle boxes . A number of others continued this research , notably B.F. Skinner , who published his seminal work on the topic in The Behavior of Organisms , in 1938 , and elaborated this research in many subsequent publications . Notably Skinner argued that positive reinforcement is superior to punishment in shaping behavior . Though punishment may seem just the opposite of reinforcement , Skinner claimed that they differ immensely , saying that positive reinforcement results in lasting behavioral modification ( long - term ) whereas punishment changes behavior only temporarily ( short - term ) and has many detrimental side - effects . A great many researchers subsequently expanded our understanding of reinforcement and challenged some of Skinner 's conclusions . For example , Azrin and Holz defined punishment as a `` consequence of behavior that reduces the future probability of that behavior , '' and some studies have shown that positive reinforcement and punishment are equally effective in modifying behavior . Research on the effects of positive reinforcement , negative reinforcement and punishment continue today as those concepts are fundamental to learning theory and apply to many practical applications of that theory . Operant conditioning ( edit ) Main article : Operant conditioning The term operant conditioning was introduced by B.F. Skinner to indicate that in his experimental paradigm the organism is free to operate on the environment . In this paradigm the experimenter can not trigger the desirable response ; the experimenter waits for the response to occur ( to be emitted by the organism ) and then a potential reinforcer is delivered . In the classical conditioning paradigm the experimenter triggers ( elicits ) the desirable response by presenting a reflex eliciting stimulus , the Unconditional Stimulus ( UCS ) , which he pairs ( precedes ) with a neutral stimulus , the Conditional Stimulus ( CS ) . Reinforcement is a basic term in operant conditioning . For the punishment aspect of operant conditioning -- see punishment ( psychology ) . Positive reinforcement ( edit ) Positive reinforcement occurs when a desirable event or stimulus is presented as a consequence of a behavior and the behavior increases . Example : Whenever a rat presses a button , it gets a treat . If the rat starts pressing the button more often , the treat serves to positively reinforce this behavior . Example : A father gives candy to his daughter when she picks up her toys . If the frequency of picking up the toys increases , the candy is a positive reinforcer ( to reinforce the behavior of cleaning up ) . Example : A company enacts a rewards program in which employees earn prizes dependent on the number of items sold . The prizes the employees receive are the positive reinforcement if they increase sales . Negative reinforcement ( edit ) Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening . Example : A child cleans his or her room , and this behavior is followed by the parent stopping `` nagging '' or asking the child repeatedly to do so . Here , the nagging serves to negatively reinforce the behavior of cleaning because the child wants to remove that aversive stimulus of nagging . Example : A person puts ointment on a bug bite to soothe an itch . If the ointment works , the person will likely increase the usage of the ointment because it resulted in removing the itch , which is the negative reinforcer . Example : A company has a policy that if an employee completes their assigned work by Friday , they can have Saturday off . Working Saturday is the negative reinforcer , the employee 's productivity will be increased as they avoid experiencing the negative reinforcer . Reinforcement versus punishment ( edit ) Reinforcers serve to increase behaviors whereas punishers serve to decrease behaviors ; thus , positive reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to attain , and negative reinforcers are stimuli that the subject will work to be rid of or to end . The table below illustrates the adding and subtracting of stimuli ( pleasant or aversive ) in relation to reinforcement vs. punishment . Rewarding ( pleasant ) stimulus Aversive ( unpleasant ) stimulus Adding / Presenting Positive Reinforcement Positive Punishment Removing / Taking Away Negative Punishment Negative Reinforcement Further ideas and concepts ( edit ) Distinguishing between positive and negative can be difficult and may not always be necessary ; focusing on what is being removed or added and how it is being removed or added will determine the nature of the reinforcement . Negative reinforcement is not punishment . The two , as explained above , differ in the increase ( negative reinforcement ) or decrease ( punishment ) of the future probability of a response . In negative reinforcement , the stimulus removed following a response is an aversive stimulus ; if this stimulus were presented contingent on a response , it may also function as a positive punisher . The form of a stimulus is separate from its function in terms of whether it will reinforce or punish behavior . An event that may punish behavior for some may serve to reinforce behavior for others . Example : A child is repeatedly given detention for acting up in school , but the frequency of the bad behavior increases . Thus , the detention may be a reinforcer ( could be positive or negative ) ; perhaps the child now gets one - on - one attention from a teacher or perhaps they now avoid going home where they are often abused . Some reinforcement can be simultaneously positive and negative , such as a drug addict taking drugs for the added euphoria ( a positive feeling ) and eliminating withdrawal symptoms ( which would be a negative feeling ) . Or , in a warm room , a current of external air serves as positive reinforcement because it is pleasantly cool and as negative reinforcement because it removes uncomfortable hot air . Reinforcement in the business world is essential in driving productivity . Employees are constantly motivated by the ability to receive a positive stimulus , such as a promotion or a bonus . Employees are also driven by negative reinforcement . This can be seen when employees are offered Saturdays off if they complete the weekly workload by Friday . Though negative reinforcement has a positive effect in the short term for a workplace ( i.e. encourages a financially beneficial action ) , over-reliance on a negative reinforcement hinders the ability of workers to act in a creative , engaged way creating growth in the long term . Both positive and negative reinforcement increase behavior . Most people , especially children , will learn to follow instruction by a mix of positive and negative reinforcement . Primary reinforcers ( edit ) A primary reinforcer , sometimes called an unconditioned reinforcer , is a stimulus that does not require pairing with a different stimulus in order to function as a reinforcer and most likely has obtained this function through the evolution and its role in species ' survival . Examples of primary reinforcers include food , water , and sex . Some primary reinforcers , such as certain drugs , may mimic the effects of other primary reinforcers . While these primary reinforcers are fairly stable through life and across individuals , the reinforcing value of different primary reinforcers varies due to multiple factors ( e.g. , genetics , experience ) . Thus , one person may prefer one type of food while another avoids it . Or one person may eat lots of food while another eats very little . So even though food is a primary reinforcer for both individuals , the value of food as a reinforcer differs between them . Secondary reinforcers ( edit ) A secondary reinforcer , sometimes called a conditioned reinforcer , is a stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer . This stimulus may be a primary reinforcer or another conditioned reinforcer ( such as money ) . An example of a secondary reinforcer would be the sound from a clicker , as used in clicker training . The sound of the clicker has been associated with praise or treats , and subsequently , the sound of the clicker may function as a reinforcer . Another common example is the sound of people clapping -- there is nothing inherently positive about hearing that sound , but we have learned that it is associated with praise and rewards . When trying to distinguish primary and secondary reinforcers in human examples , use the `` caveman test . '' If the stimulus is something that a caveman would naturally find desirable ( e.g. , candy ) then it is a primary reinforcer . If , on the other hand , the caveman would not react to it ( e.g. , a dollar bill ) , it is a secondary reinforcer . As with primary reinforcers , an organism can experience satiation and deprivation with secondary reinforcers . Other reinforcement terms ( edit ) A generalized reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer that has obtained the reinforcing function by pairing with many other reinforcers and functions as a reinforcer under a wide - variety of motivating operations . ( One example of this is money because it is paired with many other reinforcers ) . In reinforcer sampling , a potentially reinforcing but unfamiliar stimulus is presented to an organism without regard to any prior behavior . Socially - mediated reinforcement ( direct reinforcement ) involves the delivery of reinforcement that requires the behavior of another organism . The Premack principle is a special case of reinforcement elaborated by David Premack , which states that a highly preferred activity can be used effectively as a reinforcer for a less - preferred activity . Reinforcement hierarchy is a list of actions , rank - ordering the most desirable to least desirable consequences that may serve as a reinforcer . A reinforcement hierarchy can be used to determine the relative frequency and desirability of different activities , and is often employed when applying the Premack principle . Contingent outcomes are more likely to reinforce behavior than non-contingent responses . Contingent outcomes are those directly linked to a causal behavior , such a light turning on being contingent on flipping a switch . Note that contingent outcomes are not necessary to demonstrate reinforcement , but perceived contingency may increase learning . Contiguous stimuli are stimuli closely associated by time and space with specific behaviors . They reduce the amount of time needed to learn a behavior while increasing its resistance to extinction . Giving a dog a piece of food immediately after sitting is more contiguous with ( and therefore more likely to reinforce ) the behavior than a several minute delay in food delivery following the behavior . Noncontingent reinforcement refers to response - independent delivery of stimuli identified as reinforcers for some behaviors of that organism . However , this typically entails time - based delivery of stimuli identified as maintaining aberrant behavior , which decreases the rate of the target behavior . As no measured behavior is identified as being strengthened , there is controversy surrounding the use of the term noncontingent `` reinforcement '' . Natural and artificial ( edit ) In his 1967 paper , Arbitrary and Natural Reinforcement , Charles Ferster proposed classifying reinforcement into events that increase frequency of an operant as a natural consequence of the behavior itself , and events that are presumed to affect frequency by their requirement of human mediation , such as in a token economy where subjects are `` rewarded '' for certain behavior with an arbitrary token of a negotiable value . In 1970 , Baer and Wolf created a name for the use of natural reinforcers called `` behavior traps '' . A behavior trap requires only a simple response to enter the trap , yet once entered , the trap can not be resisted in creating general behavior change . It is the use of a behavioral trap that increases a person 's repertoire , by exposing them to the naturally occurring reinforcement of that behavior . Behavior traps have four characteristics : They are `` baited '' with virtually irresistible reinforcers that `` lure '' the student to the trap Only a low - effort response already in the repertoire is necessary to enter the trap Interrelated contingencies of reinforcement inside the trap motivate the person to acquire , extend , and maintain targeted academic / social skills They can remain effective for long periods of time because the person shows few , if any , satiation effects As can be seen from the above , artificial reinforcement is in fact created to build or develop skills , and to generalize , it is important that either a behavior trap is introduced to `` capture '' the skill and utilize naturally occurring reinforcement to maintain or increase it . This behavior trap may simply be a social situation that will generally result from a specific behavior once it has met a certain criterion ( e.g. , if you use edible reinforcers to train a person to say hello and smile at people when they meet them , after that skill has been built up , the natural reinforcer of other people smiling , and having more friendly interactions will naturally reinforce the skill and the edibles can be faded ) . Intermittent reinforcement schedules ( edit ) Much behavior is not reinforced every time it is emitted , and the pattern of intermittent reinforcement strongly affects how fast an operant response is learned , what its rate is at any given time , and how long it continues when reinforcement ceases . The simplest rules controlling reinforcement are continuous reinforcement , where every response is reinforced , and extinction , where no response is reinforced . Between these extremes , more complex `` schedules of reinforcement '' specify the rules that determine how and when a response will be followed by a reinforcer . Specific schedules of reinforcement reliably induce specific patterns of response , irrespective of the species being investigated ( including humans in some conditions ) . However , the quantitative properties of behavior under a given schedule depend on the parameters of the schedule , and sometimes on other , non-schedule factors . The orderliness and predictability of behavior under schedules of reinforcement was evidence for B.F. Skinner 's claim that by using operant conditioning he could obtain `` control over behavior '' , in a way that rendered the theoretical disputes of contemporary comparative psychology obsolete . The reliability of schedule control supported the idea that a radical behaviorist experimental analysis of behavior could be the foundation for a psychology that did not refer to mental or cognitive processes . The reliability of schedules also led to the development of applied behavior analysis as a means of controlling or altering behavior . Many of the simpler possibilities , and some of the more complex ones , were investigated at great length by Skinner using pigeons , but new schedules continue to be defined and investigated . Simple schedules ( edit ) A chart demonstrating the different response rate of the four simple schedules of reinforcement , each hatch mark designates a reinforcer being given Ratio schedule -- the reinforcement depends only on the number of responses the organism has performed . Continuous reinforcement ( CRF ) -- a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response ( desired response ) is followed by the reinforcer . Lab example : each time a rat presses a bar it gets a pellet of food . Real - world example : each time a dog defecates outside its owner gives it a treat ; each time a person puts $1 in a candy machine and presses the buttons he receives a candy bar . Simple schedules have a single rule to determine when a single type of reinforcer is delivered for a specific response . Fixed ratio ( FR ) -- schedules deliver reinforcement after every nth response . An FR 1 schedule is synonymous with a CRF schedule . Example : FR 2 = every second desired response the subject makes is reinforced . Lab example : FR 5 = rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced with food after every 5 bar - presses in a Skinner box . Real - world example : FR 10 = Used car dealer gets a $1000 bonus for each 10 cars sold on the lot . Variable ratio schedule ( VR ) -- reinforced on average every nth response , but not always on the nth response . Lab example : VR 4 = first pellet delivered on 2 bar presses , second pellet delivered on 6 bar presses , third pellet 4 bar presses ( 2 + 6 + 4 = 12 ; 12 / 3 = 4 bar presses to receive pellet ) . Real - world example : slot machines ( because , though the probability of hitting the jackpot is constant , the number of lever presses needed to hit the jackpot is variable ) . Fixed interval ( FI ) -- reinforced after n amount of time . Example : FI 1 - s = reinforcement provided for the first response after 1 second . Lab example : FI 15 - s = rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced for the first bar press after 15 seconds passes since the last reinforcement . Real - world example : FI 30 - min = a 30 - minute washing machine cycle . Variable interval ( VI ) -- reinforced on an average of n amount of time , but not always exactly n amount of time . Example : VI 4 - min = first pellet delivered after 2 minutes , second delivered after 6 minutes , third is delivered after 4 minutes ( 2 + 6 + 4 = 12 ; 12 / 3 = 4 ) . Reinforcement is delivered on the average after 4 minutes . Lab example : VI 10 - s = a rat 's bar - pressing behavior is reinforced for the first bar press after an average of 10 seconds passes since the last reinforcement . Real - world example : VI 30 - min = Going fishing -- you might catch a fish after 10 minutes , then have to wait an hour , then have to wait 20 minutes . Fixed time ( FT ) -- Provides a reinforcing stimulus at a fixed time since the last reinforcement delivery , regardless of whether the subject has responded or not . In other words , it is a non-contingent schedule . Lab example : FT 5 - s = rat gets food every 5 seconds regardless of the behavior . Real - world example : FT 30 - d = a person gets an annuity check every month regardless of behavior between checks Variable time ( VT ) -- Provides reinforcement at an average variable time since last reinforcement , regardless of whether the subject has responded or not . Simple schedules are utilized in many differential reinforcement procedures : Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior ( DRA ) - A conditioning procedure in which an undesired response is decreased by placing it on extinction or , less commonly , providing contingent punishment , while simultaneously providing reinforcement contingent on a desirable response . An example would be a teacher attending to a student only when they raise their hand , while ignoring the student when he or she calls out . Differential reinforcement of other behavior ( DRO ) -- Also known as omission training procedures , an instrumental conditioning procedure in which a positive reinforcer is periodically delivered only if the participant does something other than the target response . An example would be reinforcing any hand action other than nose picking . Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior ( DRI ) -- Used to reduce a frequent behavior without punishing it by reinforcing an incompatible response . An example would be reinforcing clapping to reduce nose picking Differential reinforcement of low response rate ( DRL ) -- Used to encourage low rates of responding . It is like an interval schedule , except that premature responses reset the time required between behavior . Lab example : DRL 10 - s = a rat is reinforced for the first response after 10 seconds , but if the rat responds earlier than 10 seconds there is no reinforcement and the rat has to wait 10 seconds from that premature response without another response before bar pressing will lead to reinforcement . Real - world example : `` If you ask me for a potato chip no more than once every 10 minutes , I will give it to you . If you ask more often , I will give you none . '' Differential reinforcement of high rate ( DRH ) -- Used to increase high rates of responding . It is like an interval schedule , except that a minimum number of responses are required in the interval in order to receive reinforcement . Lab example : DRH 10 - s / FR 15 = a rat must press a bar 15 times within a 10 - second increment to get reinforced . Real - world example : `` If Lance Armstrong is going to win the Tour de France he has to pedal x number of times during the y - hour race . '' Effects of different types of simple schedules ( edit ) Fixed ratio : activity slows after reinforcer is delivered , then response rates increase until the next reinforcer delivery ( post-reinforcement pause ) . Variable ratio : rapid , steady rate of responding ; most resistant to extinction . Fixed interval : responding increases towards the end of the interval ; poor resistance to extinction . Variable interval : steady activity results , good resistance to extinction . Ratio schedules produce higher rates of responding than interval schedules , when the rates of reinforcement are otherwise similar . Variable schedules produce higher rates and greater resistance to extinction than most fixed schedules . This is also known as the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ( PREE ) . The variable ratio schedule produces both the highest rate of responding and the greatest resistance to extinction ( for example , the behavior of gamblers at slot machines ) . Fixed schedules produce `` post-reinforcement pauses '' ( PRP ) , where responses will briefly cease immediately following reinforcement , though the pause is a function of the upcoming response requirement rather than the prior reinforcement . The PRP of a fixed interval schedule is frequently followed by a `` scallop - shaped '' accelerating rate of response , while fixed ratio schedules produce a more `` angular '' response . fixed interval scallop : the pattern of responding that develops with fixed interval reinforcement schedule , performance on a fixed interval reflects subject 's accuracy in telling time . Organisms whose schedules of reinforcement are `` thinned '' ( that is , requiring more responses or a greater wait before reinforcement ) may experience `` ratio strain '' if thinned too quickly . This produces behavior similar to that seen during extinction . Ratio strain : the disruption of responding that occurs when a fixed ratio response requirement is increased too rapidly . Ratio run : high and steady rate of responding that completes each ratio requirement . Usually higher ratio requirement causes longer post-reinforcement pauses to occur . Partial reinforcement schedules are more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement schedules . Ratio schedules are more resistant than interval schedules and variable schedules more resistant than fixed ones . Momentary changes in reinforcement value lead to dynamic changes in behavior . Compound schedules ( edit ) Compound schedules combine two or more different simple schedules in some way using the same reinforcer for the same behavior . There are many possibilities ; among those most often used are : Alternative schedules -- A type of compound schedule where two or more simple schedules are in effect and whichever schedule is completed first results in reinforcement . Conjunctive schedules -- A complex schedule of reinforcement where two or more simple schedules are in effect independently of each other , and requirements on all of the simple schedules must be met for reinforcement . Multiple schedules -- Two or more schedules alternate over time , with a stimulus indicating which is in force . Reinforcement is delivered if the response requirement is met while a schedule is in effect . Example : FR4 when given a whistle and FI6 when given a bell ring . Mixed schedules -- Either of two , or more , schedules may occur with no stimulus indicating which is in force . Reinforcement is delivered if the response requirement is met while a schedule is in effect . Example : FI6 and then VR3 without any stimulus warning of the change in schedule . Concurrent schedules -- A complex reinforcement procedure in which the participant can choose any one of two or more simple reinforcement schedules that are available simultaneously . Organisms are free to change back and forth between the response alternatives at any time . Real - world example : changing channels on a television . Concurrent - chain schedule of reinforcement -- A complex reinforcement procedure in which the participant is permitted to choose during the first link which of several simple reinforcement schedules will be in effect in the second link . Once a choice has been made , the rejected alternatives become unavailable until the start of the next trial . Interlocking schedules -- A single schedule with two components where progress in one component affects progress in the other component . In an interlocking FR 60 FI 120 - s schedule , for example , each response subtracts time from the interval component such that each response is `` equal '' to removing two seconds from the FI schedule . Chained schedules -- Reinforcement occurs after two or more successive schedules have been completed , with a stimulus indicating when one schedule has been completed and the next has started Example : On an FR 10 schedule in the presence a red light , a pigeon pecks a green disc 10 times ; then , a yellow light indicates an FR 3 schedule is active ; after the pigeon pecks a yellow disc 3 times , a green light to indicates a VI 6 - s schedule is in effect ; if this were the final schedule in the chain , the pigeon would be reinforced for pecking a green disc on a VI 6 - s schedule ; however , all schedule requirements in the chain must be met before a reinforcer is provided . Tandem schedules -- Reinforcement occurs when two or more successive schedule requirements have been completed , with no stimulus indicating when a schedule has been completed and the next has started . Example : VR 10 , after it is completed the schedule is changed without warning to FR 10 , after that it is changed without warning to FR 16 , etc . At the end of the series of schedules , a reinforcer is finally given . Higher - order schedules -- completion of one schedule is reinforced according to a second schedule ; e.g. in FR2 ( FI10 secs ) , two successive fixed interval schedules require completion before a response is reinforced . Superimposed schedules ( edit ) The psychology term superimposed schedules of reinforcement refers to a structure of rewards where two or more simple schedules of reinforcement operate simultaneously . Reinforcers can be positive , negative , or both . An example is a person who comes home after a long day at work . The behavior of opening the front door is rewarded by a big kiss on the lips by the person 's spouse and a rip in the pants from the family dog jumping enthusiastically . Another example of superimposed schedules of reinforcement is a pigeon in an experimental cage pecking at a button . The pecks deliver a hopper of grain every 20th peck , and access to water after every 200 pecks . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement are a type of compound schedule that evolved from the initial work on simple schedules of reinforcement by B.F. Skinner and his colleagues ( Skinner and Ferster , 1957 ) . They demonstrated that reinforcers could be delivered on schedules , and further that organisms behaved differently under different schedules . Rather than a reinforcer , such as food or water , being delivered every time as a consequence of some behavior , a reinforcer could be delivered after more than one instance of the behavior . For example , a pigeon may be required to peck a button switch ten times before food appears . This is a `` ratio schedule '' . Also , a reinforcer could be delivered after an interval of time passed following a target behavior . An example is a rat that is given a food pellet immediately following the first response that occurs after two minutes has elapsed since the last lever press . This is called an `` interval schedule '' . In addition , ratio schedules can deliver reinforcement following fixed or variable number of behaviors by the individual organism . Likewise , interval schedules can deliver reinforcement following fixed or variable intervals of time following a single response by the organism . Individual behaviors tend to generate response rates that differ based upon how the reinforcement schedule is created . Much subsequent research in many labs examined the effects on behaviors of scheduling reinforcers . If an organism is offered the opportunity to choose between or among two or more simple schedules of reinforcement at the same time , the reinforcement structure is called a `` concurrent schedule of reinforcement '' . Brechner ( 1974 , 1977 ) introduced the concept of superimposed schedules of reinforcement in an attempt to create a laboratory analogy of social traps , such as when humans overharvest their fisheries or tear down their rainforests . Brechner created a situation where simple reinforcement schedules were superimposed upon each other . In other words , a single response or group of responses by an organism led to multiple consequences . Concurrent schedules of reinforcement can be thought of as `` or '' schedules , and superimposed schedules of reinforcement can be thought of as `` and '' schedules . Brechner and Linder ( 1981 ) and Brechner ( 1987 ) expanded the concept to describe how superimposed schedules and the social trap analogy could be used to analyze the way energy flows through systems . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement have many real - world applications in addition to generating social traps . Many different human individual and social situations can be created by superimposing simple reinforcement schedules . For example , a human being could have simultaneous tobacco and alcohol addictions . Even more complex situations can be created or simulated by superimposing two or more concurrent schedules . For example , a high school senior could have a choice between going to Stanford University or UCLA , and at the same time have the choice of going into the Army or the Air Force , and simultaneously the choice of taking a job with an internet company or a job with a software company . That is a reinforcement structure of three superimposed concurrent schedules of reinforcement . Superimposed schedules of reinforcement can create the three classic conflict situations ( approach -- approach conflict , approach -- avoidance conflict , and avoidance -- avoidance conflict ) described by Kurt Lewin ( 1935 ) and can operationalize other Lewinian situations analyzed by his force field analysis . Other examples of the use of superimposed schedules of reinforcement as an analytical tool are its application to the contingencies of rent control ( Brechner , 2003 ) and problem of toxic waste dumping in the Los Angeles County storm drain system ( Brechner , 2010 ) . Concurrent schedules ( edit ) In operant conditioning , concurrent schedules of reinforcement are schedules of reinforcement that are simultaneously available to an animal subject or human participant , so that the subject or participant can respond on either schedule . For example , in a two - alternative forced choice task , a pigeon in a Skinner box is faced with two pecking keys ; pecking responses can be made on either , and food reinforcement might follow a peck on either . The schedules of reinforcement arranged for pecks on the two keys can be different . They may be independent , or they may be linked so that behavior on one key affects the likelihood of reinforcement on the other . It is not necessary for responses on the two schedules to be physically distinct . In an alternate way of arranging concurrent schedules , introduced by Findley in 1958 , both schedules are arranged on a single key or other response device , and the subject can respond on a second key to change between the schedules . In such a `` Findley concurrent '' procedure , a stimulus ( e.g. , the color of the main key ) signals which schedule is in effect . Concurrent schedules often induce rapid alternation between the keys . To prevent this , a `` changeover delay '' is commonly introduced : each schedule is inactivated for a brief period after the subject switches to it . When both the concurrent schedules are variable intervals , a quantitative relationship known as the matching law is found between relative response rates in the two schedules and the relative reinforcement rates they deliver ; this was first observed by R.J. Herrnstein in 1961 . Matching law is a rule for instrumental behavior which states that the relative rate of responding on a particular response alternative equals the relative rate of reinforcement for that response ( rate of behavior = rate of reinforcement ) . Animals and humans have a tendency to prefer choice in schedules . Shaping ( edit ) Main article : Shaping ( psychology ) Shaping is reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired instrumental response . In training a rat to press a lever , for example , simply turning toward the lever is reinforced at first . Then , only turning and stepping toward it is reinforced . The outcomes of one set of behaviours starts the shaping process for the next set of behaviours , and the outcomes of that set prepares the shaping process for the next set , and so on . As training progresses , the response reinforced becomes progressively more like the desired behavior ; each subsequent behaviour becomes a closer approximation of the final behaviour . Chaining ( edit ) Main article : Chaining Chaining involves linking discrete behaviors together in a series , such that each result of each behavior is both the reinforcement ( or consequence ) for the previous behavior , and the stimuli ( or antecedent ) for the next behavior . There are many ways to teach chaining , such as forward chaining ( starting from the first behavior in the chain ) , backwards chaining ( starting from the last behavior ) and total task chaining ( in which the entire behavior is taught from beginning to end , rather than as a series of steps ) . An example is opening a locked door . First the key is inserted , then turned , then the door opened . Forward chaining would teach the subject first to insert the key . Once that task is mastered , they are told to insert the key , and taught to turn it . Once that task is mastered , they are told to perform the first two , then taught to open the door . Backwards chaining would involve the teacher first inserting and turning the key , and the subject then being taught to open the door . Once that is learned , the teacher inserts the key , and the subject is taught to turn it , then opens the door as the next step . Finally , the subject is taught to insert the key , and they turn and open the door . Once the first step is mastered , the entire task has been taught . Total task chaining would involve teaching the entire task as a single series , prompting through all steps . Prompts are faded ( reduced ) at each step as they are mastered . Persuasive communication and the reinforcement theory ( edit ) Persuasive communication Persuasion influences any person the way they think , act and feel . Persuasive skill tells about how people understand the concern , position and needs of the people . Persuasion can be classified into informal persuasion and formal persuasion . Informal persuasion This tells about the way in which a person interacts with colleagues and customers . The informal persuasion can be used in team , memos as well as e-mails . Formal persuasion This type of persuasion is used in writing customer letter , proposal and also for formal presentation to any customer or colleagues . Process of persuasion Persuasion relates how you influence people with your skills , experience , knowledge , leadership , qualities and team capabilities . Persuasion is an interactive process while getting the work done by others . Here are examples for which you can use persuasion skills in real time . Interview : you can prove your best talents , skills and expertise . Clients : to guide your clients for the achievement of the goals or targets . Memos : to express your ideas and views to coworkers for the improvement in the operations . Resistance identification and positive attitude are the vital roles of persuasion . Persuasion is a form of human interaction . It takes place when one individual expects some particular response from one or more other individuals and deliberately sets out to secure the response through the use of communication . The communicator must realize that different groups have different values . In instrumental learning situations , which involve operant behavior , the persuasive communicator will present his message and then wait for the receiver to make a correct response . As soon as the receiver makes the response , the communicator will attempt to fix the response by some appropriate reward or reinforcement . In conditional learning situations , where there is respondent behavior , the communicator presents his message so as to elicit the response he wants from the receiver , and the stimulus that originally served to elicit the response then becomes the reinforcing or rewarding element in conditioning . Mathematical models ( edit ) A lot of work has been done in building a mathematical model of reinforcement . This model is known as MPR , short for mathematical principles of reinforcement . Peter Killeen has made key discoveries in the field with his research on pigeons . Criticisms ( edit ) The standard definition of behavioral reinforcement has been criticized as circular , since it appears to argue that response strength is increased by reinforcement , and defines reinforcement as something that increases response strength ( i.e. , response strength is increased by things that increase response strength ) . However , the correct usage of reinforcement is that something is a reinforcer because of its effect on behavior , and not the other way around . It becomes circular if one says that a particular stimulus strengthens behavior because it is a reinforcer , and does not explain why a stimulus is producing that effect on the behavior . Other definitions have been proposed , such as F.D. Sheffield 's `` consummatory behavior contingent on a response '' , but these are not broadly used in psychology . History of the terms ( edit ) In the 1920s Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov may have been the first to use the word reinforcement with respect to behavior , but ( according to Dinsmoor ) he used its approximate Russian cognate sparingly , and even then it referred to strengthening an already - learned but weakening response . He did not use it , as it is today , for selecting and strengthening new behaviors . Pavlov 's introduction of the word extinction ( in Russian ) approximates today 's psychological use . In popular use , positive reinforcement is often used as a synonym for reward , with people ( not behavior ) thus being `` reinforced '' , but this is contrary to the term 's consistent technical usage , as it is a dimension of behavior , and not the person , which is strengthened . Negative reinforcement is often used by laypeople and even social scientists outside psychology as a synonym for punishment . This is contrary to modern technical use , but it was B.F. Skinner who first used it this way in his 1938 book . By 1953 , however , he followed others in thus employing the word punishment , and he re-cast negative reinforcement for the removal of aversive stimuli . There are some within the field of behavior analysis who have suggested that the terms `` positive '' and `` negative '' constitute an unnecessary distinction in discussing reinforcement as it is often unclear whether stimuli are being removed or presented . For example , Iwata poses the question : `` ... is a change in temperature more accurately characterized by the presentation of cold ( heat ) or the removal of heat ( cold ) ? '' Thus , reinforcement could be conceptualized as a pre-change condition replaced by a post-change condition that reinforces the behavior that followed the change in stimulus conditions . Applications ( edit ) Reinforcement and punishment are ubiquitous in human social interactions , and a great many applications of operant principles have been suggested and implemented . Following are a few examples . Addiction and dependence ( edit ) Positive and negative reinforcement play central roles in the development and maintenance of addiction and drug dependence . An addictive drug is intrinsically rewarding ; that is , it functions as a primary positive reinforcer of drug use . The brain 's reward system assigns it incentive salience ( i.e. , it is `` wanted '' or `` desired '' ) , so as an addiction develops , deprivation of the drug leads to craving . In addition , stimuli associated with drug use -- e.g. , the sight of a syringe , and the location of use -- become associated with the intense reinforcement induced by the drug . These previously neutral stimuli acquire several properties : their appearance can induce craving , and they can become conditioned positive reinforcers of continued use . Thus , if an addicted individual encounters one of these drug cues , a craving for the associated drug may reappear . For example , anti-drug agencies previously used posters with images of drug paraphernalia as an attempt to show the dangers of drug use . However , such posters are no longer used because of the effects of incentive salience in causing relapse upon sight of the stimuli illustrated in the posters . In drug dependent individuals , negative reinforcement occurs when a drug is self - administered in order to alleviate or `` escape '' the symptoms of physical dependence ( e.g. , tremors and sweating ) and / or psychological dependence ( e.g. , anhedonia , restlessness , irritability , and anxiety ) that arise during the state of drug withdrawal . Animal training ( edit ) Main article : Animal training Animal trainers and pet owners were applying the principles and practices of operant conditioning long before these ideas were named and studied , and animal training still provides one of the clearest and most convincing examples of operant control . Of the concepts and procedures described in this article , a few of the most salient are : availability of immediate reinforcement ( e.g. the ever - present bag of dog yummies ) ; contingency , assuring that reinforcement follows the desired behavior and not something else ; the use of secondary reinforcement , as in sounding a clicker immediately after a desired response ; shaping , as in gradually getting a dog to jump higher and higher ; intermittent reinforcement , reducing the frequency of those yummies to induce persistent behavior without satiation ; chaining , where a complex behavior is gradually put together . Child behaviour -- parent management training ( edit ) Main article : Parent management training Providing positive reinforcement for appropriate child behaviors is a major focus of parent management training . Typically , parents learn to reward appropriate behavior through social rewards ( such as praise , smiles , and hugs ) as well as concrete rewards ( such as stickers or points towards a larger reward as part of an incentive system created collaboratively with the child ) . In addition , parents learn to select simple behaviors as an initial focus and reward each of the small steps that their child achieves towards reaching a larger goal ( this concept is called `` successive approximations '' ) . They may also use indirect rewards such through progress charts . Economics ( edit ) Main article : Behavioral economics Further information : Consumer demand tests ( animals ) Both psychologists and economists have become interested in applying operant concepts and findings to the behavior of humans in the marketplace . An example is the analysis of consumer demand , as indexed by the amount of a commodity that is purchased . In economics , the degree to which price influences consumption is called `` the price elasticity of demand . '' Certain commodities are more elastic than others ; for example , a change in price of certain foods may have a large effect on the amount bought , while gasoline and other essentials may be less affected by price changes . In terms of operant analysis , such effects may be interpreted in terms of motivations of consumers and the relative value of the commodities as reinforcers . Gambling -- variable ratio scheduling ( edit ) As stated earlier in this article , a variable ratio schedule yields reinforcement after the emission of an unpredictable number of responses . This schedule typically generates rapid , persistent responding . Slot machines pay off on a variable ratio schedule , and they produce just this sort of persistent lever - pulling behavior in gamblers . Because the machines are programmed to pay out less money than they take in , the persistent slot - machine user invariably loses in the long run . Slots machines , and thus variable ratio reinforcement , have often been blamed as a factor underlying gambling addiction . Nudge theory ( edit ) Main article : Nudge theory Nudge theory ( or nudge ) is a concept in behavioural science , political theory and economics which argues that positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions to try to achieve non-forced compliance can influence the motives , incentives and decision making of groups and individuals , at least as effectively -- if not more effectively -- than direct instruction , legislation , or enforcement . Praise ( edit ) Main article : Praise The concept of praise as a means of behavioral reinforcement in humans is rooted in B.F. Skinner 's model of operant conditioning . Through this lens , praise has been viewed as a means of positive reinforcement , wherein an observed behavior is made more likely to occur by contingently praising said behavior . Hundreds of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of praise in promoting positive behaviors , notably in the study of teacher and parent use of praise on child in promoting improved behavior and academic performance , but also in the study of work performance . Praise has also been demonstrated to reinforce positive behaviors in non-praised adjacent individuals ( such as a classmate of the praise recipient ) through vicarious reinforcement . Praise may be more or less effective in changing behavior depending on its form , content and delivery . In order for praise to effect positive behavior change , it must be contingent on the positive behavior ( i.e. , only administered after the targeted behavior is enacted ) , must specify the particulars of the behavior that is to be reinforced , and must be delivered sincerely and credibly . Acknowledging the effect of praise as a positive reinforcement strategy , numerous behavioral and cognitive behavioral interventions have incorporated the use of praise in their protocols . The strategic use of praise is recognized as an evidence - based practice in both classroom management and parenting training interventions , though praise is often subsumed in intervention research into a larger category of positive reinforcement , which includes strategies such as strategic attention and behavioral rewards . Psychological manipulation ( edit ) Main article : Psychological manipulation Braiker identified the following ways that manipulators control their victims : Positive reinforcement : includes praise , superficial charm , superficial sympathy ( crocodile tears ) , excessive apologizing , money , approval , gifts , attention , facial expressions such as a forced laugh or smile , and public recognition . Negative reinforcement : may involve removing one from a negative situation Intermittent or partial reinforcement : Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt . Partial or intermittent positive reinforcement can encourage the victim to persist -- for example in most forms of gambling , the gambler is likely to win now and again but still lose money overall . Punishment : includes nagging , yelling , the silent treatment , intimidation , threats , swearing , emotional blackmail , the guilt trip , sulking , crying , and playing the victim . Traumatic one - trial learning : using verbal abuse , explosive anger , or other intimidating behavior to establish dominance or superiority ; even one incident of such behavior can condition or train victims to avoid upsetting , confronting or contradicting the manipulator . Traumatic bonding ( edit ) Main article : Traumatic bonding Traumatic bonding occurs as the result of ongoing cycles of abuse in which the intermittent reinforcement of reward and punishment creates powerful emotional bonds that are resistant to change . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Compulsion loop Most video games are designed around some type of compulsion loop , adding a type of positive reinforcement through a variable rate schedule to keep the player playing the game , though this can also lead to video game addiction . Main article : Loot box As part of a trend in the monetization of video games in the 2010s , some games offered `` loot boxes '' as rewards or purchasable by real - world funds that offered a random selection of in - game items , distributed by rarity . The practice has been tied to the same methods that slot machines and other gambling devices dole out rewards , as it follows a variable rate schedule . While the general perception that loot boxes are a form of gambling , the practice is only classified as such in a few countries as gambling and otherwise legal . However , methods to use those items as virtual currency for online gambling or trading for real - world money has created a skin gambling market that is under legal evaluation . Workplace culture of fear ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of fear , Organizational culture , Toxic workplace , and Workplace bullying Ashforth discussed potentially destructive sides of leadership and identified what he referred to as petty tyrants : leaders who exercise a tyrannical style of management , resulting in a climate of fear in the workplace . Partial or intermittent negative reinforcement can create an effective climate of fear and doubt . When employees get the sense that bullies are tolerated , a climate of fear may be the result . Individual differences in sensitivity to reward , punishment , and motivation have been studied under the premises of reinforcement sensitivity theory and have also been applied to workplace performance . See also ( edit ) Abusive power and control Applied behavior analysis Behavioral cusp Carrot and stick Child grooming Dog training Idealisation Learned industriousness Overjustification effect Pavlovian - instrumental transfer Punishment Reinforcement learning Reinforcement sensitivity theory Reward system Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior Token economy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schultz W ( 2015 ) . `` Neuronal reward and decision signals : from theories to data '' . Physiological Reviews . 95 ( 3 ) : 853 -- 951 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00023.2014 . PMC 4491543 . PMID 26109341 . Rewards in operant conditioning are positive reinforcers ... Operant behavior gives a good definition for rewards . Anything that makes an individual come back for more is a positive reinforcer and therefore a reward . Although it provides a good definition , positive reinforcement is only one of several reward functions ... Rewards are attractive . They are motivating and make us exert an effort ... Rewards induce approach behavior , also called appetitive or preparatory behavior , and consummatory behavior ... Thus any stimulus , object , event , activity , or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward ... Intrinsic rewards are activities that are pleasurable on their own and are undertaken for their own sake , without being the means for getting extrinsic rewards ... Intrinsic rewards are genuine rewards in their own right , as they induce learning , approach , and pleasure , like perfectioning , playing , and enjoying the piano . Although they can serve to condition higher order rewards , they are not conditioned , higher order rewards , as attaining their reward properties does not require pairing with an unconditioned reward . Jump up ^ Winkielman P. , Berridge KC , and Wilbarger JL. ( 2005 ) . Unconscious affective reactions to masked happy verses angry faces influence consumption behavior and judgement value . Pers Soc Psychol Bull : 31 , 121 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Mondadori C , Waser PG , and Huston JP . ( 2005 ) . Time - dependent effects of post-trial reinforcement , punishment or ECS on passive avoidance learning . Physiol Behav : 18 , 1103 -- 9 . PMID 928533 Jump up ^ White NM , Gottfried JA ( 2011 ) . `` Reward : What Is It ? How Can It Be Inferred from Behavior ? '' . PMID 22593908 . Jump up ^ White NM. ( 2011 ) . Reward : What is it ? How can it be inferred from behavior . In : Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward . CRC Press PMID 22593908 Jump up ^ Malenka RC , Nestler EJ , Hyman SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 15 : Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders '' . In Sydor A , Brown RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 364 -- 375 . ISBN 9780071481274 . Jump up ^ Nestler EJ ( December 2013 ) . `` Cellular basis of memory for addiction '' . Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 15 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 443 . PMC 3898681 . PMID 24459410 . Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors , at its core , drug addiction involves a biological process : the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs , and loss of control over drug use , that define a state of addiction ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1 - type ( nucleus accumbens ) neurons increases an animal 's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self - administration , presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos : as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c - Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug - treated state. ... Moreover , there is increasing evidence that , despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population , exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Terms '' . Mount Sinai School of Medicine . Department of Neuroscience . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Volkow ND , Koob GF , McLellan AT ( January 2016 ) . `` Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction '' . N. Engl. J. Med. 374 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 371 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1511480 . PMID 26816013 . Substance - use disorder : A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM - 5 ) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment , such as health problems , disability , and failure to meet major responsibilities at work , school , or home . Depending on the level of severity , this disorder is classified as mild , moderate , or severe . Addiction : A term used to indicate the most severe , chronic stage of substance - use disorder , in which there is a substantial loss of self - control , as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug . In the DSM - 5 , the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance - use disorder . Jump up ^ Thorndike , E.L. ( 1898 ) . `` Some Experiments on Animal Intelligence '' . Science . VII : 818 -- 824 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7.181. 818 . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. `` The Behavior of Organisms : An Experimental Analysis '' , 1938 New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1948 ) . Walden Two . Toronto : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Honig , Werner ( 1966 ) . Operant Behavior : Areas of Research and Application . New York : Meredith Publishing Company . p. 381 . ^ Jump up to : Flora , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Power of Reinforcement . Albany : State University of New York Press . Jump up ^ D'Amato , M.R. ( 1969 ) . Melvin H. Marx , ed . Learning Processes : Instrumental Conditioning . Toronto : The Macmillan Company . Jump up ^ Harter , J.K. ( 2002 ) . C.L. Keyes , ed . Well - Being in the Workplace and its Relationship to Business Outcomes : A Review of the Gallup Studies . Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1974 ) . About Behaviorism ^ Jump up to : Miltenberger , R.G. `` Behavioral Modification : Principles and Procedures '' . Thomson / Wadsworth , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tucker , M. ; Sigafoos , J. ; Bushell , H. ( 1998 ) . `` Use of noncontingent reinforcement in the treatment of challenging behavior '' . Behavior Modification. 22 : 529 -- 47 . doi : 10.1177 / 01454455980224005 . Jump up ^ Poling , A. ; Normand , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Noncontingent reinforcement : an inappropriate description of time - based schedules that reduce behavior '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 32 : 237 -- 8 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1999.32 - 237 . Jump up ^ Baer and Wolf , 1970 , The entry into natural communities of reinforcement . In R. Ulrich , T. Stachnik , & J. Mabry ( eds . ) , Control of human behavior ( Vol. 2 , pp. 319 -- 24 ) . Gleenview , IL : Scott , Foresman . Jump up ^ Kohler ; Greenwood ( 1986 ) . `` Toward a technology of generalization : The identification of natural contingencies of reinforcement '' . The Behavior Analyst. 9 : 19 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Vollmer , Timothy R ; Iwata , Brian A ( 1992 ) . `` Differential reinforcement as treatment for behavior disorders : Procedural and functional variations '' . Research in Developmental Disabilities . Jump up ^ Derenne , A. & Flannery , K.A. ( 2007 ) . Within Session FR Pausing . The Behavior Analyst Today , 8 ( 2 ) , 175 -- 86 BAO Jump up ^ McSweeney , F.K. ; Murphy , E.S. & Kowal , B.P. ( 2001 ) Dynamic Changes in Reinforcer Value : Some Misconceptions and Why You Should Care . The Behavior Analyst Today , 2 ( 4 ) , 341 -- 7 BAO Jump up ^ Iversen , I.H. & Lattal , K.A. Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 1991 , Elsevier , Amsterdam . Jump up ^ Toby L. Martin , C.T. Yu , Garry L. Martin & Daniela Fazzio ( 2006 ) : On Choice , Preference , and Preference For Choice . The Behavior Analyst Today , 7 ( 2 ) , 234 -- 48 BAO Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. , Daniel T. Gilbert , and Daniel M. Wegner . `` Chapter 7 : Learning . '' Psychology . ; Second Edition . N.p. : Worth , Incorporated , 2011 . 284 - 85 . ^ Jump up to : Bettinghaus , Erwin P. , Persuasive Communication , Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc. , 1968 Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. , The Behavior of Organisms . An Experimental Analysis , New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts. 1938 Jump up ^ `` MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCEMENT : '' . cogprints.org . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , L.H. 1982 . Skinner for the Classroom . Champaign , IL : Research Press Jump up ^ Franco J. Vaccarino , Bernard B. Schiff & Stephen E. Glickman ( 1989 ) . Biological view of reinforcement . in Stephen B. Klein and Robert Mowrer . Contemporary learning theories : Instrumental conditioning theory and the impact of biological constraints on learning . Hillsdale , NJ , Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Jump up ^ Michael , J ( 1975 ) . `` 2005 ) . Positive and negative reinforcement , a distinction that is no longer necessary ; or a better way to talk about bad things '' . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management . 24 : 207 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Iwata , B.A. ( 1987 ) . `` Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis : an emerging technology '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 20 : 361 -- 78 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1987.20 - 361 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards S ( 2016 ) . `` Reinforcement principles for addiction medicine ; from recreational drug use to psychiatric disorder '' . Prog . Brain Res. 223 : 63 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / bs. pbr. 2015.07. 005 . PMID 26806771 . Abused substances ( ranging from alcohol to psychostimulants ) are initially ingested at regular occasions according to their positive reinforcing properties . Importantly , repeated exposure to rewarding substances sets off a chain of secondary reinforcing events , whereby cues and contexts associated with drug use may themselves become reinforcing and thereby contribute to the continued use and possible abuse of the substance ( s ) of choice ... An important dimension of reinforcement highly relevant to the addiction process ( and particularly relapse ) is secondary reinforcement ( Stewart , 1992 ) . Secondary reinforcers ( in many cases also considered conditioned reinforcers ) likely drive the majority of reinforcement processes in humans . In the specific case of drug ( addiction ) , cues and contexts that are intimately and repeatedly associated with drug use will often themselves become reinforcing ... A fundamental piece of Robinson and Berridge 's incentive - sensitization theory of addiction posits that the incentive value or attractive nature of such secondary reinforcement processes , in addition to the primary reinforcers themselves , may persist and even become sensitized over time in league with the development of drug addiction ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) ... Negative reinforcement is a special condition associated with a strengthening of behavioral responses that terminate some ongoing ( presumably aversive ) stimulus . In this case we can define a negative reinforcer as a motivational stimulus that strengthens such an `` escape '' response . Historically , in relation to drug addiction , this phenomenon has been consistently observed in humans whereby drugs of abuse are self - administered to quench a motivational need in the state of withdrawal ( Wikler , 1952 ) . ^ Jump up to : Berridge KC ( April 2012 ) . `` From prediction error to incentive salience : mesolimbic computation of reward motivation '' . Eur. J. Neurosci. 35 ( 7 ) : 1124 -- 1143 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2012. 07990. x . PMC 3325516 . PMID 22487042 . When a Pavlovian CS+ is attributed with incentive salience it not only triggers ' wanting ' for its UCS , but often the cue itself becomes highly attractive -- even to an irrational degree . This cue attraction is another signature feature of incentive salience . The CS becomes hard not to look at ( Wiers & Stacy , 2006 ; Hickey et al. , 2010a ; Piech et al. , 2010 ; Anderson et al. , 2011 ) . The CS even takes on some incentive properties similar to its UCS . An attractive CS often elicits behavioral motivated approach , and sometimes an individual may even attempt to ' consume ' the CS somewhat as its UCS ( e.g. , eat , drink , smoke , have sex with , take as drug ) . ' Wanting ' of a CS can turn also turn the formerly neutral stimulus into an instrumental conditioned reinforcer , so that an individual will work to obtain the cue ( however , there exist alternative psychological mechanisms for conditioned reinforcement too ) . ^ Jump up to : Berridge KC , Kringelbach ML ( May 2015 ) . `` Pleasure systems in the brain '' . Neuron. 86 ( 3 ) : 646 -- 664 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2015.02. 018 . PMC 4425246 . PMID 25950633 . An important goal in future for addiction neuroscience is to understand how intense motivation becomes narrowly focused on a particular target . Addiction has been suggested to be partly due to excessive incentive salience produced by sensitized or hyper - reactive dopamine systems that produce intense ' wanting ' ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) . But why one target becomes more ' wanted ' than all others has not been fully explained . In addicts or agonist - stimulated patients , the repetition of dopamine - stimulation of incentive salience becomes attributed to particular individualized pursuits , such as taking the addictive drug or the particular compulsions . In Pavlovian reward situations , some cues for reward become more ' wanted ' more than others as powerful motivational magnets , in ways that differ across individuals ( Robinson et al. , 2014b ; Saunders and Robinson , 2013 ) ... However , hedonic effects might well change over time . As a drug was taken repeatedly , mesolimbic dopaminergic sensitization could consequently occur in susceptible individuals to amplify ' wanting ' ( Leyton and Vezina , 2013 ; Lodge and Grace , 2011 ; Wolf and Ferrario , 2010 ) , even if opioid hedonic mechanisms underwent down - regulation due to continual drug stimulation , producing ' liking ' tolerance . Incentive - sensitization would produce addiction , by selectively magnifying cue - triggered ' wanting ' to take the drug again , and so powerfully cause motivation even if the drug became less pleasant ( Robinson and Berridge , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ McGreevy , P & Boakes , R. `` Carrots and Sticks : Principles of Animal Training ''. ( Sydney : `` Sydney University Press ''. , 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Kazdin AE ( 2010 ) . Problem - solving skills training and parent management training for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents ( 2nd ed . ) , 211 -- 226 . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Forgatch MS , Patterson GR ( 2010 ) . Parent management training -- Oregon model : An intervention for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents ( 2nd ed . ) , 159 -- 78 . New York : Guilford Press . Jump up ^ Domjan , M. ( 2009 ) . The Principles of Learning and Behavior . Wadsworth Publishing Company . 6th Edition . pages 244 -- 249 . Jump up ^ Bleda , Miguel Ángel Pérez ; Nieto , José Héctor Lozano ( 2012 ) . `` Impulsivity , Intelligence , and Discriminating Reinforcement Contingencies in a Fixed - Ratio 3 Schedule '' . The Spanish Journal of Psychology . 3 ( 15 ) : 922 -- 929 . Jump up ^ Kazdin , Alan ( 1978 ) . History of behavior modification : Experimental foundations of contemporary research . Baltimore : University Park Press . Jump up ^ Strain , Phillip S. ; Lambert , Deborah L. ; Kerr , Mary Margaret ; Stagg , Vaughan ; Lenkner , Donna A. ( 1983 ) . `` Naturalistic assessment of children 's compliance to teachers ' requests and consequences for compliance '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 16 ( 2 ) : 243 -- 249 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1983.16 - 243 . ^ Jump up to : Garland , Ann F. ; Hawley , Kristin M. ; Brookman - Frazee , Lauren ; Hurlburt , Michael S. ( May 2008 ) . `` Identifying Common Elements of Evidence - Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children 's Disruptive Behavior Problems '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 47 ( 5 ) : 505 -- 514 . doi : 10.1097 / CHI. 0b013e31816765c2 . Jump up ^ Crowell , Charles R. ; Anderson , D. Chris ; Abel , Dawn M. ; Sergio , Joseph P. ( 1988 ) . `` Task clarification , performance feedback , and social praise : Procedures for improving the customer service of bank tellers '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 21 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 71 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1988.21 - 65 . PMC 1286094 . PMID 16795713 . Jump up ^ Kazdin , Alan E. ( 1973 ) . `` The effect of vicarious reinforcement on attentive behavior in the classroom '' . Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis . 6 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 78 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 1973.6 - 71 . Jump up ^ Brophy , Jere ( 1981 ) . `` On praising effectively '' . The Elementary School Journal . 81 ( 5 ) . JSTOR 1001606 . ^ Jump up to : Simonsen , Brandi ; Fairbanks , Sarah ; Briesch , Amy ; Myers , Diane ; Sugai , George ( 2008 ) . `` Evidence - based Practices in Classroom Management : Considerations for Research to Practice '' . Education and Treatment of Children . 31 ( 1 ) : 351 -- 380 . doi : 10.1353 / etc. 0.0007 . Jump up ^ Weisz , John R. ; Kazdin , Alan E. ( 2010 ) . Evidence - based psychotherapies for children and adolescents . Guilford Press . ^ Jump up to : Braiker , Harriet B. ( 2004 ) . Who 's Pulling Your Strings ? How to Break The Cycle of Manipulation . ISBN 0 - 07 - 144672 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dutton ; Painter ( 1981 ) . `` Traumatic Bonding : The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse '' . Victimology : An International Journal ( 7 ) . Jump up ^ Chrissie Sanderson . Counselling Survivors of Domestic Abuse . Jessica Kingsley Publishers ; 15 June 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84642 - 811 - 1 . p. 84 . Jump up ^ John Hopson : Behavioral Game Design , Gamasutra , April 27 , 2001 Jump up ^ Hood , Vic ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Are loot boxes gambling ? '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petty tyranny in organizations , Ashforth , Blake , Human Relations , Vol. 47 , No. 7 , 755 -- 778 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Helge H , Sheehan MJ , Cooper CL , Einarsen S `` Organisational Effects of Workplace Bullying '' in Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace : Developments in Theory , Research , and Practice ( 2010 ) Further reading ( edit ) Brechner , K.C. ( 1974 ) An experimental analysis of social traps . PhD Dissertation , Arizona State University . Brechner , K.C. ( 1977 ) . `` An experimental analysis of social traps '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 13 : 552 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 77 ) 90054 - 3 . Brechner , K.C. ( 1987 ) Social Traps , Individual Traps , and Theory in Social Psychology . Pasadena , CA : Time River Laboratory , Bulletin No. 870001 . Brechner , K.C. ( 2003 ) Superimposed schedules applied to rent control . Economic and Game Theory , 2 / 28 / 03 , ( 1 ) . Brechner , K.C. ( 2010 ) A social trap analysis of the Los Angeles County storm drain system : A rational for interventions . Paper presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association , San Diego . Brechner , K.C. & Linder , D.E. ( 1981 ) , A social trap analysis of energy distribution systems , in Advances in Environmental Psychology , Vol. 3 , Baum , A. & Singer , JE , eds . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates . Chance , Paul . ( 2003 ) Learning and Behavior . 5th edition Toronto : Thomson - Wadsworth . Dinsmoor , James A ( 2004 ) . `` The etymology of basic concepts in the experimental analysis of behavior '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 82 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 6 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 2004.82 - 311 . PMC 1285013 . PMID 15693525 . Ferster , C.B. & Skinner , B.F. ( 1957 ) . Schedules of reinforcement . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . ISBN 0 - 13 - 792309 - 0 . Lewin , K. ( 1935 ) A dynamic theory of personality : Selected papers . New York : McGraw - Hill . Michael , Jack ( 1975 ) . `` Positive and negative reinforcement , a distinction that is no longer necessary ; or a better way to talk about bad things '' ( PDF ) . Behaviorism. 3 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 44 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2004 . Skinner , B.F. ( 1938 ) . The behavior of organisms . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts . Skinner , B.F. ( 1956 ) . `` A case history in scientific method '' . American Psychologist. 11 : 221 -- 33 . doi : 10.1037 / h0047662 . Zeiler , M.D. ( 1968 ) . `` Fixed and variable schedules of response - independent reinforcement '' . Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior . 11 : 405 -- 14 . doi : 10.1901 / jeab. 1968.11 - 405 . PMC 1338502 . PMID 5672249 . Glossary of reinforcement terms at the University of Iowa Harter , J.K. , Shmidt , F.L. , & Keyes , C.L. ( 2002 ) . Well - Being in the Workplace and its Relationship to Business Outcomes : A Review of the Gallup Studies . In C.L. Keyes & J. Haidt ( Eds . ) , Flourishing : The Positive Person and the Good Life ( pp. 205 -- 224 ) . Washington D.C. : American Psychological Association . External links ( edit ) An On - Line Positive Reinforcement Tutorial Scholarpedia Reinforcement scienceofbehavior.com <Th_colspan="2"> Psychological manipulation Rewarding : pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive : unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling Intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy <Th_colspan="2"> Reinforcement disorders : Addiction and Dependence Addiction Drug Alcoholism Amphetamine Cocaine Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine Opioid Behavioral Financial Gambling Shopping Media Computer Internet Television Video game Palatable food Sex - related Cybersex Intercourse Pornography Cellular mechanisms Transcriptional ΔFosB c - Fos Cdk5 CREB GluR2 NF - κB Epigenetic G9a G9a - like protein HDAC1 HDAC2 HDAC3 HDAC4 HDAC5 HDAC9 HDAC10 SIRT1 SIRT2 ... Dependence Concepts Physical dependence Psychological dependence Withdrawal Disorders Alcoholism Amphetamine Barbiturate Benzodiazepine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Nicotine Opioid See also Category : Addiction Cognitive behavioral therapy Discrimination against drug addicts Dopamine dysregulation syndrome Harm reduction Inhibitory control Motivational salience Incentive salience Support groups Addiction recovery groups List of twelve - step groups NoFap GND : 4130203 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reinforcement&oldid=836393064 '' Categories : Behavior therapy Behavioral concepts Behaviorism Addiction Psychological manipulation Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 14 : 43 . 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1. Reinforcement in behavioral psychology 2. Positive and negative reinforcement 3. Primary and secondary reinforcers 4. Operant conditioning and behavior modification 5. Natural and artificial reinforcement

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( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Donna Pinciotti <Td_colspan="2"> That ' 70s Show character <Td_colspan="2"> First appearance `` That ' 70s Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` That ' 70s Finale '' ( episode 8.22 ) Created by Mark Brazill Portrayed by Laura Prepon Nina Jefferies ( Donna at 13 ) Liliana Mumy ( Donna at 7 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Information Nickname ( s ) Hot Donna , Big Red Occupation Disc jockey Radio show host Family Bob Pinciotti ( father ) Midge Pinciotti ( mother ) Valerie Pinciotti ( sister ) Tina Pinciotti ( sister ) Significant other ( s ) Eric Forman ( boyfriend ) Casey Kelso ( ex-boyfriend ) Randy Pearson ( ex-boyfriend ) Relatives Mark Ryan ( maternal grandfather ) Sharon Aldren ( maternal grandmother ) Midge 's sister ( maternal aunt ) Jenny ( aunt ) Religion Catholic Nationality American Donna Marie Pinciotti is a fictional character and one of the two female leads in the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show , appearing in all eight seasons . Portrayed by Laura Prepon , Donna is the love interest to Eric Forman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Season 8 2 Character and personality 3 Other appearances 4 References Storylines ( edit ) Donna 's relationship with next - door neighbor Eric Forman is often the main focus of the series . However , it is tumultuous at times , having suffered two break - ups during the show 's run . Despite this , Eric and Donna often act as the `` parents '' of the group , being mature and responsible when their friends are not , for example in episodes like `` Dine and Dash '' . Another episode that illustrates their parenthood of the group is when they have just broken up and Eric takes them all out and returns late . He and Donna engage in an argument because Eric gives Fez ice cream and Donna is angry because he would n't be hungry for dinner . When Fez is going to be deported , she and Eric become upset because `` their '' Fez is leaving . Eric is sometimes threatened by his feeling inferior to her , especially during the third season , when she gets a job as a disc jockey . Donna and Eric lose their virginity to each other in the beginning of season two , after many failed attempts to `` do it '' . Their sexual activity was revealed once in a very humiliating manner , when a policeman catches them having sex in the back of Eric 's car and takes them back to his parents home , where Red forces Donna to tell her parents or else he would tell them . In the beginning of the series , Hyde is also interested in Donna along with Eric . Donna makes her choice clear , however , when she blows off her `` study date '' with Hyde to hang out with Eric . Even after the relationship between Eric and Donna is established , for a short time Donna usually goes to Hyde when she feels unsure about her relationship and needs to talk about it . In such circumstances , Hyde usually referred to her as the `` hot neighbor girl '' and Eric as the `` scrawny little neighbor boy '' , or some variation of these . Though a romantic relationship between Donna and Hyde is never established , Hyde initially liked Donna and would have been interested in her if Eric had not kissed her first ( as stated in the episode `` It 's a Wonderful Life '' ) . Hyde still tries to win Donna in the beginning when she and Eric were n't together . There are even some comments by Fez during that season that mock Hyde over these failed attempts . When the group goes to Jackie 's father 's cabin for a ski trip , Hyde decides to kiss Donna and is slapped for his efforts , ending his infatuation but not their close friendship . Hyde never shows any significant interest in Donna again . Toward the end of season three , Donna 's job as a disc jockey is taking priority over her relationship with Eric , causing her to cancel their dates . While Donna genuinely felt that she was right to do this and was simply following her goals through to their logical conclusion with wanting to be a writer and a newswoman , her actions provoked a bad response in the normally even - keeled Eric , who feels that Donna is not taking him and / or their relationship seriously . Unable to resolve the conflict , Eric breaks up with her in the third season finale `` The Promise Ring '' . Throughout season four , much awkwardness ensues over rights to the basement and trying to find new relationships . Donna is a bit annoyed at just how many girls are interested in Eric and happily mocks him when his attempts at finding a new girlfriend backfires . When she finds out he dated another while they were apart ( he kept it a secret ) , she is absolutely furious , believing he cheated on her . During the fourth season , Donna begins dating Casey Kelso ( Luke Wilson ) , Michael Kelso 's older brother . Even though he is flaky , a few years older than she is and against Donna 's feminist beliefs , Donna thinks Casey is the perfect boyfriend , for he seems to be sensitive , good - natured , laid - back and easy - going . Eric sees Casey for what he is : an oversexed frat boy who just wants to sleep with Donna and move on to the next girl . Eric tries to warn Donna but she ignores him and he then threatens to hurt Casey if he hurts Donna . Donna ends up skipping school to get drunk with Casey . When Eric and Kitty witness this , they ( along with Red and Bob ) decide to intervene , and in an animated discussion in the Formans ' living room , Casey dumps Donna , deciding that his relationship with her is not worth the hassle , also admits that he never loved her . The realization of her own overconfidence , poor judgment and being dumped in front of the people who meant the most to her came as a shock to Donna , who regarded herself as an ideal feminist , but who 'd fallen for the type of man she always swore she would never be with . Hurt , humiliated and heartbroken , Donna turns to Eric , who offers his sympathy . When a shaken - up , crying Donna tells him she wants to be with him again , he refuses , believing that she did not really want him for who he was but simply wanted a way to feel better about herself and would most likely dump him when someone better came along . A tearful Donna pleads with him to take her back but he refuses to be her `` second choice '' . Eric is unwavering in his decision , until his father and mother pointed out to him that he was being an idiot . Even Kitty , who normally doted over him , called him a `` dumbass '' . Unable to handle being rejected by her first love , an emotionally wrecked Donna flees Point Place for California , where she lives with her mother and tries to sort out her feelings . She decides she truly does love Eric and tries to call him but could n't get hold of him ; she suspects he no longer wants her and has moved on to another girl , leaving her rather depressed . But then , to her delight , Eric shows up in California looking for her , and the two very romantically reunite and return to Point Place . When Donna comes home from California , the normally easy - going Bob sends her to a Catholic school as punishment , an act that Donna deeply resents and hates for the remainder of the school year . This occasion also gave the writers / creators an opportunity to change Donna 's common `` lumberjack '' attire as she now wore , for a few episodes , the school 's uniform consisting of a plaid skirt , a white shirt and long white knee - high socks . Her new looks also provided openings for jokes from the boys about Donna 's sexiness , which underlies their views of her throughout the series , no matter what type of attire she is wearing . In season five , Eric ignores the objections of their friends and proposes to her at the water tower , which Donna accepts . Once Red and Kitty find out about the engagement , they are shocked . Kitty in particular , reacted badly , claiming that Donna is trying to snatch her `` baby '' away from her . Despite enduring a great deal of flak ( mostly from Red ) , Eric stays loyal to Donna and their marriage plans , to where finally Red accepts that his son has become a man and gives them his blessing . Donna and Eric prepare to leave Point Place together and go to college in Madison . However , just as they are packing their stuff in the Vista Cruiser , Fez and Laurie announce their marriage so Fez can stay in the country after graduation . Red is so shocked at this , he has a heart attack . As a result , Eric decides to stay in Point Place and help support the family . Donna ends up putting off going to college in Madison so that she can stay with Eric . Eventually though , their wedding falls through at the end of season six when Eric , worried that marrying Donna would hold her back , fails to show up for their rehearsal . Season 8 ( edit ) After Eric 's departure from the show before season eight , it is assumed that they still keep the relationship intact . However , Donna tells her friends that Eric has broken up with her in the eighth - season episode `` Long Away '' , when Fez and Jackie suspect that she is cheating on Eric with the new cast character , Randy ( Josh Meyers ) . Donna tells them that Eric did this three weeks earlier . There were hints leading up to the breakup when Eric calls Kitty but not Donna , even though she is awake at 4AM waiting for him to call her . Also , when Donna is at the Foremans ' for Red and Kitty 's 25th anniversary , Eric calls his parents and Kitty gives the phone to Donna , but Eric spoke to her only briefly before hanging up , claiming he had to `` go to class '' . Donna then begins dating Randy , seemingly not caring about her long - standing relationship having deteriorated . Donna finally ends it when she believes that things are moving too fast , and that she is substituting Randy for Eric . This was further evidenced when Kitty catches Randy and Donna kissing in Eric 's bedroom , and she accuses Donna of replacing Eric with Randy , departing from her usual rivalry with Donna over being the main woman in Eric 's life . In the final episode , Eric returns to Point Place for the New Year and he and Donna kiss . It is presumed that they end up together again at the end of the series and the end of the 1970s . Character and personality ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Donna resides in the fictional Wisconsin town of Point Place , where she lives with her parents , Midge and Bob Pinciotti . Early in the series , her younger sister , 14 - year - old Tina ( played by Amanda Fuller ) , appears in the episode `` Eric 's Burger Job '' but is never seen again , nor do other characters mention her after the first season . At the end of the season 2 episode `` Vanstock '' , this is made fun of when a narrator asks `` Whatever happened to Midge 's other daughter , Tina ? '' Donna also has an older sister , Valerie Pinciotti ( `` Eric 's Birthday '' ) . She is apparently in college as revealed by Midge . As Eric is turning 17 , Midge shows Kitty a book of poems that helped her `` when Valerie went off to school '' . These are examples of `` Chuck Cunningham Syndrome '' ( see Happy Days ) . An intelligent , witty teenager with feminist ideals , Donna is outwardly confident and strong , at times to the point of coming across as arrogant , self - righteous , and overconfident . She calls upon these personal qualities to deal with her personal issues , such as her parents ' shaky relationship and the revelation that they conceived her while in high school . She believes that she 's had it the hardest out of the group until Hyde is revealed to have faced most of these problems and not once complained . The characteristics and physical appearance of Donna Pinciotti were actually based on a girl who grew up in the same neighborhood as Mark Brazil in Dunkirk , NY . Donna actually dated Hyde and never was with Eric , AKA Mark Brazil . Though despite her overly confident attitude , she herself has her own insecurities such as her big feet , her parents ' screwed up marriage and her trust in her relationship with Eric . A prime example of this is in the episode `` Eric 's Panties '' . Eric has an attractive girl as his lab partner who has a reputation of being a slut . At first , Donna does n't really care but she finds panties in his car and genuinely believes that Eric cheated on her . She shows a completely insecure side of herself and is more than prepared to hurt him . They are later revealed to be Midge 's panties from when she and Bob had sex in Eric 's car . She has some difficulty expressing her feminine side , because she views traditional feminine traits as restraining and outdated . She dislikes skirts , makeup , and dresses , and insists on wearing jeans at all times , but she will dress nice for special occasions and tried `` being pretty '' for her prom and for a trip to a nightclub , where the bouncer judged her `` foxy '' . As another exception , after her wedding with Eric was called off , she decides to change her looks and dyes her hair blonde . Jackie Burkhart repeatedly calls Donna a `` lumberjack '' and a `` giant '' , due to her penchant for plaid shirts and her tall stature . She even described Donna by saying `` She 's nice and all , but she kinda dresses like a trucker '' . She also teases Donna for her gargantuan feet , calling her `` bigfoot '' and saying things like Donna 's shoes are big enough for Jackie to fit her own shoes into . Nonetheless , Donna still considers herself feminine , at times becoming insulted when people overlook it . When Kitty Forman needed two people with a `` feminine touch '' to decorate for Hyde 's birthday party , she chose Jackie and Fez . An angry Donna wanted to `` kick her ass '' for that , insisting `` What the hell ? I 'm feminine ! Damn it , why ca n't anybody freakin ' see that ? ! '' This suggests that while Donna takes pride in her feminist beliefs , she still considers herself feminine , and simply does n't want to restrict herself to `` girly '' activities . In several episodes , she is flattered at being perceived as an object of desire , especially when she becomes `` Hot Donna '' at a radio station . Jackie appoints herself as Donna 's best friend in the early seasons , often giving her advice that sounds superficial and useless , but often turns out to be unnervingly true . For example , in the `` Battle of the Sexists '' episode , Jackie states to Donna that , `` Eric would never want her ( Donna ) to be his girlfriend if she kept beating him at everything , especially sports '' . Jackie genuinely thinks that she 's better looking than Donna , ever since their first meeting in junior high and that Donna is generally not attractive or interesting , yet still thinks Donna could do better than Eric . When angry or annoyed at Donna , Jackie will often refer to her as a `` giant '' or `` Amazon '' ; when Donna goes blonde , she calls her `` blonde tardo '' . Despite their differences , Donna eventually accepts Jackie and decides to keep an eye on her and keep her out of trouble , since Jackie does n't always show the best common sense , and on more than one occasion , Donna has ridiculed Jackie for her stupidity and small stature , calling her a `` midget '' or `` mosquito '' . All five of the boys have harbored sexual feelings toward Donna . In addition to Eric , three of the others attempted to sleep with her ( Kelso attempts to seduce her after going to roller disco , Hyde at Jackie 's ski cabin and Fez impersonating Eric in a Storm Trooper outfit ; none of these attempts are successful ) and four have romantic interest in her ( Eric , Hyde , Casey and Randy ) . Despite many of the guys ' obvious attraction to her , she only dated two of the main characters , with Jackie having the most boyfriends within the main cast . Donna is with Eric for six seasons , and she is hoping they could have been together , but as she says herself : `` It was all Eric 's fault for taking that stupid job . '' In Season 1 , Episode 2 it is revealed that Donna is one month older than Eric . In the episode `` Good Company '' , it is revealed through context that Donna 's birthday is sometime in January . Other appearances ( edit ) Actress Rosie Marcel portrayed the character in the British version Days Like These . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eric 's Burger Job '' , 27 September 1998 <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Seasons 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donna_Pinciotti&oldid=843069478 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional cannabis users Fictional characters from Wisconsin Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional radio personalities That ' 70s Show characters Female characters in television Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from November 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may contain original research from November 2014 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 17 : 12 . About Wikipedia

1. Donna Pinciotti - That '70s Show character 2. Donna's relationship with Eric Forman 3. Donna's feminist ideals and confident personality 4. Donna's insecurities and struggles in her relationship 5. Donna's friendship with Jackie Burkhart

the concept of virtual memory is based on one or both of two basic techniques

Virtual memory - wikipedia Virtual memory Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the computational technique . For the TBN game show , see Virtual Memory ( game show ) . Virtual memory combines active RAM and inactive memory on DASD to form a large range of contiguous addresses . In computing , virtual memory ( also virtual storage ) is a memory management technique that provides an `` idealized abstraction of the storage resources that are actually available on a given machine '' which `` creates the illusion to users of a very large ( main ) memory . '' The computer 's operating system , using a combination of hardware and software , maps memory addresses used by a program , called virtual addresses , into physical addresses in computer memory . Main storage , as seen by a process or task , appears as a contiguous address space or collection of contiguous segments . The operating system manages virtual address spaces and the assignment of real memory to virtual memory . Address translation hardware in the CPU , often referred to as a memory management unit or MMU , automatically translates virtual addresses to physical addresses . Software within the operating system may extend these capabilities to provide a virtual address space that can exceed the capacity of real memory and thus reference more memory than is physically present in the computer . The primary benefits of virtual memory include freeing applications from having to manage a shared memory space , increased security due to memory isolation , and being able to conceptually use more memory than might be physically available , using the technique of paging . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 Usage 3 History 4 Paged virtual memory 4.1 Page tables 4.2 Paging supervisor 4.3 Pinned pages 4.3. 1 Virtual - real operation 4.4 Thrashing 5 Segmented virtual memory 6 Address space swapping 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Properties ( edit ) Virtual memory makes application programming easier by hiding fragmentation of physical memory ; by delegating to the kernel the burden of managing the memory hierarchy ( eliminating the need for the program to handle overlays explicitly ) ; and , when each process is run in its own dedicated address space , by obviating the need to relocate program code or to access memory with relative addressing . Memory virtualization can be considered a generalization of the concept of virtual memory . Usage ( edit ) Virtual memory is an integral part of a modern computer architecture ; implementations usually require hardware support , typically in the form of a memory management unit built into the CPU . While not necessary , emulators and virtual machines can employ hardware support to increase performance of their virtual memory implementations . Consequently , older operating systems , such as those for the mainframes of the 1960s , and those for personal computers of the early to mid-1980s ( e.g. , DOS ) , generally have no virtual memory functionality , though notable exceptions for mainframes of the 1960s include : the Atlas Supervisor for the Atlas THE multiprogramming system for the Electrologica X8 ( software based virtual memory without hardware support ) MCP for the Burroughs B5000 MTS , TSS / 360 and CP / CMS for the IBM System / 360 Model 67 Multics for the GE 645 the Time Sharing Operating System for the RCA Spectra 70 / 46 and the operating system for the Apple Lisa is an example of a personal computer operating system of the 1980s that features virtual memory . During the 1960s and early 70s , computer memory was very expensive . The introduction of virtual memory provided an ability for software systems with large memory demands to run on computers with less real memory . The savings from this provided a strong incentive to switch to virtual memory for all systems . The additional capability of providing virtual address spaces added another level of security and reliability , thus making virtual memory even more attractive to the market place . Most modern operating systems that support virtual memory also run each process in its own dedicated address space . Each program thus appears to have sole access to the virtual memory . However , some older operating systems ( such as OS / VS1 and OS / VS2 SVS ) and even modern ones ( such as IBM i ) are single address space operating systems that run all processes in a single address space composed of virtualized memory . Embedded systems and other special - purpose computer systems that require very fast and / or very consistent response times may opt not to use virtual memory due to decreased determinism ; virtual memory systems trigger unpredictable traps that may produce unwanted `` jitter '' during I / O operations . This is because embedded hardware costs are often kept low by implementing all such operations with software ( a technique called bit - banging ) rather than with dedicated hardware . History ( edit ) In the 1940s and 1950s , all larger programs had to contain logic for managing primary and secondary storage , such as overlaying . Virtual memory was therefore introduced not only to extend primary memory , but to make such an extension as easy as possible for programmers to use . To allow for multiprogramming and multitasking , many early systems divided memory between multiple programs without virtual memory , such as early models of the PDP - 10 via registers . The concept of virtual memory was first developed by German physicist Fritz - Rudolf Güntsch at the Technische Universität Berlin in 1956 in his doctoral thesis , Logical Design of a Digital Computer with Multiple Asynchronous Rotating Drums and Automatic High Speed Memory Operation ; it described a machine with 6 100 - word blocks of primary core memory and an address space of 1,000 100 - word blocks , with hardware automatically moving blocks between primary memory and secondary drum memory . Paging was first implemented at the University of Manchester as a way to extend the Atlas Computer 's working memory by combining its 16,384 words of primary core memory with an additional 98,304 words of secondary drum memory . The first Atlas was commissioned in 1962 but working prototypes of paging had been developed by 1959 . In 1961 , the Burroughs Corporation independently released the first commercial computer with virtual memory , the B5000 , with segmentation rather than paging . Before virtual memory could be implemented in mainstream operating systems , many problems had to be addressed . Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult - to - build specialized hardware ; initial implementations slowed down access to memory slightly . There were worries that new system - wide algorithms utilizing secondary storage would be less effective than previously used application - specific algorithms . By 1969 , the debate over virtual memory for commercial computers was over ; an IBM research team led by David Sayre showed that their virtual memory overlay system consistently worked better than the best manually controlled systems . Throughout the 1970s , the IBM 370 series running their virtual - storage based operating systems provided a means for business users to migrate multiple older systems into fewer , more powerful , mainframes that had improved price / performance . The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD - 1 ; during the 1970s , other minicomputers implemented virtual memory , notably VAX models running VMS . Virtual memory was introduced to the x86 architecture with the protected mode of the Intel 80286 processor , but its segment swapping technique scaled poorly to larger segment sizes . The Intel 80386 introduced paging support underneath the existing segmentation layer , enabling the page fault exception to chain with other exceptions without double fault . However , loading segment descriptors was an expensive operation , causing operating system designers to rely strictly on paging rather than a combination of paging and segmentation . Paged virtual memory ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nearly all current implementations of virtual memory divide a virtual address space into pages , blocks of contiguous virtual memory addresses . Pages on contemporary systems are usually at least 4 kilobytes in size ; systems with large virtual address ranges or amounts of real memory generally use larger page sizes . Page tables ( edit ) Page tables are used to translate the virtual addresses seen by the application into physical addresses used by the hardware to process instructions ; such hardware that handles this specific translation is often known as the memory management unit . Each entry in the page table holds a flag indicating whether the corresponding page is in real memory or not . If it is in real memory , the page table entry will contain the real memory address at which the page is stored . When a reference is made to a page by the hardware , if the page table entry for the page indicates that it is not currently in real memory , the hardware raises a page fault exception , invoking the paging supervisor component of the operating system . Systems can have one page table for the whole system , separate page tables for each application and segment , a tree of page tables for large segments or some combination of these . If there is only one page table , different applications running at the same time use different parts of a single range of virtual addresses . If there are multiple page or segment tables , there are multiple virtual address spaces and concurrent applications with separate page tables redirect to different real addresses . Some earlier systems with smaller real memory sizes , such as the SDS 940 , used page registers instead of page tables in memory for address translation . Paging supervisor ( edit ) This part of the operating system creates and manages page tables . If the hardware raises a page fault exception , the paging supervisor accesses secondary storage , returns the page that has the virtual address that resulted in the page fault , updates the page tables to reflect the physical location of the virtual address and tells the translation mechanism to restart the request . When all physical memory is already in use , the paging supervisor must free a page in primary storage to hold the swapped - in page . The supervisor uses one of a variety of page replacement algorithms such as least recently used to determine which page to free . Pinned pages ( edit ) Operating systems have memory areas that are pinned ( never swapped to secondary storage ) . Other terms used are locked , fixed , or wired pages . For example , interrupt mechanisms rely on an array of pointers to their handlers , such as I / O completion and page fault . If the pages containing these pointers or the code that they invoke were pageable , interrupt - handling would become far more complex and time - consuming , particularly in the case of page fault interruptions . Hence , some part of the page table structures is not pageable . Some pages may be pinned for short periods of time , others may be pinned for long periods of time , and still others may need to be permanently pinned . For example : The paging supervisor code and drivers for secondary storage devices on which pages reside must be permanently pinned , as otherwise paging would n't even work because the necessary code would n't be available . Timing - dependent components may be pinned to avoid variable paging delays . Data buffers that are accessed directly by peripheral devices that use direct memory access or I / O channels must reside in pinned pages while the I / O operation is in progress because such devices and the buses to which they are attached expect to find data buffers located at physical memory addresses ; regardless of whether the bus has a memory management unit for I / O , transfers can not be stopped if a page fault occurs and then restarted when the page fault has been processed . In IBM 's operating systems for System / 370 and successor systems , the term is `` fixed '' , and such pages may be long - term fixed , or may be short - term fixed , or may be unfixed ( i.e. , pageable ) . System control structures are often long - term fixed ( measured in wall - clock time , i.e. , time measured in seconds , rather than time measured in fractions of one second ) whereas I / O buffers are usually short - term fixed ( usually measured in significantly less than wall - clock time , possibly for tens of milliseconds ) . Indeed , the OS has a special facility for `` fast fixing '' these short - term fixed data buffers ( fixing which is performed without resorting to a time - consuming Supervisor Call instruction ) . Multics used the term `` wired '' . OpenVMS and Windows refer to pages temporarily made nonpageable ( as for I / O buffers ) as `` locked '' , and simply `` nonpageable '' for those that are never pageable . Virtual - real operation ( edit ) In OS / VS1 and similar OSes , some parts of systems memory are managed in `` virtual - real '' mode , called `` V = R '' . In this mode every virtual address corresponds to the same real address . This mode is used for interrupt mechanisms , for the paging supervisor and page tables in older systems , and for application programs using non-standard I / O management . For example , IBM 's z / OS has 3 modes ( virtual - virtual , virtual - real and virtual - fixed ) . Thrashing ( edit ) When paging and page stealing are used , a problem called `` thrashing '' can occur , in which the computer spends an unsuitably large amount of time transferring pages to and from a backing store , hence slowing down useful work . A task 's working set is the minimum set of pages that should be in memory in order for it to make useful progress . Thrashing occurs when there is insufficient memory available to store the working sets of all active programs . Adding real memory is the simplest response , but improving application design , scheduling , and memory usage can help . Another solution is to reduce the number of active tasks on the system . This reduces demand on real memory by swapping out the entire working set of one or more processes . Segmented virtual memory ( edit ) Some systems , such as the Burroughs B5500 , use segmentation instead of paging , dividing virtual address spaces into variable - length segments . A virtual address here consists of a segment number and an offset within the segment . The Intel 80286 supports a similar segmentation scheme as an option , but it is rarely used . Segmentation and paging can be used together by dividing each segment into pages ; systems with this memory structure , such as Multics and IBM System / 38 , are usually paging - predominant , segmentation providing memory protection . In the Intel 80386 and later IA - 32 processors , the segments reside in a 32 - bit linear , paged address space . Segments can be moved in and out of that space ; pages there can `` page '' in and out of main memory , providing two levels of virtual memory ; few if any operating systems do so , instead using only paging . Early non-hardware - assisted x86 virtualization solutions combined paging and segmentation because x86 paging offers only two protection domains whereas a VMM / guest OS / guest applications stack needs three . The difference between paging and segmentation systems is not only about memory division ; segmentation is visible to user processes , as part of memory model semantics . Hence , instead of memory that looks like a single large space , it is structured into multiple spaces . This difference has important consequences ; a segment is not a page with variable length or a simple way to lengthen the address space . Segmentation that can provide a single - level memory model in which there is no differentiation between process memory and file system consists of only a list of segments ( files ) mapped into the process 's potential address space . This is not the same as the mechanisms provided by calls such as mmap and Win32 's MapViewOfFile , because inter-file pointers do not work when mapping files into semi-arbitrary places . In Multics , a file ( or a segment from a multi-segment file ) is mapped into a segment in the address space , so files are always mapped at a segment boundary . A file 's linkage section can contain pointers for which an attempt to load the pointer into a register or make an indirect reference through it causes a trap . The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment ; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space , puts the segment number into the pointer , changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap , and returns to the code where the trap occurred , re-executing the instruction that caused the trap . This eliminates the need for a linker completely and works when different processes map the same file into different places in their private address spaces . Address space swapping ( edit ) Some operating systems provide for swapping entire address spaces , in addition to whatever facilities they have for paging and segmentation . When this occurs , the OS writes those pages and segments currently in real memory to swap files . In a swap - in , the OS reads back the data from the swap files but does not automatically read back pages that had been paged out at the time of the swap out operation . IBM 's MVS , from OS / VS2 Release 2 through z / OS , provides for marking an address space as unswappable ; doing so does not pin any pages in the address space . This can be done for the duration of a job by entering the name of an eligible main program in the Program Properties Table with an unswappable flag . In addition , privileged code can temporarily make an address space unswappable With a SYSEVENT Supervisor Call instruction ( SVC ) ; certain changes in the address space properties require that the OS swap it out and then swap it back in , using SYSEVENT TRANSWAP . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Paging Game CPU design Page ( computing ) Cache algorithms Memory allocation Memory management ( operating systems ) Protected mode , an x86 mode that allows for virtual memory . CUDA Pinned memory Further reading ( edit ) Hennessy , John L. ; and Patterson , David A. ; Computer Architecture , A Quantitative Approach ( ISBN 1 - 55860 - 724 - 2 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Early systems used drums ; contemporary systems use disks or solid state memory Jump up ^ IBM DOS / VS , OS / VS1 and DOS / VS only supported 2 KB pages . References ( edit ) This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjee , Abhishek ; Lustig , Daniel ( 2017 ) . Architectural and Operating System Support for Virtual Memory . Morgan & Claypool Publishers . p. 1 . ISBN 9781627056021 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haldar , Sibsankar ; Aravind , Alex Alagarsamy ( 2010 ) . Operating Systems . Pearson Education India . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 8131730225 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AMD - V TM Nested Paging '' ( PDF ) . AMD . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Version History '' . Microsoft . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Denning , Peter ( 1997 ) . `` Before Memory Was Virtual '' ( PDF ) . In the Beginning : Recollections of Software Pioneers . Jump up ^ Jessen , Elke ( 2004 ) . `` Origin of the Virtual Memory Concept '' . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 26 ( 4 ) : 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Jessen , E. ( 1996 ) . `` Die Entwicklung des virtuellen Speichers '' . Informatik - Spektrum ( in German ) . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg. 19 ( 4 ) : 216 -- 219 . ISSN 0170 - 6012 . doi : 10.1007 / s002870050034 . Jump up ^ `` Ferranti Atlas 1 & 2 -- Systems Architecture '' ( PDF ) . November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ R.J. Creasy , `` The origin of the VM / 370 time - sharing system '' , IBM Journal of Research & Development , Vol. 25 , No. 5 ( September 1981 ) , p. 486 Jump up ^ `` The Atlas '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ian Joyner on Burroughs B5000 Jump up ^ Cragon , Harvey G. ( 1996 ) . Memory Systems and Pipelined Processors . Jones and Bartlett Publishers . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 474 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sayre , D. ( 1969 ) . `` Is automatic `` folding '' of programs efficient enough to displace manual ? `` . Communications of the ACM. 12 ( 12 ) : 656 . doi : 10.1145 / 363626.363629 . Jump up ^ Quintero , Dino , et.al . ( May 1 , 2013 ) . IBM Power Systems Performance Guide : Implementing and Optimizing . IBM Corporation . p. 138 . ISBN 0738437662 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Dp ( 2009 ) . Foundation of Operating Systems . Excel Books India . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7446 - 626 - 6 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` z / OS Basic Skills Information Center : z / OS Concepts '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Burroughs ( 1964 ) . Burroughs B5500 Information Processing System Reference Manual ( PDF ) . Burroughs Corporation . 1021326 . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GE - 645 System Manual ( PDF ) . January 1968 . pp. 21 -- 30 . Retrieved 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Corbató , F.J. ; and Vyssotsky , V.A. `` Introduction and Overview of the Multics System '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Glaser , Edward L. ; Couleur , John F. & Oliver , G.A. `` System Design of a Computer for Time Sharing Applications '' . Jump up ^ J.E. Smith , R. Uhlig ( August 14 , 2005 ) Virtual Machines : Architectures , Implementations and Applications , HOTCHIPS 17 , Tutorial 1 , part 2 Jump up ^ Bensoussan , André ; Clingen , CharlesT. ; Daley , Robert C. ( May 1972 ) . `` The Multics Virtual Memory : Concepts and Design '' . Communications of the ACM. 15 ( 5 ) : 308 -- 318 . doi : 10.1145 / 355602.361306 . Jump up ^ `` Multics Execution Environment '' . Multicians.org . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Organick , Elliott I. ( 1972 ) . The Multics System : An Examination of Its Structure . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 15012 - 3 . Jump up ^ The most important requirement is that the program be APF authorized . Jump up ^ E.g. , requesting use of preferred memory Jump up ^ `` Control swapping ( DONTSWAP , OKSWAP , TRANSWAP ) '' . IBM Knowledge Center . z / OS MVS Programming : Authorized Assembler Services Reference SET - WTO SA23 - 1375 - 00 . 1990 -- 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Operating Systems : Three Easy Pieces , by Remzi H. Arpaci - Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci - Dusseau . Arpaci - Dusseau Books , 2014 . Relevant chapters : Address Spaces Address Translation Segmentation Introduction to Paging TLBs Advanced Page Tables Swapping : Mechanisms Swapping : Policies `` Time - Sharing Supervisor Programs '' by Michael T. Alexander in Advanced Topics in Systems Programming , University of Michigan Engineering Summer Conference 1970 ( revised May 1971 ) , compares the scheduling and resource allocation approaches , including virtual memory and paging , used in four mainframe operating systems : CP - 67 , TSS / 360 , MTS , and Multics . LinuxMM : Linux Memory Management . Birth of Linux Kernel , mailing list discussion . The Virtual - Memory Manager in Windows NT , Randy Kath , Microsoft Developer Network Technology Group , 12 December 1992 at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 22 , 2010 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Memory management <Td_colspan="2"> Memory management as a function of an operating system Manual memory management Static memory allocation C dynamic memory allocation new and delete ( C++ ) Virtual memory Demand paging Page table Paging Virtual memory compression Hardware Memory management unit Translation lookaside buffer Garbage collection Boehm garbage collector Concurrent mark sweep collector Finalizer Garbage Garbage - first collector Mark - compact algorithm Reference counting Tracing garbage collection Strong reference Weak reference Memory segmentation Protected mode Real mode Virtual 8086 mode x86 memory segmentation Memory safety Buffer overflow Buffer over-read Dangling pointer Stack overflow Issues Fragmentation Memory leak Unreachable memory Other Automatic variable International Symposium on Memory Management Region - based memory management GND : 4381328 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virtual_memory&oldid=808067409 '' Categories : Virtual memory School of Computer Science , University of Manchester Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Virtual memory 2. Memory management 3. Address translation 4. Paging and segmentation 5. Thrashing

who sang i've got a lovely bunch of coconuts

I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of coconuts - wikipedia I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of coconuts `` I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts '' is a novelty song composed in 1944 ( as `` I 've Got a Lovely Bunch of Cocoanuts '' ) by Fred Heatherton , a songwriting pseudonym for a collaboration of English songwriters Harold Elton Box , Desmond Cox and Lewis Ilda . The song was published by Box and Cox Publications ( ASCAP ) . The song celebrates the coconut shy ( coconut toss ) at funfairs , and the catchy chorus is the call of the showman `` standing underneath the flare '' ( of gaslight ) , inviting the public to `` Roll up , bowl a ball , a penny a pitch . '' ( In American editions , the line is rendered instead as , `` Roll or bowl a ball , a penny a pitch . '' ) The ball is tossed or bowled ( as in cricket ) or pitched at the coconuts , with the object of knocking one off its stand . Recording history ( edit ) In 1950 , the song was a top - ten hit in the U.S. for Freddy Martin And His Orchestra with vocalist Merv Griffin and sold over three million copies . The following year , it was a number - 25 hit for Danny Kaye . It was a staple song of the Billy Cotton Band Show on British radio and television . The song is still played over the public address at Cambridge United football matches after home wins . The song appeared in I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ) , Judy Garland 's last film . A portion of the song also appeared in Disney 's 1994 The Lion King ( sung by Rowan Atkinson ) . Nicolas Cage also sang part of this song in National Treasure : Book of Secrets . Ringo Starr sang an impromptu version of the song in Magical Mystery Tour , The Beatles ' TV special broadcast by the BBC on 26 December 1967 . Also , actors Hayden Rorke and Bill Daily performed a few lines of the song on ukulele in the 1969 I Dream of Jeannie episode `` Uncles a Go - Go . In the first episode of the 1977 sitcom Mind Your Language it is mentioned that a professor went crazy and sang this song . Swedish performer Povel Ramel wrote a Swedish version of the song in 1950 . This version , `` Far jag kan inte få upp min kokosnöt '' ( `` Dad I ca n't crack my coconut open '' ) , has little to do with the original . It is sung by a little boy who , in the course of his attempts to open his resilient coconut , disfigures his mother , demolishes the family 's furniture , and finally blows their house up . This version also features prominently in the film My Life as a Dog ( 1985 ) , as well as in the Swedish version of The Lion King . The song is also known in Finland from the versions by Kipparikvartetti and M.A. Numminen , Kuinka saisin rikki kookospähkinän , which feature a similar tragicomic story . The 2011 British 3D computer - animated family film Gnomeo & Juliet includes a portion of the song . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fred Heatherton '' . Discogs. 2014 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ 50 Best of All Time Hits , Warock / Cherio / Rytvoc , 1959 Jump up ^ Merv Griffin AllMusic.com Jump up ^ `` I 've got a lovely bunch of coconuts ... but why ? '' . The Story of Cambridge United . 2014 . Jump up ^ Walter Everett The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology Oxford University Press US 1999 ISBN 0 - 19 - 512941 - 5 page 132 . External links ( edit ) Performance by Merv Griffin on the Freddy Martin Show on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ve_Got_a_Lovely_Bunch_of_Coconuts&oldid=785951391 '' Categories : 1944 songs Novelty songs Songs about plants Coconuts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Norsk Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2017 , at 11 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts" - a novelty song composed in 1944 2. Coconut shy - a game at funfairs where participants try to knock coconuts off stands 3. Recording history - the song's popularity and appearances in various films and TV shows 4. Swedish version - a Swedish adaptation of the song with a different storyline 5. Cultural references - the song's use in Cambridge United football matches and other media appearances

who was in the first star is born

A Star is Born ( 1937 film ) - wikipedia A Star is Born ( 1937 film ) <Th_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born <Td_colspan="2"> Original theatrical poster Directed by William A. Wellman Produced by David O. Selznick Written by William A. Wellman Robert Carson Dorothy Parker Alan Campbell Starring Janet Gaynor Fredric March Music by Max Steiner Cinematography W. Howard Greene Edited by James E. Newcom Anson Stevenson Production company Selznick International Pictures Distributed by United Artists Release date April 20 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Running time 111 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.2 million Box office over $2 million A Star Is Born is a 1937 American Technicolor romantic drama film produced by David O. Selznick , directed by William A. Wellman from a script by Wellman , Robert Carson , Dorothy Parker , and Alan Campbell , and starring Janet Gaynor ( in her only Technicolor film ) as an aspiring Hollywood actress , and Fredric March ( in his Technicolor debut ) as a fading movie star who helps launch her career . The supporting cast features Adolphe Menjou , May Robson , Andy Devine , Lionel Stander , and Owen Moore . The film was remade three times : in 1954 ( directed by George Cukor and starring Judy Garland and James Mason ) , in 1976 ( directed by Frank Pierson and starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson ) , and in 2018 ( starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper , who also directed ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Background 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 7 Academy Awards 8 Adaptations to other media 9 Remakes 10 Ownership and copyright status 11 Home media 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) Janet Gaynor in A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) North Dakota farm girl Esther Victoria Blodgett yearns to become a Hollywood actress . Although her aunt and father discourage such thoughts , Esther 's grandmother gives Esther her savings to follow her dream . Esther goes to Hollywood and tries to land a job as an extra , but so many others have had the same idea that the casting agency has stopped accepting applications . Esther is told that her chances of becoming a star are one in 100,000 . She befriends a new resident at her boarding house , assistant director Danny McGuire , himself out of work . When Danny and Esther go to a concert to celebrate Danny 's employment , Esther has her first encounter with Norman Maine , an actor she admires greatly . Norman has been a major star for years , but his alcoholism has sent his career into a downward spiral . Danny gets Esther a one - time waitressing job at a fancy Hollywood party . While serving hors d'œuvre , she catches Norman 's eye . He gets his longtime producer and good friend , Oliver Niles , to give her a screen test . Impressed , Oliver gives her a new name ( `` Vicki Lester '' ) and a contract . She practices her few lines for her first tiny role . When the studio has trouble finding a female lead for Norman 's current film , entitled The Enchanted Hour , Norman persuades Oliver to cast Esther . The film makes her an overnight success , even as viewers continue to lose interest in Norman . Norman proposes to Esther ; she accepts when he promises to give up drinking . They elope without publicity , much to press agent Matt Libby 's disgust , and enjoy a trailer - camping honeymoon in the mountains . When they return , Esther 's popularity continues to skyrocket , while Norman realizes his own career is over , despite Oliver 's attempts to help him . Norman stays sober for a while , but his frustration over his situation finally pushes him over the edge . He starts drinking again . When Esther wins the industry 's top award ( the Academy Award for Best Actress ) , he interrupts her acceptance speech by drunkenly demanding three awards for the worst acting of the year . A stay at a sanatorium seems to cure Norman 's increasingly disruptive alcoholism , but a chance encounter with Libby gives the press agent an opportunity to vent his long - concealed contempt and dislike for Norman . Norman goes on a four - day drinking binge and winds up arrested for drunk driving . In court , the judge sentences him to 90 days of incarceration , but Esther pleads with the judge to put Norman under her care . The judge , who is impressed with Esther 's acting success , suspends Norman 's sentence and puts Norman 's custody into Esther 's hands . Esther decides to give up her career in order to devote herself to his rehabilitation . After Norman overhears her discussing her plan with Oliver , he drowns himself in the Pacific Ocean . Shattered , Esther decides to quit and go home . Soon afterward , her grandmother shows up once she hears Esther is quitting . Her grandmother tells her of a letter Norman sent her when they got married . The letter stated how proud he was of Esther , and how much he loved her . Because of her grandmother 's words , and the reminder of Norman 's deep love , Esther is convinced to stay in show business . At the premiere of her next film at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre , when Esther is asked to say a few words into the microphone to her many fans listening across the world , she announces , `` Hello , everybody . This is Mrs. Norman Maine . '' March and Gaynor Cast ( edit ) Janet Gaynor as Esther Blodgett / Vicki Lester Fredric March as Norman Maine Adolphe Menjou as Oliver Niles May Robson as Grandmother Lettie Andy Devine as Daniel `` Danny '' McGuire Lionel Stander as Matt Libby Owen Moore as Casey Burke Peggy Wood as Miss Phillips Elizabeth Jenns as Anita Regis Edgar Kennedy as Pop Randall J.C. Nugent as Mr. Blodgett Guinn `` Big Boy '' Williams as posture coach Clara Blandick as Aunt Mattie ( uncredited ) Jonathan Hale as Night Court Judge ( uncredited ) Lillian Harmer as wardrobe woman ( uncredited ) Carole Landis as girl in beret at Santa Anita bar ( uncredited ) George Chandler as Delivery Man ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) A Star Is Born was filmed from October to December 1936 with an estimated budget of $1,173,639 , and premiered in Los Angeles , California , on April 20 , 1937 , at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . The film 's New York premiere took place two days later at Radio City Music Hall . It is not known how much Dorothy Parker contributed to the finished script . When she first saw the film , Parker was proud of her contribution and boasted about both the script and the film , but in later life she believed that she had contributed nothing of significance . Early in their careers , Budd Schulberg ( then a script reader for David O. Selznick ) and Ring Lardner , Jr. ( who was working in Selznick 's publicity department ) were assigned to write some additional dialogue for the film , a collaboration which produced Janet Gaynor 's ( and the film 's ) final words : `` This is Mrs. Norman Maine . '' The line was used again in the 1954 Warner Bros. musical remake starring Judy Garland and James Mason . George Cukor , who directed the remake , suggested adding the scene in the 1937 film where Menjou offers the fading star a supporting role . Adolphe Menjou ( left ) and Andy Devine ( right ) from the film 's trailer Background ( edit ) Some film historians believe that the marriage of Barbara Stanwyck and Frank Fay was the film 's real - life inspiration . John Bowers has also been identified as inspiration for the Norman Maine character and the dramatic suicide - by - drowning scene near the end of the film ( Bowers drowned in November 1936 ) . The film contains several inside jokes , including Gaynor 's brief imitations of Greta Garbo , Katharine Hepburn , and Mae West ; the `` Crawford Smear '' , referring to Joan Crawford 's lipstick ; and the revelation that the glamorous Norman Maine 's real last name is Hinkle . ( Hinkle was the real last name of silent film star Agnes Ayres , and not far removed from Fredric March 's real last name , Bickel . ) This film also has many similarities to the earlier film What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) , released by RKO Radio Pictures . The 1932 film 's original title was The Truth About Hollywood based on a story by Adela Rogers St. Johns . St. Johns loosely based her plot on the experiences of actress Colleen Moore and her husband , alcoholic producer John McCormick ( 1893 -- 1961 ) , and the life and death of director Tom Forman , who committed suicide following a nervous breakdown . Four years after What Price Hollywood ? was released , Selznick approached George Cukor and asked him to direct A Star Is Born . Cukor felt the plot was too similar to What Price Hollywood ? so he declined . RKO executives considered filing a plagiarism suit against Selznick International Pictures because of the similarities in the story , but eventually chose not to take legal action . Cukor later directed the 1954 musical remake starring Judy Garland . A common Hollywood myth about the film is that Lana Turner appeared as an extra in one of the scenes in the film . Turner often denied the myth over the years , mentioning that she was discovered several months after the picture had finished production . March in the trailer Soundtrack ( edit ) `` A Star is Born '' , sung by Buddy Clark with the orchestra of Eddy Duchin . The lyrics were written by Dorothy Dick to the music of Max Steiner . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary reviews were very positive . Frank S. Nugent of The New York Times called the film `` one of the year 's best shows '' as well as `` good entertainment by any standards , including the artistic , and convincing proof that Hollywood need not travel to Ruritania for its plots ; there is drama aplenty in its own backyard . '' Variety raved : `` A smash which unquestionably will rate among the half dozen best of the season ... While the story is somewhat reminiscent of other behind - the - scene yarns , the manner of its telling makes it convincing and distinguished . '' Harrison 's Reports called it `` a powerful human interest drama '' and `` great entertainment . '' Film Daily said it was `` superbly done in all departments , '' and John Mosher of The New Yorker called it `` a pleasant movie '' with `` many nice touches . '' On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film received an approval rating of 100 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . By the end of 1939 the film had earned a profit of $181,000 . Academy Awards ( edit ) At the 10th Academy Awards , A Star is Born was nominated in seven categories , winning in one . Wellman won the award for original story , the only Oscar he was to win during his career . W. Howard Greene received an honorary Academy Award for the film 's color photography ; this award was recommended by a committee of leading cinematographers after viewing all the color pictures made during the year . Wins Best Writing ( Original Story ) : William Wellman , Robert Carson Special Award : W. Howard Greene Nominations Outstanding Production : Selznick International Pictures ; the first color film to be nominated for best picture . Best Director : William Wellman Best Actor : Fredric March Best Actress : Janet Gaynor Best Assistant Director : Eric Stacey Best Writing ( Screenplay ) : Dorothy Parker , Alan Campbell , Robert Carson Adaptations to other media ( edit ) At the time of the release of the film , a 15 - minute transcription -- a pre-recorded radio show issued on 16 - inch disc -- promoting the film 's release was made . The narrated promotional radio show included sound clips from the film . The show was recorded and released through the World Broadcasting System , with disc matrix number H - 1636 - 2 . The film was adapted as a radio play on the September 13 , 1937 , episode of Lux Radio Theater with Robert Montgomery and Janet Gaynor , the November 17 , 1940 , episode of The Screen Guild Theater starring Loretta Young and Burgess Meredith , the December 28 , 1942 , episode of Lux Radio Theater with Judy Garland and Walter Pidgeon , the June 29 , 1946 , episode of Academy Award Theater , starring Fredric March , the May 23 , 1948 , episode of the Ford Theatre and the June 16 , 1950 , episode of Screen Director 's Playhouse starring Fredric March . Remakes ( edit ) A Star Is Born has been remade three times , in 1954 with Judy Garland and James Mason , in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson , and in 2018 with Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . Production on the 2018 version began in 2017 , with the film released on October 5 , 2018 . Play media The entire film Ownership and copyright status ( edit ) See also : List of films in the public domain in the United States Selznick International Pictures dissolved leaving the film 's rights to financier John Hay Whitney . Whitney then sold the film to Film Classics , Inc. in 1943 . With declining rerun revenue , Film Classics place the film up for sale with producer Edward L. Alperson with the intent to remake the film . Instead Alperson sold the film 's copyright including film , story , screenplay , and score to Warner Bros. in 1953 . Warner in 1954 issued the first remake . In 1965 , the film entered the public domain in the United States because Warner did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication . The original 35mm master elements remain with Warner Bros . The rights to the film 's story , screenplay , and score also remain with Warner Bros. ; thus it still has exclusive rights to all three remakes as well as any future remakes . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Blu - ray in the US by Kino Lorber Inc. on February 2012 , featuring an edition authorized by the estate of David O. Selznick from the collection of George Eastman House . See also ( edit ) List of films with a 100 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , a film review aggregator website References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hanson , Patricia King , ed. ( 1993 ) . The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States : Feature Films , 1931 - 1940 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . pp. 2368 -- 2369 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07908 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Thomson , David ( 1993 ) . Showman : The Life of David O. Selznick . Abacus . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10523 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gene ( 1995 ) . Movie Time : A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry from its Beginnings to the Present . New York : MacMillan . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 860429 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 1937 '' . GraumansChinese.org . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Courageous ' Set For Two - A-Day on Coast '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : 21 April 7 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway Parade '' . Film Daily . New York : Wid 's Films and Film Folk , Inc. : 2 April 19 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Meade , Marion ( 1989 ) . Dorothy Parker : What Fresh Hell Is This ? . Penguin Publishing Group . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 46219 - 5 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1997 ) . `` Ring Lardner , Jr. : American Skeptic '' . Backstory 3 : Interviews with Screenwriters of the 60s . Berkeley : University of California Press . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 -- via California Digital Library . Jump up ^ `` What Price Hollywood ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 1991 ) . George Cukor : A Double Life . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05419 - X . Jump up ^ Levy , Emanuel ( 1994 ) . George Cukor : Master of Elegance . New York : William Morrow & Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11246 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( April 23 , 1937 ) . `` Movie Review - A Star is Born '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Film reviews '' . Variety . New York : Variety , Inc. : 15 April 28 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born '' . Harrison 's Reports . New York : Harrison 's Reports , Inc. : 71 May 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews '' . Film Daily . New York : Wid 's Films and Film Folk , Inc. : 7 April 23 , 1937 . Jump up ^ Mosher , John ( May 1 , 1937 ) . `` The Current Cinema '' . The New Yorker . New York : F-R Publishing Corp. : 81 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 10th Academy Awards ( 1937 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts an Sciences ( oscars.org ) . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Booker , Keith M. ( 2011 ) . Historical Dictionary of American Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 410 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7459 - 6 . Jump up ^ Franks , Don ( 2004 ) . Entertainment Awards : A Music , Cinema , Theatre and Broadcasting Guide , 1928 through 2003 ( 3rd ed . ) . McFarland . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 0806 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Those Were The Days '' . Nostalgia Digest . 41 ( 3 ) : 32 -- 39 . Summer 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born shifts release date back to fall 2018 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Classic Films in the Public Domain '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , David ( ed . ) . `` Classic Film Museum , Inc. vs Warner Bros. Inc '' . Citations and Case Summaries . Copyright Registration and Renewal Information Chart and Web Site ( copyrightdata.com ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fishman , Stephen ( 2014 ) . The Public Domain : How to Find & Use Copyright - Free Writings , Music , Art & More . Nolo . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4133 - 2028 - 2 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David ( June 2007 ) . `` Forgotten Faces : Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain '' . Film History : An International Journal . 19 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 43 . doi : 10.2979 / FIL. 2007.19. 2.125 . ISSN 0892 - 2160 . JSTOR 25165419 . OCLC 15122313 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Star Is Born ( 1937 film ) . A Star Is Born on IMDb A Star Is Born is available for free download at the Internet Archive A Star Is Born at AllMovie A Star Is Born at the TCM Movie Database A Star Is Born at the American Film Institute Catalog Streaming audio A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater : September 13 , 1937 A Star Is Born on Screen Guild Theater : November 17 , 1940 A Star Is Born on Lux Radio Theater : December 28 , 1942 A Star Is Born on Academy Award Theater : June 29 , 1946 A Star Is Born on Ford Theater : May 23 , 1948 <Th_colspan="2"> A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by William A. Wellman 1920s Second Hand Love The Man Who Won Big Dan Cupid 's Fireman Not a Drum Was Heard The Vagabond Trail The Circus Cowboy When Husbands Flirt The Boob You Never Know Women The Cat 's Pajamas Wings The Legion of the Condemned Ladies of the Mob Beggars of Life Chinatown Nights The Man I Love Woman Trap 1930s Dangerous Paradise Young Eagles Maybe It 's Love Other Men 's Women The Public Enemy Night Nurse The Star Witness Safe in Hell The Hatchet Man So Big ! Love Is a Racket The Purchase Price The Conquerors Frisco Jenny Central Airport Lilly Turner Heroes for Sale Midnight Mary Wild Boys of the Road Female College Coach Looking for Trouble Stingaree The President Vanishes Call of the Wild Robin Hood of El Dorado Small Town Girl A Star Is Born Nothing Sacred Men with Wings Beau Geste The Light That Failed 1940s Reaching for the Sun Roxie Hart The Great Man 's Lady Thunder Birds Lady of Burlesque The Ox - Bow Incident Buffalo Bill This Man 's Navy The Story of G.I. Joe Gallant Journey Magic Town The Iron Curtain Yellow Sky Battleground 1950s The Next Voice You Hear ... The Happy Years Across the Wide Missouri It 's a Big Country Westward the Women My Man and I Island in the Sky The High and the Mighty Track of the Cat Blood Alley Good - bye , My Lady Darby 's Rangers Lafayette Escadrille Television Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( co-directed ) <Th_colspan="2"> Filmography of David O. Selznick <Td_colspan="2"> Roulette ( 1924 ) Forgotten Faces ( 1928 ) Chinatown Nights ( 1929 ) Betrayal ( 1929 ) The Man I Love ( 1929 ) The Four Feathers ( 1929 ) Street of Chance ( 1930 ) What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) Rockabye ( 1932 ) The Animal Kingdom ( 1932 ) Topaze ( 1933 ) Our Betters ( 1933 ) Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) Night Flight ( 1933 ) Meet the Baron ( 1933 ) Dancing Lady ( 1933 ) Viva Villa ! ( 1934 ) Manhattan Melodrama ( 1934 ) David Copperfield ( 1935 ) Vanessa : Her Love Story ( 1935 ) Reckless ( 1935 ) Anna Karenina ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) Little Lord Fauntleroy ( 1936 ) The Garden of Allah ( 1936 ) A Star Is Born ( 1937 ) The Prisoner of Zenda ( 1937 ) Nothing Sacred ( 1937 ) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer ( 1938 ) The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) Made for Each Other ( 1939 ) Intermezzo : A Love Story ( 1939 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) Reward Unlimited ( 1944 , short ) Since You Went Away ( 1944 ) I 'll Be Seeing You ( 1945 ) Spellbound ( 1945 ) Duel in the Sun ( 1946 ) The Paradine Case ( 1948 ) Portrait of Jennie ( 1948 ) The Third Man ( 1949 ) Gone to Earth ( 1950 ) Stazione Termini ( 1954 ) Light 's Diamond Jubilee ( 1954 , TV ) A Farewell to Arms ( 1957 ) WorldCat Identities LCCN : n80016857 VIAF : 182657814 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(1937_film)&oldid=866448981 '' Categories : 1937 films English - language films 1930s drama films American films American drama films Films based on short fiction Films about actors Films shot in Lone Pine , California Films set in Los Angeles Films set in North Dakota Films that won the Academy Award for Best Story Selznick International Pictures films United Artists films Films directed by William A. Wellman Screenplays by Dorothy Parker Films scored by Max Steiner Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 12 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. A Star is Born (1937 film) 2. Janet Gaynor and Fredric March 3. Hollywood actress and fading movie star 4. Remakes of the film 5. Critical reception and Academy Awards

gucci mane and migos i got the bag

I Get the Bag - wikipedia I Get the Bag Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Get the Bag '' <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Gucci Mane featuring Migos <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mr. Davis Released September 5 , 2017 Format Digital download Genre Trap Length 3 : 53 Label GUWOP 1017 Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Radric Davis Kirsnick Ball Quavious Marshall Leland Wayne Joshua Luellen Producer ( s ) Metro Boomin Southside <Th_colspan="2"> Gucci Mane singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do Re Mi '' ( 2017 ) `` I Get the Bag '' ( 2017 ) `` Cool '' ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Do Re Mi '' ( 2017 ) `` I Get the Bag '' ( 2017 ) `` Cool '' ( 2018 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Migos singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Night Call '' ( 2017 ) Night Call2017 `` I Get the Bag '' ( 2017 ) I Get the Bag2017 `` MotorSport '' ( 2017 ) MotorSport 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Get the Bag '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` I Get the Bag '' is a song by American rapper Gucci Mane , featuring American rappers Quavo and Takeoff from the hip hop group Migos . It was released on September 5 , 2017 , as the third single from Gucci Mane 's album Mr. Davis ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Commercial performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 Notes 9 References Background ( edit ) `` I Get the Bag '' was first released as an instant grat track on August 18 , 2017 for pre-orders of the album . It was then sent to urban radio on September 5 , 2017 , as the album 's third single ( second radio single ) . Composition ( edit ) `` I Get the Bag '' contains an interpolation of Migos and Gucci Mane 's previous hit single `` Slippery '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video was released the same day the song was premiered . It has over 200 million views as of December 31 , 2017 . Metro Boomin made a cameo . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` I Get the Bag '' is Gucci Mane 's highest charting single as a lead artist . It has peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 , charting for 16 weeks thus far . It also peaked at number one on the Billboard urban airplay chart . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 28 Portugal ( AFP ) 89 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 89 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 100 US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 93 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 <Td_colspan="3"> sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States August 18 , 2017 Digital download 1017 Atlantic September 5 , 2017 Urban contemporary radio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Release as a promotional single . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Release '' . All Access . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane : I Get the Bag '' . Who Sampled Who . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uo14xGYwWd4 Jump up ^ `` Gucci Manes I Get the Bag Earns # 1 at Urban Radio '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Gucci Mane feat . Migos -- I Get the Bag '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201742 into search . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Heatseeker -- Vecka 42 , 20 oktober 2017 '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Gucci Mane feat . Migos -- I Get the Bag '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gucci Mane Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Gucci Mane -- I Got the Bag '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Urban / UAC Future Release '' . All Access . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . <Th_colspan="2"> Gucci Mane <Td_colspan="2"> Discography Studio albums Trap House ( 2005 ) Hard to Kill ( 2006 ) Trap - A-Thon ( 2007 ) Back to the Trap House ( 2007 ) Murder Was the Case ( 2009 ) The State vs. Radric Davis ( 2009 ) The Appeal : Georgia 's Most Wanted ( 2010 ) The Return of Mr. Zone 6 ( 2011 ) Everybody Looking ( 2016 ) The Return of East Atlanta Santa ( 2016 ) Mr. Davis ( 2017 ) El Gato : The Human Glacier ( 2017 ) Collaborations BAYTL ( with V - Nasty ) ( 2011 ) Ferrari Boyz ( with Waka Flocka Flame ) ( 2011 ) Free Bricks 2K16 ( Zone 6 Edition ) ( with Future ) ( 2016 ) Digital albums Trap House III ( 2013 ) The State vs. Radric Davis II : The Caged Bird Sings ( 2013 ) Trap House 4 ( 2014 ) Gucci vs. Guwop ( 2014 ) Mixtapes Burrrprint ( 2 ) HD ( 2010 ) Trap Back ( 2012 ) I 'm Up ( 2012 ) Trap God ( 2012 ) Trap God 2 ( 2013 ) Trap God 3 ( 2014 ) East Atlanta Santa ( 2014 ) 1017 Mafia : Incarcerated ( 2015 ) Brick Factory 3 ( 2015 ) Woptober ( 2016 ) DropTopWop ( 2017 ) Singles `` Icy '' `` Freaky Gurl '' `` Wasted '' `` Spotlight '' `` Lemonade '' `` Bingo '' `` Gucci Time '' `` Back on Road '' `` Champions '' `` Both '' `` Tone It Down '' `` I Get the Bag '' As featured artist `` Make tha Trap Say Aye '' `` Break Up '' `` LOL : - ) '' `` I Get It In '' `` Pretty Girls '' `` I Just Wanna Party '' `` Black Beatles '' `` Prolly '' `` Party '' `` Good Drank '' `` Slippery '' `` Down '' `` Fetish '' Related articles 1017 Records Trap music <Th_colspan="2"> Migos <Td_colspan="2"> Quavo Offset Takeoff Studio albums Yung Rich Nation Culture Culture II EPs 3 Way EP Mixtapes Y.R.N. ( Young Rich Niggas ) No Label 2 Rich Nigga Timeline Back to the Bando Singles `` Versace '' `` Hannah Montana '' `` Fight Night '' `` Handsome and Wealthy '' `` One Time '' `` Look at My Dab '' `` Bad and Boujee '' `` T - Shirt '' `` Slippery '' `` Too Hotty '' `` MotorSport '' `` Stir Fry '' Featured singles `` Moses '' `` Key to the Streets '' `` Slide '' `` Bon Appétit '' `` Body '' `` I Get the Bag '' Other songs `` Walk It Talk It '' See also Discography Without Warning Control the Streets , Vol. 1 Huncho Jack , Jack Huncho Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Get_the_Bag&oldid=833158933 '' Categories : 2017 songs Gucci Mane songs Migos songs Songs written by Gucci Mane Songs written by Metro Boomin Song recordings produced by Metro Boomin Songs written by Southside ( record producer ) Songs written by Quavo Songs written by Takeoff ( rapper ) Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "I Get the Bag" - Gucci Mane featuring Migos 2. Trap music 3. Metro Boomin and Southside as producers 4. Commercial success and chart performance 5. Music video with over 200 million views

who won the last olympic football gold medal

List of Olympic medalists in football - wikipedia List of Olympic medalists in football This is the complete list of Olympic medallists in football . See also : Football at the Summer Olympics Contents 1 Men 2 Women 3 Individual multiple gold medallists 3.1 Women 3.2 Men 4 Notes 5 References Men ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1896 Athens <Td_colspan="3"> not included in the Olympic program 1900 Paris details Great Britain ( GBR ) James Jones Claude Buckenham William Gosling Alfred Chalk T.E. Burridge William Quash Richard Turner F.G. Spackman John Nicholas Jack Zealley Henry Haslam France ( FRA ) Pierre Allemane Louis Bach Alfred Bloch Fernand Canelle Duparc Eugène Fraysse Virgile Gaillard Georges Garnier René Grandjean Lucien Huteau Marcel Lambert Maurice Macaine Gaston Peltier Belgium ( BEL ) Albert Delbecque Hendrik van Heuckelum Raul Kelecom Marcel Leboutte Lucien Londot Ernest Moreau de Melen Edmond Neefs Georges Pelgrims Alphonse Renier Emile Spannoghe Eric Thornton 1904 St. Louis details Canada ( CAN ) George Ducker John Fraser John Gourlay Alexander Hall Albert Johnston Robert Lane Ernest Linton Gordon McDonald Frederick Steep Tom Taylor William Twaits Otto Christman Albert Henderson United States ( USA ) Charles Bartliff Warren Brittingham Oscar Brockmeyer Alexander Cudmore Charles January John January Thomas January Raymond Lawler Joseph Lydon Louis Menges Peter Ratican United States ( USA ) Joseph Brady George Cooke Thomas Cooke Cormic Cosgrove Edward Dierkes Martin Dooling Frank Frost Claude Jameson Henry Jameson Johnson Leo O'Connell Harry Tate 1908 London details Great Britain ( GBR ) Horace Bailey Arthur Berry Frederick Chapman Walter Corbett Harold Hardman Robert Hawkes Kenneth Hunt Herbert Smith Harold Stapley Clyde Purnell Vivian Woodward George Barlow Albert Bell Ronald Brebner W. Crabtree Walter Daffern Thomas Porter Albert Scothern Denmark ( DEN ) Peter Marius Andersen Harald Bohr Charles Buchwald Ludvig Drescher Johannes Gandil Harald Hansen August Lindgren Kristian Middelboe Nils Middelboe Sophus Nielsen Oskar Nørland Bjørn Rasmussen Vilhelm Wolfhagen Magnus Beck Ødbert E. Bjarnholt Knud Hansen Einar Middelboe Netherlands ( NED ) Reinier Beeuwkes Frans de Bruyn Kops Karel Heijting Jan Kok Bok de Korver Emil Mundt Louis Otten Jops Reeman Edu Snethlage Ed Sol Jan Thomée Caius Welcker Jan van den Berg Lo la Chapelle Vic Gonsalves John Heijting Tonie van Renterghem 1912 Stockholm details Great Britain ( GBR ) Arthur Berry Ronald Brebner Thomas Burn Joseph Dines Edward Hanney Gordon Hoare Arthur Knight Henry Littlewort Ivan Sharpe Harold Walden Vivian Woodward Douglas McWhirter Harold Stamper Gordon Wright Denmark ( DEN ) Paul Berth Charles Buchwald Hjalmar Christoffersen Harald Hansen Sophus Hansen Ivar Lykke Nils Middelboe Sophus Nielsen Anthon Olsen Axel Petersen Vilhelm Wolfhagen Emil Jørgensen Oskar Nørland Poul Nielsen Axel Thufason Svend Aage Castella Ludvig Drescher Axel Dyrberg Viggo Malmquist Christian Morville Netherlands ( NED ) Nico Bouvy Huug de Groot Bok de Korver Nico de Wolf Constant Feith Just Göbel Dirk Lotsy Caesar ten Cate Jan van Breda Kolff Jan Vos David Wijnveldt Piet Bouman Joop Boutmy Ge Fortgens Jan van der Sluis 1920 Antwerp details Belgium ( BEL ) Félix Balyu Désiré Bastin Mathieu Bragard Robert Coppée Jean De Bie André Fierens Emile Hanse Georges Hebdin Louis van Hege Henri Larnoe Joseph Musch Fernand Nisot Armand Swartenbroeks Oscar Verbeeck Spain ( ESP ) Patricio Arabolaza Mariano Arrate Juan Artola José María Belauste Sabino Bilbao Agustín Eizaguirre Ramón Equiazábal Ramón Gil Domingo Acedo Silverio Izaguirre Rafael Moreno Luis Otero Francisco Pagazaurtundúa José Samitier Agustín Sancho Félix Sesúmaga Pedro Vallana Joaquín Vázquez Ricardo Zamora Netherlands ( NED ) Arie Bieshaar Leo Bosschart Evert Bulder Jaap Bulder Harry Dénis Jan van Dort Ber Groosjohan Felix von Heijden Frits Kuipers Dick MacNeill Jan de Natris Oscar van Rappard Henk Steeman Ben Verweij 1924 Paris details Uruguay ( URU ) José Andrade Pedro Arispe Pedro Céa Alfredo Ghierra Andrés Mazali José Nasazzi José Naya Pedro Petrone Ángel Romano Héctor Scarone Humberto Tomasina Antonio Urdinarán Santos Urdinarán José Vidal Alfredo Zibechi Pedro Casella Luis Chiappara Pedro Etchegoyen Zoilo Saldombide Pascual Somma Fermín Uriarte Pedro Zingone Switzerland ( SUI ) Max Abegglen Félix Bédouret Walter Dietrich Karl Ehrenbolger Paul Fässler Edmond Kramer Adolphe Mengotti August Oberhauser Robert Pache Aron Pollitz Hans Pulver Rudolf Ramseyer Adolphe Reymond Paul Schmiedlin Paul Sturzenegger Charles Bouvier Gustav Gottenkieny Jean Haag Marcel Katz Louis Richard Teo Schär Walter Weiler Sweden ( SWE ) Axel Alfredsson Charles Brommesson Gustaf Carlsson Albin Dahl Sven Friberg Fritjof Hillén Konrad Hirsch Gunnar Holmberg Per Kaufeldt Tore Keller Rudolf Kock Sigfrid Lindberg Sven Lindqvist Evert Lundqvist Sten Mellgren Sven Rydell Harry Sundberg Thorsten Svensson Karl Gustafsson Vigor Lindberg Gunnar Olsson Robert Zander 1928 Amsterdam details Uruguay ( URU ) José Andrade Pedro Arispe Juan Arremón René Borjas Antonio Campolo Adhemar Canavesi Héctor Castro Pedro Céa Lorenzo Fernández Roberto Figueroa Alvaro Gestido Andrés Mazali José Nasazzi Pedro Petrone Juan Piriz Héctor Scarone Santos Urdinarán Peregrino Anselmo Venancio Bartibas Fausto Batignani Ángel Melogno Domingo Tejera Argentina ( ARG ) Ludovico Bidoglio Ángel Bossio Saúl Calandra Adolfo Carricaberry Roberto Cherro Octavio Díaz Juan Evaristo Manuel Ferreira Enrique Gainzarain Ángel Médici Luis Monti Rodolfo Orlandini Raimundo Orsi Fernando Paternoster Feliciano Perducca Domingo Tarasconi Alfredo Helman Segundo Luna Pedro Ochoa Natalio Perinetti Luis Weihmuller Adolfo Zumelzú Italy ( ITA ) Adolfo Baloncieri Elvio Banchero Delfo Bellini Fulvio Bernardini Umberto Caligaris Giampiero Combi Giovanni De Prà Pietro Genovesi Antonio Janni Virgilio Levratto Mario Magnozzi Silvio Pietroboni Alfredo Pitto Enrico Rivolta Virginio Rosetta Gino Rossetti Angelo Schiavio Valentino Degani Attilio Ferraris Felice Gasperi Pietro Pastore Andrea Viviano 1932 Los Angeles <Td_colspan="3"> not included in the Olympic program 1936 Berlin details Italy ( ITA ) Giuseppe Baldo Sergio Bertoni Carlo Biagi Giulio Cappelli Alfredo Foni Annibale Frossi Francesco Gabriotti Ugo Locatelli Libero Marchini Alfonso Negro Achille Piccini Pietro Rava Luigi Scarabello Bruno Venturini Austria ( AUT ) Franz Fuchsberger Max Hofmeister Eduard Kainberger Karl Kainberger Martin Kargl Josef Kitzmüller Anton Krenn Ernst Künz Adolf Laudon Franz Mandl Klement Steinmetz Karl Wahlmüller Walter Werginz Norway ( NOR ) Arne Brustad Nils Eriksen Odd Frantzen Sverre Hansen Rolf Holmberg Øivind Holmsen Fredrik Horn Magnar Isaksen Henry Johansen Jørgen Juve Reidar Kvammen Alf Martinsen Magdalon Monsen Frithjof Ulleberg 1948 London details Sweden ( SWE ) Torsten Lindberg Karl Svensson Knut Nordahl Erik Nilsson Birger Rosengren Bertil Nordahl Sune Andersson Gunnar Gren Gunnar Nordahl Henry Carlsson Nils Liedholm Barje Leander Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Franjo Šoštarić Miroslav Brozović Branko Stanković Zlatko Čajkovski Miodrag Jovanović Aleksandar Atanacković Prvoslav Mihajlović Rajko Mitić Franjo Wölfl Stjepan Bobek Željko Čajkovski Kosta Tomašević Ljubomir Lovrić Zvonimir Cimermančić Bernard Vukas Denmark ( DEN ) John Hansen Karl Aage Hansen Ivan Jensen Viggo Jensen Knud Lundberg Eigil Nielsen Knud Børge Overgaard Axel Pilmark Johannes Pløger Carl Aage Præst Holger Seebach Jørgen Leschly Sørensen Dion Ørnvold Knud Bastrup - Birk Hans Colberg Edvin Hansen Jørgen W. Hansen Erik Kuld Jensen Ove Jensen Per Knudsen Poul Petersen Erling Sørensen 1952 Helsinki details Hungary ( HUN ) Gyula Grosics Jenő Dálnoki Mihály Lantos Imre Kovács Gyula Lóránt József Bozsik László Budai Sándor Kocsis Nándor Hidegkuti Ferenc Puskás Zoltán Czibor Jenő Buzánszky József Zakariás Lajos Csordás Péter Palotás Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Vladimir Beara Branko Stanković Tomislav Crnković Zlatko Čajkovski Ivan Horvat Vujadin Boškov Tihomir Ognjanov Rajko Mitić Bernard Vukas Stjepan Bobek Branko Zebec Sweden ( SWE ) Karl Svensson Lennart Samuelsson Erik Nilsson Holger Hansson Bengt Gustavsson Gösta Lindh Sylve Bengtsson Gösta Löfgren Ingvar Rydell Yngve Brodd Gösta Sandberg Olof Ahlund 1956 Melbourne details Soviet Union ( URS ) Lev Yashin Nikolai Tishchenko Mikhail Ogonkov Aleksei Paramonov Anatoli Bashashkin Igor Netto Boris Tatushin Anatoli Isayev Eduard Streltsov Valentin Ivanov Vladimir Ryzhkin Boris Kuznetsov Yozhef Betsa Sergei Salnikov Boris Razinsky Anatoli Maslyonkin Anatoli Ilyin Nikita Simonyan Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Petar Radenković Mladen Koščak Nikola Radović Ivan Šantek Ljubiša Spajić Dobrosav Krstić Dragoslav Šekularac Zlatko Papec Sava Antić Todor Veselinović Muhamed Mujić Blagoje Vidinić Ibrahim Biogradlić Luka Lipošinović Bulgaria ( BUL ) Stefan Bozhkov Georgi Naydenov Kiril Rakarov Manol Manolov Nikola Kovachev Panayot Panayotov Ivan Kolev Krum Yanev Gavril Stoyanov Todor Diev Yosif Yosifov Georgi Dimitrov Milcho Goranov Dimitar Milanov 1960 Rome details Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Andrija Anković Vladimir Durković Milan Galić Fahrudin Jusufi Tomislav Knez Bora Kostić Aleksandar Kozlina Dušan Maravić Željko Matuš Željko Perušić Novak Roganović Velimir Sombolac Milutin Šoškić Silvester Takač Blagoje Vidinić Ante Žanetić Denmark ( DEN ) Poul Andersen John Danielsen Henning Enoksen Henry From Bent Hansen Poul Jensen Hans Christian Nielsen Harald Nielsen Flemming Nielsen Poul Pedersen Jørn Sørensen Tommy Troelsen Erik Gaardhøje Jørgen Hansen Henning Helbrandt Bent Krog Erling Linde Larsen Poul Mejer Finn Sterobo Hungary ( HUN ) Flórian Albert Jenő Dálnoki Zoltán Dudás János Dunai Lajos Faragó János Göröcs Ferenc Kovács Dezső Novák Pál Orosz László Pál Tibor Pál Gyula Rákosi Imre Sátori Ernő Solymosi Gábor Török Pál Várhidi Oszkár Vilezsál 1964 Tokyo details Hungary ( HUN ) Ferenc Bene Tibor Csernai János Farkas József Gelei Kálmán Ihász Sándor Katona Imre Komora Ferenc Nógrádi Dezső Novák Árpád Orbán Károly Palotai Antal Szentmihályi Gusztáv Szepesi Zoltán Varga Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) Jan Brumovský Ludovít Cvetler Ján Geleta František Knebort Karel Knesl Karel Lichtnégl Vojtech Masný Štefan Matlák Ivan Mráz Karel Nepomucký Zdeněk Pičman František Schmucker Anton Švajlen Anton Urban František Valošek Josef Vojta Vladimír Weiss United Team of Germany ( EUA ) Gerd Backhaus Wolfgang Barthels Bernd Bauchspieß Gerhard Körner Otto Fräßdorf Henning Frenzel Dieter Engelhardt Herbert Pankau Manfred Geisler Jürgen Heinsch Klaus Lisiewicz Jürgen Nöldner Peter Rock Klaus - Dieter Seehaus Hermann Stöcker Werner Unger Klaus Urbanczyk Eberhard Vogel Manfred Walter Horst Weigang 1968 Mexico City details Hungary ( HUN ) István Básti Antal Dunai Lajos Dunai Ernő Noskó Dezső Novák Károly Fatér László Fazekas István Juhász László Keglovich Lajos Kocsis Iván Menczel László Nagy Miklós Páncsics István Sárközi Lajos Szűcs Zoltan Szarka Miklós Szalai Gábor Sárközi Bulgaria ( BUL ) Stoyan Yordanov Atanas Gerov Georgi Hristakiev Milko Gaydarski Kiril Ivkov Ivaylo Georgiev Tsvetan Dimitrov Evgeni Yanchovski Petar Zhekov Atanas Hhristov Asparuh Donev Kiril Hristov Georgi Ivanov Todor Nikolov Yancho Dimitrov Ivan Zafirov Mihail Gyonin Georgi Vasilev Japan ( JPN ) Kenzo Yokoyama Hiroshi Katayama Masakatsu Miyamoto Yoshitada Yamaguchi Mitsuo Kamata Ryozo Suzuki Kiyoshi Tomizawa Takaji Mori Aritatsu Ogi Eizo Yuguchi Shigeo Yaegashi Teruki Miyamoto Masashi Watanabe Yasuyuki Kuwahara Kunishige Kamamoto Ikuo Matsumoto Ryuichi Sugiyama Masahiro Hamazaki 1972 Munich details Poland ( POL ) Hubert Kostka Zbigniew Gut Jerzy Gorgoń Zygmunt Anczok Lesław Ćmikiewicz Zygmunt Maszczyk Jerzy Kraska Kazimierz Deyna Zygfryd Szołtysik Włodzimierz Lubański Robert Gadocha Ryszard Szymczak Antoni Szymanowski Joachim Marx Grzegorz Lato Marian Ostafiński Kazimierz Kmiecik Hungary ( HUN ) István Géczi Péter Vépi Miklós Páncsics Péter Juhász Lajos Szűcs Mihály Kozma Antal Dunai Lajos Kű Béla Váradi Ede Dunai László Bálint Lajos Kocsis Kálmán Tóth László Branikovics József Kovács Csaba Vidács Adám Rothermel Soviet Union ( URS ) Oleg Blokhin Murtaz Khurtsilava Yuri Istomin Vladimir Kaplichny Viktor Kolotov Evgeny Lovchev Sergei Olshansky Evhen Rudakov Vyacheslav Semyonov Gennady Yevriuzhikin Oganes Zanazanyan Andrei Yakubik Arkady Andreasyan Revaz Dzodzuashvili Yozhef Sabo Yuri Yeliseyev Vladimir Onischenko Anatoliy Kuksov Vladimir Pilguy East Germany ( GDR ) Jürgen Croy Manfred Zapf Konrad Weise Bernd Bransch Jürgen Pommerenke Jürgen Sparwasser Hans - Jürgen Kreische Joachim Streich Wolfgang Seguin Peter Ducke Frank Ganzera Lothar Kurbjuweit Eberhard Vogel Harald Irmscher Ralf Schulenberg Reinhard Häfner Siegmar Watzlich 1976 Montreal details East Germany ( GDR ) Hans - Ulrich Grapenthin Wilfried Gröbner Jürgen Croy Gerd Weber Hans - Jürgen Dörner Konrad Weise Lothar Kurbjuweit Reinhard Lauck Gerd Heidler Reinhard Häfner Hans - Jürgen Riediger Bernd Bransch Martin Hoffmann Gerd Kische Wolfram Löwe Hartmut Schade Dieter Riedel Poland ( POL ) Jan Tomaszewski Piotr Mowlik Antoni Szymanowski Jerzy Gorgoń Wojciech Rudy Władysław Żmuda Zygmunt Maszczyk Grzegorz Lato Henryk Wawrowski Henryk Kasperczak Roman Ogaza Kazimierz Kmiecik Kazimierz Deyna Andrzej Szarmach Henryk Wieczorek Lesław Ćmikiewicz Jan Benigier Soviet Union ( URS ) Vladimir Astapovsky Anatoly Konjkov Viktor Matvienko Mykhailo Fomenko Stefan Reshko Vladimir Troshkin David Kipiani Vladimir Onischenko Viktor Kolotov Vladimir Veremeev Oleg Blokhin Leonid Buryak Vladimir Fyodorov Aleksandr Minayev Viktor Zvyagintsev Leonid Nazarenko Aleksandr Prokhorov 1980 Moscow details Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) Stanislav Seman Luděk Macela Josef Mazura Libor Radimec Zdeněk Rygel Petr Němec Ladislav Vízek Jan Berger Jindřich Svoboda Luboš Pokluda Werner Lička Rostislav Václavíček Jaroslav Netolička Oldřich Rott František Štambacher František Kunzo East Germany ( GDR ) Bodo Rudwaleit Arthur Ullrich Lothar Hause Frank Uhlig Frank Baum Rudiger Schnuphase Frank Terletzki Wolfgang Steinbach Jurgen Bahringer Werner Peter Dieter Kühn Norbert Trieloff Matthias Müller Matthias Liebers Bernd Jakubowski Wolf - Rudiger Netz Soviet Union ( URS ) Rinat Dasayev Tengiz Sulakvelidze Aleksandr Chivadze Vagiz Khidiyatullin Oleg Romantsev Sergey Shavlo Sergey Andreyev Volodymyr Bezsonov Yuri Gavrilov Fyodor Cherenkov Valery Gazzaev Vladimir Pilguy Sergej Baltacha Sergei Nikulin Khoren Hovhannisyan Aleksandr Prokopenko 1984 Los Angeles details France ( FRA ) William Ayache Michel Bensoussan Michel Bibard Dominique Bijotat François Brisson Patrick Cubaynes Patrice Garande Philippe Jeannol Guy Lacombe Jean - Claude Lemoult Jean Philippe Rohr Albert Rust Didier Senac Jean - Christophe Thouvenel José Touré Daniel Xuereb Jean Louis Zanon Brazil ( BRA ) Pinga Davi Milton Cruz Luís Henrique Dias André Luís Mauro Galvão Tonho Kita Gilmar Popoca Silvinho Gilmar Ademir Paulo Santos Ronaldo Silva Dunga Chicão Luiz Carlos Winck Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Mirsad Baljić Mehmed Baždarević Vlado Čapljić Borislav Cvetković Stjepan Deverić Milko Djurovski Marko Elsner Nenad Gračan Tomislav Ivković Srečko Katanec Branko Miljuš Mitar Mrkela Jovica Nikolić Ivan Pudar Ljubomir Radanović Admir Smajić Dragan Stojković 1988 Seoul details Soviet Union ( URS ) Dmitri Kharine Gela Ketashvili Igor Sklyarov Oleksiy Cherednyk Arvydas Janonis Vadym Tyshchenko Yevgeni Kuznetsov Igor Ponomaryov Aleksandr Borodyuk Igor Dobrovolski Vladimir Liuty Evgeni Jarovenko Sergei Fokin Vladimir Tatarchuk Alexei Mikhailichenko Aleksei Prudnikov Viktor Losev Sergei Gorlukovich Yuri Savichev Arminas Narbekovas Brazil ( BRA ) Ademir Aloísio Andrade Batista Bebeto Careca André Cruz Edmar Geovani João Paulo Jorginho Milton Neto Romário Cláudio Taffarel Luiz Carlos Winck Ricardo Gomes Mazinho Valdo Filho Zé Carlos West Germany ( FRG ) Oliver Reck Michael Schulz Armin Görtz Wolfgang Funkel Thomas Hörster Olaf Janßen Rudolf Bommer Holger Fach Jürgen Klinsmann Wolfram Wuttke Frank Mill Uwe Kamps Roland Grahammer Thomas Häßler Christian Schreier Fritz Walter Ralf Sievers Gerhard Kleppinger Karlheinz Riedle Gunnar Sauer 1992 Barcelona details Spain ( ESP ) José Amavisca Rafael Berges Santiago Cañizares Abelardo Albert Ferrer Pep Guardiola Miguel Hernández Toni Mikel Lasa Juanma López Javier Manjarín Luis Enrique Kiko Narváez Alfonso Antonio Pinilla Paco Soler Gabriel Vidal Roberto Solozábal David Villabona Francisco Veza Poland ( POL ) Dariusz Adamczuk Marek Bajor Jerzy Brzęczek Marek Koźmiński Dariusz Gęsior Marcin Jałocha Tomasz Łapiński Tomasz Wałdoch Aleksander Kłak Andrzej Kobylański Ryszard Staniek Wojciech Kowalczyk Andrzej Juskowiak Grzegorz Mielcarski Piotr Świerczewski Mirosław Walogóra Dariusz Koseła Arkadiusz Onyszko Dariusz Szubert Tomasz Wieszczycki Ghana ( GHA ) Joachin Yaw Acheampong Simon Addo Sammi Adjei Maxwell Konadu Mamood Amadu Isaac Asare Frank Amankwah Nii Lamptey Bernard Aryee Kwame Ayew Mohammed Gargo Mohammed Kalilu Ibrahim Dossey Samuel Osei Kuffour Samuel Kumah Anthony Mensah Alex Nyarko Yaw Preko Shamo Quaye Oli Rahman 1996 Atlanta details Nigeria ( NGR ) Daniel Amokachi Emmanuel Amunike Tijani Babangida Celestine Babayaro Emmanuel Babayaro Teslim Fatusi Victor Ikpeba Dosu Joseph Nwankwo Kanu Garba Lawal Abiodon Obafemi Kingsley Obiekwu Uche Okechukwu Jay - Jay Okocha Sunday Oliseh Mobi Oparaku Wilson Oruma Taribo West Argentina ( ARG ) Matías Almeyda Roberto Ayala Christian Bassedas Carlos Bossio Pablo Cavallero José Chamot Hernán Crespo Marcelo Delgado Marcelo Gallardo Claudio López Gustavo López Hugo Morales Ariel Ortega Pablo Paz Mauricio Pineda Roberto Sensini Diego Simeone Javier Zanetti Brazil ( BRA ) Dida Zé María Aldair Ronaldo Guiaro Flávio Conceição Roberto Carlos Bebeto Amaral Ronaldo Rivaldo Sávio Danrlei Narciso André Luiz Zé Elias Marcelinho Luizão Juninho 2000 Sydney details Cameroon ( CMR ) Samuel Eto'o Serge Mimpo Clément Beaud Aaron Nguimbat Joël Epalle Modeste M'bami Patrice Abanda Nicolas Alnoudji Daniel Bekono Serge Branco Lauren Carlos Kameni Patrick Mboma Albert Meyong Daniel Kome Geremi Patrick Suffo Pierre Womé Spain ( ESP ) David Albelda Iván Amaya Miguel Ángel Angulo Daniel Aranzubia Joan Capdevila Jordi Ferrón Gabri Xavi Jesús Lacruz Albert Luque Carlos Marchena Felip Ortiz Carles Puyol José María Romero Ismael Ruiz Raúl Tamudo Toni Velamazán Unai Vergara Chile ( CHI ) Pedro Reyes Nelson Tapia Iván Zamorano Javier di Gregorio Cristian Álvarez Francisco Arrué Pablo Contreras Sebastián González David Henríquez Manuel Ibarra Claudio Maldonado Reinaldo Navia Rodrigo Núñez Rafael Olarra Patricio Ormazábal David Pizarro Rodrigo Tello Mauricio Rojas 2004 Athens details Argentina ( ARG ) Germán Lux Willy Caballero Roberto Ayala Fabricio Coloccini Gabriel Heinze Clemente Rodríguez Leandro Fernández Javier Mascherano Kily González Andrés D'Alessandro Lucho González Nicolás Medina César Delgado Carlos Tevez Mauro Rosales Javier Saviola Mariano González Luciano Figueroa Paraguay ( PAR ) Rodrigo Romero Emilio Martínez Julio Manzur Carlos Gamarra José Devaca Celso Esquivel Pablo Giménez Edgar Barreto Fredy Barreiro Diego Figueredo Aureliano Torres Pedro Benitez Julio César Enciso Julio González Ernesto Cristaldo Osvaldo Díaz José Cardozo Diego Barreto Italy ( ITA ) Ivan Pelizzoli Marco Amelia Emiliano Moretti Matteo Ferrari Andrea Barzagli Cesare Bovo Giorgio Chiellini Daniele Bonera Giampiero Pinzi Angelo Palombo Andrea Pirlo Daniele De Rossi Marco Donadel Alberto Gilardino Simone Del Nero Giuseppe Sculli Andrea Gasbarroni Giandomenico Mesto 2008 Beijing details Argentina ( ARG ) Óscar Ustari Ezequiel Garay Fabián Monzón Pablo Zabaleta Fernando Gago Federico Fazio José Sosa Éver Banega Ezequiel Lavezzi Juan Román Riquelme Ángel Di María Nicolás Pareja Lautaro Acosta Javier Mascherano Lionel Messi Sergio Agüero Diego Buonanotte Sergio Romero Nicolas Navarro Nigeria ( NGR ) Ambruse Vanzekin Chibuzor Okonkwo Onyekachi Apam Dele Adeleye Monday James Chinedu Obasi Sani Kaita Victor Obinna Promise Isaac Solomon Okoronkwo Oluwafemi Ajilore Olubayo Adefemi Peter Odemwingie Efe Ambrose Victor Anichebe Emmanuel Ekpo Ikechukwu Ezenwa Oladapo Olufemi Brazil ( BRA ) Diego Alves Renan Rafinha Alex Silva Thiago Silva Marcelo Ilsinho Breno Hernanes Anderson Lucas Leiva Ronaldinho Ramires Diego Thiago Neves Alexandre Pato Rafael Sóbis Jô 2012 London details Mexico ( MEX ) José Corona Israel Jiménez Carlos Salcido Hiram Mier Dárvin Chávez Héctor Herrera Javier Cortés Marco Fabián Oribe Peralta Giovani dos Santos Javier Aquino Raúl Jiménez Diego Reyes Jorge Enríquez Néstor Vidrio Miguel Ángel Ponce Néstor Araujo José Antonio Rodríguez Brazil ( BRA ) Gabriel Rafael Thiago Silva ( captain ) Juan Jesus Sandro Marcelo Lucas Moura Rômulo Leandro Damião Oscar Neymar Hulk Bruno Uvini Danilo Alex Sandro Ganso Alexandre Pato Neto South Korea ( KOR ) Jung Sung - ryong Oh Jae - suk Yun Suk - young Kim Young - gwon Kim Kee - hee Ki Sung - yueng Kim Bo - kyung Baek Sung - dong Ji Dong - won Park Chu - young Nam Tae - hee Hwang Seok - ho Koo Ja - cheol Kim Chang - soo Park Jong - Woo Jung Woo - young Kim Hyun - sung Lee Bum - young 2016 Rio details Brazil ( BRA ) Weverton Zeca Rodrigo Caio Marquinhos Renato Augusto Douglas Santos Luan Rafinha Gabriel Neymar Gabriel Jesus Walace William Luan Garcia Rodrigo Dourado Thiago Maia Felipe Anderson Uilson Germany ( GER ) Timo Horn Jeremy Toljan Lukas Klostermann Matthias Ginter Niklas Süle Sven Bender Max Meyer Lars Bender Davie Selke Leon Goretzka Julian Brandt Jannik Huth Philipp Max Robert Bauer Max Christiansen Grischa Prömel Serge Gnabry Nils Petersen Eric Oelschlägel Nigeria ( NGR ) Daniel Akpeyi Muenfuh Sincere Kingsley Madu Shehu Abdullahi Saturday Erimuya William Troost - Ekong Aminu Umar Oghenekaro Etebo Imoh Ezekiel John Obi Mikel Junior Ajayi Popoola Saliu Umar Sadiq Azubuike Okechukwu Ndifreke Udo Stanley Amuzie Usman Mohammed Emmanuel Daniel 2020 Tokyo details Women ( edit ) Games <Th_colspan="1"> Gold <Th_colspan="1"> Silver <Th_colspan="1"> Bronze 1996 Atlanta details United States ( USA ) Mary Harvey Cindy Parlow Carla Overbeck Tiffany Roberts Brandi Chastain Staci Wilson Shannon MacMillan Mia Hamm Michelle Akers - Stahl Julie Foudy Carin Gabarra Kristine Lilly Joy Fawcett Tisha Venturini Tiffeny Milbrett Briana Scurry China ( CHN ) Zhong Honglian Wang Liping Fan Yunjie Yu Hongqi Xie Huilin Zhao Lihong Wei Haiying Shui Qingxia Sun Wen Liu Ailing Sun Qingmei Wen Lirong Liu Ying Chen Yufeng Shi Guihong Gao Hong Norway ( NOR ) Bente Nordby Agnete Carlsen Gro Espeseth Nina Nymark Andersen Merete Myklebust Hege Riise Anne Nymark Andersen Heidi Støre Marianne Pettersen Linda Medalen Brit Sandaune Kjersti Thun Tina Svensson Tone Haugen Trine Tangeraas Ann - Kristin Aarønes Tone Gunn Frustøl Reidun Seth Ingrid Sternhoff 2000 Sydney details Norway ( NOR ) Gro Espeseth Bente Nordby Marianne Pettersen Hege Riise Kristin Bekkevold Ragnhild Gulbrandsen Solveig Gulbrandsen Margunn Haugenes Ingeborg Hovland Christine Bøe Jensen Silje Jørgensen Monica Knudsen Gøril Kringen Unni Lehn Dagny Mellgren Anita Rapp Brit Sandaune Bente Kvitland United States ( USA ) Brandi Chastain Joy Fawcett Julie Foudy Mia Hamm Kristine Lilly Tiffeny Milbrett Carla Overbeck Cindy Parlow Briana Scurry Lorrie Fair Shannon MacMillan Siri Mullinix Christie Pearce Nikki Serlenga Danielle Slaton Kate Sobrero Sara Whalen Germany ( GER ) Ariane Hingst Melanie Hoffmann Steffi Jones Renate Lingor Maren Meinert Sandra Minnert Claudia Mueller Birgit Prinz Silke Rottenberg Kerstin Stegemann Bettina Wiegmann Tina Wunderlich Nicole Brandebusemeyer Nadine Angerer Doris Fitschen Jeannette Goette Stefanie Gottschlich Inka Grings 2004 Athens details United States ( USA ) Briana Scurry Heather Mitts Christie Rampone Cat Reddick Lindsay Tarpley Brandi Chastain Shannon Boxx Angela Hucles Mia Hamm Aly Wagner Julie Foudy Cindy Parlow Kristine Lilly Joy Fawcett Kate Markgraf Abby Wambach Heather O'Reilly Kristin Luckenbill Brazil ( BRA ) Andréia Maravilha Mônica Tânia Juliana Daniela Rosana Renata Costa Aline Formiga Elaine Maycon Pretinha Marta Cristiane Roseli Dayane Grazielle Germany ( GER ) Silke Rottenberg Kerstin Stegemann Kerstin Garefrekes Steffi Jones Sarah Günther Viola Odebrecht Pia Wunderlich Petra Wimbersky Birgit Prinz Renate Lingor Martina Müller Navina Omilade Sandra Minnert Isabell Bachor Sonja Fuss Conny Pohlers Ariane Hingst Nadine Angerer 2008 Beijing details United States ( USA ) Hope Solo Heather Mitts Christie Rampone Rachel Buehler Lindsay Tarpley Natasha Kai Shannon Boxx Amy Rodriguez Heather O'Reilly Aly Wagner Carli Lloyd Lauren Cheney Tobin Heath Stephanie Cox Kate Markgraf Angela Hucles Lori Chalupny Nicole Barnhart Brazil ( BRA ) Andréia Simone Andréia Rosa Tânia Renata Costa Maycon Daniela Formiga Ester Marta Cristiane Bárbara Francielle Pretinha Fabiana Érika Maurine Rosana Germany ( GER ) Nadine Angerer Kerstin Stegemann Saskia Bartusiak Babett Peter Annike Krahn Linda Bresonik Melanie Behringer Sandra Smisek Birgit Prinz Renate Lingor Anja Mittag Ursula Holl Célia Okoyino da Mbabi Simone Laudehr Fatmire Bajramaj Conny Pohlers Ariane Hingst Kerstin Garefrekes 2012 London details United States ( USA ) Hope Solo Heather Mitts Christie Rampone Becky Sauerbrunn Kelley O'Hara Amy LePeilbet Shannon Boxx Amy Rodriguez Heather O'Reilly Carli Lloyd Sydney Leroux Lauren Cheney Alex Morgan Abby Wambach Megan Rapinoe Rachel Buehler Tobin Heath Nicole Barnhart Japan ( JPN ) Miho Fukumoto Yukari Kinga Azusa Iwashimizu Saki Kumagai Aya Sameshima Mizuho Sakaguchi Kozue Ando Aya Miyama Nahomi Kawasumi Homare Sawa Shinobu Ohno Kyoko Yano Karina Maruyama Asuna Tanaka Megumi Takase Mana Iwabuchi Yūki Ōgimi Ayumi Kaihori Canada ( CAN ) Karina LeBlanc Emily Zurrer Chelsea Stewart Carmelina Moscato Robyn Gayle Kaylyn Kyle Rhian Wilkinson Diana Matheson Candace Chapman Lauren Sesselmann Desiree Scott Christine Sinclair Sophie Schmidt Melissa Tancredi Kelly Parker Jonelle Filigno Brittany Timko Erin McLeod Melanie Booth Marie - Ève Nault 2016 Rio details Germany ( GER ) Almuth Schult Josephine Henning Saskia Bartusiak Leonie Maier Annike Krahn Simone Laudehr Melanie Behringer Lena Goeßling Alexandra Popp Dzsenifer Marozsán Anja Mittag Tabea Kemme Sara Däbritz Babett Peter Mandy Islacker Melanie Leupolz Isabel Kerschowski Laura Benkarth Svenja Huth Sweden ( SWE ) Jonna Andersson Emilia Appelqvist Kosovare Asllani Emma Berglund Stina Blackstenius Hilda Carlén Lisa Dahlkvist Magdalena Ericsson Nilla Fischer Pauline Hammarlund Sofia Jakobsson Hedvig Lindahl Fridolina Rolfö Elin Rubensson Jessica Samuelsson Lotta Schelin Caroline Seger Linda Sembrant Olivia Schough Canada ( CAN ) Stephanie Labbé Allysha Chapman Kadeisha Buchanan Shelina Zadorsky Rebecca Quinn Deanne Rose Rhian Wilkinson Diana Matheson Josée Bélanger Ashley Lawrence Desiree Scott Christine Sinclair Sophie Schmidt Melissa Tancredi Nichelle Prince Janine Beckie Jessie Fleming Sabrina D'Angelo 2020 Tokyo details Individual multiple gold medallists ( edit ) Women ( edit ) Two Golds Nicole Barnhart ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Rachel Buehler ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Brandi Chastain ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Lauren Cheney ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Joy Fawcett ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Julie Foudy ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Angela Hucles ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 ) Mia Hamm ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Tobin Heath ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Kristine Lilly ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Carli Lloyd ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Kate Markgraf ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 ) Cindy Parlow ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Amy Rodriguez ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Briana Scurry ( USA ) ( 1996 , 2004 ) Hope Solo ( USA ) ( 2008 , 2012 ) Lindsay Tarpley ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 ) Aly Wagner ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 ) Abby Wambach ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2012 ) Three Golds Shannon Boxx ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) Christie Rampone ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) Heather Mitts ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) Heather O'Reilly ( USA ) ( 2004 , 2008 , 2012 ) Men ( edit ) Two Golds Javier Mascherano ( ARG ) ( 2004 , 2008 ) Dezső Novák ( HUN ) ( 1964 , 1968 ) José Leandro Andrade ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Pedro Arispe ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Pedro Cea ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Andrés Mazali ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) José Nasazzi ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Pedro Petrone ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Héctor Scarone ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Santos Urdinarán ( URU ) ( 1924 , 1928 ) Arthur Berry ( GBR ) ( 1908 , 1912 ) Vivian Woodward ( GBR ) ( 1908 , 1912 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In this year football was a demonstration event and no medals were awarded . Despite this , the International Olympic Committee currently credits Great Britain , France and Belgium with gold , silver and bronze medals respectively as part of its attempt to reconcile early Olympic Games with the modern award scheme . Jump up ^ Represented by Upton Park F.C. Jump up ^ Represented by Club Française Jump up ^ Represented by Université de Bruxelles Jump up ^ In this year football was a demonstration event and no medals were awarded . Despite this , the International Olympic Committee currently credits Canada with a gold medal and the United States with silver and a bronze medals as part of its attempt to reconcile early Olympic Games with the modern award scheme . Jump up ^ Represented by Galt F.C. Jump up ^ Represented by Christian Brothers College Jump up ^ Represented by St. Rose Parish ^ Jump up to : Those players were also in squad , but did not play any matches . ^ Jump up to : ( in Danish ) Slutrundetrupper 1908 - 2004 at Danish Football Association ^ Jump up to : The database of the International Olympic Committee lists only the eleven players as medalists for each nation , who played in the first match for their nation . This list contains these eleven players , as well as all other players who made at least one appearance for their team during the tournament . References ( edit ) International Olympic Committee results database <Th_colspan="3"> Football at the Summer Olympics Tournaments 1896 1900 1904 1906 ( Intercalated ) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 men women 2000 men women men women 2008 men women 2012 men women 2016 men women 2020 men women Qualifications Men 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Women 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Squads Men 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Women 2000 2008 2012 2016 Records List of women 's Olympic football tournament records List of men 's Olympic football tournament records <Td_colspan="3"> List of medalists Records men women List of venues <Th_colspan="2"> Lists of Olympic medalists Summer sports Archery Athletics men women Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing men women Cycling men women Diving Equestrian Fencing men women Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics men women Handball men women Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing men women Rugby Sailing by discipline by class Shooting Swimming men women Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling freestyle Greco - Roman Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Discontinued sports Baseball Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Polo Rackets Roque Softball Tug of war Water motorsports Unofficial sports Art competitions <Td_colspan="2"> Olympic sports Olympic medal All - time Olympic Games medal table Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_football&oldid=851076713 '' Categories : Lists of Summer Olympic medalists by sport Lists of association football players Olympic medalists in football Hidden categories : Articles with Danish - language external links Association football player non-biographical articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Français 한국어 Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 22 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Olympic medalists in football 2. Men's football at the Summer Olympics 3. Women's football at the Summer Olympics 4. Individual multiple gold medalists in football 5. Olympic football history and results

when did texas a&m get a law school

Texas A&M University School of Law - wikipedia Texas A&M University School of Law Texas A&M University School of Law <Td_colspan="2"> Former names Texas Wesleyan University School of Law Type Public university Established Parent institution Texas A&M University Academic affiliations Association of American Law Schools Endowment $11.6 billion ( University System and Foundations , 2017 ) Dean Robert B. Ahdieh Academic staff 118 ( 2017 ) Students 412 ( 2017 ) Location Fort Worth , Texas , United States Nickname Aggies Website law.tamu.edu Texas A&M University School of Law is a public , ABA - accredited law school located in downtown Fort Worth , Texas . The law school is a member of the Association of American Law Schools ( AALS ) and offers the Juris Doctor ( J.D. ) degree through its full - time and part - time programs . Students may also pursue a Master of Laws ( LL. M ) or Master of Jurisprudence ( M. Jur . ) degree either online or in - residence . Founded in 1989 , the law school began as the Dallas / Fort Worth School of Law in Irving , Texas , then became the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law in 1992 . On June 26 , 2012 , Texas A&M University reached an agreement with Texas Wesleyan University whereby it would take over ownership and operational control of the law school , to be renamed the Texas A&M University School of Law . The agreement was finalized on August 12 , 2013 , with Texas A&M purchasing the school and all its physical and licensing assets for $73 million . Contents 1 Academics 2 Programs 3 Cost 4 Rankings 5 Bar exam 6 Employment 7 Class - action lawsuit 8 Scholarly publications 9 References Academics ( edit ) The school confers the Juris Doctor degree upon students who satisfactorily complete a 90 - hour course of study , rigorous writing requirement , experiential learning requirement , and a 30 - hour pro bono requirement . Concentrations are available in Business Law ; Criminal Law , Justice & Policy ; Dispute Resolution ; Estate Planning ; Family Law ; Intellectual Property ; Workplace Law ; Energy Law ; Environmental Law ; and Water Law . Since the law school 's acquisition by Texas A&M University , it has increased the size of the faculty by 30 % while reducing the size of incoming classes for an 8.4 : 1 student - faculty ratio in the 2016 - 17 academic year . It also boosted the overall scholarship budget by 65 % . Programs ( edit ) Through the Advocacy Program , students may compete in Moot Court ( appellate advocacy ) , Mock Trial ( trial advocacy ) and Alternative Dispute Resolution ( negotiation , mediation and arbitration ) . The Texas A&M Law Fellowship is devoted to raising awareness of legal work in the public interest sector . The student - run organization awards fellowships to deserving students who work in public interest organizations during the summer by raising money at the annual Law Fellowship Gala and Auction . The legal clinics offered at the law school include the Community Legal Access Clinic , Criminal Defense Clinic , Entrepreneurship Law Clinic , Family Law and Benefits Clinic , Immigrant Rights Clinic , Intellectual Property and Technology Law Clinic , Low Income Tax Clinic , and Wills and Estates Clinic . Students who are accepted into the clinic are supervised by practicing attorneys and a faculty supervisor . In 2014 , the United States Patent and Trademark Office approved a clinic at the law school after the school had shown a strong intellectual property program . The school has expanded that program , doubling that faculty in 2015 . Cost ( edit ) As part of the transition from a private to a public institution , in 2015 the law school announced that it would offer in - state tuition beginning in the 2016 - 17 academic year , resulting in a 15.39 % reduction in tuition and fees for Texas residents . It also guarantees a locked tuition rate to all students for up to four academic years . For the 2017 - 18 academic year , full - time resident tuition and fees are $28,504 ; for non-residents , tuition and fees are $34,498 . Rankings ( edit ) Texas A&M University is ranked 80th in the 2019 edition of the U.S. News Rankings of Best Law Schools . The overall ranking has increased significantly since 2015 when it was unranked . U.S. News had previously ranked the law school 149th ( 2016 ) , 111th ( 2017 ) , and 92nd ( 2018 ) . The school is also ranked 7th for its intellectual property law program for 2019 . Bar exam ( edit ) The law school had a first - time pass rate of 74.43 % for those taking the Texas Bar Exam in February and July of 2015 . That performance was fifth - best among Texas law schools behind University of Texas School of Law ( 87.13 % ) , SMU Dedman School of Law ( 84.48 % ) , Texas Tech University School of Law ( 81.73 % ) , and Baylor Law School ( 80.73 % ) , while ahead of University of Houston Law Center ( 73.76 % ) , South Texas College of Law ( 70.64 % ) , St. Mary 's University School of Law ( 61.08 % ) , and Texas Southern University Thurgood Marshall School of Law ( 57.97 % ) . For all 2015 Texas A&M law graduates , 90.50 % ultimately passed the bar exam within two years of graduation . That performance was also fifth - best among Texas law schools behind Baylor Law School ( 100.00 % ) , SMU Dedman School of Law ( 94.12 % ) , Texas Tech University School of Law ( 93.94 % ) , and University of Houston Law Center ( 92.52 % ) , while ahead of University of Texas School of Law ( 85.50 % ) , Texas Southern University Thurgood Marshall School of Law ( 80.82 % ) , South Texas College of Law ( 72.12 % ) , and St. Mary 's University School of Law ( 64.93 % ) . Employment ( edit ) Out of 183 total graduates of the Class of 2017 , 74.32 % ( or 136 graduates ) obtained full - time , long - term employment for which bar passage was required or for which a J.D. was an advantage within 10 months of graduation . 63.93 % ( or 117 graduates ) were employed in long - term , full - time , bar passage required jobs excluding solo practice . 16.39 % ( or 30 graduates ) were unemployed and seeking work , pursuing an additional degree , or working in a non-professional , short term , or part time job within 10 months of graduation . Class - action lawsuit ( edit ) On April 7 , 2014 , Texas A&M University Provost Karen L. Watson sent a letter to alumni of Texas Wesleyan University School of Law confirming that Texas A&M would not be re-issuing diplomas to Texas Wesleyan alumni as it lacked the necessary accreditation to do so . In August 2015 , some Texas Wesleyan University School of Law alumni filed a class - action suit against Texas A&M University to resolve their alumni status . The lawsuit was dismissed by the judge for the Northern District of Texas on January 14 , 2016 . Scholarly publications ( edit ) Texas A&M Law Review Texas A&M Journal of Property Law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2017 Endowment Market Value and Change * in Endowment Market Value from FY2016 to FY2017 '' . NACUBO . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University School of Law Appoints New Dean '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY - 2017 Standard 509 Information Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our J.D. Program '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Our Part - Time Program '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` LL. M & M. Jur . Programs at Texas A&M Law '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Monica S. Nagy , Regent gives $1 million to Texas A&M School of Law , Star - Telegram ( Fort Worth ) , Apr. 2 , 2014 ( last visited on July 8 , 2015 ) ; Reeve Hamilton , A&M 's Law School Acquisition Differs From Original Plan , Tex . Trib. , Aug. 13 , 2013 ( last visited July 8 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Concentrations '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M - Investing in Your Future '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M University Lowers and Locks Tuition for Law School '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Advocacy Program '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Public Interest Law Fellowship '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Centers , Clinics & Programs '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Law Clinic , Texas A&M University , n.d. ( last visited July 8 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Student Lawyers Get in on the Intellectual Property Boom , Wall St. J. , Aug. 5 , 2014 ( last visited July 8 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Dennis Crouch , Texas A&M University School of Law , PatentlyO.com , Apr. 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tuition '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University '' . U.S. News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` How Texas A&M became a top - 100 law school in four years '' . star - telegram . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Best Intellectual Property Law Programs '' . U.S. News . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Standard 509 Reports '' . www.abarequireddisclosures.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Employment Statistics '' . law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Provost Watson 's Statement on School of Law '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 08 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Benjamin Wermund , Law school graduates sue A&M over alumni status , Houston Chron. , Aug. 12 , 2015 ( last visited Aug. 12 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Courthouse News Service '' . oldarchives.courthousenews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Law Journals '' . www.law.tamu.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . <Th_colspan="2"> Texas A&M University <Td_colspan="2"> Located in College Station , Texas <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Academics <Td_colspan="2"> Colleges Agriculture and Life Sciences Architecture Business Education and Human Development Engineering Geosciences Government Law Liberal Arts Science Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Health Science Center College of Dentistry College of Medicine Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences School of Public Health Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy College of Nursing Institute of Biosciences and Technology Research Doppler Radar Integrative Center for Homeland Security Libraries Nuclear Science Center Observatory Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service Texas A&M Transportation Institute <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Athletics <Td_colspan="2"> Sports Baseball Men 's Basketball Women 's Basketball Football Women 's Soccer Softball Rivalries Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry Battle of the Brazos Lone Star Showdown Texas A&M -- Texas Tech football rivalry Facilities Davis Diamond Ellis Field G. 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where is the alpine world cup being held

2017 -- 18 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="4"> 2017 -- 18 World Cup champions Discipline Men Ladies Overall Marcel Hirscher Mikaela Shiffrin Downhill Beat Feuz Sofia Goggia Super-G Kjetil Jansrud Tina Weirather Giant Slalom Marcel Hirscher Viktoria Rebensburg Slalom Marcel Hirscher Mikaela Shiffrin Combined Peter Fill Wendy Holdener Nations Cup Austria Austria Nations Cup Overall <Td_colspan="3"> Austria <Th_colspan="4"> Competition Locations 19 venues 21 venues Individual 37 events 39 events Cancelled 2 events 6 events Rescheduled 0 events 5 events <Td_colspan="4"> ← 2016 -- 17 2018 -- 19 → The International Ski Federation ( FIS ) Alpine Ski World Cup is the premier circuit for alpine skiing competition . The inaugural season launched in January 1967 , and the 2017 -- 18 season marks the 52nd consecutive year for the FIS World Cup . This season began in October 2017 in Sölden , Austria , and concluded in mid-March at the finals in Åre , Sweden . It was interrupted for most of February by the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ; the speed events were held at Jeongseon Alpine Centre with the technical events at Yongpyong Alpine Centre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Men 1.1 Calendar 1.2 Rankings 1.2. 1 Overall 1.2. 2 Downhill 1.2. 3 Super G 1.2. 4 Giant Slalom 1.2. 5 Slalom 1.2. 6 Combined 2 Women 2.1 Calendar 2.2 Rankings 2.2. 1 Overall 2.2. 2 Downhill 2.2. 3 Super G 2.2. 4 Giant Slalom 2.2. 5 Slalom 2.2. 6 Combined 3 Alpine mixed team event 3.1 Calendar 4 Nations Cup 5 Prize money 6 Footnotes 7 References Men ( edit ) Calendar ( edit ) Event Key : DH -- Downhill , SL -- Slalom , GS -- Giant Slalom , SG -- Super Giant Slalom , AC -- Alpine Combined , CE -- City Event / Parallel Slalom , PG -- Parallel Giant Slalom # Event Date Venue Type Winner Second Third Details <Td_colspan="2"> 29 October 2017 Sölden GS <Td_colspan="3"> cancelled : excessive high winds , not rescheduled 1673 12 November 2017 Levi SL Felix Neureuther Henrik Kristoffersen Mattias Hargin 1674 25 November 2017 Lake Louise DH Beat Feuz Matthias Mayer Aksel Lund Svindal 1675 26 November 2017 SG Kjetil Jansrud Max Franz Hannes Reichelt 1676 1 December 2017 Beaver Creek SG Vincent Kriechmayr Kjetil Jansrud Hannes Reichelt 1677 5 2 December 2017 DH Aksel Lund Svindal Beat Feuz Thomas Dreßen 1678 6 3 December 2017 GS Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Stefan Luitz 1679 7 9 December 2017 Val d'Isère GS Alexis Pinturault Stefan Luitz Marcel Hirscher 1680 8 10 December 2017 SL Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen André Myhrer 1681 9 15 December 2017 Val Gardena / Gröden SG Josef Ferstl Max Franz Matthias Mayer 1682 10 16 December 2017 DH Aksel Lund Svindal Kjetil Jansrud Max Franz 1683 11 17 December 2017 Alta Badia GS Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Žan Kranjec 1684 12 18 December 2017 PG Matts Olsson Henrik Kristoffersen Marcel Hirscher 1685 13 22 December 2017 Madonna di Campiglio SL Marcel Hirscher Luca Aerni Henrik Kristoffersen 1686 14 28 December 2017 Bormio DH Dominik Paris Aksel Lund Svindal Kjetil Jansrud 1687 15 29 December 2017 AC Alexis Pinturault Peter Fill Kjetil Jansrud 1688 16 1 January 2018 Oslo CE André Myhrer Michael Matt Linus Straßer 1689 17 4 January 2018 Zagreb SL Marcel Hirscher Michael Matt Henrik Kristoffersen 1690 18 6 January 2018 Adelboden GS Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Alexis Pinturault 1691 19 7 January 2018 SL Marcel Hirscher Michael Matt Henrik Kristoffersen 1692 20 12 January 2018 Wengen AC Victor Muffat - Jeandet Pavel Trikhichev Peter Fill 1693 21 13 January 2018 DH Beat Feuz Aksel Lund Svindal Matthias Mayer 1694 22 14 January 2018 SL Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen André Myhrer 1695 23 19 January 2018 Kitzbühel SG Aksel Lund Svindal Kjetil Jansrud Matthias Mayer 1696 24 20 January 2018 DH Thomas Dreßen Beat Feuz Hannes Reichelt 1697 25 21 January 2018 SL Henrik Kristoffersen Marcel Hirscher Daniel Yule 1698 26 23 January 2018 Schladming SL Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Daniel Yule 1699 27 27 January 2018 Garmisch - Partenkirchen DH Beat Feuz Vincent Kriechmayr Dominik Paris 1700 28 28 January 2018 GS Marcel Hirscher Manuel Feller Ted Ligety 1701 29 30 January 2018 Stockholm CE Ramon Zenhäusern André Myhrer Linus Straßer <Td_colspan="9"> 2018 Winter Olympics ( 9 -- 25 February ) 1702 30 3 March 2018 Kranjska Gora GS Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Alexis Pinturault 1703 31 4 March 2018 SL Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Ramon Zenhäusern 1704 32 10 March 2018 Kvitfjell DH Thomas Dreßen Beat Feuz Aksel Lund Svindal 1705 33 11 March 2018 SG Kjetil Jansrud Beat Feuz Brice Roger 1706 34 14 March 2018 Åre DH Vincent Kriechmayr Matthias Mayer Beat Feuz 1707 35 15 March 2018 SG Vincent Kriechmayr Christof Innerhofer Thomas Dreßen Aksel Lund Svindal 1708 36 17 March 2018 GS Marcel Hirscher Henrik Kristoffersen Victor Muffat - Jeandet <Td_colspan="2"> 18 March 2018 SL <Td_colspan="4"> cancelled due to high wind ; not rescheduled Rankings ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Rank after all 36 races Points Marcel Hirscher 1620 Henrik Kristoffersen 1285 Aksel Lund Svindal 886 Kjetil Jansrud 884 5 Beat Feuz 856 Downhill ( edit ) Rank after all 9 races Points Beat Feuz 682 Aksel Lund Svindal 612 Thomas Dreßen 446 Dominik Paris 386 5 Vincent Kriechmayr 384 Super G ( edit ) Rank after all 6 races Points Kjetil Jansrud 400 Vincent Kriechmayr 320 Aksel Lund Svindal 274 Hannes Reichelt 267 5 Max Franz 226 Giant Slalom ( edit ) Rank after all 8 races Points Marcel Hirscher 720 Henrik Kristoffersen 575 Alexis Pinturault 329 Manuel Feller 309 5 Matts Olsson 299 Slalom ( edit ) Rank after all 11 races Points Marcel Hirscher 874 Henrik Kristoffersen 710 André Myhrer 460 Michael Matt 388 5 Daniel Yule 370 See also : Slalom World Cup 2018 Combined ( edit ) Rank after all 2 races Points Peter Fill 140 Kjetil Jansrud 110 Victor Muffat - Jeandet 105 Alexis Pinturault 100 5 Mauro Caviezel 90 Women ( edit ) Calendar ( edit ) Event Key : DH -- Downhill , SL -- Slalom , GS -- Giant Slalom , SG -- Super Giant Slalom , AC -- Alpine Combined , CE / PS -- City Event / Parallel Slalom # Event Date Venue Type Winner Second Third Details 1564 28 October 2017 Sölden GS Viktoria Rebensburg Tessa Worley Manuela Mölgg 1565 11 November 2017 Levi SL Petra Vlhová Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener 1566 25 November 2017 Killington GS Viktoria Rebensburg Mikaela Shiffrin Manuela Mölgg 1567 26 November 2017 SL Mikaela Shiffrin Petra Vlhová Bernadette Schild 1568 5 1 December 2017 Lake Louise DH Cornelia Hütter Tina Weirather Mikaela Shiffrin 1569 6 2 December 2017 DH Mikaela Shiffrin Viktoria Rebensburg Michelle Gisin 1570 7 3 December 2017 SG Tina Weirather Lara Gut Nicole Schmidhofer <Td_colspan="2"> 8 December 2017 St. Moritz AC <Td_colspan="4"> heavy fog ; rescheduled on 10 December with special Super G as first combined run 1571 8 9 December 2017 SG Jasmine Flury Michelle Gisin Tina Weirather <Td_colspan="2"> 10 December 2017 SG <Td_colspan="4"> poor visibility ; rescheduled on 16 December 2017 in Val d'Isère 10 December 2017 AC <Td_colspan="4"> Alpine combined cancelled ; poor visibility . To be replaced in Lenzerheide on 26 January 2018 16 December 2017 Val d'Isère DH <Td_colspan="4"> both trainings cancelled ; rescheduled to Cortina on 19 January 2018 , cancelled Super G from St. Moritz was planned 1572 9 16 December 2017 SG Lindsey Vonn Sofia Goggia Ragnhild Mowinckel 1573 10 17 December 2017 SG Anna Veith Tina Weirather Sofia Goggia 1574 11 19 December 2017 Courchevel GS Mikaela Shiffrin Tessa Worley Manuela Mölgg 1575 12 20 December 2017 PS Mikaela Shiffrin Petra Vlhová Irene Curtoni 1576 13 28 December 2017 Lienz SL Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener Frida Hansdotter 1577 14 29 December 2017 GS Federica Brignone Viktoria Rebensburg Mikaela Shiffrin 1578 15 1 January 2018 Oslo CE Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener Mélanie Meillard 1579 16 3 January 2018 Zagreb SL Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener Frida Hansdotter <Td_colspan="2"> 6 January 2018 Maribor GS <Td_colspan="4"> warm temperatures and lack of snow ; moved to Kranjska Gora on 6 and 7 January 2018 7 January 2018 SL 1580 17 6 January 2018 Kranjska Gora GS Mikaela Shiffrin Tessa Worley Sofia Goggia 1581 18 7 January 2018 SL Mikaela Shiffrin Frida Hansdotter Wendy Holdener 1582 19 9 January 2018 Flachau SL Mikaela Shiffrin Bernadette Schild Frida Hansdotter 1583 20 13 January 2018 Bad Kleinkirchheim SG Federica Brignone Lara Gut Cornelia Hütter 1584 21 14 January 2018 DH Sofia Goggia Federica Brignone Nadia Fanchini 1585 22 19 January 2018 Cortina d'Ampezzo DH Sofia Goggia Lindsey Vonn Mikaela Shiffrin 1586 23 20 January 2018 DH Lindsey Vonn Tina Weirather Jacqueline Wiles 1587 24 21 January 2018 SG Lara Gut Johanna Schnarf Nicole Schmidhofer 1588 25 23 January 2018 Kronplatz GS Viktoria Rebensburg Ragnhild Mowinckel Federica Brignone 1589 26 26 January 2018 Lenzerheide AC Wendy Holdener Marta Bassino Ana Bucik 1590 27 27 January 2018 GS Tessa Worley Viktoria Rebensburg Meta Hrovat 1591 28 28 January 2018 SL Petra Vlhová Frida Hansdotter Wendy Holdener 1592 29 30 January 2018 Stockholm CE Nina Haver - Løseth Wendy Holdener Petra Vlhová 1593 30 3 February 2018 Garmisch - Partenkirchen DH Lindsey Vonn Sofia Goggia Cornelia Hütter 1594 31 4 February 2018 DH Lindsey Vonn Sofia Goggia Tina Weirather <Td_colspan="9"> 2018 Winter Olympics ( 9 -- 25 February ) 1595 32 3 March 2018 Crans - Montana SG Tina Weirather Anna Veith Wendy Holdener 1596 33 4 March 2018 AC Federica Brignone Michelle Gisin Petra Vlhová 1597 34 9 March 2018 Ofterschwang GS Ragnhild Mowinckel Viktoria Rebensburg Mikaela Shiffrin 1598 35 10 March 2018 SL Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener Frida Hansdotter 1599 36 14 March 2018 Åre DH Lindsey Vonn Sofia Goggia Alice McKennis 1600 37 15 March 2018 SG Sofia Goggia Viktoria Rebensburg Lindsey Vonn 1601 38 17 March 2018 SL Mikaela Shiffrin Wendy Holdener Frida Hansdotter <Td_colspan="2"> 18 March 2018 GS <Td_colspan="4"> cancelled due to high wind ; not rescheduled Rankings ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Rank after all 38 races Points Mikaela Shiffrin 1773 Wendy Holdener 1168 Viktoria Rebensburg 977 Sofia Goggia 958 5 Petra Vlhová 888 Downhill ( edit ) Rank after all 8 races Points Sofia Goggia 509 Lindsey Vonn 506 Tina Weirather 394 Cornelia Hütter 272 5 Mikaela Shiffrin 256 Super G ( edit ) Rank after all 8 races Points Tina Weirather 461 Lara Gut 375 Anna Veith 339 Michelle Gisin 313 5 Sofia Goggia 311 Giant Slalom ( edit ) Rank after all 8 races Points Viktoria Rebensburg 582 Tessa Worley 490 Mikaela Shiffrin 481 Ragnhild Mowinckel 371 5 Federica Brignone 274 Slalom ( edit ) Rank after all 12 races Points Mikaela Shiffrin 980 Wendy Holdener 705 Frida Hansdotter 681 Petra Vlhová 679 5 Bernadette Schild 463 Combined ( edit ) Rank after all 2 races Points Wendy Holdener 150 Michelle Gisin 109 Federica Brignone 100 Marta Bassino 88 5 Ana Bucik 66 Alpine mixed team event ( edit ) Calendar ( edit ) Event Key : TE -- Alpine Mixed Team Event # Event Date Venue Type Winner Second Third Details 12 16 March 2018 Åre TE Sweden Frida Hansdotter Anna Swenn - Larsson Emelie Wikström Mattias Hargin André Myhrer Matts Olsson France Romane Miradoli Tessa Worley Julien Lizeroux Clément Noël Germany Lena Dürr Marina Wallner Fritz Dopfer Alexander Schmid Linus Straßer Nations Cup ( edit ) Overall Rank after all 75 races Points Austria 10725 Switzerland 8441 Italy 6682 Norway 6324 5 France 4590 Men Rank after all 37 races Points Austria 5839 Norway 4596 Switzerland 3689 France 3028 5 Italy 2700 Ladies Rank after all 39 races Points Austria 4886 Switzerland 4752 Italy 3982 United States 3402 5 Germany 1900 Prize money ( edit ) Top - 5 men Rank after all 36 races CHF Marcel Hirscher 669,681 Henrik Kristoffersen 345,071 Beat Feuz 260,875 Aksel Lund Svindal 241,000 5 Kjetil Jansrud 210,250 Top - 5 ladies Rank after all 38 races CHF Mikaela Shiffrin 702,774 Wendy Holdener 273,794 Lindsey Vonn 264,430 Viktoria Rebensburg 262,436 5 Sofia Goggia 261,398 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 1st run ( slalom ) of alpine combined in St. Moritz was finished only . Second run ( Super-G ) was cancelled because of heavy fog . Jump up ^ special Super-G on 10 December 2017 , which was supposed to count as first run of Alpine combined in St. Moritz was cancelled because of poor visibility . rescheduled to Val d'Isère on 16 December 2017 Jump up ^ rescheduled from 8 December 2017 , with supposed Sunday 's special Super-G to count as first run of Alpine combined in St. Moritz was cancelled because of poor visibility . It will be replaced on 26 January 2018 in Lenzerheide Jump up ^ both ladies downhill trainings on 14 & 15 December 2017 in Val d'Isère were cancelled ; for the competition at least one training should have been finished Jump up ^ rescheduled ladies ' Super-G first scheduled on 10 December 2017 in St. Moritz is rescheduled to Val d'Isere on 16 December 2017 Jump up ^ originally Ladies ' Giant Slalom was scheduled in Maribor on 6 January 2018 . But because of the lack of snow , it was moved on the same day to Kranjska Gora . Jump up ^ originally Ladies ' Slalom was scheduled in Maribor on 7 January 2018 . But because of the lack of snow , it was moved on the same day to Kranjska Gora . Jump up ^ originally scheduled ladies ' downhill in Val d'Isere on 16 December 2017 is going to be replaced on 19 January 2018 in Cortina d'Ampezzo . Jump up ^ originally Alpine combined in St. Moritz was scheduled on 8 December 2017 and later moved to 10 December 2017 was then finally canceled because of the weather condition . It will be replaced here in Lenzerheide , on 26 January 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sölden Ski Park '' . Ski Austria . Jump up ^ `` Men 's giant slalom in Sölden had to be cancelled '' . International Ski Federation . 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Levi Ski Resort '' . Levi Lapland . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90948 ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Louise Course Map '' ( PDF ) . LL Alpine Ski World . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90953 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90954 Jump up ^ `` Beaver Creek Hill Map '' . Vail Resorts Management Co . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90962 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90963 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90964 ^ Jump up to : `` Val d'Isère at Bellvarde '' . World Cup Val d'Isère . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90969 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90970 Jump up ^ `` Val Gardena Course Map '' . Saslong Organization . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90973 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90974 Jump up ^ `` Alta Badia Hill Layout '' . SudTirol . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90980 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90981 Jump up ^ `` M-d'Campiglio Hill Map '' . Ski Two Italia ( online ) . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90982 Jump up ^ `` Ski Map of Bormio Ski ( Italy ) '' . Bormio Ski . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90985 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90986 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90992 Jump up ^ `` Sljeme - Zagreb Hill Map '' . Snow Forecast . January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90994/ Jump up ^ `` Adelboden Hill Map '' . On The Snow ( online ) . Jump up ^ Adelboden Hill Layout For SL and GS . Adelboden World Cup Committee . January 2016 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91022 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91023 Jump up ^ `` Wengen Lauberhorn Slalom Profile '' . Verein Internationale Lauberhornrennen , Switzerland . Jump up ^ `` Wengen Lauberhorn Downhill Profile '' . Verein Internationale Lauberhornrennen , Switzerland . Jump up ^ `` Wengen Lauberhorn Hill Layout '' ( PDF ) . GeoInformation Kanton , Bern . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91026 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91028 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91029 Jump up ^ `` HahnenKamm Course Layout '' . Kitzbühel Ski Club . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91032 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91033 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91034 Jump up ^ `` Schladming Hill Map '' . On The Snow . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91035 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - P Course Map '' ( PDF ) . Garmisch World Cup Ski . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91038 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91039 ^ Jump up to : `` Hammarbybacken Hill Map '' . On the Snow ( online ) . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91009 Jump up ^ `` Kranjska Hill Map '' . Snow Forecast ( online ) . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91040 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91041 Jump up ^ `` Kvitfjell Hill Map '' . On - The - Snow ( online ) . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91044 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91045 ^ Jump up to : `` Piste map '' . SkiStar Åre . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91051 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91053 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91056 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90945 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90947 Jump up ^ `` Killington Trail Map '' . Killington ( dot ) com . Jump up ^ `` K1 Large Venue Map '' ( PDF ) . Killington - Pico Ski Resort Partners LLC. 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90949 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90950 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90957 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90958 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90959 Jump up ^ `` Hill Layout at St. Moritz '' . March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss dominate St. Moritz SG , AC to be added on Sunday '' . International Ski Federation . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90965 Jump up ^ ( hhttp://www.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/news-multimedia/official-communications/article=cancelled-alpine-combined-from-moritz-sui-rescheduled-lenzerheide-sui.html `` Swiss dominate St. Moritz SG , AC to be added on Sunday '' ) . International Ski Federation . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90966 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90978 Jump up ^ `` Emile - Allais Piste '' . Sport Courchevel . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90988 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91275 Jump up ^ `` Lienz ski map , Austria '' . Skimap.info . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90990 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90989 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90991 Jump up ^ `` Sljeme - Zagreb Hill Map '' . Snow Forecast . January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90993 Jump up ^ `` Maribor Hill Map '' . Sourced by Google Earth , PINA and WB Ski . Jump up ^ `` Kranjska Hill Map '' . Snow Forecast ( online ) . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90995 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90996 Jump up ^ `` Flachau Race Course '' . Ski Flachau World Cup . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91001 Jump up ^ `` Bad Kleinkirchheim Piste Map '' . Bergbahnen Bad Kleinkirchheim . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91000 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90999 Jump up ^ `` Cortina Classic Slalom Map '' ( PDF ) . Cortina Classic Organization Committee . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90977 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91004 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91005 Jump up ^ `` Kronplatz Hill Map '' ( PDF ) . Kronplatz ( dot ) com Visitor Page . January 2017 . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91388 Jump up ^ `` Arosa Lenzerheide '' . Lenzerheide Bergbahnen . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=90967 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91006 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91007 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91008 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91012 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91013 Jump up ^ `` Race Course - Piste Mont Profile '' . Crans Montana Committee . Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91019 Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/dynamic/results.html?sector=AL&raceid=91016 Jump up ^ `` Skigebiet Ofterschwang - Gunzesried '' ( PDF ) . Tourismus Hörnerdörfer . 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Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/cup-standings.html?suchen=true&export_standing=&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=2018&suchgender=&suchnation=&sector=AL&suchcup=NC&discipline=ALL&search=Search Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/cup-standings.html?suchen=true&export_standing=&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=2018&suchgender=M&suchnation=&sector=AL&suchcup=NC&discipline=ALL&search=Search Jump up ^ https://data.fis-ski.com/alpine-skiing/cup-standings.html?suchen=true&export_standing=&suchcompetitorid=&suchseason=2018&suchgender=L&suchnation=&sector=AL&suchcup=NC&discipline=ALL&search=Search ^ Jump up to : `` FIS Official Prize Standings '' . International Ski Federation ... current season . ^ Jump up to : `` Current CHF Conversion Exchange '' . XE - The World 's Trusted Currency Authority . <Th_colspan="2"> FIS Alpine Ski World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> International Ski Federation FIS Alpine World Ski Championships Seasons 1967 1968 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 <Td_colspan="2"> Men 's champions Men 's race winners Women 's champions Women 's race winners <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 -- 18 World Cup seasons in winter sports Skiing sports ( FIS ) Alpine ski Cross-country ski Freestyle ski Nordic combined Continental Cup Ski jumping Ski flying Grand Prix Continental Cup FIS Cup FIS Race Alpen Cup Snowboarding Skating sports ( ISU ) Figure skating ISU Grand Prix Short track Speed skating Sliding sports ( FIL , IBSF ) Bobsleigh North American Cup Luge Skeleton Others ( IBU , WCF ) Biathlon IBU Cup Curling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_FIS_Alpine_Ski_World_Cup&oldid = 831359627 '' Categories : FIS Alpine Ski World Cup 2017 in alpine skiing 2018 in alpine skiing Current winter sports seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 05 : 20 . 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1. 2017-18 FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions 2. Men's and Women's overall rankings 3. Individual race winners and locations 4. Winter Olympics impact on the World Cup season 5. Prize money and Nations Cup standings

who was the first national chairman of the proscribed social democratic party

Social Democratic party ( Nigeria ) - wikipedia Social Democratic party ( Nigeria ) <Th_colspan="2"> Social Democratic Party Founded 1980s / 1990s Ideology Social democracy Democratic socialism Socialism Social justice Political position Centre - left to left - wing <Td_colspan="2"> Politics of Nigeria Political parties Elections The Social Democratic Party of Nigeria , popularly known as SDP , was established as a political party to encompass the ideals of a center left political organization . It was initially one of the products of a democracy project by former President Ibrahim Babangida to have two detribalized political parties , one a little to the left and one for the right . However , during the Nigerian Third Republic it was seen as a moderate party with a flavor for young radical intellectuals and socialists . In its manifesto , it called for concerted efforts to improve the people 's welfare and fight for social justice . Contents 1 Party structure and strength 1.1 Manifesto 2 SDP Revived 3 Ideology of the Revived Party 4 Reasons for the Reviving of the Party 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Party structure and strength ( edit ) After the banning of 13 prospective parties by the administration of Ibrahim Babangida in 1989 . Some of the associations decided to re-align . The People 's Front of Nigeria , People 's Solidarity Party and the Nigerian Labor Party were the three main inchoate groups that emerged to form the core constituency of the new SDP . The leadership of the party was mostly dominated by Northern Nigerians , with Babagana Kingibe elected party chairman in 1990 over his rival Mohammed Arzika . On the other hand , the electoral strength of the party lain in the Yoruba states and Imo and Anambra states . The party won 57 % of the Senate seats in the 1992 National Assembly election , and won 53 % of the seats of the House of Representatives in the same election . The party was largely financed by the Federal Government and a few individuals , such as Shehu Musa Yar'Adua , Francis Nzeribe and M.K.O. Abiola . The first presidential primary election conducted by the party , Yar'adua collated about 480,000 votes dominating his primary opponent , Olu Falae in the first round . However , those elections were cancelled by Babangida . In second primary election under an adopted system called Option A4 , another financier , Abiola ( a former member of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons and once a state chairman of the National Party of Nigeria ) won the primary election on March 1993 , after the first election was canceled . Abiola 's contested the national election which was later annulled , a seemingly coherent legacy of Nigeria 's swivelling and revolving door like historical political landscape . Among former members , Atiku Abubakar , Jerry Gana , Abubakar Rimi , Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso , Umaru Yar'Adua , Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila , Dapo Sarumi , and Mohammed Arzika later became senior figures in the People 's Democratic Party ( PDP ) . Manifesto ( edit ) 1. Energy : The State shall supervise adequate energy supply for both industrial and social purposes 2 . Rural Development : The State shall be committed to the reduction of rural poverty and rural - urban migrations through support for community organizations and community development . 3 . Mining and Petrochemicals : The State shall exclusively ensure a responsible and controlled exploitation of mineral resources . 4 . Labour , Employment and Wages . There shall be representation of Labour in all organs of government dealing with the affairs of the working people . SDP shall improve workers ' welfare , the unemployment situation and the quality of industrial arbitration . 5 . Education : SDP shall ultimately provide free education programs at all levels . SDP shall integrate in the formal system the political education of the citizenry . 6 . Defense : SDP shall encourage as a deliberate policy of self reliance , local production of arms and military armament as well as exploring the possibilities of setting up armament industries in locations within the country . 7 . Police : SDP shall launch an in house political education of among the police to change their attitude to the state , perception of their and obligations and relations with the citizenry . SDP Revived ( edit ) After the ban on old SDP as part of democratic process of Major General Ibrahim Babangida . A new merger party emerged in the name of SDP was formed by coalition of 13 political party . The revived party contested for various political posts in the 2015 Nigerian general elections conducted election except the President which conceded to People 's Democratic Party candidate Ex - President Goodluck Jonathan Ideology of the revived party ( edit ) According to Chief Olu Falae , SDP was created to mount pressure on the two prominent Parties in Nigeria People 's Democratic Party and All Progressive Congress . And also provide credible alternative to Nigerians , as the SDP predates but the APC and PDP and has a rich history of winning elections in Nigeria . Reasons for the Reviving of the Party ( edit ) In furtherance of the CREDIBLE demeocratic ideas of the SDP after the mass endosement by the Nigerian electorate in June 12 General Election of 1993 To be the third political platform that will attract Credible , Competent and Dynamic Leaders into governance A platform that will truly fight corruption in Nigeria and enthrone the RULE OF LAW A congregation of patriot and social Democrats that will give the people TRUE REPRESENTATION A Rebirth of an Idological Party with structured deliverables for the people A truly National Party for all Nigerian devoid of Imposition and Impunity An inclusive Party that opens its political space for Young Nigerians to further their political aspirations A party this is Gender Sensitive and also in Affirmative standing with people with Disability A Party that will unify the Nigerian people and give voice and action to their aspirations and desires See also ( edit ) Nigerian Third Republic Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Xinhua General News Service , `` former Nigerian general won first round of presidential primaries '' , SEPTEMBER 16 , 1992 . Jump up ^ http://sdp.org.ng/index.php/features Jump up ^ http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/falae-shonibare-others-re-launch-sdp/ Jump up ^ http://www.inecnigeria.org/?page_id=18 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/2015-elections-sdp-support-jonathan/ Jump up ^ http://sdp.org.ng/index.php/features References ( edit ) The PRS Group , Inc. / Political Risk Services , Nigeria Country Report , SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY ( SDP ) April 1 , 1993 . Social Democratic Party Official Website ( https://sdp.com.ng ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)&oldid=842406254 '' Categories : Political parties Nigerian political people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 07 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Social Democratic Party of Nigeria 2. Ideology of the party 3. Party structure and strength 4. Revival of the party 5. Reasons for reviving the party

where does the efferent arteriole carries blood to

Efferent arteriole - wikipedia Efferent arteriole Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Efferent arteriole <Td_colspan="2"> Scheme of renal tubule and its vascular supply . ( Label `` Efferent vessel '' is visible in upper left . ) <Td_colspan="2"> Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney . <Th_colspan="2"> Details Source glomerular capillaries <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis TA A08. 1.03. 006 FMA 272214 77043 , 272214 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms . Efferent ( from Latin ex + ferre ) means `` outgoing '' , in this case meaning carrying blood out away from the glomerulus . The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus , and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has already been filtered . They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure . In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses , depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise . In the mammalian kidney about 15 % of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli . The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli . Contents ( hide ) 1 In undifferentiated cortical glomeruli 2 In juxtamedullary glomeruli 3 Regulation of glomerular filtration rate 4 See also 5 Additional images 6 External links In undifferentiated cortical glomeruli ( edit ) The efferent arterioles of the undifferentiated cortical glomeruli are the most complex . Promptly on leaving the glomerulus they break up into capillaries and become part of a rich plexus of vessels surrounding the cortical portions of the renal tubules . In juxtamedullary glomeruli ( edit ) The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli are much different . They do break up , but they form bundles of vessels ( arteriolae recti ) that cross the outer zone of the medulla to perfuse the inner zone . Vessels returning from the inner medulla ( venulae recti ) intersperse themselves in a highly regular fashion among the descending arteriolae recti to form a well - organized rete mirabile . This rete is responsible for the osmotic isolation of the inner medulla from the rest of the kidney and so permits the excretion of a hypertonic urine when circumstances require . Since the rete also isolates the inner medulla from gaseous exchange , any metabolism in this area is anaerobic , and red cells , which would serve no purpose there , are ordinarily shunted from the arteriolae recti by an unknown mechanism into the capillary plexus surrounding the tubules of the outer zone of the medulla . Blood in this plexus and returning from the inner medulla finds its way to the renal vein and the general circulation by pathways similar to those providing drainage for the rest of the cortex . Regulation of glomerular filtration rate ( edit ) When angiotensin II levels are increased due to activation of the renin -- angiotensin -- aldosterone system , most of the arteries in the body experience vasoconstriction , in order to maintain adequate blood pressure . However , this reduces blood flow to the kidneys . To compensate , the efferent arterioles constrict to a greater degree than the other arteries , in response to increased levels of angiotensin II . Pressure in glomerular capillaries is therefore maintained and glomerular filtration rate remains adequate . However , in states of where angiotensin II is very high for a prolonged period of time , the colloid oncotic pressure of the capillaries will increase , counteracting the increased hydrostatic pressure from the efferent constriction . This will decrease the glomerular filtration rate , depending on the level of oncotic increase in the capillaries , resulting in a decreased filtration fraction . See also ( edit ) Afferent arteriole Additional images ( edit ) Malpighian corpuscle . Glomerulus . Renal corpuscle External links ( edit ) Physiology : 7 / 7ch03 / 7ch03p10 - Essentials of Human Physiology Anatomy photo : Urinary / mammal / vasc0 / vasc3 - Comparative Organology at University of California , Davis - `` Mammal , renal vasculature ( EM , Low ) '' <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Connecting tubule Collecting ducts Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efferent_arteriole&oldid=826464275 '' Categories : Kidney anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Efferent arteriole 2. Urinary tract 3. Glomerular filtration rate 4. Renal tubules 5. Juxtamedullary glomeruli

who scored most 300 runs in test cricket

List of Test cricket triple centuries - wikipedia List of Test cricket triple centuries Jump to : navigation , search Australian Donald Bradman is one of only four players in Test cricket to have scored 300 or more runs in a single innings on more than one occasion . The others are Brian Lara and Chris Gayle ( both West Indies ) , and Virender Sehwag ( India ) . A triple century ( an individual score of 300 or more ) in Test cricket has been scored on 30 occasions by 26 different batsmen from eight of the ten Test - cricket playing nations . No player from Bangladesh or Zimbabwe has scored 300 . The first Test triple century was achieved by Andy Sandham of England against the West Indies in 1930 in the first Test series hosted in the West Indies . The frequency of a batsman scoring a Test triple century is slightly less than that of a bowler taking a Test hat - trick ( 30 triple centuries versus 43 hat - tricks as of July 2017 ) . The quickest Test triple - century was scored in 4 hours 48 minutes , by Wally Hammond for England against New Zealand at Auckland in 1932 -- 33 . The fastest Test triple - century by number of balls faced , where that figure is recorded , is Virender Sehwag 's 278 - ball triple century for India against South Africa in the first Test of the Future Cup in Chennai in 2008 . Brian Lara and Chris Gayle of the West Indies , Donald Bradman of Australia and Virender Sehwag of India are the only batsmen to reach 300 more than once . Lara 's 400 not out against England in 2004 , his second Test triple - century , is the highest score in Test cricket and the only instance of a Test quadruple century ; Lara is also the only player to have surpassed 350 twice . Bradman also scored 299 not out against South Africa in 1932 . Sehwag also scored 293 off 254 balls in the third Test between Sri Lanka and India in December 2009 . The two cricket grounds with the most triple centuries scored at them are Headingley in Leeds , England , and the Antigua Recreation Ground in St. John 's , Antigua and Barbuda , which have both had three triple centuries scored at them . The most triple centuries from one country is seven , by Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Triple centuries and above 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Footnotes 6 References Key ( edit ) * denotes that the batsman remained not out . Test denotes the number of the Test match played in that series . Innings denotes which of the team 's batting innings the triple century was scored in . Date denotes the date the match started on . denotes that the total was the highest Test match score at the time . Triple centuries and above ( edit ) No Score Batsman For Against Innings Test Ground Date 325 Sandham , Andy Andy Sandham England West Indies 1st 4th Sabina Park , Kingston 000000001930 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 1930 334 Bradman , Donald Donald Bradman Australia England 1st 3rd Headingley , Leeds 000000001930 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1930 336 * Hammond , Wally Wally Hammond England New Zealand 1st 2nd Eden Park , Auckland 000000001933 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1933 3040 ! 304 Bradman , Donald Donald Bradman Australia England 1st 4th Headingley , Leeds 000000001934 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 1934 5 364 Hutton , Len Len Hutton England Australia 1st 5th The Oval , London 000000001938 - 08 - 20 - 0000 20 August 1938 6 3370 ! 337 Hanif Mohammad Pakistan West Indies 2nd 1st Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 000000001958 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1958 7 365 * Sobers , Garfield Garfield Sobers West Indies Pakistan 1st 3rd Sabina Park , Kingston 000000001958 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 1958 8 3110 ! 311 Simpson , Bob Bob Simpson Australia England 1st 4th Old Trafford , Manchester 000000001964 - 07 - 23 - 0000 23 July 1964 9 3105 ! 310 * Edrich , John John Edrich England New Zealand 1st 3rd Headingley , Leeds 000000001965 - 07 - 08 - 0000 8 July 1965 10 3070 ! 307 Cowper , Bob Bob Cowper Australia England 1st 5th Melbourne Cricket Ground 000000001966 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1966 11 3021 ! 302 Rowe , Lawrence Lawrence Rowe West Indies England 1st 3rd Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 000000001974 - 03 - 06 - 0000 6 March 1974 12 3331 ! 333 Gooch , Graham Graham Gooch England India 1st 1st Lord 's Cricket Ground , London 000000001990 - 07 - 26 - 0000 26 July 1990 13 375 Lara , Brian Brian Lara West Indies England 1st 5th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 000000001994 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 1994 14 3400 ! 340 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka India 1st 1st R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 000000001997 - 08 - 02 - 0000 2 August 1997 15 3345 ! 334 * Taylor , Mark Mark Taylor Australia Pakistan 1st 2nd Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 000000001998 - 10 - 15 - 0000 15 October 1998 16 3290 ! 329 Inzamam - ul - Haq Pakistan New Zealand 1st 1st Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 000000002002 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2002 17 380 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden Australia Zimbabwe 1st 1st WACA Ground , Perth 000000002003 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 2003 18 309 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag India Pakistan 1st 1st Multan Cricket Stadium 000000002004 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2004 19 400 * Lara , Brian Brian Lara West Indies England 1st 4th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 000000002004 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2004 20 3170 ! 317 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa 1st 4th Antigua Recreation Ground , St John 's 000000002005 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2005 21 3740 ! 374 Jayawardene , Mahela Mahela Jayawardene Sri Lanka South Africa 1st 1st Sinhalese S.C. , Colombo 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 27 July 2006 22 3191 ! 319 Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag India South Africa 1st 1st M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002008 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2008 23 3130 ! 313 Khan , Younis Younis Khan Pakistan Sri Lanka 1st 1st National Stadium , Karachi 000000002009 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 2009 24 3330 ! 333 Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle West Indies Sri Lanka 1st 1st Galle International Stadium 000000002010 - 11 - 15 - 0000 15 November 2010 25 3295 ! 329 * Clarke , Michael Michael Clarke Australia India 1st 2nd Sydney Cricket Ground 000000002012 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2012 26 3111 ! 311 * Amla , Hashim Hashim Amla South Africa England 1st 1st The Oval , London 000000002012 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2012 27 3190 ! 319 Sangakkara , Kumar Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka Bangladesh 1st 2nd Zohur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 000000002014 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 2014 28 3020 ! 302 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum New Zealand India 2nd 2nd Basin Reserve , Wellington 000000002014 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 2014 29 3022 ! 302 * Ali , Azhar Azhar Ali Pakistan West Indies 1st 1st Dubai International Cricket Stadium , Dubai 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 13 October 2016 30 3030 ! 303 * Nair , Karun Karun Nair India England 1st 5th M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 000000002016 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 2016 See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket double centuries List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries Notes ( edit ) ^ Batting first , in a timeless Test , Sandham shared stands of 173 with George Gunn ( 85 ) for the first wicket , 148 with Bob Wyatt ( 58 ) for the second wicket , and 249 with Leslie Ames ( 149 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to an England total of 849 . West Indies replied with 286 , but England did not enforce the follow - on , setting West Indies a target of 835 to win . After bad weather prevented any play on the match 's eighth day , a draw was agreed with West Indies at 408 for 5 , George Headley having scored 223 . It was the first triple hundred in Tests . Sandham was 39 years and 275 days old , and playing his last Test match : he is Test cricket 's oldest triple - centurion . ^ Bradman came in to bat after Australia had lost Archie Jackson off the eleventh ball of the match . He shared stands of 192 with Bill Woodfull ( 50 ) for the second wicket and 229 with Alan Kippax ( 77 ) for the third wicket , and helped Australia to a total of 566 . Bradman was 105 * at lunch , 220 * at tea and 309 * at the close of the first day 's play . It is the only instance in Tests of a batsman scoring 300 in a day . Bradman scored 200 in 214 minutes . England scored 391 in reply , including a century from Wally Hammond ( 113 ) . Forced to follow on , they salvaged a draw . ^ Batting second , in a three - day match , Hammond shared a stand of 149 with Eddie Paynter ( 36 ) for the third wicket , on the way to an England total of 548 for 7 declared . New Zealand had batted first , scoring 158 . Hammond reached 300 in 287 minutes , going between 200 and 300 in 48 minutes . It has been estimated that he received about 355 balls to get there . Hammond hit 10 sixes in his innings , three off them off consecutive balls from Jack Newman . The third day was affected by rain , and the match was drawn . Hammond made 227 in his previous innings against New Zealand and finished the two - match series with a batting average of 563 . ^ Batting second , Bradman shared a stand of 388 with Bill Ponsford ( 181 ) for the fourth wicket on the way to an Australian total of 584 , in reply to England 's 200 all out . Bradman came in to join Ponsford after Australia had lost their first three wickets for 39 . England salvaged a draw . This was Bradman 's second successive triple century in matches at Headingley , in only his second match at the ground . Shortly before his dismissal his average in Test matches at Headingley stood at 638 . ^ Batting first , Hutton shared stands of 382 with Maurice Leyland ( 187 ) for the second wicket , 135 with Wally Hammond ( 59 ) for the third wicket , and 215 with Joe Hardstaff junior ( 169 * ) for the sixth wicket , on the way to an England total of 903 for 7 declared , the first time a Test team scored over 900 . Hutton was dismissed with the score at 770 , the greatest number of runs added during one batsman 's Test innings . Don Bradman and Jack Fingleton were both unable to bat in either Australia innings , and England won by a Test record margin of an innings and 579 runs . ^ Hanif shared stands of 152 with Imtiaz Ahmed ( 97 ) for the first wicket , 112 with Alimuddin ( 37 ) for the second wicket , 154 with Saeed Ahmed ( 65 ) for the third wicket , and 121 with Wazir Mohammad ( 35 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a Pakistan score of 657 for 8 declared . His 970 - minute innings is the longest in Test cricket and was the only instance of a Test triple century scored in a team 's second innings until Brendon McCullum 's in 2014 . Pakistan had followed on , having scored 106 in the first innings in reply to West Indies ' 579 for 9 declared , including centuries for Conrad Hunte ( 142 ) and Everton Weekes ( 197 ) . The six - day Test match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Sobers shared stands of 446 with Conrad Hunte ( 260 ) for the second wicket , and 188 unbroken with Clyde Walcott ( 88 * ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 790 for 3 declared . It was Sobers ' first hundred in Test cricket . Pakistan had batted first , scoring 328 , including a century for Imtiaz Ahmed ( 122 ) . Wazir Mohammad scored 106 in Pakistan 's second innings , but could not prevent West Indies winning by an innings and 174 runs . ^ Batting first , Simpson shared stands of 201 with Bill Lawry ( 106 ) for the first wicket and 219 with Brian Booth ( 98 ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 656 for 8 declared . Ken Barrington ( 256 ) and Ted Dexter ( 174 ) ensured that the match was drawn , England scoring 611 . ^ Batting first , Edrich shared stands of 369 with Ken Barrington ( 163 ) for the second wicket and 109 with Peter Parfitt ( 32 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to an England total of 546 for 4 declared . England won by an innings and 187 runs . Edrich hit a Test record 52 boundaries in addition to five sixes in his innings and was on the field for every ball of the match . ^ Batting second , Cowper shared stands of 212 with Bill Lawry ( 108 ) for the third wicket and 172 for the fourth wicket with Doug Walters ( 60 ) on the way to a total of 543 for 8 declared ( the lowest total to include a Test triple - hundred ) . England had batted first , scoring 485 including a century for Ken Barrington ( 115 ) . The match was drawn . A wet outfield meant that Cowper 's innings included only 20 fours but 26 threes . ^ Batting second , Rowe shared stands of 126 with Roy Fredericks ( 32 ) for the first wicket and 249 with Alvin Kallicharran ( 119 ) for the second wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 596 . England had batted first , scoring 395 including a century for Tony Greig ( 148 ) . Keith Fletcher scored 129 * in England 's second innings and the match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Gooch shared stands of 127 with David Gower ( 40 ) for the second wicket , 308 with Allan Lamb ( 139 ) for the third wicket , and 192 with Robin Smith ( 100 * ) for the fourth wicket . England declared on 653 for 4 . With centuries from Ravi Shastri ( 100 ) and Mohammad Azharuddin ( 121 ) , and Kapil Dev 's four sixes in a row off Eddie Hemmings with the last man in , India saved the follow on . Graham Gooch hit a second century ( 123 ) in England 's second innings ( the first instance in any form of cricket of a triple - century and a century in the same match ) and India lost by 247 runs . ^ Batting first , Lara shared stands of 179 with Jimmy Adams ( 59 ) for the third wicket , 183 with Keith Arthurton ( 47 ) for the fourth wicket , and 219 with Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 75 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 593 for 5 declared . In reply , England also scored 593 , with centuries for Mike Atherton ( 135 ) and Robin Smith ( 175 ) . The match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Jayasuriya shared a stand of 576 with RS Mahanama ( 225 ) for the second wicket , on the way to a Test record total of 952 for 6 declared . Sri - Lanka 's second wicket stand was the highest in Test history , was Sri Lanka 's first in Test cricket over 400 runs , and is the only instance of two batsmen batting throughout two uninterrupted days of a Test match . India had batted first , scoring 537 for 8 declared with centuries from Navjot Singh Sidhu , Sachin Tendulkar and Mohammad Azharuddin . The match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Taylor shared stands of 279 with Justin Langer ( 116 ) for the second wicket , 123 with Mark Waugh ( 77 ) for the third wicket , and an undefeated 168 for the fifth wicket with Ricky Ponting ( 76 * ) , on the way to an Australian total of 599 for 4 declared . Pakistan hit 580 in reply , including centuries for Saeed Anwar ( 126 ) and Ijaz Ahmed ( 155 ) . Most of the play on the third day was lost , and the match was drawn . Taylor scored 103 runs before lunch on the second day of the match , but it was a three - hour session . Taylor deliberately declared with his score on 334 so as not to overtake the highest score by an Australian of Don Bradman . Taylor also scored 92 in Australia 's second innings . ^ Batting first , Inzamam shared stands of 204 with Imran Nazir ( 127 ) for the third wicket and 111 with Saqlain Mushtaq ( 30 ) for the seventh wicket . He was last out with the Pakistan score on 643 . New Zealand were bowled out for 73 , followed on , and were defeated by an innings and 324 runs inside three days . ^ Batting first , Hayden shared stands of 207 with Steve Waugh ( 59 ) for the fourth wicket and 233 with Adam Gilchrist ( 113 * ) for the sixth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 735 for 6 declared . Hayden hit thirty - eight fours and eleven sixes , scored 102 between tea and stumps on day one and 105 runs between lunch and tea on the second day . Australia won by an innings and 175 runs . ^ Batting first , Sehwag shared stands of 160 with Akash Chopra ( 42 ) for the first wicket and 336 with Sachin Tendulkar ( 194 * ) for the third wicket , on the way to an Indian total of 675 for 5 declared . India won by an innings and 52 runs , despite Yousuf Youhana scoring 117 in Pakistan 's second innings ( following on ) . It is the only Test triple hundred reached with a six . ^ Batting first , Lara , who was playing in his 106th Test , shared stands of 232 with Ramnaresh Sarwan ( 90 ) for the third wicket , and 282 with Ridley Jacobs ( 107 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 751 for 5 declared . Despite a century for Andrew Flintoff ( 102 * ) , England were bowled out for 285 in their first innings and forced to follow on . However , England managed to hold out in their second innings , with a century for Michael Vaughan ( 140 ) , and the match was drawn . ^ Batting second , Gayle shared stands of 341 with Ramnaresh Sarwan ( 127 ) for the second wicket and 149 with Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( also 127 ) for the fourth wicket , on the way to a West Indies total of 747 ; Dwayne Bravo ( 107 ) also scored a century . South Africa had batted first , scoring 588 , with four batsmen scoring centuries ( Abraham de Villiers ( 114 ) , Graeme Smith ( 126 ) , Jacques Kallis ( 147 ) and Ashwell Prince ( 131 ) ) making a record eight centuries in the Test . The match was drawn . ^ Batting second , coming in to bat at 14 for 2 , Jayawardene shared a partnership of 624 with Kumar Sangakkara ( 287 ) for the third wicket , a record for any wicket in first - class cricket . It eclipsed the previous Test partnership record , also held by two Sri Lankans . He also shared a stand of 117 with Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 45 ) . Sri Lanka declared on the fall of Jayawardene 's wicket , at 756 for 5 , a first - innings lead of 587 . Sri Lanka won by an innings and 153 runs . ^ Batting second , Sehwag shared stands of 213 with Wasim Jaffer ( 74 ) for the first wicket and 268 with Rahul Dravid ( 111 ) for the second wicket on the way to an India total of 627 . Sehwag reached his second triple - ton off only 278 balls , the fastest triple century in Test cricket , and his innings lasted 304 balls in total . The match ended in a draw . ^ The first ever Test triple hundred to be made against Sri Lanka , with the previous highest being Martin Crowe 's 299 . Khan brought up the milestone with a reverse sweep . After Sri Lanka had declared their first innings on 644 for 7 , with captain Mahela Jayawardene and Thilan Samaraweera hitting for 240 and 231 respectively and teaming for a record fourth - wicket partnership of 437 , Pakistan 's captain led his side to a response of 765 for 6 . The match was ultimately drawn . It was also the first Test in history in which both captains scored double centuries , and only the second in which three double centuries were scored . ^ Batting first , Gayle shared stands of 110 for the first wicket with Adrian Barath ( 50 ) , 196 for the second wicket with Darren Bravo ( 58 ) and 167 for the fourth wicket with Brendan Nash before being bowled by Ajantha Mendis with the score at 566 for 6 . The West Indies later declared at 580 for 9 . The match was drawn . ^ Batting first , Clarke shared a stand of 288 with Ricky Ponting ( 134 ) for the fourth wicket , and an unbroken stand of 334 with Michael Hussey ( 150 * ) for the fifth wicket , on the way to an Australian total of 659 for 4 declared . Australia won the match by an innings and 68 runs . ^ Batting second , Amla shared a stand of 259 with Graeme Smith ( 131 ) and an unbroken partnership of 377 with Jacques Kallis ( 182 * ) . He was left unbeaten on 311 when South Africa declared on 637 for 2 . It was the first triple century by a South African cricketer . South Africa won by an innings and 12 runs . ^ Batting first , Sangakkara shared stands of 178 with Mahela Jayawardene ( 72 ) for the third wicket and 100 with Ajantha Mendis ( 47 ) for the eighth wicket . Sangakkara was last out , with Sri Lanka making 587 . Sangakkara also scored a century ( 105 ) in the second innings , the second player to achieve the feat of a triple century and a century in the same Test . The match was drawn . ^ McCullum shared a record stand of 352 with BJ Watling ( 124 ) for the sixth wicket and 179 with James Neesham ( 137 * ) for the seventh wicket . New Zealand were 246 runs behind after the first innings , and finished their second innings on 680 for 8 declared . McCullum 's triple century was the first by a New Zealander , and only the second to be scored in a team 's second innings . The match was drawn . ^ Azhar Ali became the first batsman to score a triple century in a day / night test match as well a first in a match to be played with a pink ball . Azhar played against West Indies in Dubai and began his innings on the first day of the 1st Test match . He hit 23 fours and two sixes in his marathon of 469 - ball 302 not out . He shared a 215 - run opening stand with Sami Aslam . Pakistan declared the innings on 579 at the loss of only three batsmen while Azhar and Misbah remained unbeaten at the crease . Pakistan won by 56 runs . ^ Karun Nair became the second Indian batsman to score a triple century , the first being Virender Sehwag . Nair also became the first Indian and the third batsman overall to convert a maiden test century into a triple hundred . Nair played against England in Chennai and shared a stand of 161 with K.L. Rahul ( 199 ) for the fourth wicket , 181 with Ravichandran Ashwin ( 67 ) for the sixth wicket , and 138 with Ravindra Jadeja ( 51 ) for the seventh wicket on the way to a total of 759 for 7 declared . India won by an innings and 75 runs . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in an innings '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Batting records / Most runs in an innings ( progressive record holder ) '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 10 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Hat - tricks '' . CricInfo . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/sport/stories/2009/12/10/2768343.htm?site=sport&section=cricket References ( edit ) Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack Highest Individual Test Scores ( from Cricinfo ) Triple - centurions in Test cricket ( from rediff.com ) <Th_colspan="2"> Cricket records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Test records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ODI records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> T20I records <Td_colspan="2"> By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellaneous records <Td_colspan="2"> International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's cricket <Td_colspan="2"> Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_triple_centuries&oldid=810939668 '' Categories : Test cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 13 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Test cricket triple centuries 2. Players with multiple triple centuries 3. Highest individual score in Test cricket 4. Fastest Test triple century 5. Most triple centuries by a country

who is the woman in the man that you fear video

Man that you fear - wikipedia Man that you fear Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Man That You Fear '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Promotional single by Marilyn Manson <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Antichrist Superstar Released Format CD single Recorded Nothing Studios , New Orleans Length 6 : 10 Label Nothing Records Songwriter ( s ) Marilyn Manson ( lyrics ) Twiggy Ramirez , Marilyn Manson , Madonna Wayne Gacy , Daisy Berkowitz ( music ) Producer ( s ) Trent Reznor and David `` Rave '' Ogilvie <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Man That You Fear '' is a promotional - only single from Marilyn Manson 's second studio album , Antichrist Superstar , and is the final song on the album . The song is inspired by what Manson had to grow up with and how it turned him into what he is now , a man or monster that people now have grown to fear . The line , `` Sticking to my pointy ribs / Are all your infants in abortion cribs '' refers to a story told in The Long Hard Road Out of Hell in which Manson as a child found a coffee can with something rotting inside . His mother told him it was discarded meat , but later told him that it was actually an aborted fetus . The song was initially penned during Manson 's cousin Chad 's wedding ceremony . From Manson 's autobiography , The Long Hard Road Out of Hell ... `` The wedding was the first time I had been in a church since I was a kid , and I felt uncomfortable throughout the long service . I wore my black suit with a red shirt , a black tie and sunglasses . Everybody seemed to be staring at me disapprovingly . Not only was the priest giving me dirty looks , but so was the rest of my family . As they all piously recited their prayers and sang hymn after hymn , I studied each and every one of them coldly . I imagined walking down the aisle in Chad 's place , but marrying a black woman or a gay man and watching the confusion and anger that would result . I imagined responding to the priest 's question , ' Do you take this woman to be your lawfully wedded wife , till death do you part ? ' by dousing myself in gasoline and lighting it . I could n't figure out why I turned out different than everybody else . I had the same education , the same advantages , the same disadvantages . It was then that I came up with the lyric that would end the album , ' The boy that you loved is the man that you fear . ' '' On the album version , the final two minutes repeat the phrase `` When all of your wishes are granted , many of your dreams will be destroyed . '' The synthesized voices at the end of the song appear courtesy of the MacInTalk speech feature of Apple 's Macintosh computers . Music video ( edit ) In the music video , directed by W.I.Z. , Manson portrays a man who is condemned to die . He is `` chosen '' by a blindfolded child who spins around pointing her finger . When she stops spinning , she removed the blindfold and sees the trailer home that she is pointing to -- the home of the condemned . The video features all events of his last day on earth , leading up to his death by stoning in an isolated location of the desert . The procession is an allegory of The Stations of the Cross . The random nature of the stoning is a reference to the Shirley Jackson short story The Lottery . The procession into the desert involves various strangely dressed characters , including a child in wearing a mask in the form of a horse 's head and a character waving a stick and dancing in circles , which may be references to the 1973 film The Wicker Man , in which the main character is led in a similar procession to be sacrificed . The procession makes more references to the Alejandro Jodorowsky film Santa Sangre where a funeral takes place and all the characters are pretty much similar to the same characters in the video . The Music video in particular also has stark contrast to the short story , `` The Lottery '' by Shirley Jackson where a woman is stoned after having her name randomly drawn from a black box in the town square . Track listing ( edit ) US Promo Release `` Man That You Fear '' ( Radio Edit ) - 4 : 18 External links ( edit ) Man That You Fear on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> Marilyn Manson <Td_colspan="2"> Marilyn Manson Tyler Bates Gil Sharone Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Lost & Found Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins <Td_colspan="2"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_That_You_Fear&oldid=816616498 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1996 songs 1997 singles Hard rock ballads Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Marilyn Manson Songs written by Jeordie White Songs written by Madonna Wayne Gacy Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2008 All articles lacking sources Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. "Man That You Fear" - Marilyn Manson's promotional single 2. Antichrist Superstar - Marilyn Manson's second studio album 3. Song inspiration - Manson's upbringing and transformation 4. Music video - Depiction of a condemned man's last day on earth 5. Lyrics and themes - Manson's feelings of alienation and difference

what greek is known for discussing ethics in medicine

Ancient Greek medicine - wikipedia Ancient Greek medicine Jump to : navigation , search Physician treating a patient ( Attic red - figure aryballos , 480 -- 470 BC ) Ancient Greek medicine was a compilation of theories and practices that were constantly expanding through new ideologies and trials . Many components were considered in ancient Greek medicine , intertwining the spiritual with the physical . Specifically , the ancient Greeks believed health was affected by the humors , gender , geographic location , social class , diet , trauma , beliefs , and mindset . Early on the ancient Greeks believed that illnesses were `` divine punishments '' and that healing was a `` gift from the Gods '' . As trials continued wherein theories were tested against symptoms and results , the pure spiritual beliefs regarding `` punishments '' and `` gifts '' were replaced with a foundation based in the physical , i.e. , cause and effect . Humorism ( or the four humors ) refers to blood , yellow bile , black bile and phlegm . It was also theorized that gender played a role in medicine because some diseases and treatments were different for women than for men . Moreover , geographic location and social class affected the living conditions of the people and might subject them to different environmental issues such as mosquitoes , rats , and availability of clean drinking water . Diet was thought to be an issue as well and might be affected by a lack of access to adequate nourishment . Trauma , such as that suffered by gladiators , from dog bites or other injuries , played a role in theories relating to understanding anatomy and infections . Additionally , there was significant focus on the beliefs and mind set of the patient in the diagnosis and treatment theories . It was recognized that the mind played a role in healing , or that it might also be the sole basis for the illness . Ancient Greek medicine began to revolve around the theory of humors . Humoral theory states that good health comes from perfect balance of the four humors blood , phlegm , yellow bile , and black bile . Consequently , poor health resulted from improper balance of the four humors . Hippocrates , known as the `` Father of Modern Medicine '' , established a medical school at Cos and is the most important figure in ancient Greek medicine . Hippocrates and his students documented numerous illnesses in the Hippocratic Corpus , and developed the Hippocratic Oath for physicians , which is still in use today . The contributions to ancient Greek medicine of Hippocrates , Socrates and others had a lasting influence on Islamic medicine and medieval European medicine until many of their findings eventually became obsolete in the 14th century . The earliest known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC . Alcmaeon , author of the first anatomical compilation , worked at this school , and it was here that the practice of observing patients was established . Despite their known respect for Egyptian medicine , attempts to discern any particular influence on Greek practice at this early time have not been dramatically successful because of the lack of sources and the challenge of understanding ancient medical terminology . It is clear , however , that the Greeks imported Egyptian substances into their pharmacopoeia , and the influence became more pronounced after the establishment of a school of Greek medicine in Alexandria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Asclepieia 2 Ancient Greek physicians 3 The Hippocratic Corpus and Humorism 4 Aristotle 's influence on Greek perception 5 Herophilus and Erasistratus 6 Galen 7 Dioscorides 8 Historical legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Asclepieia ( edit ) Rod of Asclepius Modern depiction of the caduceus as the symbol of commerce View of the Asklepieion of Kos , the best preserved instance of an Asclepieion . Asclepius was espoused as the first physician , and myth placed him as the son of Apollo . Temples dedicated to the healer - god Asclepius , known as Asclepieia ( Greek : Ἀσκληπιεῖα ; sing . Ἀσκληπιεῖον Asclepieion ) , functioned as centers of medical advice , prognosis , and healing . At these shrines , patients would enter a dream - like state of induced sleep known as `` enkoimesis '' ( Greek : ἐγκοίμησις ) not unlike anesthesia , in which they either received guidance from the deity in a dream or were cured by surgery . Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing . The Temple of Asclepius in Pergamum had a spring that flowed down into an underground room in the Temple . People would come to drink the waters and to bathe in them because they were believed to have medicinal properties . Mud baths and hot teas such as chamomile were used to calm them or peppermint tea to soothe their headaches , which is still a home remedy used by many today . The patients were encouraged to sleep in the facilities too . Their dreams were interpreted by the doctors and their symptoms were then reviewed . Dogs would occasionally be brought in to lick open wounds for assistance in their healing . In the Asclepieion of Epidaurus , three large marble boards dated to 350 BC preserve the names , case histories , complaints , and cures of about 70 patients who came to the temple with a problem and shed it there . Some of the surgical cures listed , such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material , are realistic enough to have taken place , but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of soporific substances such as opium . The Rod of Asclepius is a universal symbol for medicine to this day . However , it is frequently confused with Caduceus , which was a staff wielded by the god Hermes . The Rod of Asclepius embodies one snake with no wings whereas Caduceus is represented by two snakes and a pair of wings depicting the swiftness of Hermes . Ancient Greek physicians ( edit ) Ancient Greek physicians regarded disease as being of supernatural origin , brought about from the dissatisfaction of the gods or from demonic possession . The fault of the ailment was placed on the patient and the role of the physician was to conciliate with the gods or exorcise the demon with prayers , spells , and sacrifices . The Hippocratic Corpus and humorism ( edit ) The Hippocratic Corpus opposes ancient beliefs , offering biologically based approaches to disease instead of magical intervention . The Hippocratic Corpus is a collection of about seventy early medical works from ancient Greece that are associated with Hippocrates and his students . Although once thought to have been written by Hippocrates himself , many scholars today believe that these texts were written by a series of authors over several decades . The Corpus contains the treatise , the Sacred Disease , which argues that if all diseases were derived from supernatural sources , biological medicines would not work . The establishment of the humoral theory of medicine focused on the balance between blood , yellow and black bile , and phlegm in the human body . Being too hot , cold , dry or wet disturbed the balance between the humors , resulting in disease and illness . Gods and demons were not believed to punish the patient , but attributed to bad air ( miasma theory ) . Physicians who practiced humoral medicine focused on reestablishing balance between the humors . The shift from supernatural disease to biological disease did not completely abolish Greek religion , but offered a new method of how physicians interacted with patients . Ancient Greek physicians who followed humorism emphasized the importance of environment . Physicians believed patients would be subjected to various diseases based on the environment they resided . The local water supply and the direction the wind blew influenced the health of the local populace . Patients played an important role in their treatment . Stated in the treatise `` Aphorisms '' , `` ( i ) t is not enough for the physician to do what is necessary , but the patient and the attendant must do their part as well '' . Patient compliance was rooted in their respect for the physician . According to the treatise `` Prognostic '' , a physician was able to increase their reputation and respect through `` prognosis '' , knowing the outcome of the disease . Physicians had an active role in the lives of patients , taking into consideration their residence . Distinguishing between fatal diseases and recoverable disease was important for patient trust and respect , positively influencing patient compliance . Asclepius ( center ) arrives in Kos and is greeted by Hippocrates ( left ) and a citizen ( right ) , mosaic from the Asclepieion of Kos , 2nd - 3rd century AD With the growth of patient compliance in Greek medicine , consent became an important factor between the doctor and patient relationship . Presented with all the information concerning the patient 's health , the patient makes the decision to accept treatment . Physician and patient responsibility is mentioned in the treatise `` Epidemics '' , where it states , `` there are three factors in the practice of medicine : the disease , the patient and the physician . The physician is the servant of science , and the patient must do what he can to fight the disease with the assistance of the physician '' . Aristotle 's influence on Greek perception ( edit ) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle was the most influential scholar of the living world from antiquity . Aristotle 's biological writings demonstrate great concern for empiricism , biological causation , and the diversity of life . Aristotle did not experiment , however , holding that items display their real natures in their own environments , rather than controlled artificial ones . While in modern - day physics and chemistry this assumption has been found unhelpful , in zoology and ethology it remains the dominant practice , and Aristotle 's work `` retains real interest '' . He made countless observations of nature , especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him , which he devoted considerable attention to categorizing . In all , Aristotle classified 540 animal species , and dissected at least 50 . Aristotle believed that formal causes guided all natural processes . Such a teleological view gave Aristotle cause to justify his observed data as an expression of formal design ; for example suggesting that Nature , giving no animal both horns and tusks , was staving off vanity , and generally giving creatures faculties only to such a degree as they are necessary . In a similar fashion , Aristotle believed that creatures were arranged in a graded scale of perfection rising from plants on up to man -- the scala naturae or Great Chain of Being . He held that the level of a creature 's perfection was reflected in its form , but not foreordained by that form . Yet another aspect of his biology divided souls into three groups : a vegetative soul , responsible for reproduction and growth ; a sensitive soul , responsible for mobility and sensation ; and a rational soul , capable of thought and reflection . He attributed only the first to plants , the first two to animals , and all three to humans . Aristotle , in contrast to earlier philosophers , and like the Egyptians , placed the rational soul in the heart , rather than the brain . Notable is Aristotle 's division of sensation and thought , which generally went against previous philosophers , with the exception of Alcmaeon . Aristotle 's successor at the Lyceum , Theophrastus , wrote a series of books on botany -- the History of Plants -- which survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to botany , even into the Middle Ages . Many of Theophrastus ' names survive into modern times , such as carpos for fruit , and pericarpion for seed vessel . Rather than focus on formal causes , as Aristotle did , Theophrastus suggested a mechanistic scheme , drawing analogies between natural and artificial processes , and relying on Aristotle 's concept of the efficient cause . Theophrastus also recognized the role of sex in the reproduction of some higher plants , though this last discovery was lost in later ages . The biological / teleological ideas of Aristotle and Theophrastus , as well as their emphasis on a series of axioms rather than on empirical observation , can not be easily separated from their consequent impact on Western medicine . Herophilus and Erasistratus ( edit ) Frontispiece to a 1644 version of the expanded and illustrated edition of Theophrastus 's Historia Plantarum ( c. 1200 ) , which was originally written around 200 BC Following Theophrastus ( d . 286 BC ) , the Lyceum failed to produce any original work . Though interest in Aristotle 's ideas survived , they were generally taken unquestioningly . It is not until the age of Alexandria under the Ptolemies that advances in biology can be again found . The first medical teacher at Alexandria was Herophilus of Chalcedon , who differed from Aristotle , placing intelligence in the brain , and connected the nervous system to motion and sensation . Herophilus also distinguished between veins and arteries , noting that the latter pulse while the former do not . He did this using an experiment involving cutting certain veins and arteries in a pig 's neck until the squealing stopped . In the same vein ( no pun intended ) , he developed a diagnostic technique which relied upon distinguishing different types of pulse . He , and his contemporary , Erasistratus of Chios , researched the role of veins and nerves , mapping their courses across the body . Erasistratus connected the increased complexity of the surface of the human brain compared to other animals to its superior intelligence . He sometimes employed experiments to further his research , at one time repeatedly weighing a caged bird and noting its weight loss between feeding times . Following his teacher 's researches into pneumatics , he claimed that the human system of blood vessels was controlled by vacuums , drawing blood across the body . In Erasistratus ' physiology , air enters the body , is then drawn by the lungs into the heart , where it is transformed into vital spirit , and is then pumped by the arteries throughout the body . Some of this vital spirit reaches the brain , where it is transformed into animal spirit , which is then distributed by the nerves . Herophilus and Erasistratus performed their experiments upon criminals given to them by their Ptolemaic kings . They dissected these criminals alive , and `` while they were still breathing they observed parts which nature had formerly concealed , and examined their position , colour , shape , size , arrangement , hardness , softness , smoothness , connection . '' Though a few ancient atomists such as Lucretius challenged the teleological viewpoint of Aristotelian ideas about life , teleology ( and after the rise of Christianity , natural theology ) would remain central to biological thought essentially until the 18th and 19th centuries . In the words of Ernst Mayr , `` Nothing of any real consequence in biology after Lucretius and Galen until the Renaissance . '' Aristotle 's ideas of natural history and medicine survived , but they were generally taken unquestioningly . Galen ( edit ) Main article : Galen Aelius Galenus was a prominent Greek physician , surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire . Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity , Galen influenced the development of various scientific disciplines , including anatomy , physiology , pathology , pharmacology , and neurology , as well as philosophy and logic . The son of Aelius Nicon , a wealthy architect with scholarly interests , Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher . Born in Pergamon ( present - day Bergama , Turkey ) , Galen traveled extensively , exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome , where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors . Galen 's understanding of anatomy and medicine was principally influenced by the then - current theory of humorism , as advanced by ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates . His theories dominated and influenced Western medical science for more than 1,300 years . His anatomical reports , based mainly on dissection of monkeys , especially the Barbary macaque , and pigs , remained uncontested until 1543 , when printed descriptions and illustrations of human dissections were published in the seminal work De humani corporis fabrica by Andreas Vesalius where Galen 's physiological theory was accommodated to these new observations . Galen 's theory of the physiology of the circulatory system endured until 1628 , when William Harvey published his treatise entitled De motu cordis , in which he established that blood circulates , with the heart acting as a pump . Medical students continued to study Galen 's writings until well into the 19th century . Galen conducted many nerve ligation experiments that supported the theory , which is still accepted today , that the brain controls all the motions of the muscles by means of the cranial and peripheral nervous systems . Galen saw himself as both a physician and a philosopher , as he wrote in his treatise entitled That the Best Physician is also a Philosopher . Galen was very interested in the debate between the rationalist and empiricist medical sects , and his use of direct observation , dissection and vivisection represents a complex middle ground between the extremes of those two viewpoints . Dioscorides ( edit ) The first century AD Greek physician , pharmacologist , botanist , and Roman army surgeon Pedanius Dioscorides authored an encyclopedia of medicinal substances commonly known as De Materia Medica . This work did not delve into medical theory or explanation of pathogenesis , but described the uses and actions of some 600 substances , based on empirical observation . Unlike other works of Classical antiquity , Dioscorides ' manuscript was never out of publication ; it formed the basis for the Western pharmacopeia through the 19th century , a true testament to the efficacy of the medicines described ; moreover , the influence of work on European herbal medicine eclipsed that of the Hippocratic Corpes . Historical legacy ( edit ) Through long contact with omans adopted a favorable view of Hippocratic medicine . This acceptance led to the spread of Greek medical theories throughout the Roman Empire , and thus a large portion of the West . The most influential Roman scholar to continue and expand on the Hippocratic tradition was Galen ( d.c. 207 ) . Study of Hippocratic and Galenic texts , however , all but disappeared in the Latin West in the Early Middle Ages , following the collapse of the Western Empire , although the Hippocratic - Galenic tradition of Greek medicine continued to be studied and practiced in the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) . After AD 750 , Arab , Persian and Andalusi scholars translated Galen 's and Dioscorides ' works in particular . Thereafter the Hippocratic - Galenic medical tradition was assimilated and eventually expanded , with the most influential Muslim doctor - scholar being ( Ibn Sina ) . Beginning in the late eleventh century , the Hippocratic - Galenic tradition returned to the Latin West with a series of translations of the Classical texts , mainly from Arabic translations but occasionally from the original Greek . In the Renaissance , more translations of Galen and Hippocrates directly from the Greek were made from newly available Byzantine manuscripts . Galen 's influence was so great that even after Western Europeans started making dissections in the thirteenth century , scholars often assimilated findings into the Galenic model that otherwise might have thrown Galen 's accuracy into doubt . Over time , however , Classical medical theory came to be superseded by increasing emphasis on scientific experimental methods in the 16th and 17th centuries . Nevertheless , the Hippocratic - Galenic practice of bloodletting was practiced into the 19th century , despite its empirical ineffectiveness and riskiness . See also ( edit ) Medical community of ancient Rome Medicine in ancient Rome On Ancient Medicine ( Hippocratic Corpus ) Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cartwright , Mark ( 2013 ) . `` Greek Medicine '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited . UK . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bendick , Jeanne . `` Galen -- And the Gateway to Medicine . '' Ignatius Press , San Francisco , CA , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 883937 - 75 - 2 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Anatomy , ed . Giunti Editorial Group , Taj Books LTD 2002 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Heinrich von Staden , Herophilus : The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1989 ) , pp. 1 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Risse , G.B. Mending bodies , saving souls : a history of hospitals . Oxford University Press , 1990 . p. 56 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Askitopoulou , H. , Konsolaki , E. , Ramoutsaki , I. , Anastassaki , E. Surgical cures by sleep induction as the Asclepieion of Epidaurus . The mistory of anesthesia : proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium , by José Carlos Diz , Avelino Franco , Douglas R. Bacon , J. Rupreht , Julián Alvarez . Elsevier Science B.V. , International Congress Series 1242 ( 2002 ) , p. 11 - 17 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Kaba , R. ; Sooriakumaran , P. ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the doctor - patient relationship '' . International Journal of Surgery . 5 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijsu. 2006.01. 005 . Jump up ^ Vivian Nutton'Ancient Medicine ' ( Routledge 2004 ) Jump up ^ Chadwick , edited with an introduction by G.E.R. Lloyd ; translated ( from the Greek ) by J. ; al . ) , W.N. Mann ... ( et ( 1983 ) . Hippocratic writings ( ( New ) ed. , with additional material , Repr. in Penguin classics . ed . ) . Harmondsworth : Penguin . p. 206 . ISBN 0140444513 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chadwick . Hippocratic Writings . p. 94 . ISBN 0140444513 . Jump up ^ Mason , A History of the Sciences pp 41 Jump up ^ Annas , Classical Greek Philosophy pp 247 Jump up ^ Mayr , The Growth of Biological Thought , pp 84 - 90 , 135 ; Mason , A History of the Sciences , p 41 - 44 Jump up ^ Mayr , The Growth of Biological Thought , pp 201 - 202 ; see also : Lovejoy , The Great Chain of Being Jump up ^ Aristotle , De Anima II 3 Jump up ^ Mason , A History of the Sciences pp 45 Jump up ^ Guthrie , A History of Greek Philosophy Vol. 1 pp. 348 Jump up ^ Mayr , The Growth of Biological Thought , pp 90 - 91 ; Mason , A History of the Sciences , p 46 Jump up ^ Annas , Classical Greek Philosophy pp 252 Jump up ^ Mason , A History of the Sciences pp 56 Jump up ^ Barnes , Hellenistic Philosophy and Science pp 383 Jump up ^ Mason , A History of the Sciences , p 57 Jump up ^ Barnes , Hellenistic Philosophy and Science , pp 383 - 384 Jump up ^ Mayr , The Growth of Biological Thought , pp 90 - 94 ; quotation from p 91 Jump up ^ Annas , Classical Greek Philosophy , p 252 Jump up ^ `` Life , death , and entertainment in the Roman Empire '' . David Stone Potter , D.J. Mattingly ( 1999 ) . University of Michigan Press . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Galen on bloodletting : a study of the origins , development , and validity of his opinions , with a translation of the three works '' . Peter Brain , Galen ( 1986 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32085 - 2 Jump up ^ Nutton Vivian ( 1973 ) . `` The Chronology of Galen 's Early Career '' . Classical Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 158 -- 171 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009838800036600 . PMID 11624046 . Jump up ^ `` Galen on the affected parts . Translation from the Greek text with explanatory notes '' . Med Hist. 21 ( 2 ) : 212 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300037935 . PMC 1081972 . Jump up ^ Arthur John Brock ( translator ) , Introduction . Galen . On the Natural Faculties . Edinburgh 1916 Jump up ^ Galen on pharmacology Jump up ^ Galen on the brain Jump up ^ Andreas Vesalius ( 1543 ) . De humani corporis fabrica , Libri VII ( in Latin ) . Basel , Switzerland : Johannes Oporinus . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , C. , Andreas Vesalius of Brussels , 1514 -- 1564 , Berkeley : University of California Press Jump up ^ Siraisi , Nancy G. , ( 1991 ) Girolamo Cardano and the Art of Medical Narrative , Journal of the History of Ideas . pp. 587 -- 88 . Jump up ^ William Harvey ( 1628 ) . Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus ( in Latin ) . Frankfurt am Main , Germany : Sumptibus Guilielmi Fitzeri . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 398 - 00793 - 4 . Retrieved 7 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Furley , D , and J. Wilkie , 1984 , Galen On Respiration and the Arteries , Princeton University Press , and Bylebyl , J ( ed ) , 1979 , William Harvey and His Age , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press Jump up ^ Frampton , M. , 2008 , Embodiments of Will : Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages , 400 B.C. -- A.D. 1300 , Saarbrücken : VDM Verlag . pp. 180 -- 323 Jump up ^ Claudii Galeni Pergameni ( 1992 ) . Odysseas Hatzopoulos , ed . `` That the best physician is also a philosopher '' with a Modern Greek Translation . Athens , Greece : Odysseas Hatzopoulos & Company : Kaktos Editions . Jump up ^ Theodore J. Drizis ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Medical ethics in a writing of Galen '' . Acta Med Hist Adriat. 6 ( 2 ) : 333 -- 336 . PMID 20102254 . Jump up ^ Brian , P. , 1977 , `` Galen on the ideal of the physician '' , South Africa Medical Journal , 52 : 936 -- 938 pdf Jump up ^ Frede , M. and R. Walzer , 1985 , Three Treatises on the Nature of Science , Indianapolis : Hacket . Jump up ^ De Lacy P ( 1972 ) . `` Galen 's Platonism '' . American Journal of Philosophy. 1972 : 27 -- 39 . doi : 10.2307 / 292898 . Jump up ^ Cosans C ( 1997 ) . `` Galen 's Critique of Rationalist and Empiricist Anatomy '' . Journal of the History of Biology . 30 : 35 -- 54 . doi : 10.1023 / a : 1004266427468 . PMID 11618979 . Jump up ^ Cosans C ( 1998 ) . `` The Experimental Foundations of Galen 's Teleology '' . Studies in History and Philosophy of Science . 29 : 63 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / s0039 - 3681 ( 96 ) 00005 - 2 . Jump up ^ De Vos ( 2010 ) . `` European Materia Medica in Historical Texts : Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use '' . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 132 ( 1 ) : 28 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jep. 2010.05. 035 . Jump up ^ Heinrich von Staden , `` Liminal Perils : Early Roman Receptions of Greek Medicine '' , in Tradition , Transmission , Transformation , ed. F. Jamil Ragep and Sally P. Ragep with Steven Livesey ( Leiden : Brill , 1996 ) , pp. 369 - 418 . Bibliography ( edit ) Connor , J.T.H. An English Language Bibliography of Classical Greek Medicine Further reading ( edit ) Annas , Julia . Classical Greek Philosophy . In Boardman , John ; Griffin , Jasper ; Murray , Oswyn ( ed . ) The Oxford History of the Classical World . Oxford University Press : New York , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 872112 - 9 Barnes , Jonathan . Hellenistic Philosophy and Science . In Boardman , John ; Griffin , Jasper ; Murray , Oswyn ( ed . ) The Oxford History of the Classical World . Oxford University Press : New York , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 872112 - 9 Cohn - Haft , Louis . The Public Physicians of Ancient Greece , Northampton , Massachusetts , 1956 . Guido , Majno . The Healing Hand : Man and Wound in the Ancient World , Harvard University Press , 1975 . Guthrie , W.K.C. A History of Greek Philosophy . Volume I : The earlier Presocratics and the Pythagoreans . Cambridge University Press : New York , 1962 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29420 - 7 Jones , W.H.S. Philosophy and Medicine in Ancient Greece , Johns Hopkins Press , Baltimore , 1946 . Lennox , James ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . Aristotle 's Biology . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Longrigg , James . Greek Rational Medicine : Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmæon to the Alexandrians , Routledge , 1993 . Lovejoy , Arthur O . The Great Chain of Being : A Study of the History of an Idea . Harvard University Press , 1936 . Reprinted by Harper & Row , ISBN 0 - 674 - 36150 - 4 , 2005 paperback : ISBN 0 - 674 - 36153 - 9 Mason , Stephen F. A History of the Sciences . Collier Books : New York , 1956 . Mayr , Ernst . The Growth of Biological Thought : Diversity , Evolution , and Inheritance . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press : Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36445 - 7 Nutton , Vivian . The Healing Hand : Man and Wound in the Ancient World . Routledge , 2004 Heinrich von Staden ( ed. trans . ) . Herophilus : The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria . Cambridge University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23646 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 23646 - 1 ) Longrigg , James . Greek Medicine From the Heroic to the Hellenistic Age . New York , NY , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 92087 - 6 External links ( edit ) Ancient Greek Medicine in medicinenet.com Greek Medicine by the History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine . ( in French ) ( in English ) Medicine in Antiquity greekmedicine.net Greek and Roman Medicine : An Introductory Bibliography for Graduate Students in Classics at Ancient Medicine compiled by Lee T. 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1. Ancient Greek medicine 2. Humorism and the four humors 3. Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus 4. Aristotle's influence on Greek perception 5. Galen and his contributions to medicine

what age do you get a criminal record

Criminal record - wikipedia Criminal record Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the crime term . For the record label , see Criminal Records . `` Rap sheet '' redirects here . For the DMX album , see Rap Sheet . A criminal record or police record is a record of a person 's criminal history , generally used by potential employers , lenders , and others to assess his or her trustworthiness . The information included in a criminal record and the existence of a criminal record varies between countries and even between jurisdictions within a country . In most cases it lists all non-expunged criminal offences and may also include traffic offences such as speeding and drunk - driving . In some countries the record is limited to actual convictions ( where the individual has pleaded guilty or been declared guilty by a qualified court ) , while in others it also includes arrests , charges dismissed , charges pending and charges of which the individual has been acquitted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Austria 3 Belgium 4 Bulgaria 5 Canada 5.1 Screening 5.2 Pardon 6 Chile 7 Croatia 8 Cyprus 9 Czech Republic 10 Denmark 11 Estonia 12 European Union 13 Finland 14 France 14.1 Criminal records 14.2 Registering of sex offenders 15 Greece 16 Germany 17 Hong Kong 17.1 Spent records 18 Hungary 19 Ireland 20 Italy 21 Latvia 22 Lithuania 23 Luxembourg 24 Malta 25 Netherlands 26 New Zealand 27 Poland 28 Portugal 29 Romania 30 Slovakia 31 Slovenia 32 Spain 33 Sweden 34 United Kingdom 35 United States 36 See also 37 References 38 External links 38.1 Australia 38.2 Canada 38.3 Hong Kong 38.4 United Kingdom Australia ( edit ) Individuals in Australia can obtain a national criminal history to check themselves , and certain organisations can apply for one on their behalf . A person may be required to undergo a criminal record check as part of employment screening , as a prerequisite for volunteer work , as preparation for a court appearance , to apply for a visa to enter or stay in some countries , or to satisfy a statutory requirement . Individuals can obtain a national criminal history through two ways : Their local police service . An Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission ( ACIC ) - accredited organisations such as employing institutions , or commercial background checking service providers . A list of ACIC accredited agencies is available from their website . Some of the commercial providers allow online application , real time responses , and online verification . The Working With Children Check , which is used to screen workers and volunteers in child - related work , is a specific check for those whose criminal records are deemed to pose a high risk to children . Austria ( edit ) In Austria , criminal records and `` Strafregisterbescheinigung '' ( criminal record certificate ) are maintained by the Register Division ( `` Strafregisteramt '' ) of Federal Police Bureau Vienna ( `` Bundespolizeidirektion Wien '' ) . In order to access a criminal record in Austria , a person must complete a form with relevant identification and pay a fee ( in July 2014 , currently 28.60 Euro , or 16.40 Euro if it is for the purposes of employment ) . Requests for a criminal record certificate can be taken to Police stations and will be processed and provided to the applicant immediately , or a person can request for a hard - copy to be posted to an address within Austria . In Austria , a request for a criminal record certificate can come in two forms -- restricted and unrestricted disclosure . An application at the request of a future employer will be issued a restricted disclosure , which only contains unexpunged convictions and may not include less serious convictions . An unrestricted disclosure certificate is exclusively for specific state agencies ( for example , firearms licensing bodies , military and law enforcement agencies ) , and , even then , is only issued in specific circumstances . This type of criminal record certificate contains details of all convictions . All criminal offences are recorded on the Criminal Register . Convictions are removed from the Criminal Register upon expiry of the penalty , which generally occurs when the penalty ends , but can extend to up fifteen years after the penalty has been completed . The only exception is life sentences which are not removed from the Criminal Register . Austria maintains a sex offender registry , however this is for law enforcement and intelligence purposes only . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , there is a national central criminal record system which records , keeps and modifies data related to penal decisions . The criminal record system is maintained by the Federal Public Service Justice . The criminal records held within the central system contain the following data : criminal record number ; name , surname and given name ; date and place of birth ; gender ; residence ; profession ; nationality ; court ; number of judges ; degree of jurisdiction ; reference , number and date of judgement ; date of transmission to central criminal record ; sentence pronounced , place and date of the criminal acts . The central system contains records of a ) Penal convictions for all types of offence ; b ) Penal convictions of guilt subjecting the convicted person to a probationary period ; c ) Decisions of revocation of the previous category ; d ) Penal decisions concerning confinement of mentally ill offenders ; e ) Deprivation of parental rights , and reintegration , as well as several measures regarding delinquent minors ; f ) Several decisions which quash prior judgements ; g ) Several decisions of retraction ; h ) Decisions that rectify or interpret the law on which the conviction has been decided ; i ) Decisions of rehabilitation ; j ) Decisions of pardon ; k ) Decisions of release on parole ; l ) Decisions from foreign jurisdictions regarding Belgian citizens ; m ) Sentences accompanying a main sentence , subsidiary sentences , ' security measures ' , and deferred sentences There is no record of dismissed cases or verdicts of not guilty . To access their own criminal record , a person can seek it from their local police authority or send a written request to the Federal Public Service Justice . In terms of public access to criminal records , the following persons and judicial and administrative bodies may be able to gain access to records through the Federal Public Service Justice . Corporations : corporations , association , etc . Individuals when the document should be used abroad Foreigners for the period of their stay in Belgium Specific categories ( e.g. diplomats ) Two kinds of erasure exist in the Belgian system : The real erasure is the disappearance of the conviction , and applies only to police sentences ( small fines and 8 days of imprisonment or less ) . For all other sentences , a system of `` no mention '' applies , whereby the conviction remains recorded in the central system but is no longer available for access by several categories of people . Bulgaria ( edit ) Disclosure of criminal records in Bulgaria is governed by Regulation No 8 / 26.02. 2008 for the Functions and Organisation of the Activity of the Criminal Records Offices . The criminal record system for citizens of Bulgaria are kept in the Criminal Records Office located at every Regional Court in Bulgaria , and the Central Office of Criminal Records at the Ministry of Justice . There are two types of criminal records disclosed in Bulgaria ; Conviction Status Certificate , and the Verification of Conviction Status . The Conviction Status Certificate contains personal information about the concerned individual ( full name , personal identification number , date and place of birth , nationality , names of parents ) , details of all the convictions and the purpose of the Certificate . This Certificate is valid for 6 months from the date it was issued , and can only be applied for by the concerned individual , relative of individual , legal heir of the concerned individual , or a power of attorney . The Verification of Conviction Status contains personal information about the concerned individual ( full name , personal identification number , date and place of birth , nationality , names of parents ) , details of all convictions , including whether rehabilitation was required , and information about all imposed administrative sanctions . There is no term of validity for this status , however it can only be issued for an official purpose by governmental or law enforcement authorities . These records can be accessed through application to the Central Office of Criminal Records . The cost is approximately EURO 2.60 . The Bulgarian Penal Code allows the removal of conviction data for individuals , known as the ' rehabilitation of individuals ' . This can be awarded by a court of law given that the individual has demonstrated good conduct , and has compensated any damages . A second type of rehabilitation is known as rehabilitation de jure which enacts new legislation . This can occur if the individually has been sentenced conditionally , the individual has been sentenced to up to three years imprisonment and has not committed any other crimes punishable by imprisonment , the individual was sentenced to a fine , public reprimand or deprivation of civil rights , and they have not committed another crime the year following . Additionally , judgments are removed from a criminal record after the sentence has been served and the following time has elapsed : For life imprisonment without substitution or life imprisonment : 20 years For imprisonment of over 10 years : 15 years Imprisonment between 3 and 10 years : 10 years Imprisonment between of less than 3 years : 5 years All remaining cases : 2 years Canada ( edit ) In Canada , criminal records are stored in Criminal Records Information Management Services , a centralized database operated by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police under the Canadian Police Information Centre ( CPIC ) since 1972 . The database includes all convictions for which a pardon has not been granted , all charges regardless of disposition , outstanding warrants and charges , all judicial orders and other information that might be of interest to police investigations . Screening ( edit ) There are two types of criminal record checks : standard and vulnerable sector . Vulnerable sector is defined under the Criminal Records Act as minor ( less than 18 years of age ) and persons who , because of their age , a disability or other circumstances , whether temporary or permanent , ( a ) are in a position of dependence on others ; or ( b ) are otherwise at a greater risk than the general population of being harmed by persons in a position of authority or trust relative to them There are 4 levels of standard criminal record checks - level 1 to 4 . Level 1 is the most basic check and level 4 being the most extensive . Criminal record checks can only be done with the consent of the individual . Due to the sensitive nature of CPIC , only police agencies are authorized to conduct a criminal record check , with the exception of BC Ministry of Justice . Level 1 : Records of criminal convictions for which a pardon has not been granted ( CPIC Level 1 Query ) Level 2 : Level 1 + outstanding charges that the police force is aware of ( CPIC Level 1 Query + Persons Query ) Level 3 : Level 2 + records of discharges which have not been removed ( all charges regardless of disposition ) ( CPIC Level 2 Query + Persons Query ) Level 4 : Level 3 + check on local police databases , court and law enforcement agency databases ( also known as `` Police Record Check '' ) The vulnerable sector screening includes a level 4 check plus any sexual offences and convictions which pardon was granted . In the event that the name and date of birth of the applicant matches any sexual offence record in the system , he / she is required to submit fingerprints to the RCMP for a physical confirmation . Criminal record check is an integral part of the process for obtaining security clearances regardless of level of access . Some provinces may require high - risk professions to be screened to ensure public safety . For example , the BC Ministry of Justice requires all healthcare professionals , practicum students in healthcare , childcare facilities staff and volunteers , school and hospital staff regardless of position to undergo a CRC via the Criminal Records Review Program . Many Canadian universities require a Criminal Records Check or other screening procedure ( e.g. Child Abuse Registry Check , Vulnerable Sector Screen ) as a condition of admission into its programs . Pardon ( edit ) Further information : Pardon in Canada Criminal offences can be pardoned either by the Governor General of Canada , Parole Board of Canada or through an order - in - council by the federal government , as determined by the crime involved under the Criminal Records Act . Pardon has been renamed as record suspension under Bill C - 10 , otherwise known as the omnibus crime bill or by its formal name Safe Streets and Communities Act , introduced by the Conservative government in 2011 . The change officially came into force on March 13 , 2012 . Chile ( edit ) In Chile , citizens can request their own criminal records at the Civil Registrations office or the Registro Civil . According to the Article 19 N ° 16 of the Constitution of Chile , an employer can not discriminate based on anything else but personal capabilities to perform at the job offered . One can eliminate one 's criminal records by a voluntary checkup , providing your signature two years for first offenses , or five years for more . A person must be complaint of the requisites provided by the law No. 409 . Croatia ( edit ) The Criminal Code of Croatia : The Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia `` Narodne novine '' entered into force on January 1 , 1998 . Under Article 86 , criminal record data may be given only to courts and State Attorney 's offices when a criminal case is brought against the person . Governmental bodies can access this data upon a reasonable request and must be related to specific tasks in public service to be entrusted to the person for whom such information is requested . The police can also gain access with the intention of discovering the perpetrator of a criminal act . Other members of the general public do not have the right to demand that citizens submit records concerning their convictions . A citizen retains the right to access data from their own criminal record , only under the condition that the purpose is to exercise his rights in another state . Certificates of criminal records are issued from the Department for Criminal Records . To be expunged of any conviction from one 's criminal record , Article 19 of the Law on Legal Consequences of Conviction , Rehabilitation and Criminal Records ( Official Gazette 143 / 12 ) needs to be referred to . Cyprus ( edit ) In Cyprus , criminal records are held by the Criminal Investigation Office of Cyprus Police which forms part of the Republic of Cyprus Minister of Justice and Public Order . A Clear Criminal Record Certificate or existing Criminal Record can be requested by individuals through application to the Criminal Investigation Office . Applications can be made in person at the Central Police Station in Nicosia . Criminal records in Cyprus are maintained for life . Cyprus introduced legislation in 2014 allowing for the creation of a sex offenders register . The legislation also provides for inclusion of a greater European Union sex offender registry . There are different procedures and protocols for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus . Czech Republic ( edit ) Criminal Records Yes , there is a criminal register for the Czech Republic . The Czech Republic took part in the Network of Judicial Registers pilot project , with 10 other countries , exchanging information on criminal records electronically . The criminal record system of the Czech Republic is a computerized system . Criminal record information is maintained at the Criminal Records Office in Prague -- which is state funded and can be found at the offices of the Ministry of Justice Is the data publicly accessible Individuals can request An Excerpt from the Penal Register for personal access only . Applications can be made from Czech Republic embassies , and also by prospective employers for people who have been a resident or citizen of the Czech Republic . Data on corporate criminal records are accessible by the general public . Length of time that individuals are on the criminal record system ' ' ' Criminal convictions remain on record for an indefinite period . Under certain conditions , the Court will expunge convictions after 15 years in an exceptional sentence , 10 years if there conviction of the sentence does not exceed 5 years , 5 years if the sentence of imprisonment does not exceed one year . Denmark ( edit ) The Danish criminal record certificate is titled `` Privat Straffeattest '' and is the responsibility of the National Police Authority ( the Rigspolitiet ) . The Danish Data Protection Agency governs the legislation in relation to criminal records and provides certain restrictions . Criminal convictions on the certificate include all violations of the Denmark Criminal Code . There are varying time frames for which convictions remain on an individual 's criminal record . For example , fines remain on the record for 2 years from the date of payment , unconditional convictions for 5 years from date of release from prison , and suspended sentences for 3 years from the conviction date . Any older convictions will be struck from the record . In order to obtain a criminal record check in Denmark an individual or third party ( with written consent ) can apply in person at a local police station or by way of email to the National Police Authority . Available languages for the certificate include English , German , Danish , French and Spanish where there are no convictions . When there are convictions , the only available language for the certificate is Danish . The certificate is issue free of charge and the turnaround ranges from immediate access to 2 days . Denmark does not allow the transfer of criminal records to foreign authorities or to the Europol database for storage . In Denmark , child sex abuse information is contained in two registers , the National Patient Register and the Criminal Register . The National Patient Register contains all hospital contacts including inpatient , outpatient and emergency department contacts . The Danish National Criminal Register of child sex abuse contains data relating to cases reported to the Danish police . Any sexual relationship with an individual below the age of 15 is prohibited by law as the Danish age of sexual consent is 15 . Cases involving child sexual abuse are classified into three different categories according to the type of the offence involved . These groups include incest , sexual offences ( physical or attempted physical sexual assault ) and indecent exposure . Estonia ( edit ) The database that holds data about the criminal records of Estonian individuals is known as The Punishment Register , available for access through the Internet . It is owned and maintained by the Estonian Centre of Registers and Information Systems . Those records that are valid are made completely public . Some misdemeanour cases with the main punishment being less than 200 Euros , and cases involving minors are not published by The Punishment Register . Since the beginning of 2012 , the data providing for the criminal records of Estonian citizens is available online . Any individual with a criminal record can access the electronic version of the database to receive this information for free . In order to view information pertaining to a non-related individual , then a fixed fee must be paid to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic . The individual 's name and identification in number is also required to view their criminal record . However , there still remain some restrictions on access to this register , including protecting access to information on the criminal records of minors . Registering of sex offenders Estonia do not have a public register for sex offenders , as the Punishment Register which is available for public viewing is viewed to be sufficient by The Minister of Justice . The Minister , Hanno Pevkur , was quoted as saying : Every person has the right to request data on others from the Punishment Register , which has a separate search option for accessing information concerning crimes committed against minors ... ( anyone ) can check the registry to see if ( a ) person 's history is clean or not . Since 2009 , the police in Estonia have the power to check up on sex offenders who have completed their punishment . European Union ( edit ) The European Criminal Records Information System ( ECRIS ) is a computerised system that allows EU countries to access and exchange information regarding EU citizens ' criminal convictions in an efficient way . It was implemented in April 2012 . The ECRIS was brought about in order to simplify the exchange of information relating to the criminal records of European citizens . Intended to counterbalance the relatively new ease with which individuals can move between States , it is a mechanism of ensuring that individuals are not able to escape their criminal records by merely travelling across a border . The underlying rationale is that technological advancements in transport services which have given individuals the ability to easily move between European States should not amount to an ability to expunge their own criminal records . This is particularly important given that most domestic courts in European countries place significant weight on offenders ' past convictions during criminal sentencing ( for example , under s 151 ( 1 ) of the Powers of Criminal Courts ( Sentencing ) Act 2000 ( UK ) ) . The EU State to which an offender is a citizen is the central repository of all criminal information relating to that offender . Accordingly , the ECRIS is not a general IT architecture that centralises all criminal information relating to all offenders . Rather , it acts as a platform that connects the central database of each State . Developments allowing non-EU countries to utilise and contribute to the ECRIS are under current consideration . Finland ( edit ) The name of the certificate of criminal record in Finland is titled : `` Extract from the Criminal Record and Security Clearances '' . In Finland there is a variety of legislation governing the use and access to criminal records , some of which include The Penal Code of Finland 1889 , The Criminal Records Act 1993 , Act on Background Checks 2002 , and the Personal Data Act 1999 chapter 6 . Finnish criminal record checks can come in different forms by way of different types of certificates . An Extract from the Criminal Record can be applied for only by individuals . Commonly issued for those whom have regular contact with children , it contains information that is relevant to the specific type of employment . Another type of certificate which is issued for visa , work or permit applications is the Criminal Record Extract for a Visa Application . The final type of certificate is the Security Clearance Check whereby companies within the UK who have a branch office in Finland can apply for security clearance checks on prospective employees . Three levels of check are provided ( limited , basic and extended ) . Individuals can not apply for this certificate and certain conditions must first be met by employers before applying to the Finnish Police , including obtaining the written consent from the individual before application . The categories of criminal conviction contained within the Extract from the Criminal Record includes those involving offences against children , sexual offences , violent offences and narcotics offences . Any other convictions not relating to these categories will not be included on the certificate . The Criminal Record Extract for a Visa Applications contains information pertaining to custodial or suspended sentences , community service , fines , juvenile punishments , and overseas decisions against Finnish citizens or permanent residents . The length of time convictions are kept on the record varies according to type of conviction . Convictions will be removed from a criminal record after 5 years ( suspended sentences , fines , and community service supplementary to a suspended sentence ) , 10 years ( custodial sentences less than 2 years , community service ) or 20 years ( custodial sentences between 2 -- 5 years ) . If no recent convictions have been added to an individual 's records , judgments will be removed upon death or when the individual reaches 90 years old . There are multiple avenues in which an individual can obtain a criminal record check in Finland including applying online , by fax , post or email . An individual can also apply in person to the Legal Register Centre ( Oikeusrekisterikeskus ) , which is the department responsible for the criminal record . The certificate , issued in English , French , German , Spanish and Swedish costs approximately € 12 - € 15 . The certificate can be expected to be received within approximately seven working days , taking into account postage time . As proscribed by Finnish legislation , extracts from criminal records can be transmitted to police authorities of the International Criminal Police Organisation ( ICPO ) , to police authorities , or to non-ICPO states on the grounds that it is to uphold public law , investigate and prevent criminal activity or to serve justice and social order . France ( edit ) Criminal records ( edit ) The criminal records of all French citizens are maintained through an electronic register manned by the Ministry of Justice . The register is a collection of all sanctions and convictions from all penal courts since 1966 and remains the source for all aspects of criminal record disclosure in the state . Generally speaking , the disclosure of a criminal record is only released to the individual who committed the offense and only when that individual has handed power of attorney to another or they are declared legally incompetent may another successfully apply to receive the disclosure . Perspective employers are not allowed access to disclosure at any time . Applications must be made through the Casier Judiciare National ( National Judicial Record , CJN ) and are free of charge . Applications can be submitted online , via email , in person or by post of fax but are limited to the CJN . Criminal record certificates can not be accessed through a French consulate or embassy at any time . The three types of criminal bulletin : Bulletin 1 -- legislatively restricted to issuance only to judicial authorities Bulletin 2 -- restricted to French administrative authorities and various private organisations through the sanctions of the penal code Bulletin 3 -- criminal record available only to the individual it concerns , available primarily in French but translation services can be accessed Crimes that can be disclosed through the certificate of criminal record : Drug offences ( possession , trafficking , attempt to sell ) Violence against another individual ( murder , attempted murder , assault ) Sexual offences ( sexual assault , sexual coercion , rape ) Burglary and robbery Theft ( including possession of stolen property , attempt to sell stolen goods ) Fraud ( including counts of forgery ) Criminal damage ( vandalism ) Motoring offences and infractions Removal of Offences from the Record Judgements against an individual are not published on a Bulletin 3 certificate once the rehabilitation period has passed ( depending on the severity of the conviction either three years for misdemeanours or five years for felony crimes , after the sentence was completed ) . The records of the convictions will remain on the system but will not show on the request of a record . In the case of minors and children , these are removed from the Bulletin 3 once the individual concerned has reached 18 years and / or three years from the date the crime was committed . Registering of sex offenders ( edit ) France has a sex offenders registry , but unlike systems such as the United States , does not allow the public to access information regarding the information of cases and individuals who have been convicted of sex crimes , nor does France require the community to be notified of the presence of a sex offender in their neighbourhood as is obligatory in some other countries . France in particular takes into account the need for rehabilitation as well as the need for public safety . Justice Minister Dominique Perben stated `` On the one hand , we must improve medical - psychiatric follow - up for these individuals and on the other hand , we must put in place a system that allows us to know where they are so we can help investigators do their jobs '' in response to the soaring number of convictions for sexual offences in 2002 . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , criminal records are written certificates where entries are created according to the legal provisions provided for in Articles 573 - 580 of the Greek Code of Criminal Procedure ( CCrP ) . An Independent Department of Criminal Records exists within the Ministry of Justice and operates as the central authority , able to supervise the criminal record system in Greece . According to provisions contained within Article 573.2 of the CCrP , records will be kept for all nationals , regardless of country of birth and even including foreigners . Each criminal record certificate has two components : the first regarding the individuation of the person and the second consisting of the content of the person 's prior criminal acts . Every certificate must contain : information concerning the person 's identity including the paternal surname and if they are married , and the final judgement / s passed down by a court . Specifically , Article 574.2 CCrP states that certificates must record : the complete listing of any irrevocable convictions issued by a court where a custodial penalty or a pecuniary sanction has been imposed ; the complete list of any decisions sentencing a minor to confinement in an institution or educational measures ; the complete list of convictions handed down by foreign courts , if the act committed constitutes a felony or misdemeanour according to Greek criminal law ; the complete list of any decisions acquitting the accused due to the incapacity of the individual to stand trial because of lack of culpability or for reasons of practical repentance , given that the offence was punishable by a minimum penalty of three months imprisonment ; and any judicial decision suspending a custodial penalty . These certificates of criminal records will no longer be in effect , according to Article 578 , under the following conditions : when the person dies or is at least 80 years old ; in cases in which a criminal offence was committed as a minor , when the minor is 17 years old ; when the convicting order suspends the sentence and the suspension is omitted from the certificate five years after the ending of the suspension ; if a minor has served a sentence in a correctional institution less than one year , the certificate will cease to be in effect after five years . If the sentence served exceeds one year , eight years after the completion of the sentence will the criminal act / s be struck from the record , unless a new conviction has been imposed in the meantime ; if the judgement imposed a financial punishment or a sentence of imprisonment up to one month for an offence committed with intention , or a sentence of imprisonment for up to two months for an act committed by negligence , the criminal record ceases ten years after the sentence has been served . In the aforementioned cases , the certificates are destroyed upon the validity of the reasons provided . The full and detailed records of a one 's criminal past can be available to a certain range of individuals and authorities , under the terms ' general use ' and ' judicial use ' . Under Article 575 , general use dictates criminal records will and can be supplied for prospective members of the Bar , future notaries and chartered accountants as they are a prerequisite for registration . Germany ( edit ) In Germany , a criminal record certificate ( Führungszeugnis ) is issued by the Federal Office of Justice ( Germany ) ( de ) ( Bundesamt für Justiz ) . Germany has a criminal record system holding all the information regarding past offences and sentences . The information is maintained by the Federal Central Criminal Register ( Bundeszentralregister ) , which is in turn subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Justice . The registry is updated daily and holds information on approximately 6.3 million individuals . Once a person turns 14 , they are able to request their own criminal record . One 's criminal record can be viewed by any member of the public at request , as long as they provide ID and purpose of the disclosure . The information in the criminal record certificate includes prior offences , court citations and convictions . According to the severity of the committed crime and , more importantly , the received sentence , most entries are deleted after 5 , 10 , 15 or 20 years , respectively . The only sentences exempt from this rule are life imprisonment , preventive detention and commitment in a mental hospital . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , criminal records are maintained by the Hong Kong Police Force . Unlike other countries listed on this article , Hong Kong authorities do not allow for access to criminal records by employers or school purposes . The Chief Executive of Hong Kong has the sole power to pardon offences committed in Hong Kong under section 12 of article 48 Basic Law of Hong Kong . `` The Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall exercise the following powers and functions ... To pardon persons convicted of criminal offences or commute their penalties '' . Spent records ( edit ) Criminal records are not purged regardless of time or seriousness of the case . However , under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 297 ) , a criminal record is considered ' spent ' if it was the first criminal offence , sentenced to less than 3 months in jail or fined less than $10,000 and a period of 3 years has elapsed since conviction and no new conviction is registered against the said person . Spent records are recorded as such with the exception to : Attempting to be licensed as a barrister , solicitor , accountant or insurance broker Applying to become a trustee or controller for Mandatory Provident Fund or a bank controller , executive or employee Disciplinary proceedings against any judicial officer , members of disciplined services , probation officer , employees of Hong Kong Monetary Authority , Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority , Office of the Commissioner of Insurance ( insurance officers ) and Securities and Futures Commission ( executive grade only ) Disciplinary proceedings against government officials who are paid on any Directorate or Directorate ( Judicial / Legal Group ) Pay Scale and those above point 27 on the Master Pay Scale All Hong Kong residents who plan to adopt children or travel / emigrate to another country can request for a Certificate of No Criminal Conviction - a document that is issued directly to the Consulate and / or government agencies and not to the requester . Spent records do appear on such certificates with annotations that such records are spent according to Hong Kong law . Hungary ( edit ) A criminal database exists in Hungary which is allowed for under the 85th Act of 1999 on the criminal database and the official certificate of criminal record . There are 5 different databases , the database of offenders , the database of those under coercive measures , database of those under criminal procedures , the database of fingerprint , palm prints and photographs and the database of DNA profiles . Therefore , there is not only information recorded for those who have had a criminal sanction place against them , covered by the database of offenders , but also for those that are in pre-trial detention ( database for those under coercive measures ) and those who are suspected and accused of a crime ( database for those under criminal procedures ) . The Central Office for Administrative and Electronic Public Services ( COAEPS ) of the Ministry of the Interior operates , managers and maintains the databases . Investigative authorities , public prosecutors offices and criminal courts all contribute to the databases . The amount of time a person 's information is held on these databases varies . For people imprisoned for an intentional offence , data will be removed 15 years after their release . If the offence was committed recklessly , then the data will be removed 5 years after release The data is not publicly accessible , but a person can obtain the data held about themselves upon request . Ireland ( edit ) The criminal record system for Ireland exists in the form an information database system which is held by the Garda Criminal Records Office as part of the Garda Síochána ( the national police force ) . The information and owned and maintained by the Gardaí as part of their main function in tackling crime and protecting civilians . The data held by the Gardaí is not openly available to the public . However , section 4 of the Data Protection Act allows individuals to make a formal request in writing to the Garda Criminal Records Office to access personal data held about them . In making this formal request , individuals must provide sufficient information to establish their identity and ensure that the Gardaí is both able to locate their file and make certain that the personal data is being given to the right person . Sufficient information would include : full name , correct date of birth , any other names used , current address and previous addresses in Ireland , a copy of your passport , driving licence or birth certificate and a fee of € 6.35 . Additionally , a third party may also be able to access your personal data on your behalf . However , this requires that the third party satisfy the Gardaí of their identity and that the individual provides written authorization to allow the third party to make this request . In Ireland , criminal convictions remain on the criminal record system for life if the offence was committed after the individual turned 18 , as there are currently no legislative provisions which provide for the expungement of criminal convictions . Ireland remains the only country in the EU and one of the only countries in the Council of Europe area to not have such legislation . However , under Section 258 of the Children Act 2001 , offences committed by those under eighteen years of age can be expunged from the record once certain conditions are met : where a person has been found guilty of an offence and : the offence was committed before they reached the age of eighteen years the offence is not one required to be tried by the Central Criminal Court ( such as murder or rape ) three years have elapsed since the conviction , and the person has not been dealt with for another offence in that three - year period then that person will be treated as a person who has not committed or been charged with or prosecuted for or found guilty of or dealt with for that offence . In other words , your conviction will become spent . Registering of sex offenders There is no official sex offender registry in Ireland . However , under the Sex Offenders Act 2001 which came into force in June 2001 , an unofficial registry exists and is held centrally by the Gardaí . The location of sex offenders in Ireland is provided by a certificate issued by the court , stating that the convicted person is subject to the requirements of the Sex Offenders Act 2001 and is now obliged to provide certain information including their name and address to the Gardaí . Therefore , this certificate system is commonly referred to as the Sex Offenders Register , as it allows the details of all sex offenders subject to the requirements of the Sex Offenders Act 2001 to be held centrally by the Gardaí . Italy ( edit ) Italy has a criminal record system held at the Criminal Records Bureau in Rome , governed by the department of Justice . It includes convicted criminals and those awaiting trials . Who can apply ? Anyone who is an Italian citizen or is a non-citizen but has resided in Italy for a significant period of time can apply to see the records at the criminal records bureau or at one of their offices located in Italy . They can also apply from the UK . What is included in the information in which they receive ? Penal Certificate -- details of all criminal offences , court hearings and outcomes Civil Certificate -- contains information regarding bankruptcy , mental competency , and information regarding expulsion from Italy . General Certificate - Similar to Penal Certificate but also includes any information regarding expulsion from Italy . Information that is included includes , full name , date of birth , place of birth , reason for request , type of request . Cost is 3.10 Euros . The certificates are only produced in Italian . Can someone get their record expunged ? Yes , Generally speaking , the record of an individual is expunged once the individual reaches 80 years of age or death . As the Italian system hold information regarding pending trails , once the guilty verdict is confirmed , it can take 3 -- 10 years for their record to be expunged . Latvia ( edit ) Information relating to the criminal records of Latvians is held at the Information Centre of the Ministry of the Interior . The aim of this Centre -- through the collection of information relating to crime -- is to facilitate and investigate the most effective ways in which crime can be prevented to ensure public safety . If a Latvian individual needs a certificate of their criminal history , they can electronically request this through www.latvija.lv . They may need this record of their criminal history to submit to employers , study overseas or enter into marriage . This record can only be obtained in person at the Ministry of Interior Information Centre or it can be received through registered mail . Therefore , information about an offender 's criminal history is not accessible to all members of the public . In accordance with Latvian law , most criminal records are terminated after several years . The amount of time for this to occur is dependent on the nature and scope of the legal sanction for that crime . These cancelled records are still held in Information Centre records , and are readily available if the individual involved authorises the disclosure of the entire record . Lithuania ( edit ) On 13 September 2004 , the National Register of Convictions of the Republic of Lithuania was established . The Departmental Register of Suspected , Accused and Convicted Persons is a central repository of criminal record data and related information in Lithuania . It is administered by the IT and Communications Department of the Lithuanian Ministry of the Interior which was appointed as the processing body in charge of ensuring the proper functioning and data management of the Register . The register maintains records provided by the courts , pre-trial investigation institutions , national and local prosecution services , the prison department and the police criminal investigations centre . The Department also collects and accumulates information received from foreign countries on the convictions of Lithuania in these countries . With the consent of the individual , the Ministry of the Interior provides individuals and third parties with two types of disclosure : a Personal Certificate , containing information about unspent convictions only ; and a Personal History Statement , comprising a full criminal record disclosure ( both spent and unspent convictions ) . In Lithuania , judgments will be removed from the Register immediately after the completion of the sentence , depending on the seriousness of the sentence . For high - risk recidivists ( 10 years from completion of sentence ) , very serious offences ( 8 years ) , serious offences ( 5 years ) , less serious offences ( 3 years ) , suspended sentences ( immediately on completion of sentence ) . In cases of minors , convictions incurring custodial sentences remain unspent for half the period of time stated above . Luxembourg ( edit ) The criminal record system in Luxembourg is maintained under the authority of the State Prosecutor General . It contains information about convictions from Luxembourg criminal courts and , under certain conditions , foreign courts . Criminal records have two parts , Bulletin no 1 which contains the complete statement of convictions of a person living or working in Luxembourg , and Bulletin no 2 which contains all convictions with the exception of suspended criminal sentences to prison for less than six months . For a person with a clear criminal record , access to it is free and they may access it by email or post . For those with convictions , a fee applies and should present personally to the City Criminal Court for their extract . Malta ( edit ) In Malta , criminal records are held by the Criminal Records Office which is maintained by the Malta Police . Individual criminal records can be obtained by requesting a Conduct Certificate from the Malta Police . Requests can be made in writing if outside the country or in person at the Malta Police Headquarters in Floriana . According to Conduct Certificate Ordinance , Chapter 77 of the Laws of Malta , a court order is required to issue a Conduct Certificate of someone other than the person which it refers to . Information contained in the Conduct certificate includes a declaration of whether the person is in good conduct or a declaration containing the convictions recorded against the person . In Malta there is provision under the Probation Act for conviction to be removed from the criminal record . Criminal records are kept for a maximum of 10 years . Malta has recently introduced a sex offenders register . The legislation which enacted the introduction of the register is the Protection of Minors Registration Act 2012 . Under the Act current and prospective employers can request information about employees contained in the register by application to the Attorney General . The application will then be heard in court . The Act states that it is a criminal offence to employ a registered person into an entity which deals with education , care , custody , welfare or upbringing of minors . Netherlands ( edit ) Technically spoken all Dutch people do have an empty criminal record . A criminal record ( Dutch : strafblad ) is stored at Justitiële Informatiedienst in Almelo . By sending an e-mail with required data , scan of your passport or ID card , and paying € 4.54 it is possible to have access to your own criminal record ( if you have one ) . Creating and destroying a criminal record A criminal record will be created after sentencing because of a violation or crime . The record will exist for 5 years in case of violations or 20 years for crimes . If the sentence is three years of imprisonment or longer , 30 years will be added at the time the criminal record will be stored . A traffic violation ( according to the Mulder law ) will not be stored in a criminal record , unless there will be a trial . Normally the traffic fine is given by a police officer , and the payment is generally done by banking . There wo n't be a trial , nor an addition in a criminal record . In case of sexual crimes ( article 240b - 250 ) the criminal record will be destroyed after 80 years . ( article 4 ) Consequences of a criminal record For certain professions , it is required to not have a criminal record , or have an empty one . These professions can be : lawyer , teacher , executor , professional translator , police officer , etc . A criminal record can also prevent you to get a visa and certain permits . Declaration about Behaviour Close to the opposite of a criminal record is a Declaration about Behaviour ( Dutch : Verklaring omtrent het Gedrag ) . This declaration will be given if the person : has no criminal record ; has data in the criminal record which is irrelevant for the person who requested it . Not in all cases , because for a police officer you may not have any data in the record . There is a criminal register for the Netherlands . The Netherlands took part in the Network of Judicial Registers pilot project , with 10 other countries , exchanging information on criminal records electronically . As of 2004 , the criminal record system of the Netherlands takes the form of a computerized system . This was brought about in order to reduce the manual labour associated with the previous system . The data is owned by the Judiciary Information Service Is the data publicly accessible Judicial Documentation Data can be requested firstly by the individual involved . Within four weeks , the individual can be told verbally of the information included in the Judicial Documentation . The law prohibits the provision of written information . If necessary for state security purposes , the information can be refused . - Judicial data can be given to : Court officials for use in court proceedings , staff members at the office of Public Prosecuter , the Board of Procurators General , individuals and agencies not involved with criminal procedure if they serve a public function and if it serves the public interest . - Conduct Certificate -- statement by the Minister of Justice , that there are no objections to the individual in question practicing a certain profession or occupying a certain position . Length of time that are individuals on the criminal record system Judicial data on criminal offences are kept for 30 years after the criminal sentence has become irrevocable . Extensions can occur for non suspended prison sentences , mental hospital orders and youth detention . Data involving Minor offences are stored until five years after the irrevocable settlement of the case -- extended to ten years if the individual was sentenced to prison or community service . 80 years after the birth of the individual , all data is removed . Registration of sex offenders A sex offenders register under the name of ViCLAS ( Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System ) allows for links to be made between national and international crimes and possible offenders . - data is not removed until 20 years after death of individual in question . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , criminal records are administered by the Ministry of Justice . Under the Criminal Records ( Clean Slate ) Act 2004 , records are automatically hidden from the public for less serious offences , if the individual has had no convictions for at least seven years and meets the other criteria of the act . An individual can request either their current ( Clean Slate ) or complete criminal record through the Ministry of Justice , or provide authorisation for a third party ( e.g. employer ) to view the current record . It is illegal , with some exceptions , for a third party to request a complete criminal record . Poland ( edit ) The Polish Ministry for Justice administers the National Criminal Register ( KRK ) , and it is regulated by the Act on the National Criminal Register 2000 and the Act on the Protection of Personal Data 1997 ( The Act ) . The Act states that personal data is protected and can only be used for the public interest . Article 7 ( 1 ) further states that data is only accessible to persons who fit certain criteria . Data can only be transferred to other entities , such as other law enforcement agencies , if their data protection meets the same standards , and if it is necessary for the public interest , or for the establishment of a legal claim ( Article 47 ( 4 ) ) . The crimes included on the National Criminal Register cover the following categories : Sexual offences Burglary Robbery Theft Fraud / forgery Criminal damage Drug offences , and ; Driving offences . As per the Act on the National Criminal Register 2000 , the length of time an outcome remains on the National Criminal Register is as follows : Non-custodial sentences : 1 year from the date of decision Fines : 3 years from the date of decision Custodial sentences of up to 3 years : 5 years from the date of release ( at the Court 's discretion ) Custodial sentences of more than 1 month : 10 years from the date of release The exception to this is where an individual is convicted of a sexual offence against a minor under the age of 15 years ; in these circumstances , the conviction remains on the National Criminal Register permanently . The National Criminal Register also includes information on collective entities ( or publicly registered organisations ) . At present , Poland does not possess a separate database containing information on sex offenders ( such as the Australian National Child Offender Register , or ANCOR ) . A person can obtain a copy of their criminal history from the National Criminal Register , by contacting the central information office of the KRK in Warsaw , or information points of the KRK located within Polish common courts . In order to receive a copy of your criminal record , you must complete a form , stating the reasons for your request , and pay a fee ( in July 2014 : 50PLN for a person , or 100PLN for a collective entity ) . An employer may also apply directly for disclosure in relation to a prospective employee if this is permitted under Polish laws or regulations ( for example , in relation to employment in the security industry or employment involving contact with children ) . The written consent of the individual is not required . The National Criminal Register Information Office provides individuals and employers with disclosure in one of two formats : as an Inquiry about an Individual ( `` Zapytanie o udzielenie informacji o osobie '' ) in the event that no disclosable convictions are found ; or a National Criminal Register 's Information about an Individual ( `` Informacja o osobie z Krajowego Rejestru Karnego '' ) in the event that disclosable information exists . Poland also participated in the pilot project for ' Network of Judicial Registers ' , along with ten other EU member states , for the electronic exchange of criminal records among member states . Portugal ( edit ) Portugal 's criminal record system is an electronic database manned and maintained by Portugal 's Direcção Geral da Administração da Justiça ( General Direction for the Administration of Justice , DGAJ ) . The system contains the records of Portuguese citizens that reside in Portugal , Portuguese nationals that live abroad and any foreign citizens that reside within Portugal . Disclosure of an individual 's criminal record is allowed at the request of the individual ; themselves , or a third party with written consent of the individual . For example , an employer may request to see their possible employee 's criminal record with their consent . However , the application must be made in person . The certificate regarding criminal records in Portugal is called a `` certificado do registo criminal '' ( certificate of criminal registration ) which conveys whether an individual has a criminal record . An extension of this is a more detailed certificate regarding an individual 's criminal activities which provides evidence for an individual to be employed in a job where they have access to large sums of cash , need high security clearance or supervise children . This particular certificate is granted in a similar way to Australia 's Working With Children Check , which supplies an employer with information regarding any previous criminal activity and ensures that convicted criminals are not employed in the same areas where they may have previously committed crimes . Applications for the certificates can be made through several channels , there is a central repository for criminal records located in Lisbon , alongside a vast selection of regional courts and their administration services throughout Portugal that can provide individuals with certificates and for Portuguese nationals residing overseas , applications can be made through embassies and consulates . However , none of the channels through which the certificates are available provide translation services , and therefore the certificate produced is always written in Portuguese , even when produced by an embassy in a non-Portuguese - speaking state . The types of criminal convictions that can be exposed through the publishing of the certificate are very similar to that of the United Kingdom and are presented below : Drug offences ( possession , trafficking , attempt to sell ) Violence against another individual ( murder , attempted murder , assault ) Sexual offences ( sexual assault , sexual coercion , rape ) Burglary and robbery Theft ( including possession of stolen property , attempt to sell stolen goods ) Fraud ( including counts of forgery ) Criminal damage ( vandalism ) Portuguese legislation allows for all criminal convictions to be removed from an individual 's record once the rehabilitation period has passed . It is determined as follows : Custodial sentences of up to 5 years -- 5 years from the date of release Custodial sentences of between 5 and 8 years -- 7 years from the date of release Custodial sentences of over 8 years -- 10 years from the date of release Reprimands and warnings -- 5 years from the date of decision Essentially this legislation allows individuals to move on from their convictions and ensure that they are not socially and economically disadvantaged for the rest of their lives after serving their crimes . However , the governing legislation is only available in Portuguese . A very contentious aspect of this legislation is that those that commit heinous , sexually based crimes have their records expunged on the same time frame as all other individuals convicted . This legislation issue was brought into the spotlight during the 2007 media coverage of the Madeleine McCann case . Romania ( edit ) Law No 290 governs the disclosure of criminal records in Romania . The criminal records of all Romanian citizens are kept in a Central Criminal Records database by the General Inspectorate of the Romanian Police . Police stations gather and keep the records of conviction status of individuals born in Romania , and it is their responsibility to keep these records up - to - date . This type of criminal record disclosure is named the Criminal Records Certificate . These Certificates contain personal information including full name , unique identification number , date and place of birth , most recent address , name of parents , and the details of the committed offence , rehabilitation and extradition information . To obtain access to a criminal record , an individual must apply directly to the local county police station in person . If the application is approved , results are issued in the form of a Criminal Records Certificate by the Central Inspectorate of the Romanian Police . Only the individual person is allowed to apply for their own record , however a third - party individual may submit an application only if they have been authorised power of attorney . Judgements are able to be removed from an individual 's criminal record if the legislation decriminalising the act for which the person has been sentenced is passed , in the event of amnesty or court rehabilitation , and for imprisonment of up to 3 years after 20 years from the date of the final decision . Slovakia ( edit ) There is a centralised criminal record system , there is only one centralised database where the final criminal conviction issued by a Slovak criminal court is registered . This database is in electronic form and is maintained a unit within the General Prosecutors office of the Slovak Republic . The relevant legislation for this is governed by the Act on Criminal Records . As of 2008 there was a proposed bill that these criminal records could only be accessed by request to the General Prosecutors office when the person in question was up for a position which required a clean criminal record . Certain criminal records are not accessible at any time for instance the criminal record / record details of the President of the Republic of Slovakia are not available to anyone during his / her time in office . The criminal records and persona details of everyone held by the General Prosecutors office are lifelong , and continue to be updated throughout their life , every time they move address / change name etc . Slovenia ( edit ) Criminal record information in Slovenia is looked after by the Department for Criminal Records and Educational Measures ( DCREM ) , this is based at the Ministry of Justice . Among other things the DCREM maintains a database which holds information on convicted criminals . Although this database is not public , applications for a criminal records disclosure can be made to the DCREM , anyone who has lived in Slovenia for a significant amount of time may apply for the disclosure of a particular criminal record . Although perspective employers can not request a copy directly from the DCREM , they must request this from the perspective employee . The time in which a conviction remains on a person 's criminal record depends on the type of conviction received , i.e. The longer the prison sentence served the longer the conviction remains on the record , up to 15 years . If a conviction is 15 years imprisonment this shall never be removed from the criminal record . However , if the conviction is removed , then all rights are given back to the person in question , as if the conviction had never been received at all . Spain ( edit ) The criminal record system for Spain exists in the form of the `` Central Criminal Records Registry '' ( Registro Central de Penados ) . It contains convictions for all crimes and also for misdemeanors . The Central Criminal Records Registry is not publicly accessible and therefore very few public agencies and no private agencies have access to it . This has been confirmed by the New Penal Code ( 1995 ) Art. 136.4 . Therefore , the Central Criminal Records Registry is only accessible to judges , public prosecutors and the judicial police for investigative purposes . Other cases where direct access can be granted include : Guardia Civil for gun permits and border control police . Besides judges , prosecutors and some police agencies , only the recorded subject may request a copy of their personal Conviction Record . In Spain , conviction records are not ' expunged ' as they are not erased completely but rather are ' cancelled ' in a process known as ' cancelling a conviction record ' . Therefore , judges will still be aware of the records but they disregarded as an aggravating factor when sentencing . Once conviction records are cancelled , the individual will possess a clean criminal record . Therefore , the record of their convictions will be sealed in the Central Criminal Records Registry and is likely made unavailable to the police . To cancel a conviction record the following requirements under Penal Code 47 ( art. 136.2 ) must be met : 1 ) A period of time after having served the sentence must have elapsed ( 6 months , 2 years , 3 years or 5 years depending on the sentence ) ; 2 ) no further crime has been committed in the interim ; 3 ) civil compensation has been paid or the person has been declared without money . To cancel a criminal record , the individual either makes a formal request to the Ministry of Justice or the Central Criminal Records Registry cancels the record itself . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , the police has a record of convictions ( `` Belastningsregistret '' ) . It does not contain arrests , and its information is not available for general public , even regarding serious crimes . Individuals can ask for a copy of their own record once per year , or against a fee anytime . For employment involving children or for security guards etc. , a check will be made against the criminal record . Regular employers more and more often require applicants to get a record copy themselves and give the employer . The number of requests for own copies increased from 40,000 to 199,000 between 2003 and 2012 . Sweden is one of the countries with the largest databases of criminal records , containing some of the oldest population statistics in the world . In the past , individuals were prohibited from retrieving information about themselves to prevent being forced by employers or landlords to hand over the information . Yet there have been two notable changes in Swedish regulation of criminal records . In 1989 , access was given to employers with the implementation of the ' subject access ' paragraph in Swedish criminal records legislation . In 2001 , it became mandatory for employers to check criminal records of teachers and childcare workers before they were hired , given the seriousness of sex offences against children . Individuals ' criminal history records are today more available to the public than ever before . The Swedish Criminal Records Registry is administered by the Swedish National Police Board which regulates access to criminal records and the use of criminal background checks by employers . The registry contains information on those who have been sentenced in criminal courts or summarily imposed a fine , who have had a restraining order issued against them , or in whose cases prosecution had been abstained from . Generally , the information is kept for five years if the offence was punishable by fine , and ten years if it called for other sentences and sanctions . For those aged under 18 at the time the crime was committed , information is kept for only three or five years depending on the type of punishment . In January 2014 , Swedish criminal records became available online with the launch of a new website Lexbase . People were able to search criminal records of their friends , colleagues and neighbours , showing the location of convicted criminals in the past 5 years in their neighbourhood by plotting red dots on the map . The user is able to then pay a fee to get more information about the crime committed . Lexbase has become the subject of intense criticism from Swedish media , government and the general public , given its alleged infringement on the right to privacy and increased social alienation of offenders . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , checks on a person 's criminal record are undertaken by the Disclosure and Barring Service ( in England and Wales ) , Disclosure Scotland ( Scotland and basic Disclosure for all the UK ) and Access Northern Ireland , all of which have partial access to the Police National Computer ( PNC ) which holds the definitive record . The ACPO criminal records office was founded in 2006 , and it has the role of managing criminal record information and improving links between criminal records and biometric information . These records are not publicly accessible and can not be viewed without the subject 's consent , although in some cases an employer might make such consent a condition of employment , especially if the employee is to work with children or other vulnerable people . The child sex offenders disclosure scheme allows parents and guardians to ask the police if someone with access to a child has a record for child sexual offences . Information supplied depends on the level of disclosure required . Low - level disclosures only reveal unspent convictions ( convictions which have not yet been expunged under the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 ) , while enhanced disclosures normally include all convictions , cautions , reprimands and final warnings . An enhanced criminal record certificate may contain relevant information that need not relate solely to criminal matters . Arrests that do not lead to an official finding of guilt , i.e. a conviction or the acceptance of a caution , are not considered part of a person 's criminal record and are not typically disclosed as part of the process . However , an enhanced disclosure may include such additional information , which is supplied at the Chief Police Officer 's discretion . Enhanced disclosures are typically used to screen applicants for positions such as police officer , social worker , teacher which involve contact with vulnerable groups and children . Individuals and the self - employed can not apply for a DBS check of their own criminal record , as they can not ask an exempted question ( a valid request for a person to reveal their full criminal history , including spent convictions ) of themselves . Only organisations registered with the DBS can ask an exempted question and submit applications for criminal records checks . There are two types of registered organisation : a registered body , which is the employer ; and an umbrella body , a registered body that processes criminal record checks for non-registered organisations who can ask the exempted question . United states ( edit ) Main article : Criminal records in the United States In the United States , criminal records are compiled and updated on local , state , and federal levels by various law enforcement agencies . Their primary goal is to present a comprehensive criminal history . They may be used for many purposes , mostly for background checks including identification , employment , security clearance , adoption , immigration / international travel / visa , licensing , assistance in developing suspects in an ongoing criminal investigation , and for enhanced sentencing in criminal prosecutions . In the United States , these compilations are unlikely to be admissible in court as proof of arrest or conviction . Criminal histories are maintained by law enforcement agencies in all levels of government . Local police departments , sheriffs ' offices , and speciality police agencies may maintain their own internal databases . On the state level , state police , troopers , highway patrol , correctional agencies , and other law enforcement agencies also maintain separate databases . Law enforcement agencies often share this information with other similar enforcement agencies and this information is usually made available to the public . Some states have official `` statewide repositories '' that contain criminal history information contributed by the various county and municipal courts within the state . These state repositories are usually accurate so long as the state requires and supervises the uploading of data from the local courts . Some states make reporting to the repository voluntary . The information obtained from these repositories can be incomplete and the use of this information has associated risks . The federal government maintains extensive criminal histories and acts as a central repository for all agencies to report their own data . The NCIC ( National Crime Information Center ) is one such database . Generally , with a very few exceptions , the records compiled by the federal government are not made available to the private sector . Some private re-sellers claim to offer an NCIC record search . In most cases , these claims are fraudulent . Though NCIC records may not be available to private sector companies , they still may hold very accurate criminal records bought from other reporting agencies . 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Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 77 : CONDUCT CERTIFICATES ORDINANCE '' ( PDF ) . Justiceservices.govt.mt . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` MJCL - Laws of Malta '' . Justiceservices.gov.mt. 2016 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disclosure of Criminal Records in Overseas Jurisdictions '' ( PDF ) . Cpni.gov.uk . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 518 : PROTECTION OF MINORS ( REGISTRATION ) ACT '' ( PDF ) . Justiceservices.gov.mt . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` wetten.nl - Wet - en regelgeving - Wet justitiële en strafvorderlijke gegevens - BWBR0014194 '' ( in Dutch ) . Wetten.overheid.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Startpagina Justitiële Informatiedienst Justitiële Informatiedienst '' . Justid.nl . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ Justitiële Informatiedienst '' . Justid.nl. 2004 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judicial Rehabilitation in the Netherlands : Balancing between safety and privacy '' ( PDF ) . Ejprob.ro . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Hague - Certificate of Good Conduct ( VOG ) '' . Denhaag.nl. 2016 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal record checks in the Netherlands The Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in London , United Kingdom '' . Unitedkingdom.nlembassy.org. 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal records '' . Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACT of August 29 , 1997 on the Protection of Personal Data ( original text - Journal of Laws of October 29 , 1997 , No. 133 , item 883 ) '' ( DOC ) . Giodo.gov.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` National Criminal Register ( KRK ) / National registers / Ministry Of Justice '' . Ms.gov.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Working With Children Check , Victoria '' . Workingwithchildren.vic.gov.au. 2016 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Comparative Criminology Europe - Slovenia '' . Rohan.sdsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Xanthaki , H 2008 , Towards a european criminal record , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , UK . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia Criminal records , Civil Court Records , Search & Lookup '' . 27 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Record Certificate - Personal formalities and procedures - Ministry of Justice '' . Mjusticia.gob.es . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Elena Larrauri , ' Conviction Records In Spain : Obstacles To Reintegration Of Offenders ? ' , European Journal of Probation , University of Bucharest , Vol 3 , No. 1 , 2011 , pp. 50 - 62 Jump up ^ Elena Larrauri , ' Conviction Records In Spain : Obstacles To Reintegration Of Offenders ? ' , European Journal of Probation , University of Bucharest , Vol 3 , No. 1 , 2011 , pp. 50 - 62 ^ Jump up to : Backman , C 2012 ' Criminal Records in Sweden : Regulation of Access to Criminal Records and the Use of Criminal Background Checks by Employers ' Jump up ^ `` Police Record Extracts '' . polisen.se. 2010 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` InformationWeek News Connects The Business Technology Community '' . Ubmfuturecities.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Demand for law change after Lexbase launch - Radio Sweden Sveriges Radio '' . Sverigesradio.se. 2014 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ACRO Criminal Records Office '' . Acro.police.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 to 2015 government policy : crime prevention '' . GOV.UK. 2015 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws : CHAPTER 6 , Section 172 '' . Mass.gov. 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Traveling with a criminal history . Australia ( edit ) crimtrac.gov.au Canada ( edit ) Understanding Criminal Records Hong Kong ( edit ) Rehabilitation of Offenders Ordinance United Kingdom ( edit ) Criminal Records Bureau Disclosure Scotland Criminal Record Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_record&oldid=810678309 '' Categories : Criminal records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 19 : 33 . About Wikipedia

1. Criminal record 2. Police record 3. Convictions 4. Background checks 5. Pardon

what is the function of the cell sap vacuole

Vacuole - wikipedia Vacuole Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with vesicle ( biology and chemistry ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Cell biology <Td_colspan="2"> The animal cell <Td_colspan="2"> Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane Plant cell structure Animal cell structure A vacuole ( / ˈvækjuːoʊl / ) is a membrane - bound organelle which is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist , animal and bacterial cells . Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution , though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed . Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these . The organelle has no basic shape or size ; its structure varies according to the needs of the cell . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Discovery 3 Bacteria 4 Plants 5 Fungi 6 Animals 7 References Overview The function and significance of vacuoles varies greatly according to the type of cell in which they are present , having much greater prominence in the cells of plants , fungi and certain protists than those of animals and bacteria . In general , the functions of the vacuole include : Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell Containing waste products Containing water in plant cells Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell Maintaining an acidic internal pH Containing small molecules Exporting unwanted substances from the cell Allows plants to support structures such as leaves and flowers due to the pressure of the central vacuole By increasing in size , allows the germinating plant or its organs ( such as leaves ) to grow very quickly and using up mostly just water . In seeds , stored proteins needed for germination are kept in ' protein bodies ' , which are modified vacuoles . Vacuoles also play a major role in autophagy , maintaining a balance between biogenesis ( production ) and degradation ( or turnover ) , of many substances and cell structures in certain organisms . They also aid in the lysis and recycling of misfolded proteins that have begun to build up within the cell . Thomas Boller and others proposed that the vacuole participates in the destruction of invading bacteria and Robert B. Mellor proposed organ - specific forms have a role in ' housing ' symbiotic bacteria . In protists , vacuoles have the additional function of storing food which has been absorbed by the organism and assisting in the digestive and waste management process for the cell . The vacuole probably evolved several times independently , even within the Viridiplantae . Discovery Contractile vacuoles ( `` stars '' ) were first observed by Spallanzani ( 1776 ) in protozoa , although mistaken for respiratory organs . Dujardin ( 1841 ) named these `` stars '' as vacuoles . In 1842 , Schleiden applied the term for plant cells , to distinguish the structure with cell sap from the rest of the protoplasm . In 1885 , de Vries named the vacuoule membrane as tonoplast . Bacteria Large vacuoles are found in three genera of filamentous sulfur bacteria , the Thioploca , Beggiatoa and Thiomargarita . The cytosol is extremely reduced in these genera and the vacuole can occupy between 40 -- 98 % of the cell . The vacuole contains high concentrations of nitrate ions and is therefore thought to be a storage organelle . Gas vacuoles , which are freely permeable to gas , are present in some species of Cyanobacteria . They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy . Plants The anthocyanin - storing vacuoles of Rhoeo spathacea , a spiderwort , in cells that have plasmolyzed Most mature plant cells have one large vacuole that typically occupies more than 30 % of the cell 's volume , and that can occupy as much as 80 % of the volume for certain cell types and conditions . Strands of cytoplasm often run through the vacuole . A vacuole is surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast ( word origin : Gk tón ( os ) + - o - , meaning `` stretching '' , `` tension '' , `` tone '' + comb . form repr . Gk plastós formed , molded ) and filled with cell sap . Also called the vacuolar membrane , the tonoplast is the cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole , separating the vacuolar contents from the cell 's cytoplasm . As a membrane , it is mainly involved in regulating the movements of ions around the cell , and isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell . Transport of protons from the cytosol to the vacuole stabilizes cytoplasmic pH , while making the vacuolar interior more acidic creating a proton motive force which the cell can use to transport nutrients into or out of the vacuole . The low pH of the vacuole also allows degradative enzymes to act . Although single large vacuoles are most common , the size and number of vacuoles may vary in different tissues and stages of development . For example , developing cells in the meristems contain small provacuoles and cells of the vascular cambium have many small vacuoles in the winter and one large one in the summer . Aside from storage , the main role of the central vacuole is to maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall . Proteins found in the tonoplast ( aquaporins ) control the flow of water into and out of the vacuole through active transport , pumping potassium ( K ) ions into and out of the vacuolar interior . Due to osmosis , water will diffuse into the vacuole , placing pressure on the cell wall . If water loss leads to a significant decline in turgor pressure , the cell will plasmolyze . Turgor pressure exerted by vacuoles is also required for cellular elongation : as the cell wall is partially degraded by the action of expansins , the less rigid wall is expanded by the pressure coming from within the vacuole . Turgor pressure exerted by the vacuole is also essential in supporting plants in an upright position . Another function of a central vacuole is that it pushes all contents of the cell 's cytoplasm against the cellular membrane , and thus keeps the chloroplasts closer to light . Most plants store chemicals in the vacuole that react with chemicals in the cytosol . If the cell is broken , for example by a herbivore , then the two chemicals can react forming toxic chemicals . In garlic , alliin and the enzyme alliinase are normally separated but form allicin if the vacuole is broken . A similar reaction is responsible for the production of syn - propanethial - S - oxide when onions are cut . Fungi Vacuoles in fungal cells perform similar functions to those in plants and there can be more than one vacuole per cell . In yeast cells the vacuole is a dynamic structure that can rapidly modify its morphology . They are involved in many processes including the homeostasis of cell pH and the concentration of ions , osmoregulation , storing amino acids and polyphosphate and degradative processes . Toxic ions , such as strontium ( Sr ) , cobalt ( II ) ( Co ) , and lead ( II ) ( Pb ) are transported into the vacuole to isolate them from the rest of the cell . Animals In animal cells , vacuoles perform mostly subordinate roles , assisting in larger processes of exocytosis and endocytosis . Animal vacuoles are smaller than their plant counterparts but also usually greater in number . There are also animal cells that do not have any vacuoles . Exocytosis is the extrusion process of proteins and lipids from the cell . These materials are absorbed into secretory granules within the Golgi apparatus before being transported to the cell membrane and secreted into the extracellular environment . In this capacity , vacuoles are simply storage vesicles which allow for the containment , transport and disposal of selected proteins and lipids to the extracellular environment of the cell . Endocytosis is the reverse of exocytosis and can occur in a variety of forms . Phagocytosis ( `` cell eating '' ) is the process by which bacteria , dead tissue , or other bits of material visible under the microscope are engulfed by cells . The material makes contact with the cell membrane , which then invaginates . The invagination is pinched off , leaving the engulfed material in the membrane - enclosed vacuole and the cell membrane intact . Pinocytosis ( `` cell drinking '' ) is essentially the same process , the difference being that the substances ingested are in solution and not visible under the microscope . Phagocytosis and pinocytosis are both undertaken in association with lysosomes which complete the breakdown of the material which has been engulfed . Salmonella is able to survive and reproduce in the vacuoles of several mammal species after being engulfed . References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vacuole . Jump up ^ Venes , Donald ( 2001 ) . Taber 's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary ( Twentieth Edition ) , ( F.A. Davis Company , Philadelphia ) , p. 2287 ISBN 0 - 9762548 - 3 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Heide N. Schulz - Vogt ( 2006 ) . Vacuoles . Microbiology Monographs. 1 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 33774 - 1_10 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 26205 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Robert J , et al. ( 2007 ) . Biology ( First Edition ) , ( McGraw - Hill , New York ) , p. 79 ISBN 0 - 07 - 326807 - 0 . Jump up ^ http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/1/151.full.pdf Jump up ^ Matile , Phillipe ( 1993 ) Chapter 18 : Vacuoles , discovery of lysosomal origin in Discoveries in Plant Biology : v. 1 ( World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd ) Jump up ^ Thomas Boller . Plantbiology.unibas.ch . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ For example the food vacuole in Plasmodium . Jump up ^ Jezbera Jan ; Karel Hornak ; Karel Simek ( 2005 ) . `` Food selection by bacterivorous protists : insight from the analysis of the food vacuole by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization '' . FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 52 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 363 . doi : 10.1016 / j. femsec. 2004.12. 001 . PMID 16329920 . ^ Jump up to : Becker B ( 2007 ) . `` Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants ( Viridiplantae ) '' ( PDF ) . International Review of Cytology . International Review of Cytology. 264 : 1 -- 24 . doi : 10.1016 / S0074 - 7696 ( 07 ) 64001 - 7 . ISBN 9780123742636 . PMID 17964920 . Jump up ^ Spallanzani , L. ( 1776 ) . 1920 . Observations et expériences faites sur les Animalicules des Infusions . L ' École Polytechnique , Paris Jump up ^ Dujardin , F. 1841 . Histoire naturelle des zoophytes : Infusoires . Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret , Paris . Jump up ^ Schleiden , M.J. 1842 . Grundzüge der wissenschaftlichen Botanik . W. Engelmann , Leipzig Jump up ^ Wayne , R. 2009 . Plant Cell Biology : From Astronomy to Zoology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press , p. 101 . Jump up ^ de Vries , H. 1885 . Plasmolytische Studien über die Wand der Vakuolen . Jahrb . wiss . Bot. 16 , 465 -- 598 Jump up ^ Kalanetra KM , Huston SL , Nelson DC ( December 2004 ) . `` Novel , attached , sulfur - oxidizing bacteria at shallow hydrothermal vents possess vacuoles not involved in respiratory nitrate accumulation '' . Appl . Environ . Microbiol. 70 ( 12 ) : 7487 -- 96 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 70.12. 7487 - 7496.2004 . PMC 535177 . PMID 15574952 . Jump up ^ Walsby AE ( 1969 ) . `` The Permeability of Blue - Green Algal Gas - Vacuole Membranes to Gas '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 173 ( 1031 ) : 235 -- 255 . Bibcode : 1969RSPSB. 173 ... 235W . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1969.0049 . ISSN 0080 - 4649 . OCLC 479422015 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce , Johnson , Alexander , Lewis , Julian , Raff , Martin , Roberts , Keith , and Walter , Peter ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Fifth Edition ) , ( Garland Science , New York ) , p. 781 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Jump up ^ Li , WING - YEN ; FUK - LING WONG ; SAU - NA TSAI ; TSUI - HUNG PHANG ; GUIHUA SHAO ; HON - MING LAM ( June 2006 ) . `` Tonoplast - located GmCLC1 and GmNHX1 from soybean enhance NaCl tolerance in transgenic bright yellow ( BY ) - 2 cells '' . Plant , Cell and Environment. 29 ( 6 ) : 1122 -- 1137 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3040.2005. 01487. x . PMID 17080938 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger Plant Physiology 3rd Edition SINAUER 2002 p. 13 and 14 ISBN 0 - 87893 - 856 - 7 Jump up ^ DJ Klionsky ; PK Herman & SD Emr ( 1990 ) . `` The fungal vacuole : composition , function , and biogenesis '' . Microbiol. Rev. 54 ( 3 ) : 266 -- 292 . PMC 372777 . PMID 2215422 . Jump up ^ Plant cells vs. Animal cells . Biology-Online.org Jump up ^ William F. Ganong , MD ( 2003 ) . Review of medical physiology ( 21st ed . ) . Jump up ^ Reggiori F ( 2006 ) . `` Membrane Origin for Autophagy '' . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . Current Topics in Developmental Biology . 74 : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / S0070 - 2153 ( 06 ) 74001 - 7 . ISBN 9780121531744 . PMID 16860663 . Jump up ^ Leigh A. Knodler ; Olivia Steele - Mortimer ( 2003 ) . `` Taking Possession : Biogenesis of the Salmonella - Containing Vacuole '' . Traffic . 4 ( 9 ) : 587 -- 599 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0854.2003. 00118. x . PMID 12911813 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuole&oldid=837742155 '' Categories : Vesicles Plant anatomy Cell anatomy Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 19 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Vacuole structure and function 2. Importance of vacuoles in plant and fungal cells 3. Role of vacuoles in maintaining cell homeostasis 4. Vacuoles in animal cells and their functions 5. Discovery and evolution of vacuoles in different organisms

how much money did the ice bucket challenge raise for als

Ice Bucket Challenge - Wikipedia Ice Bucket Challenge A person performing the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge The Ice Bucket Challenge , sometimes called the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge , is an activity involving the dumping of a bucket of ice and water over a person 's head , either by another person or self - administered , to promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , also known as motor neurone disease and in the US as Lou Gehrig 's disease ) and encourage donations to research . It went viral on social media during July -- August 2014 . In the US , many people participated for the ALS Association , and in the UK , many people participated for the Motor Neurone Disease Association , although some individuals opted to donate their money from the Ice Bucket Challenge to other organizations . The challenge encourages nominated participants to be filmed having a bucket of ice water poured on their heads and then nominating others to do the same . A common stipulation is that nominated participants have 24 hours to comply or forfeit by way of a charitable financial donation . On August 1 , 2015 , a group of ALS organizations in the United States , including the ALS Association , Les Turner ALS Foundation , and ALS Therapy Development Institute , re-introduced the Ice Bucket Challenge for 2015 to raise further funds with the intention of establishing it as an annual occurrence . Accordingly , people performed the challenge again in the summers of 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Shifting focus to ALS 1.3 The Challenge 's success 1.4 Revivals 1.4. 1 2015 1.4. 2 2016 1.4. 3 2017 1.4. 4 2018 2 Rules 3 Impact 3.1 Awareness 3.2 Donations 3.3 Research 3.4 Influences 4 Criticism 4.1 Importance of the cause 4.2 Use of donated funds 4.3 Focus on the stunt rather than donations 4.4 Health risks 4.5 `` Michael 's Story '' poster 4.6 Waste of water 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Play media Atlanta Falcons players , coaches , and staff take the Ice Bucket Challenge The origins of the idea of dumping cold water on one 's head to raise money for charity are unclear and have been attributed to multiple sources . The most commonly accepted origin credits Pete Frates , a Boston College alumnus who was diagnosed with ALS in March 2012 . Pat Quinn , a friend of Frates who was diagnosed with ALS in 2013 , is also credited with creating the challenge . Another friend of Frates , Corey Griffin , has been credited as a `` co-founder '' of the challenge . From mid-2013 to early 2014 , a challenge of unknown origin often called the `` Cold Water Challenge '' became popular on social media in areas of the Northern United States . The task usually involved the option of either donating money to cancer research or having to jump into cold water . According to the Wall Street Journal , the Ice Bucket Challenge was begun by professional golfers as means to support various pet charities . One version of the challenge , which took place in Salem , Indiana , as early as May 15 , 2014 , involved dousing participants with cold water and then donating to a charity , for example a local child diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor . In another version , the Auckland Division of the Cancer Society of New Zealand was the beneficiary . As with similar challenges , it was usually filmed so footage can be shared online . The National Fallen Firefighters Foundation popularized the `` Cold Water Challenge '' in early 2014 to raise funds as an unsanctioned spin - off of the polar plunge most widely used by Special Olympics as a fundraiser . On May 20 , 2014 , the Washington Township , New Jersey , fire department posted a video on YouTube participating in the `` Cold Water Challenge '' with fire hoses . Participating members of the department were subsequently punished for using fire department equipment without permission . Shifting focus to ALS ( edit ) The challenge first received increased media attention in the United States on June 30 , 2014 , when personalities of the Golf Channel program Morning Drive televised the social - media phenomenon , and performed a live , on - air Ice Bucket Challenge . Soon after , the challenge was brought to mainstream audiences when television anchor Matt Lauer did the Ice Bucket Challenge on July 15 , 2014 , on NBC 's The Today Show at Greg Norman 's challenge . On the same day , golfer Chris Kennedy did the challenge , then challenged his cousin Jeanette Senerchia of Pelham , New York , whose husband , Anthony , had ALS for 11 years . Kennedy 's challenge was the first documented instance of the challenge being connected with ALS . At this time , the challenge was not connected directly with ALS . Participants would donate to a charity of their choice . Green Bay local radio and TV personality John Maino performs the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Pat Quinn , who was friends on Facebook with the Senerchias , encouraged his friends to take the challenge , and soon after , Pete Frates began posting about the challenge on Twitter . Frates was awarded the Stephen Heywood Patients Today Award in 2012 for his fundraising and advocacy work . Frates ' Boston College and sporting connections became an initial focus of the challenge and strengthened its focus on ALS . Both Quinn and Frates did the challenge in support of the ALS Therapy Development Institute . After its initial start with Peter Frates , the movement went viral in the Boston area which showed a much higher number of posts than any other area of the United States . In his video , Stephen Hawking declined to perform the challenge due to pneumonia the year before ; however , his three children took the challenge for him . The President of the United States , Barack Obama , was challenged by Ethel Kennedy but declined , opting to contribute to the campaign with a donation of $100 . Justin Bieber ( who was criticized for not properly doing the challenge ) , LeBron James , and `` Weird Al '' Yankovic also challenged President Obama after completing the Ice Bucket Challenge . Former President George W. Bush completed the challenge and nominated fellow former President Bill Clinton . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , was challenged by both Alex Salmond and Russell Brand , but also declined in favor of a donation . The Challenge 's success ( edit ) The Ice Bucket Challenge was a successful campaign . Its combination of competitiveness , social media pressure , online narcissism , and low barriers to entry led to more than 2.4 million tagged videos circulating Facebook . Even though 40 -- 50 % of the new donors were likely to make one - time gifts only , the Challenge instigated large numbers of people , videos , and donations . The challenge also benefited from a unique balance of mass interest and individual identification . In using social media as its platform , it accessed many people worldwide ; in having its participants individually identify potential candidates -- calling them out by `` tagging '' them -- it felt personal . Furthermore , the videos were often entertaining . The average participants kept their videos under a minute , requiring limited commitment from any viewers . Another concept the Challenge benefited from was its ripple effect , inspiring features for articles , such as The Guardian 's `` 10 More of the Best Celebrity Takes on the Ice Bucket Challenge . '' Despite its marketing success , critics suggested that the ease of repeating the challenge 's spiel do not increase awareness of what the disease actually does and who it is so harmful to . The success of the challenge prompted the Muscular Dystrophy Association , which also raises funds to combat ALS , to discontinue its long - running annual telethon , the MDA Show of Strength , after the 2014 edition , stating that the Ice Bucket Challenge prompted the MDA to reevaluate how it can connect with the public . In 2017 , Frates published a book about the Ice Bucket Challenge detailing his own experience with ALS as well as his involvement in the social movement . Half of the proceeds will go to the Frates family . Revivals ( edit ) 2015 ( edit ) On August 1 , 2015 , a group of ALS organizations in the United States , including the ALS Association , relaunched the Ice Bucket Challenge for 2015 . The group said they intended to rerun the campaign `` this August , and every August , until there 's a cure ( for ALS ) . '' `` We have to finish what started last summer : every August until there 's a cure , '' said Barb Newhouse , President and CEO of the ALS Association . The 2015 campaign received the support of Major League Baseball , with each club due to organise its own branch of the Challenge and then nominate another franchise , along with two other local organizations or personalities , to participate in the Challenge . `` We are so thrilled and grateful to have every Major League Baseball team supporting us this year , '' commented Frates . Celebrity participants in the 2015 challenge included Massachusetts governor Charlie Baker who took the challenge while wearing a `` Free Brady '' T - shirt ( calling for the lifting of the suspension given to Tom Brady of the New England Patriots over Deflategate ) , Bieber once again , actor Hugh Jackman ( belatedly in early September 2015 ) and actress Renee Zellweger who , in response to criticisms of the challenge for wasting water in drought conditions , used water from a drinking trough in a horse stables while standing in the trough to ensure every last drop was recycled back into its original source . President Barack Obama also received another nomination , this time by former New Orleans Saints player Steve Gleason ( himself diagnosed with ALS ) . Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump , despite having done the challenge in 2014 , emphatically turned down his 2015 nomination from Boston mayor Marty Walsh , labelling Walsh `` a clown '' and suggesting that Boston `` get a new mayor . '' In the UK , the MND Association declined to revive the challenge . `` We felt we raised a significant amount of money and awareness last summer . While people might be keen to do it again , we would n't say please do it again , '' said Chris James , the Association 's director of external affairs . Instead , the Association ran a `` Last Summer '' campaign commemorating the efforts of the public with the challenge , including the testimonies of ALS sufferers . Despite the reluctance of the MND Association , the cast of soap opera Hollyoaks nonetheless performed the challenge , nominating the cast of another soap , Casualty . Eddie Redmayne , having been nominated by Zellweger , also accepted the challenge for a second year , filming his video in London and nominating Charlie Cox , who did his 2015 challenge in New York . An attempt at the world record for the largest number of people simultaneously performing the challenge took place 6 September 2015 in Tewkesbury as part of a fundraiser for child bereavement charity Winton 's Wish . In the event , the world record of 428 remained untouched but a new UK record of 248 people was set . TV presenter Eamonn Holmes performed the challenge in early October on This Morning after announcing he would do so while hosting the Pride of Britain Awards a few days earlier . By early October , it was reported that the 2015 challenge had raised $500,000 as compared with the $115 million raised by the 2014 challenge . The final figure was reported by the ALS Association in mid-October as being $1,000,000 , with a survey by health analysts Treato showing that only 14 % of donors from 2014 donated again in 2015 . 2016 ( edit ) Australian Deputy Prime Minister Barnaby Joyce performed the challenge in 2016 , nominating his colleague Michael McCormack , the Minister for Small Business . Fellow Australian MP Adam Marshall also performed the challenge . A new variant on the challenge this year , the `` What 's In Your Bucket ? '' challenge , featured the replacement of the ice cubes with other substances , including tomato ketchup , spaghetti , pickles , beer , baby powder , coffee , and sand . A further attempt on the world record for the largest mass Ice Bucket Challenge in Buffalo , New York drew 650 participants , 71 short of the existing record of 721 . 2017 ( edit ) Charlie Baker , governor of Massachusetts , formalized the annual challenge by signing a bill declaring the first week of August each year to be Ice Bucket Challenge Week . MND South Australia held an Ice Bucket Challenge campaign in February ( during the Southern hemispheric summer ) Pete Frates ' family joined with the Boston Police Department to hold an Ice Bucket Challenge event on 27 August in which family members and officers took part. . 2018 ( edit ) In June 2018 in Seoul , South Korea the Challenge raised funds to build Korea 's first dedicated hospital for ALS patients . The Empire City Casino in Yonkers announced it would hold a Challenge event for the fifth year running . Rules ( edit ) Play media Governor of South Carolina Nikki Haley does the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Play media Matt Damon did the challenge with toilet water to also promote access to safe drinking water and sanitation Within 24 hours of being challenged , participants have to record a video of themselves in continuous footage . First , they are to announce their acceptance of the challenge , followed by pouring ice into a bucket of water . Then , the bucket is to be lifted and poured over the participant 's head . Then the participant can nominate a minimum of three other people to participate in the challenge . Whether people choose to donate , perform the challenge , or do both varies . In one version of the challenge , the participant was expected to donate $10 if they poured the ice water over their head or donate $100 if they did not . In a UK version , people who performed the challenge donated £ 3 and those who did not perform it paid £ 10 . In another version , dumping the ice water over the participant 's head was done in lieu of any donation , which led to some criticisms of the challenge being a form of `` slacktivism '' . Many participants donated $100 in addition to doing the challenge . Impact ( edit ) Awareness ( edit ) In mid-2014 , the Ice Bucket Challenge went viral on social media , particularly in the United States , with people , celebrities , politicians and athletes posting videos of themselves online and on TV participating in the event . According to The New York Times , people shared more than 1.2 million videos on Facebook between June 1 and August 13 and mentioned the phenomenon more than 2.2 million times on Twitter between July 29 and August 17 . At its peak , the challenge generated more than 70,000 tweets per day with hashtags such as # IceBucketChallenge , # ALSIceBucketChallenge , and # StrikeOutALS . Mashable called the phenomenon `` the Harlem Shake of the summer '' . Prior to the challenge , public awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) was relatively limited ; the ALS Association stated that prior to the challenge going viral only half of Americans had heard of the disease , often referred to as `` Lou Gehrig 's disease '' , after the famous baseball player Lou Gehrig , who publicly revealed his diagnosis in 1939 . After the Ice Bucket Challenge went viral on social media , public awareness and charitable donations to ALS charities soared . Hits to the English Wikipedia 's article on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis grew from an average of 163,300 views per month to 2.89 million views in August 2014 , and similar increases occurred in the Spanish and German Wikipedias . Donations ( edit ) Within weeks of the challenge going viral , The New York Times reported that the ALS Association had received $41.8 million in donations from more than 739,000 new donors from July 29 until August 21 , more than double the $19.4 million the association received during the year that ended January 31 , 2013 . On August 29 , the ALS Association announced that their total donations since July 29 had exceeded $100 million . The ALS Association is just one of several ALS - related charities that have benefited from the challenge : Organization Additional funding reported ALS Association $100 m ALS Society of Canada $26 m Motor Neurone Disease Association £ 7m ALS Therapy Development Institute $4 m ALS Foundation Netherlands € 1m Project ALS $500 k While the Ice Bucket Challenge raised much in donations , studies show that the majority of participants did not actually donate . In the UK , one in every six people participated , but only ten percent of the participants donated , according to the Charities Aid Foundation . The percentage was higher in the US , but the majority still did not donate . In July 2015 , the Huffington Post reported on the ALS Association 's summary of how the funds raised through the Ice Bucket Challenge were distributed . By percentage , 67 % of all funds ( about $77 million ) went to research , 20 % to patient and community services , 9 % to public and professional education , 2 % to additional fundraising , and 2 % to external processing fees . Research ( edit ) On July 25 , 2016 , the ALS Association announced that , thanks in part to donations from the Ice Bucket Challenge , the University of Massachusetts Medical School has identified a third gene that is a cause for the disease . Project MinE , a global gene sequencing effort to identify genetic drivers of ALS , received $1 million from the challenge , allowing them to broaden the scope of their research to include new sources in new parts of the world . Having identified the link between the gene , NEK1 , and ALS will allow for a new targeted gene for therapy development , as well as focused drug development . Influences ( edit ) Several other challenges have been created and publicised as a result of the publicity of the Ice Bucket Challenge . The My Tree Challenge is an activity launched in Kerala which consists of planting a tree sapling and challenging others to do so . The My Tree Challenge was preceded by a Book List Challenge , started by Facebook users , where users post a list of books that they have read and liked the most . The Rice Bucket Challenge , that started in India in late August 2014 and later spread to other South Asian nations , was also partly a response to the Ice Bucket Challenge 's wastefulness of water . The `` Pie In The Eye Challenge '' challenges the nominated person to receive a pie in the face . One particular occurrence of this , the late 2016 Waitress Pie Challenge , was initiated by the cast of the musical Waitress to raise awareness of breast cancer . The Milk Bucket Challenge in which milk is poured over the nominated person , was organised in August 2015 by English dairy farmers to raise awareness of their financial plight . The Rubble Bucket Challenge , started by Jordanian comedian Mohammed Darwaza , involves dumping a bucket of sand and rocks over one 's head . This challenge was further popularised by Palestinian journalist Aymal al Aloul , and aims to increase awareness of Gazans who have lost their homes in the ongoing conflict with Israel . The Love Bucket Challenge , started by Kerala newspaper Malayala Manorama encourages people to fill a bucket with items to donate to orphanages . The Kaapi Challenge uses coffee , and is a challenge done primarily by the Chennai Super Kings to commemorate the 375th anniversary of the city of Chennai . Criticism ( edit ) A number of criticisms arose relating to the campaign , accusing it of being self - congratulatory , focusing primarily on fun rather than donating money to charity , and substituting a trivial activity for more genuine involvement in charitable activities . Writing in The Daily Telegraph , Willard Foxton described the challenge as `` a middle - class wet T - shirt contest for armchair clicktivists '' , and the Evening Standard Magazine said that `` it has become less about raising funds and all about showing off your star - pulling power '' . On August 28 , 2014 , it was reported that the ALS Association had filed an application to trademark the term `` ice bucket challenge '' , but the application was retracted amid criticism a day later . Importance of the cause ( edit ) William MacAskill , Vice-President of Giving What We Can , an organization that advocates for people to engage in more effective altruism , was critical of the Ice Bucket Challenge , citing two chief objections . First , he argued that the Ice Bucket Challenge resulted in `` funding cannibalism '' : `` for every $1 we raise , 50 ¢ would have been donated anyway '' . Relatedly , MacAskill argued that the challenge encouraged moral licensing , whereby people who engage in one act they consider good may feel more licensed to engage in bad behavior . MacAskill 's piece met with considerable critical pushback , and he published a follow - up a few days later suggesting an Ice Bucket Challenge for causes he considered more important and cost - effective to support . Citing research from GiveWell , MacAskill gave the example of donating to the Against Malaria Foundation to end malaria . MacAskill 's pieces were cited in Forbes , Nonprofit Quarterly , and Boston Review . Julia Belluz at Vox.com wrote a piece with similar criticisms , linking to MacAskill 's piece . Belluz noted that funding for diseases was often not proportional to the number of deaths caused by the diseases . She also noted that donating to developing world health causes could provide much greater healthcare value than donating for the treatment of rare diseases , an observation that is common in the effective altruism movement . In the BBC 's More or Less podcast , economist Tim Harford discussed the Ice Bucket Challenge and how to select the best charities , referencing work by GiveWell . He himself participated in the Ice Bucket Challenge , donating to the Schistosomiasis Control Initiative . Ben Carter and Keith Moore wrote an article for the BBC News drawing on the arguments made in the podcast . Use of donated funds ( edit ) Retired professional wrestler Lance Storm declined the challenge despite being nominated twice , and posted a note on his official website stating that most of the money that is donated goes towards promotional and advertising of the ALS Association while the remaining amount ( at most 25 % of what is donated ) `` is going into the pockets of Big Pharma '' , which is already doing ALS research and is therefore inflating their already - high profits . Storm went on to comment that it would be better to actually help someone with ALS and donate money directly to ALS patients . The ALS Association responded to similar criticisms by saying that 79 % of their annual budget went toward programs in the past year . Members of the pro-life movement , such as Lila Rose of Live Action , criticised donations to the ALS Association , because it uses embryonic stem cells in its ALS research . Related organisations such as the Family Research Council suggested that people participating in the Ice Bucket Challenge instead donate money to Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center , Mayo Clinic , and the John Paul II Medical Research Institute , all three of which run clinical trials with adult stem cells , rather than embryonic ones . The Archdiocese of Cincinnati , with its 113 schools also recommended individuals participating in the Ice Bucket Challenge to donate to such groups , but not to the ALS Association `` saying the group 's funding of embryonic stem cell research is ' in direct conflict with Catholic teaching ' . '' PETA criticized the ALS Association 's Ice Bucket Challenge , saying that money raised through the fundraiser would be used to fund `` archaic and painful tests on animals . '' Russell Simmons , Pamela Anderson , and Grimes , among other celebrities , also criticized the ALS Association 's fundraiser for its support of animal testing . Anderson wrote on her Facebook page , `` Trying to cure human diseases by relying on outdated and ineffective animal experiments is n't only cruel -- it 's a grave disservice to people who desperately need cures . '' Focus on the stunt rather than donations ( edit ) American stunt performer and TV personality Steve - O questioned the campaign , suggesting that celebrities ' videos generally forgot to share donation information for ALS charities , and that the initial $15 million in funds was insignificant , given the star power of the celebrities participating . He noted that , of the videos he viewed , only Charlie Sheen and Bill Gates mentioned that the point is to donate money . A similar criticism was made by Jacob Davidson in Time Magazine and by Arielle Pardes in Vice . More and more charities seem to be competing with one another to see which charity receives the most donations . This becomes a problem as competitive fundraising destroys value for the social sector as a whole . Health risks ( edit ) On August 22 , 2014 , Dr. Brian O'Neill , a physician at the Detroit Medical Center , warned that the challenge may have adverse health effects on participants , including potentially inducing a vagal response which might , for example , lead to unconsciousness in people taking blood pressure medications . A number of participants have sustained injuries , and at least one death has been linked to the challenge , with another thought to be from a variation on the challenge , jumping feet first into water . `` Michael 's story '' poster ( edit ) `` Michael 's Story '' was a campaign poster from the UK MND Association 's summer 2015 `` Last Summer '' first anniversary campaign which featured Michael Smith . He had not taken part in the Ice Bucket Challenge and was subsequently diagnosed with motor neurone disease . This caused controversy , with some critics saying that the poster was implying that Smith had deserved his illness for his previous non-participation . The claims were strongly refuted by the Association and by Smith himself . Waste of water ( edit ) Drought in California in 2014 . Meteorologist Jason Samenow estimated that during the peak of the movement 's popularity in 2014 , the equivalent of 5,000,000 gallons of water would have been used for the challenge . This calculation assumes that the average of one 4 - gallon bucket of water was used per video for the 1.2 million challenge videos which were posted during that time . In January 2014 , Governor Jerry Brown ( CA ) declared California to be in a drought state of emergency . This state of emergency was still in place as the Ice Bucket Challenge became most popular , and many local news stations in California took to criticizing the Challenge 's unnecessary waste of water . Also at the time in China , various regions ( including the important crop - producing Henan province ) experienced months of extreme drought during the summer of 2014 . On August 22 , 2014 , citizens of Henan stood together to protest the challenge , with signs that said `` Henan , please say ' NO ' to Ice Bucket Challenge . '' To prevent wasting water by using drinkable water , many performed the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge by using natural water sources . Carole King performed the challenge using creek water that was immediately returned back to the creek , and the Killer Clown , a YouTube personality , performed the challenge using rainwater . In response to the criticisms in California , some Californians performed the challenge by using dirt instead of water . Some ALS organizations , such as the ALS Therapy Development Institute , has published guidelines for the Ice Bucket Challenge to minimize water usage by alternatives , like `` filling the bucket with socks . '' See also ( edit ) Winter swimming References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : van der Linden , Sander ( 2017 ) . `` The Nature of Viral Altruism and How to Make it Stick '' . Nature Human Behaviour. 1 : 0041 . doi : 10.1038 / s41562 - 016 - 0041 . Jump up ^ Lost Coast of New Zealand ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Charities benefit from viral ice challenge '' . TVNZ . TVNZ . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . 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Jump up ^ Rao , Mallika ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` ' Rice Bucket Challenge ' Reminds World How Scarce Clean Water Is In India '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Lynn ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` MSP Hugh is hap - pie to help charity 's challenge '' . Daily Record . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Jason ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` New fundraiser : Here 's pie in your eye '' . Shelbyville Times - Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Sara Bareilles Accepts ' Waitress ' Pie Challenge , Gets Pie 'd In The Face For Breast Cancer Awareness '' . 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Farmers take part in ' Milk Bucket Challenge ' amid dairy crisis '' . ITV News . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gander , Kashmira ( 25 August 2014 ) . `` Rubble Bucket Challenge : Ice Bucket Challenge adapted in solidarity with Gazans whose homes have been destroyed in conflict '' . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Ice Bucket Challenge ? Gazans Launch ' Rubble Bucket Challenge ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manorama Online '' . Facebook.com . Malayala Manorama News . September 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ कुमार सिन्हा , संदीप ( 21 September 2014 ) . `` आपने चेन्नई सुपर किंग्स का KAAPI चैलेंज लिया क्या ? '' ( Chennai super kings has come up with its kaapi challenge ) . Aajtak Today ( in Hindi ) . Tamil Nadu . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Must Watch : CSK players ' superb dance moves '' . ABP News Bureau . New Delhi . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( August 14 , 2014 ) . `` The celebrity ice - bucket challenge leaves me cold '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pardes , Arielle ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Dumping a bucket of ice on your head does not make you a philanthropist '' . VICE . Vice . Jump up ^ Foxton , Willard . `` The Ice Bucket Challenge -- a middle - class wet - T - shirt contest for armchair clicktivists '' . Blogs.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Over It '' . Evening Standard Magazine . 29 August 2014 : 3 . Jump up ^ `` ALS Association looks to trademark the term ' ice bucket challenge ' '' . Fortune . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Vizard , Sarah ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` ALS Association tries to trademark ' ice bucket challenge ' '' . Marketing Week Jump up ^ `` Not so fast : ALS Association pulls trademark application for term `` ice bucket challenge '' `` . Fortune . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : MacAskill , William ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Comment : The cold , hard truth about the ice bucket challenge '' . Quartz . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , William ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Comment : The cold , hard truth about the ice bucket challenge '' . Sbs.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , William ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` This week , let 's dump a few ice buckets to wipe out malaria too '' . Quartz . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Dan ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` OK , The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge Worked . Now Where Will The Dollars Go ? '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Rick ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Throwing Cold Water on Ice Bucket Philanthropy '' . Nonprofit Quarterly . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mayersohn , Andrew ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Empathy vs. Rationality : The Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Boston Review . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belluz , Julia ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` The truth about the Ice Bucket Challenge : Viral memes should n't dictate our charitable giving '' . Vox.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harford , Tim ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` To ice or not to ice ? '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harford , Tim ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` In which I take the ice - bucket challenge the nerdy way ... '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Ben ; Moore , Keith ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Icy logic : Choosing a charity with your head and your heart '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ALSA Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lance Storm Shares His Thoughts On The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ALS Association Debunks Fake News Article that Went Viral '' . August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crandell , Courtney . `` Critics throw cold water on the Ice Bucket Challenge '' . worldmag.com . Jump up ^ Harkness , Kelsey ( 23 August 2014 ) . `` Why Some Pro-Lifers Go Cold on ALS Ice Bucket Challenge '' . The Daily Signal . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Prentice , David ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Send Your Ice Bucket Challenge Donation to Ethical , Successful Adult Stem Cell Research '' . Family Research Council . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Amanda Lee ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Ohio diocese discourages ALS ice bucket challenge '' . News Observer . Cincinnati . Archived from the original on 25 August 2014 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bedard , Paul ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` PETA challenges ALS ' ice bucket challenge ' over animal testing '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nudd , Tim ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Pamela Anderson Declines Ice Bucket Challenge , Citing ALS Animal Testing '' . People . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Rettig , James ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` Grimes Rejects Ice Bucket Challenge Because ALS Association Tests On Animals '' . Stereogum . Archived from the original on 29 January 2015 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` Grimes Declines Ice Bucket Challenge Over ALS Association 's Animal Testing Policy '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve - O takes aim at stars over ice bucket challenge '' . MSN . Microsoft . August 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Jacob ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` We Need To Do Better Than the Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Explains Potential Dangers of ALS `` Ice Bucket Challenge '' `` . CBS Detroit . August 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jernigan , Joy . `` Ouch ! Ice Bucket Challenge leaves some bruised and battered -- or worse -- Health '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bittenbender , Steve ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Kentucky firefighter dies after ice bucket challenge accident '' . Reuters . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Philipson , Alice ( 25 Aug 2014 ) . `` Teenager dies ' after taking ice bucket challenge ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Steel , Emily ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) . `` ' Ice Bucket Challenge ' Has Raised Millions for ALS Association '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=1526386 . `` How much water has been used in the Ice Bucket Challenge ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Governor , Office of the . `` Office of Governor Edmund G. Brown Jr . - Newsroom '' . www.gov.ca.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` A Drop In the Ice Bucket : Good for the Cause , Bad for the Drought '' . Long Beach Post . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley . `` The California Drought Versus the Ice Bucket Challenge '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) . `` Ice Bucket Challenge stirs controversy in drought - plagued California '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jingya , Zhang . `` Henan province faces worst drought in 63 years - CCTV News - CCTV.com English '' . english.cntv.cn . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Residents in drought - stricken Henan protest Ice Bucket Challenge , dub it ' wasteful ' '' . Shanghaiist . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 组 图 : 河南 久 旱 地区 民众 抗议 冰 桶 挑战 _ 新闻 _ 腾讯 网 '' . news.qq.com ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ TheCaroleKing ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) , Carole King Takes the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 Jump up ^ DM Pranks ' Killer Clowns ( 2014 - 08 - 23 ) , Killer Clown ALS Ice Bucket Challenge ! # IceBucketChallenge # strikeoutals , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 Jump up ^ C Dub ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) , Dirt Bucket Challenge ! ! ! , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 Jump up ^ `` ALS Therapy Development Institute '' . ALS Therapy Development Institute . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice Bucket Challenge . Video : Interview Pat Quinn on subject `` Hype '' , for MOTI Museum ALS Association page Ice Bucket Challenge : Celebrity Participants and Nominees graph Ice Bucket Challenge World Record Attempt in India <Th_colspan="2"> Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis General Genetics of ALS ALS research Organizations in the United States ALS Association ALS Therapy Development Institute Les Turner ALS Foundation Muscular Dystrophy Association Project ALS Prize4Life International organizations ALS Society of Canada Motor Neurone Disease Association Events ALS Awareness Month Ice Bucket Challenge Annual ALS Awareness Game People O.J. Brigance Paul Cellucci Dwight Clark Jay Fishman Pete Frates Lou Gehrig Richard Glatzer Steve Gleason Stephen Hawking Stephen Heywood Stephen Hillenburg Jacob Javits Jason Becker Augie Nieto Jon Stone Kevin Turner Henry Wallace Related List of people with ALS Lou Gehrig Memorial Award <Th_colspan="2"> Internet challenges and dares Food and drink Banana Sprite Bottle flipping Cinnamon Gallon smashing Hot pepper Milk chugging Neknominate Saltine cracker Charity Book bucket Food stamp Ice bucket Other 22 Pushup 24 Hour Fort Blue Whale Charlie Charlie Condom Fire Mannequin Planking Running Man Salt and ice Tide Pods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Bucket_Challenge&oldid=854074994 '' Categories : 2010s fads and trends Projects established in 2014 Challenges Health - related fundraisers Internet memes introduced in 2014 Viral videos Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2016 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2014 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Armãneashti Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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1. Ice Bucket Challenge 2. ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) 3. Awareness campaign 4. Charitable donations 5. Impact on research

frank sinatra i did it my way album

My Way ( Frank Sinatra album ) - Wikipedia My Way ( Frank Sinatra album ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> My Way <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Frank Sinatra Released March 1969 Recorded December 30 , 1968 , February 18 , 20 , 24 , 1969 , Western Studio A in Hollywood , Los Angeles Genre Traditional pop , vocal jazz Length 32 : 54 Label Reprise FS 1029 Producer Don Costa , Sonny Burke <Th_colspan="2"> Frank Sinatra chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Cycles ( 1968 ) Cycles 1968 My Way ( 1969 ) A Man Alone ( 1969 ) A Man Alone 1969 <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> My Way : 40th Anniversary Edition <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Studio album by Frank Sinatra Released May 5 , 2009 Recorded December 30 , 1968 , February 18 , 20 , 24 , 1969 , Hollywood , Los Angeles , August 13 , 1969 , NBC Studio 2 , Burbank , California , October 24 , 1987 , Reunion Arena , Dallas , Texas Genre Traditional pop , vocal jazz Length 40 : 14 Label Concord Producer Don Costa , Sonny Burke <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Source Rating Allmusic My Way is an album by American singer Frank Sinatra , released in 1969 . The album is a collection of contemporary pop songs , such as Simon and Garfunkel 's `` Mrs. Robinson '' , and The Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' , French songs such as `` If You Go Away '' , and of course the anthemic title song `` My Way '' , which effectively became Sinatra 's theme song in this latter stage of his career . My Way was recorded and mixed at EastWest Studios , then called Oceanway Recording . Later it was remixed and reissued by Concord Records in 2009 to mark its 40th Anniversary . Two bonus tracks were included , and new liner notes from Bono . The bonus tracks were a rehearsal of `` For Once in My Life '' from 1969 , for Sinatra 's eponymous Emmy Award nominated 1969 television special , Sinatra , and a live 1987 performance of `` My Way '' at the Reunion Arena , Dallas , Texas . Bono 's liner notes had previously appeared as his New York Times Op - ed column on January 9 , 2009 . The article discussed Bono 's personal relationship with Sinatra , and Sinatra 's thoughts on Miles Davis . Bono also mused on Sinatra 's performances of `` My Way '' , and the new year . Track listing ( edit ) `` Watch What Happens '' ( Norman Gimbel , Michel Legrand , Jacques Demy ) -- 2 : 17 `` Did n't We ? '' ( Jimmy Webb ) -- 2 : 55 `` Hallelujah , I Love Her So '' ( Ray Charles ) -- 2 : 47 `` Yesterday '' ( Lennon -- McCartney ) -- 3 : 56 `` All My Tomorrows '' ( Sammy Cahn , Jimmy Van Heusen ) -- 4 : 35 `` My Way '' ( Paul Anka , Claude François , Jacques Revaux , Gilles Thibault ) -- 4 : 35 `` A Day in the Life of a Fool '' ( Luiz Bonfá , Carl Sigman ) -- 3 : 00 `` For Once in My Life '' ( Ron Miller , Orlando Murden ) -- 2 : 50 `` If You Go Away '' ( Jacques Brel , Rod McKuen ) -- 3 : 30 `` Mrs. Robinson '' ( Paul Simon ) -- 2 : 55 Bonus tracks included on the 2009 reissue : `` For Once in My Life '' -- 4 : 11 studio rehearsal , NBC Studio 2 , Burbank , California , August 13 , 1969 `` My Way '' -- 3 : 09 live performance at the Reunion Arena , Dallas , Texas , October 24 , 1987 Personnel ( edit ) Frank Sinatra -- vocals Don Costa -- arranger , conductor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Andrew Male Mojo , January 2010 , Issue 194 . ^ Jump up to : My Way at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` The New York Times '' . Notes from the Chairman . 2009 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 06 . <Th_colspan="2"> Frank Sinatra <Td_colspan="2"> Early life Political life Records Songs Filmography Awards Personal life Style Concerts Studio albums Columbia The Voice of Frank Sinatra Songs by Sinatra Christmas Songs by Sinatra Frankly Sentimental Dedicated to You Sing and Dance with Frank Sinatra Capitol Songs for Young Lovers Swing Easy ! In the Wee Small Hours Songs for Swingin ' Lovers ! Close to You A Swingin ' Affair ! Where Are You ? A Jolly Christmas from Frank Sinatra Come Fly with Me Frank Sinatra Sings for Only the Lonely Come Dance with Me ! No One Cares Nice ' n ' Easy Sinatra 's Swingin ' Session ! ! ! Come Swing with Me ! Point of No Return Duets Duets II Reprise Ring - a-Ding - Ding ! Sinatra Swings I Remember Tommy Sinatra and Strings Sinatra and Swingin ' Brass All Alone Sinatra Sings Great Songs from Great Britain Sinatra -- Basie : An Historic Musical First The Concert Sinatra Sinatra 's Sinatra Sinatra Sings Days of Wine and Roses , Moon River , and Other Academy Award Winners America , I Hear You Singing It Might as Well Be Swing 12 Songs of Christmas Softly , as I Leave You September of My Years My Kind of Broadway A Man and His Music Moonlight Sinatra Strangers in the Night That 's Life Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim The World We Knew Francis A. & Edward K . The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas Cycles My Way A Man Alone Watertown Sinatra & Company Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back Some Nice Things I 've Missed Trilogy : Past Present Future She Shot Me Down Qwest L.A. Is My Lady Live albums Sinatra at the Sands The Main Event -- Live Sinatra Saga Sinatra Saga , Vol. 2 Sinatra & Sextet : Live in Paris Sinatra 80th : Live in Concert With Red Norvo Quintet : Live in Australia , 1959 Sinatra ' 57 in Concert Live from Las Vegas Sinatra : Vegas Frank Sinatra : The Greatest Concerts Live at the Meadowlands Sinatra : New York Best of Vegas Sinatra : London Sinatra : World On a String Compilations This Is Sinatra ! This Is Sinatra Vol. 2 Look to Your Heart All the Way Sinatra Sings of Love and Things Sinatra ' 65 : The Singer Today Frank Sinatra 's Greatest Hits Frank Sinatra 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Portrait of Sinatra -- Forty Songs from the Life of a Man Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions All - Time Greatest Dorsey / Sinatra Hits , Vol. 1 - 4 Capitol Collector 's Series Sinatra Reprise : The Very Good Years Sinatra Sings the Songs of Van Heusen & Cahn Sinatra : Soundtrack to the CBS Mini-Series The Best of the Capitol Years Christmas Songs by Sinatra Gold Collection Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Johnny Mercer Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Rodgers & Hart The Complete Recordings Nineteen Thirty - Nine Sinatra 80th : All the Best Everything Happens to Me Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Cole Porter Frank Sinatra Sings the Select Sammy Cahn Greatest Hits : Early Years The Very Best of Frank Sinatra Portrait of Sinatra : Columbia Classics Lucky Numbers Classic Sinatra : His Greatest Performances 1953 -- 1960 Super Hits My Way : The Best of Frank Sinatra Love Songs Greatest Love Songs Christmas with the Rat Pack Frank Sinatra Christmas Collection Romance Duets / Duets II : 90th Birthday Limited Collector 's Edition Romance : Songs from the Heart Sinatra at the Movies Nothing but the Best Seduction : Sinatra Sings of Love Classic Sinatra II Christmas with Sinatra & Friends 36 Greatest Hits ! Come Fly Away Sinatra / Jobim : The Complete Reprise Recordings Sinatra / Basie : The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings Sinatra : Best of the Best Best of Duets Sinatra , with Love Soundtrack albums High Society Young at Heart Robin and the 7 Hoods Other albums Frank Sinatra Conducts the Music of Alec Wilder Frank Sinatra Conducts Tone Poems of Color The Man I Love Sleep Warm Frank Sinatra Conducts Music from Pictures and Plays Syms by Sinatra Box sets Sinatra -- Jobim Sessions Screen Sinatra The Reprise Collection The Capitol Years Concepts The Complete Recordings The Song Is You The Complete Reprise Studio Recordings The Complete Capitol Singles Collection 1943 - 1952 1943 - 1952 : The V - Discs Frank Sinatra & the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra The Capitol Years Reprise Musical Repertory Theatre Frank Sinatra in Hollywood The Real Complete Columbia Years V - Discs The Voice : Frank Sinatra , the Columbia Years ( 1943 -- 1952 ) The Reprise Years Duets : 20th Anniversary Deluxe Edition Ultimate Sinatra Tribute albums A Jazz Portrait of Frank Sinatra Perfectly Frank Manilow Sings Sinatra Allow Us to Be Frank Bolton Swings Sinatra A Tribute to Frank Sinatra Tribute films The Rat Pack The Night We Called It a Day Videography A Man and His Music A Man and His Music -- Part II A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim Francis Albert Sinatra Does His Thing Sinatra Sinatra in Concert at the Royal Festival Hall Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back Sinatra -- The Main Event Sinatra and Friends The First 40 Years The Man and His Music Concert tours Together Again Tour ( 1988 ) The Diamond Jubilee World Tour ( 1990 - 1991 ) Related Frank Sinatra and Jewish activism `` Frank Sinatra Has a Cold '' Hoboken Four Frank Sinatra Park My Way killings Nelson Riddle None but the Brave Rat Pack Sinatra Doctrine <Td_colspan="2"> Book This 1960s album -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Way_(Frank_Sinatra_album)&oldid=778105855 '' Categories : 1969 albums Albums arranged by Don Costa Albums conducted by Don Costa Albums produced by Sonny Burke Albums produced by Don Costa Concord Records albums English - language albums Frank Sinatra albums Reprise Records albums 1960s album stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2017 , at 04 : 33 . About Wikipedia

1. Frank Sinatra album "My Way" 2. Traditional pop and vocal jazz 3. Songs on the album, including "My Way" and "Yesterday" 4. Recording and reissue of the album 5. Bonus tracks and liner notes on the 2009 reissue

tell me the story of romeo and juliet

Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 Notes and references 10.1 Notes 10.2 References 11 Sources 11.1 Editions of Romeo and Juliet 11.2 Secondary sources 12 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had snuck into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising queer theory in Queering the Renaissance ( 1994 ) , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equivalent to $1,103,000 in 2017 ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two families as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 24 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues , with exams regulator Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues , while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin Notes and references Notes Jump up ^ As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio here quotes Karl A. Menninger 's Man Against Himself ( 1938 ) . Jump up ^ The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Levenson provides the quote from the 1960 interview with Zeffirelli in The Times . Jump up ^ Levenson credits this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ Brode quotes Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Brode cites Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker as examples . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . References All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Moore 1930 , pp. 264 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Higgins 1998 , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins 1998 , p. 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hosley 1965 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 33 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : da Porto 1831 . Jump up ^ Prunster 2000 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Moore 1937 , pp. 38 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Muir 1998 , pp. 86 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci 1993 -- 1994 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 35 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1980 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1902 , pp. 41 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , pp. 32 , 36 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 8 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 26 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons 1980 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer 1967 , p. 284 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Wells 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. ix . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Bowling 1949 , pp. 208 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger 2006 , pp. 73 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , pp. 68 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Groves 2007 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Siegel 1961 , pp. 371 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2007 , pp. 22 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans 1950 , pp. 841 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Draper 1939 , pp. 16 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Nevo 1972 , pp. 241 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 1968 , pp. 663 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle 1964 , pp. 349 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 34 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Lucking 2001 , pp. 115 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 55 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Driver 1964 , pp. 363 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1987 , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Scott 1987 , pp. 411 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Shapiro 1964 , pp. 498 -- 501 . Jump up ^ Bonnard 1951 , pp. 319 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 20 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Levin 1960 , pp. 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 52 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , pp. 92 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Wells 2004 , pp. 11 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Menninger 1938 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum 1997 , pp. 251 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 81 , 83 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn 1977 , pp. 5 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 25 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 85 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Rubinstein 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg 1994 , pp. 221 -- 7 . Jump up ^ da Porto 1868 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Leveen 2014 . Jump up ^ OED : balcony . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. ix . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Halio 1998 , pp. 100 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 26 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Branam 1984 , pp. 170 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stone 1964 , pp. 191 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Pedicord 1954 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2007 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Gay 2002 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 125 , 365 , 420 . Jump up ^ The Times 1845 . Jump up ^ Potter 2001 , pp. 194 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 62 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 104 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winter 1893 , pp. 46 -- 7 , 57 . Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 202 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Mosel 1978 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 105 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 107 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Levenson 2000 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Holland 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ The Times 1960 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Halio 1998 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pappe 1997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Quince 2000 , pp. 121 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Munro 2016 , pp. 68 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Howard 2000 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Edgar 1982 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Marks 1997 . Jump up ^ Houlihan 2004 . Jump up ^ Barranger 2004 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 1977 . Jump up ^ Hetrick & Gans 2013 . Jump up ^ Nestyev 1960 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Winn 2007 . Jump up ^ Curnow 2010 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders 2007 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Meyer 1968 , pp. 38 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2002 . Jump up ^ Holden 1993 , p. 393 . Jump up ^ Collins 1982 , pp. 532 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Levi 2002 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 43 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Stites 1995 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 42 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , p. 187 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Swift 2009 . Jump up ^ Buhler 2007 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Sanders 2007 , pp. 75 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Ehren 1999 . Jump up ^ Arafay 2005 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bloom 1998 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2000 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ OED : romeo . Jump up ^ Bly 2001 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Muir 2005 , pp. 352 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Fowler 1996 , pp. 126 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Orgel 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews 2017 . Jump up ^ Sabur 2017 . Jump up ^ Marsh 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson 2017 . Jump up ^ Pells 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 48 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 51 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 218 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh 2000 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , pp. 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Symonds 2017 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , pp. 141 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lanier 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ McKernan & Terris 1994 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Howard 2000 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal 2007 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Goyal 2013 . Jump up ^ International Business Times 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee 2014 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons 1980 , p. vii . Sources Editions of Romeo and Juliet Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare , second series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Spencer , T.J.B. , ed. ( 1967 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's I Capuleti ed i Montecchi '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Curnow , Robyn ( 2 November 2010 ) . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Wells , Stanley , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet 's Open Rs '' . In Goldberg , Jonathan . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . pp. 218 -- 35 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Ram Leela box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . New Delhi . Archived from the original on 7 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Hetrick , Adam ; Gans , Andrew ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . Translated by Sisson , C.H. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Grazia , Margreta de . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Houlihan , Mary ( 16 May 2004 ) . `` Wherefore art thou , Romeo ? To make us laugh at Navy Pier '' . The Second City . Archived from the original on 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Huebner , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` Roméo et Juliette '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O006772 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . `` Ram - leela Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of Romeo and Juliet '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Kennedy , Maev ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet get Twitter treatment '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . `` Juliet 's Nurse by Lois Leveen '' . Kirkus Reviews . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lee , Ashley ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Orlando Bloom 's Broadway Debut Released in Theaters for Valentine 's Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Levi , Erik ( 2002 ) . `` Romeo und Julia '' . In Root , Deane L. Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / gmo / 9781561592630. article. O007781 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . Marsh , Sarah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Menninger , Karl A. ( 1938 ) . Man Against Himself . New York : Harcourt Brace and Company . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and ' Clizia ' '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Mosel , Tad ( 1978 ) . Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0316585378 . Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801858499 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Munro , Ian ( 2016 ) . `` Performance History '' . In Lupton , Julia Reinhard . Romeo and Juliet : A Critical Reader . Arden Early Modern Drama Guides . Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 53 -- 78 . ISBN 9781474216371 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Weekender Guide : Shakespeare on The Drive '' . The New York Times . 19 August 1977 . p. 46 . `` balcony '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) `` romeo '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Orgel , Stephen ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare Illustrated '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL9780521844291 . ISBN 9781139001526 -- via Cambridge Core . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Pappe , Ilan ( 1997 ) . `` Post-Zionist Critique on Israel and the Palestinians Part III : Popular Culture '' . Journal of Palestine Studies . University of California Press . 26 ( 4 ) : 60 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 2537907 . eISSN 1533 - 8614 . ISSN 0377 - 919X . JSTOR 2537907 -- via JSTOR . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Parker , D.H. ( 1968 ) . `` Light and Dark Imagery in Romeo and Juliet '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 75 ( 4 ) . Pedicord , Harry William ( 1954 ) . The Theatrical Public in the Time of David Garrick . New York : King 's Crown Press . Pells , Raquel ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . da Porto , Luigi ( 1831 ) ( first published c. 1531 ) . Istoria Novellamente Ritrovata di Due Nobili Amanti ( in Italian ) . Venice . da Porto , Luigi ( 1868 ) . `` The Original Story of Romeo and Juliet '' . In Pace - Sanfelice , G . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Translated by Pace - Sanfelice , G. Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . hdl : 2027 / mdp. 39015082232961 . Potter , Lois ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Theatre , 1660 -- 1900 '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 183 -- 198 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Prunster , Nicole , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Renaissance and reformation texts in translation . 8 . Translated by Prunster , Nicole . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ISSN 0820 - 750X . Quince , Rohan ( 2000 ) . Shakespeare in South Africa : Stage Productions During the Apartheid Era . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 4061 - 3 . Richardson , Hannah ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Roberts , Arthur J. ( 1902 ) . `` The Sources of Romeo and Juliet '' . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 17 ( 2 ) : 41 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2917639 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2917639 . Rosenthal , Daniel ( 2007 ) . BFI Screen Guides : 100 Shakespeare Films . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 170 - 3 . Rubinstein , Frankie ( 1989 ) . A Dictionary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Puns and their Significance ( Second Edition ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 48866 - 0 . Sabur , Rozina ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Sanders , Julie ( 2007 ) . Shakespeare and Music : Afterlives and Borrowings . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3297 - 1 . Scarci , Manuela ( 1993 -- 1994 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 -- 15 . Schoch , Richard W. ( 2002 ) . `` Pictorial Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 62 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Scott , Mark W. , ed. ( 1987 ) . Shakespearean Criticism : Excerpts from the Criticism of William Shakespeare 's Plays & Poetry , from the First Published Appraisals to Current Evaluations . Shakespearean Criticism. 5 . Detroit : Gale Research . ISBN 9780810361294 . Shapiro , Stephen A. ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : Reversals , Contraries , Transformations , and Ambivalence '' . College English . National Council of Teachers of English . 25 ( 7 ) : 498 -- 501 . doi : 10.2307 / 373235 . JSTOR 373235 . Siegel , Paul N. ( 1961 ) . `` Christianity and the Religion of Love in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 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Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox <Th_colspan="3"> William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI 1 * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch A Lover 's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle The Rape of Lucrece Venus and Adonis Apocrypha Plays Arden of Faversham The Birth of Merlin Cardenio * Double Falsehood Edmund Ironside Fair Em Locrine The London Prodigal Love 's Labour 's Won The Merry Devil of Edmonton Mucedorus The Puritan The Second Maiden 's Tragedy Sejanus His Fall Sir John Oldcastle Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy Thomas Lord Cromwell Thomas of Woodstock Vortigern and Rowena A Yorkshire Tragedy Poems The Passionate Pilgrim To the Queen Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) <Td_colspan="3"> * Shakespeare and other authors Lost <Th_colspan="2"> William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! 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Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Romeo and Juliet <Th_colspan="2"> Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! 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1. Romeo and Juliet - a tragedy by William Shakespeare 2. Star-crossed lovers 3. Feuding families 4. Adaptations of Romeo and Juliet 5. Themes of love, fate, and time in the play

what is the skin of a slim jim made of

Slim Jim ( snack food ) - wikipedia Slim Jim ( snack food ) Jump to : navigation , search Slim Jim <Td_colspan="2"> Product type Jerky sticks Owner ConAgra Brands Country U.S. Introduced 1929 ; 89 years ago ( 1929 ) Previous owners General Mills GoodMark Foods , Inc . Tagline Snap into a Slim Jim Website www.slimjim.com Slim Jim is an American brand of jerky snacks or dried sausage sold globally and manufactured by ConAgra Brands . They are widely available and popular in the United States , with 2015 revenues of $575 million . About 500 million are produced annually in at least 21 varieties . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Advertising campaigns 3 Ingredients 4 Product line , varieties 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The Slim Jim was first invented by Adolph Levis in 1929 in Philadelphia , although he and his partner subsequently hired a meatpacker to develop the product for production in the 1940s . He later sold the company in 1967 for about $20 million to General Mills , who moved the operations to Raleigh , North Carolina , and merged them into other meatpacking operations that it renamed Goodmark Foods . He sold Goodmark in 1982 to a group led by Ron Doggett . ConAgra bought Goodmark in 1998 . The product Levis created is different from the one produced since the 1990s , with Lon Adams developing the current Slim Jim recipe while working for Goodmark . Slim Jim is an example of a food product which is listed as containing mechanically separated chicken in its ingredients by requirement of the USDA . Production was interrupted after an explosion and fire on June 9 , 2009 destroyed the plant in Garner , North Carolina , killing three workers . Operations resumed in Garner and in Troy , Ohio . On May 20 , 2011 , the facility in Garner closed , the same day that the company _́ s former spokesman `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage died . Advertising campaigns ( edit ) From 1993 to 2000 , advertising for the product included commercials that featured professional wrestler `` Macho Man '' Randy Savage , who served as spokesperson . Each commercial would close with Savage bellowing `` Need a little excitement ? Snap into a Slim Jim ! '' Other notable spokespersons have included rapper Vanilla Ice and wrestlers The Ultimate Warrior , Bam Bam Bigelow , Kevin Nash , and Edge . The advertising campaign was developed at North Castle Partners in Greenwich , Connecticut , by Tom Leland and Roger Martensen , under the creative direction of Hal Rosen . The `` Snap Into A Slim Jim '' concept was originally intended for comedian Sam Kinison , but he declined . Hal Rosen then suggested using WWF wrestlers , and The Ultimate Warrior was selected for the kickoff spot . In addition to a TV spot , the Ultimate Warrior also recorded several radio commercials for Slim Jim in 1991 . A subsequent campaign featured Slim Jim Guy ( played by actor Demetri Goritsas ) in a giant Slim Jim costume , proclaiming `` Eat me ! '' These ads personified the irreverent personality of the brand and were also from North Castle Partners . Slim Jim advertisements were also heavily featured on MTV , ESPN , WWF , and Disney Channel . Slim Jim was one of the earliest sponsors of the ASA Pro Tour ( the aggressive inline skating tour ) from 1997 - 2000 . The ASA Pro Tour was a qualifier for ESPN 's X Games . In 2005 , Slim Jim advertising featured the Fairy Snapmother , described in a ConAgra press release as `` a character resembling a tattooed rocker with wings - and a familiar MTV - type of humor young males enjoy . '' Another campaign depicted hunters hunting a fictitious `` Snapalope '' within convenience stores using urban camouflage . The Snapalope is a deer - like puppet made from Slim Jims . In 2008 , Slim Jim launched the website `` SpicySide.com '' , encouraging consumers to get in touch with their `` Spicy Side '' by creating an avatar and fighting their friends in an online landscape called Spicy Town . Slim Jim also partnered with a well known Machinima artist Myndflame to develop a World of Warcraft parody . Slim Jim sponsored Bobby Labonte and David Green when they won the NASCAR Busch Series championship in 1991 and 1994 , respectively . Ingredients ( edit ) A 2009 Wired article listed some of the ingredients as beef , mechanically separated chicken , lactic acid starter culture , dextrose , salt , sodium nitrite and hydrolyzed soy . They note that although ConAgra refers to Slim Jim as a `` meat stick '' , it resembles a fermented sausage , such as salami or pepperoni , which uses bacteria and sugar to produce lactic acid , lowering the pH of the sausage to around 5.0 and firming up the meat . Sodium nitrite is added to prevent the meat from turning gray , and hydrolyzed soy contains monosodium glutamate . Product line , varieties ( edit ) Slim Jim has launched several spin - off products of its main brand . These products are often of higher quality than the original Slim Jim , using premium meats . Such products include both tender steak strips and beef jerky . The tender steak strips come in three flavors . Its companion beef jerky comes in three flavors : an original flavor and two spicy flavors . See also ( edit ) 2009 Slim Jim plant explosion List of brand name snack foods Peperami Kabanos References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LaVito , Angelica ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Conagra is revamping the Slim Jim brand : Think office , not gas station '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Greg ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Slim Jim knows you 've given up its meat sticks , and it wants you back '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauria , Peter ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Where 's the Beef ? '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Hansell , Saul ( March 25 , 2001 ) . `` Adolph Levis , Entrepreneur And Philanthropist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Doggett '' . NC Business Hall of Fame . North Carolina Business History . Jump up ^ `` ConAgra Inc. buys GoodMark Foods Inc. for $225 million '' . Triangle Business Journal . American City Business Journals . February 15 , 1999 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim : Present at the Creation '' . The New York Times . July 28 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim Monster Smoked Snacks , Original , 1.94 - Ounce Sticks ( Pack of 18 ) by Slim Jim '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim maker closes Garner plant Friday '' . WRAL.com . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Demetri Goritsas on IMDb Jump up ^ `` 1997 ASA Pro Tour Sponsors - Thank You ! '' . aggroskate.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 1998 . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNAP ! Slim Jim 's Fairy Snapmother Flies Into Convenience Stores '' ( Press release ) . ConAgra Foods . November 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Di Justo , Patrick ( 24 August 2009 ) . `` What 's Inside a Slim Jim ? '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Slim Jim beef jerky '' . Snack Memory . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Obituary of the inventor of Slim Jims <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Conagra Brands Brands and divisions Act II Andy Capp 's Banquet Bertolli ( frozen foods only ) Blue Bonnet Chef Boyardee Crunch ' n Munch David Sunflower Seeds Del Monte ( Canada and Mexico ) Egg Beaters Fiddle Faddle Gulden 's Healthy Choice Hebrew National Hunt 's Hunt 's Snack Pack Jiffy Pop Kid Cuisine La Choy Libby 's Manwich Marie Callender 's Orville Redenbacher 's P.F. Chang 's Home Menu PAM Parkay Peter Pan Poppycock Reddi - wip Ro - Tel Ry - Krisp Slim Jim Swiss Miss Van Camp 's Wesson Wolf Brand Chili Acquisitions Beatrice Foods International Home Foods Lincoln Snacks Company Ralcorp Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slim_Jim_(snack_food)&oldid=827603755 '' Categories : ConAgra Foods brands Brand name snack foods Brand name meats Products introduced in 1929 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 18 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Slim Jim: American brand of jerky snacks 2. ConAgra Brands: Owner of Slim Jim 3. History of Slim Jim: Invention and ownership changes 4. Advertising campaigns for Slim Jim: Featuring spokespersons like "Macho Man" Randy Savage 5. Ingredients and product line of Slim Jim: Varieties and spin-off products

the decision to go to the moon speech text

We choose to go to the Moon - wikipedia We choose to go to the Moon Jump to : navigation , search President John F. Kennedy speaking at Rice University on 12 September 1962 This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 Campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions `` We choose to go to the Moon '' is the famous tagline of a speech about the effort to reach the Moon delivered by President John F. Kennedy to a large crowd gathered at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas on September 12 , 1962 . The speech was intended to persuade the American people to support the Apollo program , the national effort to land a man on the Moon . In his speech , Kennedy characterized space as a new frontier , invoking the pioneer spirit that dominated American folklore . He infused the speech with a sense of urgency and destiny , and emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them . Although he called for competition with the Soviet Union , he also proposed making the Moon landing a joint project . The speech resonated widely and is still remembered , although at the time there was disquiet about the cost and value of the Moon - landing effort . Kennedy 's goal was realised in July 1969 with the successful Apollo 11 mission , but the space program thereafter lost vision and direction . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Speech delivery 3 Rhetoric 4 Reception 5 Legacy 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) When John F. Kennedy became President of the United States in January 1961 , many Americans perceived that the United States was losing the Space Race with the Soviet Union , which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 , almost four years earlier . The perception increased when , on April 12 , 1961 , Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut . American prestige was further damaged by the Bay of Pigs fiasco five days later . Convinced of the political need for an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America 's space superiority , Kennedy asked his Vice President , Lyndon B. Johnson , in his role as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council , to identify such an achievement . He specifically asked him to investigate whether the United States could beat the Soviet Union in putting a laboratory in space , or orbiting a man around the Moon , or landing a man on the Moon , and to find out what such a project would cost . Johnson consulted with officials of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Its new Administrator , James E. Webb , told him that there was no chance of beating the Russians to launching a space station , and it was uncertain as to whether NASA could orbit a man around the Moon first , so the best option would be to attempt to land a man on the Moon . This would also be the most expensive option ; Webb believed it would require $22 billion to achieve it by 1970 . Johnson also consulted with Wernher von Braun ; military leaders , including Lieutenant General Bernard Schriever ; and three captains of industry : Frank Stanton from CBS , Donald C. Cook from American Electric Power , and George R. Brown from Brown & Root . Kennedy stood before Congress on May 25 , 1961 , and proposed that the US `` should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . '' Not everyone was impressed ; a Gallup Poll indicated that 58 percent of Americans were opposed . Kennedy 's goal gave a specific mission to NASA 's Apollo program . This required the expansion of NASA 's Space Task Group into a Manned Spacecraft Center . Houston , Texas was chosen as the site , and the Humble Oil and Refining Company donated the land during 1961 , with Rice University as an intermediary . Kennedy took a two - day visit to Houston in September 1962 to view the new facility . He was escorted by astronauts Scott Carpenter and John Glenn , and shown models of the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft ; he also viewed the Mercury spacecraft , in which Glenn had made America 's first orbital flight . He took advantage of the opportunity to deliver a speech to drum up support for the nation 's space effort . Speech delivery ( edit ) Play media Kennedy 's speech on the nation 's space effort delivered at Rice Stadium on September 12 , 1962 ( 17m 28s ) On September 12 , 1962 , a warm and sunny day , President Kennedy delivered his speech before a crowd of 40,000 people in the Rice University football stadium , many of them school children . The middle portion of the speech has been widely quoted , and reads as follows : We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained , and new rights to be won , and they must be won and used for the progress of all people . For space science , like nuclear science and all technology , has no conscience of its own . Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man , and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war . I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea , but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war , without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours . There is no strife , no prejudice , no national conflict in outer space as yet . Its hazards are hostile to us all . Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind , and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again . But why , some say , the Moon ? Why choose this as our goal ? And they may well ask , why climb the highest mountain ? Why , 35 years ago , fly the Atlantic ? Why does Rice play Texas ? We choose to go to the Moon ! We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things , not because they are easy , but because they are hard ; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills , because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept , one we are unwilling to postpone , and one we intend to win , and the others , too . The joke referring to the Rice -- Texas football rivalry was handwritten by Kennedy into the speech text , and is the part of the speech remembered by sports fans . Since then , Rice has beaten Texas in 1965 and 1994 . Later in the speech Kennedy also made a joke about the heat . The jokes elicited cheers and laughter from the audience . While they may have diminished the rhetorical power of the speech , and do not resonate outside Texas , they stand as a reminder of the part Texas played in the space race . Rhetoric ( edit ) The crowd at Rice University watching Kennedy 's speech Kennedy 's speech used three strategies : `` a characterization of space as a beckoning frontier ; an articulation of time that locates the endeavor within a historical moment of urgency and plausibility ; and a final , cumulative strategy that invites audience members to live up to their pioneering heritage by going to the Moon . '' When addressing the crowd at Rice University , he equated the desire to explore space with the pioneering spirit that had dominated American folklore since the nation 's foundation . This allowed Kennedy to reference back to his inaugural address , when he declared to the world `` Together let us explore the stars '' . When he met with Nikita Khrushchev , the Premier of the Soviet Union in June 1961 , Kennedy proposed making the Moon landing a joint project , but Khrushchev did not take up the offer . Kennedy verbally condensed human history to fifty years , in which `` only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power , and now if America 's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus , we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight . '' With this extended metaphor , Kennedy sought to imbue a sense of urgency and change in his audience . Most prominently , the phrase `` We choose to go to the Moon '' in the Rice speech was repeated three times consecutively , followed by an explanation that climaxes in his declaration that the challenge of space is `` one that we are willing to accept , one we are unwilling to postpone , and one which we intend to win . '' Considering the line before rhetorically asked the audience why they choose to compete in tasks that challenge them , Kennedy highlighted here the nature of the decision to go to space as being a choice , an option that the American people have elected to pursue . Rather than claim it as essential , he emphasized the benefits such an endeavor could provide -- uniting the nation and the competitive aspect of it . As Kennedy told Congress earlier , `` whatever mankind must undertake , free men must fully share . '' These words emphasized the freedom enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them . Combined with Kennedy 's overall usage of rhetorical devices in the Rice University speech , they were particularly apt as a declaration that began the American space race . Kennedy was able to describe a romantic notion of space in the Rice University speech with which all citizens of the United States , and even the world could participate , vastly increasing the number of citizens interested in space exploration . He began by talking about space as the new frontier for all of mankind , instilling the dream within the audience . He then condensed human history to show that within a very brief period of time space travel will be possible , informing the audience that their dream is achievable . Lastly , he uses the first - personal plural `` we '' to represent all the people of the world that would allegedly explore space together , but also involves the crowd . Reception ( edit ) Kennedy attending a briefing at Cape Canaveral on September 11 , 1962 . With him in the front row are ( from left ) NASA administrator James Webb , Vice President Lyndon Johnson , NASA Launch Center director Kurt Debus , Lieutenant General Leighton I. Davis and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara . Paul Burka , the executive editor of Texas Monthly magazine , a Rice alumnus who was present in the crowd that day , recalled 50 years later that the speech `` speaks to the way Americans viewed the future in those days . It is a great speech , one that encapsulates all of recorded history and seeks to set it in the history of our own time . Unlike today 's politicians , Kennedy spoke to our best impulses as a nation , not our worst . '' Ron Sass and Robert Curl were among the many members of the Rice University faculty present . Curl was amazed by the cost of the space exploration program . They recalled that the ambitious goal did not seem so remarkable at the time , and that Kennedy 's speech was not regarded as so different from one delivered by President Dwight D. Eisenhower at Rice 's Autry Court in 1960 ; but that speech has long since been forgotten , while Kennedy 's is still remembered . The speech did not stem a rising tide of disquiet about the Moon landing effort . There were many other things that the money could be spent on . `` To spend $40 billion to reach the Moon '' , Eisenhower declared , `` is just nuts . '' Senator Barry Goldwater argued that the civilian space program was pushing the more important military one aside . Senator William Proxmire feared that scientists would be diverted away from military research into space exploration . A budget cut was only narrowly averted . Kennedy gave a speech to the United Nations on September 20 , 1963 , in which he again proposed a joint expedition to the Moon . Khrushchev remained cautious about participating , and responded with a statement in October 1963 in which he declared that the Soviet Union had no plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon . However , his military advisors persuaded him that the offer was a good one , as it would enable the Soviet Union to acquire American technology . Kennedy ordered reviews of the Apollo project in April , August and October 1963 . The final report was received on November 29 , 1963 , a week after Kennedy 's assassination . Legacy ( edit ) The idea of a joint Moon mission was abandoned after Kennedy 's death , but the Apollo Project became a memorial to him . His goal was fulfilled in July 1969 , with the successful Apollo 11 Moon landing . This accomplishment remains an enduring legacy of Kennedy 's speech , but his deadline demanded a necessarily narrow focus , and there was no indication of what should be done next once it was achieved . Apollo did not usher in an era of lunar exploration , and no further missions were sent to the Moon after Apollo 17 in 1972 . Subsequent planned Apollo missions were cancelled . The Space Shuttle and International Space Station projects never captured the public imagination the way the Apollo Project did , and NASA would struggle to realise its visions with inadequate resources . Ambitious visions of space exploration were proclaimed by Presidents George H.W. Bush in 1989 and George W. Bush in 2004 , but the future of the American space program remained uncertain . This too , is a legacy of Kennedy 's speech . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Logsdon 2011 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , pp. 109 - 112 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the ' Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs ' '' . NASA . May 24 , 2004 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , p. 211 . ^ Jump up to : Keilen , Eugene ( September 19 , 1962 ) . `` ' Visiting Professor ' Kennedy Pushes Space Age Spending '' ( PDF ) . The Rice Thresher . p. 1 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , Jade ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` JFK 's 1962 Moon Speech Still Appeals 50 Years Later '' . Rice University . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` John F. Kennedy Moon Speech - Rice Stadium '' . NASA . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brian ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Now 53 years later , JFK asks , ' Why does Rice play Texas ? ' '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feigen , Jonathan ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` When Rice beat Texas : October 16 , 1994 '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hightower , Brantley ( April 20 , 2016 ) . `` Why Does Rice Play Texas ? '' . Medium . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jordan 2003 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address , 20 January 1961 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Logsdon 2011 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Rice University , 12 September 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , pp. 217 - 218 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs , May 25 , 1961 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , pp. 219 - 220 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , pp. 220 - 221 . Jump up ^ Jordan 2003 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , pp. 197 - 198 . Jump up ^ `` Address at 18th U.N. General Assembly , 20 September 1963 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Silcock & Dunn 1969 , pp. 202 - 207 . ^ Jump up to : Glass , Andrew ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` JFK Proposes Joint Lunar Expedition with Soviets , September 20 , 1963 '' . Politico . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Logsdon 2011 , p. 33 . References ( edit ) Jordan , John W. ( Summer 2003 ) . `` Kennedy 's Romantic Moon and Its Rhetorical Legacy for Space Exploration '' . Rhetoric and Public Affairs . 6 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 231 . ISSN 1094 - 8392 . JSTOR 41940312 . Logsdon , John M. ( Spring 2011 ) . `` John F. Kennedy 's Space Legacy and Its Lessons for Today '' . Issues in Science and Technology . 27 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 34 . ISSN 0748 - 5492 . JSTOR 43315485 . Young , Hugo ; Silcock , Bryan ; Dunn , Peter M. ( 1969 ) . Journey to Tranquility . London : Jonathon Cape . Further reading ( edit ) DeGroot , Gerard ( 2008 ) . The Dark Side Of The Moon : the Magnificent Madness of the American Lunar Quest . London : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84413 - 831 - 9 . OCLC 438328453 . Launius , Roger D. ( 2011 ) . After Apollo : The Legacy of the American Moon Landings . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 11010 - 6 . OCLC 707157323 . Logsdon , John M. ( 2011 ) . John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 11010 - 6 . OCLC 707157323 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Address at Rice University on the Nation 's Space Effort . Wikisource has original text related to this article : We choose to go to the moon `` John F. Kennedy Moon Speech - Rice Stadium '' . Johnson Space Center . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Transcript and video of the speech . `` Address at Rice University , Houston , Texas , 12 September 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Drafts of the speech , with hand - written additions by Kennedy . <Th_colspan="2"> John F. Kennedy <Td_colspan="2"> 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Johnson → Cold War portal Rhetoric portal Spaceflight portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon&oldid=832690252 '' Categories : 1962 in American politics 1962 in spaceflight 1962 in Texas 1962 speeches American political catchphrases Apollo program Cold War speeches John F. Kennedy Presidency of John F. Kennedy Rice University September 1962 events Speeches by John F. Kennedy Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 13 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. John F. Kennedy's speech about going to the Moon 2. Apollo program and the national effort to land a man on the Moon 3. Kennedy's goal realized with the successful Apollo 11 mission 4. Legacy of Kennedy's speech and the future of space exploration 5. Perception of the United States losing the Space Race with the Soviet Union

how did the jeep wrangler get its name

Jeep - wikipedia Jeep This article is about the U.S. motor manufacturing company . For the original World War II Jeep , see Willys MB . For other uses , see Jeep ( disambiguation ) . Jeep <Td_colspan="2"> Type Division Industry Automotive Founded 1943 trademark application 1945 first civilian Jeep launched Headquarters Toledo , Ohio , U.S. Area served Worldwide Key people Michael Manley ( CEO of Jeep division ) Sergio Marchionne ( CEO of FCA US LLC ) Products Sport utility vehicles Luxury vehicles Owner Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Parent Willys - Overland ( 1943 - 1953 ) Kaiser - Jeep ( 1953 - 1970 ) American Motors Corporation ( 1970 - 1986 ) Chrysler ( 1987 - present ) Website jeep.com Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC ( formerly Chrysler Group , LLC ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Italian - American corporation Fiat Chrysler Automobiles . Jeep has been a part of Chrysler since 1987 , when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand , along with remaining assets , from its previous owner : American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) . Jeep 's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off - road vehicles , but has also included pickup trucks in the past . Some of Jeep 's vehicles -- such as the Grand Cherokee -- reach into the luxury SUV segment , a market segment the Wagoneer is considered to have created . Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016 , up from 500,000 in 2008 , two - thirds of which in North America , and was Fiat - Chrysler 's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017 . In the U.S. alone , over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep - branded vehicles , and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company , it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion -- slightly more than all of FCA ( US ) . Prior to 1940 the term `` jeep '' had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles , but the World War II `` jeep '' that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4x4 , arguably making them the oldest four - wheel drive mass - production vehicles now known as SUVs . The Jeep became the primary light 4 - wheel - drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II , as well as the postwar period . The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war . Doug Stewart noted : `` The spartan , cramped , and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four - wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky , can - do determination . '' The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo , Ohio , ever since Willys - Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945 . Its replacement , the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series , remains in production since 1986 . With its solid axles and open top , the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand 's identity as the rear - engined 911 is to Porsche . At least two Jeep models ( the CJ - 5 and the SJ Wagoneer ) enjoyed extraordinary three - decade production runs of a single body generation . Jeeps have since the war inspired a number of other light utility vehicles , such as the Land Rover . Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations . In lowercase , the term `` jeep '' continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain . Contents 1 World War II Jeeps 1.1 Development -- 1 . Bantam Reconnaissance Car 1.2 Development -- 2 . Enter Willys and Ford 1.3 Full production -- Willys MB and Ford GPW 2 Post-war military Jeeps 2.1 CJ - V35 / U 2.2 M715 3 Jeep etymology 4 Brand , trademarks and image 4.1 Off - road abilities 5 Company history and ownership 5.1 Ownership chronology 6 Military Jeeps model list 7 Civilian Jeeps model list 7.1 Jeep CJ 7.2 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck 7.3 Willys / Jeep Jeepster & ( Jeepster ) Commando 7.4 Jeep Forward Control 7.5 Jeep DJ and Fleetvan 7.6 SJ Wagoneer , Cherokee and pickups 7.7 Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Comanche 7.8 Jeep Wrangler 7.9 Grand Cherokee 7.10 Jeep Liberty / Cherokee 7.11 Jeep Commander 7.12 Jeep Compass and Patriot platform 7.13 Concepts and prototypes 8 Current models 9 Future models 10 Jeeps built outside the USA 11 Jeep apparel and sponsorships 12 See also 13 References 14 External links World War II Jeeps Main article : Willys MB Bantam BRC 40 Ford Pygmy Dashboard of World War II era jeep Jeep with 50 cal . Browning machine gun Development -- 1 . Bantam reconnaissance Car When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theatre of World War II , the U.S. Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four - wheel - drive reconnaissance car . Only two companies responded : American Bantam Car Company and Willys - Overland . The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype . Willys asked for more time , but was refused . The broke American Bantam Car Company had only a skeleton staff left on the payroll and solicited Karl Probst , a talented freelance designer from Detroit . After turning down Bantam 's initial request , Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17 , 1940 , initially without salary . Probst laid out full plans for the Bantam prototype , known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car , in just two days , working up a cost estimate the next day . Bantam 's bid was submitted , complete with blueprints , on July 22 . While much of the vehicle could be assembled from off - the - shelf automotive parts , custom four - wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer . The hand - built prototype was completed in Butler , Pennsylvania , and driven to Camp Holabird , Maryland , delivered for Army testing on September 23 . The vehicle met all the Army 's criteria except engine torque . World War II had already begun in Asia , with Japan expanding in China , Manchuria and Southeast Asia . The Imperial Japanese Army used a small four - wheel - drive car for reconnaissance and troop movements , having introduced the Kurogane Type 95 in 1936 . Development -- 2 . Enter Willys and Ford The Army thought that the Bantam company was too small to supply the required number of vehicles , so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford , and encouraged them to modify the design . The resulting Ford `` Pygmy '' and Willys `` Quad '' prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype , and Spicer supplied very similar four - wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers . 1,500 of each model ( Bantam BRC - 40 , Ford GP , and Willys MA ) were built and extensively field - tested . After the weight specification was revised from 1,275 lb ( 578 kg ) to a maximum of 2,450 lb ( 1,110 kg ) including oil and water , Willys - Overland 's chief engineer Delmar `` Barney '' Roos modified the design in order to use Willys 's heavy but powerful `` Go Devil '' engine , and won the initial production contract . The Willys version became the standard Jeep design , designated the model MB and was built at their plant in Toledo , Ohio . The familiar pressed - metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army . Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time , Willys - Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys ' specifications . The Army chose Ford as a second supplier , building Jeeps to the Willys ' design . Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications . American Bantam , the creators of the first Jeep , built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC - 40 design , but spent the rest of the war building heavy - duty trailers for the Army . Full production -- Willys MB and Ford GPW 1943 Willys Jeep Final production version Jeeps built by Willys - Overland were the Model MB , while those built by Ford were the Model GPW ( G = government vehicle , P designated the 80 '' wheelbase , and W = the Willys engine design ) . There were subtle differences between the two . The versions produced by Ford had every component ( including bolt heads ) marked with an `` F '' . Willys also followed the Ford pattern by stamping its name into some body parts , but stopped this in 1942 . The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US $648.74 ( Ford 's was $782.59 per unit ) . Willys - Overland and Ford , under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen ( Vice-President of Ford during World War II ) , produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort , which accounted for approximately 18 % of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war . Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military . An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment . Jeeps were used for many purposes , including cable laying , saw milling , as firefighting pumpers , field ambulances , tractors and , with suitable wheels , would even run on railway tracks . An amphibious jeep , the model GPA , or `` seep '' ( Sea Jeep ) was built for Ford in modest numbers but it could not be considered a huge success -- it was neither a good off - road vehicle nor a good boat . As part of the war effort , nearly 30 % of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army . Postwar military Jeeps The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world , including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie ( after 1954 , Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys ) , and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota . The Land Rover was inspired by the Jeep . The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike . The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design , and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection . Pulitzer Prize - winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep , along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove , `` the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed . '' Jeeps became even more famous following the war , as they became available on the surplus market . Some ads claimed to offer `` Jeeps still in the factory crate . '' This legend persisted for decades , despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates ( although Ford did `` knock down '' Jeeps for easier shipping , which may have perpetuated the myth ) . The Jeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines . The first Jeepneys were military - surplus MBs and GPWs , left behind in the war - ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence . Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear `` tub '' of the vehicle , allowing them to carry more passengers . Over the years , Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines , even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners . Most Jeepneys today are scratch - built by local manufacturers , using different powertrains . Some are even constructed from stainless steel . In the United States military , the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles ( e.g. Ford 's M151 ) of which the latest is the Humvee . CJ - V35 / U After World War II , Jeep began to experiment with new designs , including a model that could drive under water . On February 1 , 1950 , contract N8ss - 2660 was approved for 1,000 units `` especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications '' and `` constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations . '' The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe under water . Jeep M715 M715 In 1965 , Jeep developed the M715 1.25 - ton army truck , a militarized version of the civilian J - series Jeep truck , which served extensively in the Vietnam War . It had heavier full - floating axles and a foldable , vertical , flat windshield . Today , it serves other countries , and is still being produced by Kia under license . Jeep etymology See also : Willys MB § How the jeep got its name Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify . The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP ( for Government Purposes or General Purpose ) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV ( for High - Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle ) has become known as the Humvee . Joe Frazer , Willys - Overland President from 1939 to 1944 , claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P. There are no contemporaneous uses of `` GP '' before later attempts to create a `` backronym . '' A more detailed view , popularized by R. Lee Ermey on his television series Mail Call , disputes this `` slurred GP '' origin , saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties , and was never referred to as `` General Purpose '' and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep - driving GI would have been familiar with this designation . The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use , P to designate its 80 - inch ( 2,000 mm ) wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys - Overland designed engine . Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep , a character in the Thimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created by E.C. Segar , as early as mid-March 1936 . Eugene the Jeep was Popeye 's `` jungle pet '' and was `` small , able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems . '' The word `` jeep '' however , was used as early as World War I , as US Army slang for new uninitiated recruits , or by mechanics to refer to new unproven vehicles . In 1937 , tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps . A precursor of the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep . Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders , a dictionary of military slang , published in 1942 , in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition : Jeep : A four - wheel drive vehicle of one - half - to one - and - one - half - ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty . A term applied to the bantam - cars , and occasionally to other motor vehicles ( U.S.A. ) in the Air Corps , the Link Trainer ; in the armored forces , the 1⁄2 - ton command vehicle . Also referred to as `` any small plane , helicopter , or gadget . '' This definition is supported by the use of the term `` jeep carrier '' to refer to the Navy 's small escort carriers . Early in 1941 , Willys - Overland demonstrated the vehicle 's off - road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol , driven by Willys test driver Irving `` Red '' Hausmann , who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a `` jeep . '' When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News ( or by a bystander , according to another account ) what it was called , Hausmann answered , `` It 's a jeep . '' Katharine Hillyer 's article was published nationally on February 19 , 1941 , and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption : LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE - With Senator Meade , of New York , at the wheel , and Representative Thomas , of New Jersey , sitting beside him , one of the Army 's new scout cars , known as `` jeeps '' or `` quads '' , climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday . Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed . Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested , this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade , leaving the 4x4 with the name . Brand , trademarks and image Willys wartime advertisement promoting its Jeeps ' contribution to the war effort The `` Jeep '' brand has gone through many owners , starting with Willys - Overland , which filed the original trademark application for the `` Jeep '' brand - name in February 1943 . To help establish the term as a Willys brand , the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys ' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war . Willys ' application initially met with years of opposition , primarily from Bantam , but also from Minneapolis - Moline . The Federal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943 , largely ignoring Minneapolis - Moline 's claim , and continued to scold Willys - Overland after the war for its advertising . The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint , to cease and desist any claims that it `` created or designed '' the Jeep -- Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the jeep 's development . Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep ( CJ ) branded vehicles in 1945 , and simply copyrighted the Jeep name in 1946 . Being the only company that continually produced `` Jeep '' vehicles after the war , Willys - Overland was eventually granted the name `` Jeep '' as a registered trademark in June 1950 . Aside from Willys , King Features Syndicate has held a trademark on the name `` Jeep '' for their comics since August 1936 . Willys had also seriously considered the brand name AGRIJEEP , and was granted the trademark for it in December of 1944 , but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the `` Universal Jeep , '' which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming . A division of FCA US LLC , the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand , now holds trademark status on the name `` Jeep '' and the distinctive 7 - slot front grille design . The original 9 - slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW , and because it weighed less than the original `` Slat Grille '' of Willys ( an arrangement of flat bars ) , was incorporated into the `` standardized jeep '' design . The history of the HMMWV ( Humvee ) has ties with Jeep . In 1971 , Jeep 's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General , a wholly owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation , which also owned Jeep . In 1979 , while still owned by American Motors , AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee . AM General also continued manufacturing the two - wheel - drive DJ , which Jeep created in 1953 . The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles . Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford 's nine - slot design for the Jeep . Off - road abilities Jeep Wrangler off - roading . Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand 's vehicles ' off - road capabilities . Today , the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four - wheel - drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles . These axles are known for their durability , strength , and articulation . New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential . The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials , Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears , a 4 : 1 transfer case , electronic sway bar disconnect and heavy duty suspension . Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to `` lift '' with aftermarket suspension systems . This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle . By increasing this distance , larger tires can be installed , which will increase the ground clearance , allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles . In addition to higher ground clearance , many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or `` flex '' to give their Jeeps greatly improved off - road capabilities . Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction . Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases , narrow frames , and ample approach , breakover , and departure angles , allowing them to fit into places where full - size four - wheel drives have difficulty . Company History and ownership After the war , Willys did not resume production of its passenger - car models , choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep - branded vehicles , launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946 , the Jeep Truck in 1947 , and the Jeepster in 1948 . An attempt to re-enter the passenger - car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful , and ended with the company 's acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953 , for $60 million . Kaiser initially called the merged company `` Willys Motors '' , but renamed itself Kaiser - Jeep in 1963 . By the end of 1955 , Kaiser - Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero , as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively . American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) in turn purchased Kaiser 's money - losing Jeep operations in 1970 . This time $70 million changed hands . The utility vehicles complemented AMC 's passenger car business by sharing components , achieving volume efficiencies , as well as capitalizing on Jeep 's international and government markets . In 1971 AMC spun off Jeep 's commercial , postal and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary , AM General -- the company that later developed the M998 Humvee . In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ - 7 , replacing the CJ - 6 in North America , as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time . The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979 . During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee , its first unibody SUV ; and global sales top 200,000 for the first time in 1985 . However , the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era . By 1987 , the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles . At the same time , Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand , as well as other assets of AMC . So Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987 , shortly after the Jeep CJ - 7 had been replaced with the AMC - designed Wrangler YJ . After more than 40 years , the four - wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers , fell into the hands of one of the Big Three ; and Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition . But Chrysler subsequently merged with Daimler - Benz in 1998 and folded into DaimlerChrysler . DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007 . Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC , until December 15 , 2014 , when Chrysler folded into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , with the stateside division operating under ' FCA US LLC ' . Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world , including Mahindra in India , EBRO in Spain , and several in South America . Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998 . Most were based on the CJ - 3B model of the original Willys - Kaiser design . Toledo , Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception , and the city has always been proud of this heritage . Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals , two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway . The Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Cherokee are built in the city currently , in separate facilities , not far from the site of the original Willys - Overland plant . American Motors set up the first automobile - manufacturing joint venture in the People 's Republic of China on January 15 , 1984 . The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation , Ltd. , in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation , to produce the Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) in Beijing . Manufacture continued after Chrysler 's buyout of AMC . This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation . The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the `` Jeep 2500 '' toward the end of its production that ended after 2005 . While Jeeps have been built in India under licence by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s , Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016 , starting with release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country . Ownership chronology 1944 -- 1953 : Willys - Overland 1953 -- 1964 : Kaiser Jeep ( calling themselves `` Willys Motors '' ) 1964 -- 1970 : Kaiser Jeep 1970 -- 1987 : AMC ( w / Renault controlling production in 1986 ) 1987 -- 1998 : Chrysler 1998 -- 2007 : Daimler Chrysler AG 2007 -- 2009 : Chrysler LLC 2009 -- 2013 : Chrysler Group LLC - Fiat Group Automobiles 2014 -- present : Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Military Jeeps model list This is a list of military light utility vehicles , made under the Jeep brand , by the Jeep company , or its corporate forebears , beginning with Willys - Overland , the first company to officially market `` Jeep '' branded cars and light trucks . For a full list of U.S. military jeeps , that includes models built by other brands and companies , see : List of U.S. military jeeps Willys MA on assembly line , 1941 . 1942 Willys MB slat grille . 1952 -- 1957 Willys / Kaiser MD Jeep M715 truck 1940 Willys Quad -- Willys ' first prototype , competing for the U.S. Army contract for a 1⁄4 - ton light reconnaissance vehicle 1941 Willys MA -- Willys ' low - volume preproduction model , preceding the standardized World War II jeep 1941 - 1944 Willys MT `` Super Jeep '' -- 6x6 , 3 ⁄ 4 - ton prototype -- a small number were built in various configurations 1942 Willys MB -- slat grille 1942 -- 1945 Willys MB -- stamped grille 1943 Willys WAC ( for ' Willys Air Cooled ' ) `` Jeeplet '' -- prototype for a super light - weight , fulltime 4WD with front and rear independent suspension 1944 Willys MLW - 1 ( for ' Military Long Wheelbase ' ) -- prototype ( never finished ) 1944 Willys MLW - 2 ( for ' Military Long Wheelbase ' ) or `` Jungle Jeep '' -- prototype for a half - ton , jungle - suited jeep 1948 Willys Jungle Burden Carrier -- a medical litter , personnel and cargo carrier , built in small numbers for testing in jungle warfare and with airborne forces . 1949 -- 1952 Willys MC / M38 1950 CJ V - 35 ( / U ) -- deep water fording CJ - 3A ; 1000 units built for the USMC 1952 -- 1971 Willys / Kaiser MD / M38A1 1952 -- 1957 Willys M38A1C -- fitted with 105 / 106mm anti-tank recoilless rifle 1950s / 1960s Willys M38A1D -- a small number of M38A1s carried the M28 or M29 `` Davy Crockett Weapon System '' , the US ' smallest tactical nuclear weapon , fired from a 120mm or 155mm recoilless rifle M170 Ambulance 1953 Willys BC Bobcat aka `` Aero Jeep '' -- prototype for a very small , lightweight ( 1475 lbs ) jeep , for easier lifting by helicopters of the day . 1958 - 1960 Willys XM443 / M443E1 `` Super Mule '' -- prototypes for 3 ⁄ 4 - ton , underfloor mid-engined platform - trucks , comparable to , but larger than the M274 `` Mechanical Mule '' 1959 -- 1982 M151 jeep -- Although the M151 was developed and initially produced by Ford , production contracts for the M151A2 were later also awarded to Kaiser Jeep and AM General Corp , a Jeep sister company , once Jeep had become part of AMC . 1970 -- 1982 M151A2 M718A1 Ambulance M825 Weapons Platform 1960 -- 1968 Jeep M606 1964 US Navy and USMC variants of the Forward Control FC - 170 , labeled `` Truck , Diesel engine , 7000 - pound GVW , 4x4 '' : M676 Truck , Cargo Pickup M677 Truck , Cargo Pickup w / 4 Dr. Cab M678 Truck , Carry All M679 Truck , Ambulance 1967 -- 1969 Kaiser Jeep M715 truck -- based on the civilian Jeep Gladiator Civilian Jeeps model list This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( December 2017 ) Main article : List of Jeep vehicles Jeep CJ Main article : Jeep CJ ( Civilian Jeep ) 1982 Jeep Scrambler The CJ ( for `` Civilian Jeep '' ) series were literally the first `` Jeep '' branded vehicles produced for the civilian public , beginning in 1945 with the CJ - 2A , followed by the CJ - 3A in 1949 and the CJ - 3B in 1953 . These early Jeeps are commonly referred to as `` flatfenders '' because their front fenders were flat and rectangular across , like on their military forebears , the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW models . The CJ - 4 exists only as a 1951 prototype , and is the `` missing link '' between the flat - fendered CJ - 2A and CJ - 3B and the round - fendered CJ - 5 first introduced in 1955 . 1944 -- 1945 CJ - 2 1945 -- 1949 CJ - 2A 1949 -- 1953 CJ - 3 A 1953 -- 1968 CJ - 3B 1954 -- 1983 CJ - 5 1955 -- 1975 CJ - 6 1964 -- 1967 CJ - 5A / CJ - 6A Tuxedo Park 1976 -- 1986 CJ - 7 1981 -- 1985 CJ - 8 Scrambler 1981 -- 1985 CJ - 10 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck The 1946 -- 1965 Willys Jeep Station Wagon and the 1947 -- 1965 Willys Jeep Truck shared much in terms of styling and engineering . With over 300,000 wagons and its variants built in the U.S. , it was one of Willys ' most successful post-World War II models . Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs . Willys / Jeep Jeepster & ( Jeepster ) commando Main articles : Willys / Jeep Jeepster and Jeepster Commando The 1948 introduced Jeepster was directly based on the rear - wheel - drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis , and shared many of the same parts . 1948 -- 1950 Willys VJ Jeepster 1948 -- 1949 VJ2 Jeepster 1949 -- 1951 VJ3 Jeepster ( Jeepster ) Commando 1966 -- 1971 C101 -- Jeepster Commando Hurst Jeepster ( only 100 produced ) Hurst Half Cab Revival Jeepster Commando convertible open body roadster 1972 -- 1973 C104 -- Jeep Commando Commando Half Cab Jeep Forward Control Main article : Jeep Forward Control The 1956 -- 1965 Jeep Forward Control was built in both civilian and military models . The civilian versions were : FC - 150 FC - 160 -- Spain , India FC - 170 Jeep DJ and Fleetvan Main articles : Jeep DJ ( Dispatcher Jeep ) and Fleetvan A USPS mail delivery vehicle made by Jeep From 1955 onwards Willys offered two - wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use , called DJ models ( for ' Dispatcher Jeep ' ) , in both open and closed body - styles . A well - known version was the right - hand drive model with sliding side - doors , used by the US Postal service . In 1961 the range was expanded with the ' Fleetvan ' delivery - van , based on DJ Jeeps . 1955 USAF DJ 1955 -- 1964 DJ - 3A 1965 -- 1975 DJ - 5 1965 -- 1973 DJ - 6 1967 -- 1975 DJ - 5A 1970 -- 1972 DJ - 5B 1973 -- 1974 DJ - 5C 1975 -- 1976 DJ - 5D 1976 DJ - 5E Electruck 1977 -- 1978 DJ - 5F 1979 DJ - 5G 1982 DJ - 5L Fleetvan Jeep 1961 -- 1975 Fleetvan FJ - 3 FJ - 3A FJ - 6 FJ - 6A FJ - 8 FJ - 9 `` Full - Size Jeeps '' Jeep Wagoneer ca . 1968 J20 pickup , Honcho package SJ Wagoneer , Cherokee and pickups Main article : Jeep SJ ( aka Full Size Jeep ) SUV models ( 1962 - 1991 ) 1962 -- 1983 SJ Wagoneer 1966 -- 1969 SJ Super Wagoneer 1974 -- 1983 SJ Cherokee 1984 -- 1991 SJ Grand Wagoneer Pickup models ( 1962 - 1988 ) 1962 -- 1971 Jeep Gladiator 1971 -- 1988 Jeep pickup truck ( J - ) Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Comanche 1988 Jeep Cherokee 2.5 Main articles : Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Jeep Comanche 1984 -- 2001 XJ Cherokee 1984 -- 1990 XJ Wagoneer 1984 -- 1985 Broughwood 1984 -- 1990 Limited 1986 -- 1992 Jeep Comanche ( MJ ) Jeep Wrangler 1989 Jeep Wrangler YJ Islander 1997 Jeep Wrangler TJ 2016 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited ( MIAS ' 16 ) Jeep Wrangler Main article : Jeep Wrangler 1987 -- 1995 Jeep Wrangler YJ 1991 -- 1993 Renegade 1988 -- 1995 Wrangler Long -- Venezuela 1995 Wrangler Rio Grande 1997 -- 2006 Wrangler TJ 2002 TJ Se , X , Sport , Sahara models 2003 TJ Rubicon , Rubicon Tomb Raider Edition , Sahara , Sport , X , Se models , Freedom Edition 2004 -- 2006 TJ Long Wheel Base ( LJ ) Unlimited ( 15 '' Longer than a standard TJ ) Rubicon , Sport , X , Se models 2004 -- 2005 Willys Edition ( 2004 -- 1997 made , 2005 -- 2001 made ) 2004 Columbia Edition 2005 Rubicon Sahara Unlimited TJ LWB ( LJ ) ( 1000 made ) 2006 Golden Eagle Edition , 65 Year Anniversary Edition ( 1,675 Black 65th Anniversary Editions made ) 2007 - 2011 TJL AEV Brute : Compact pickup truck , 2 - door version ; produced by AEV with the Jeep logo . 2007 -- 2018 Wrangler JK 2007 -- 2009 JK Rubicon , Sahara , X 2010 JK Rubicon , Sahara , Mountain , Islander , and Sport Editions 2011 70th Anniversary , Call of Duty : Black Ops , Mojave , and Oscar Mike Military ( 200 made ) Editions 2011 JK - 8 Independence -- a MOPAR JK pick - up conversion kit , mirroring the 1980s CJ - 8 Scrambler pick - up 2013 Rubicon 10th Anniversary Edition 2013 - 2017 Brute Double Cab : Pickup truck , 4 - door version , produced by American Expedition Vehicles 2014 Willys Wheeler Edition 2017 -- Jeep Wrangler JL Grand Cherokee Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee 1st generation Grand Cherokee ZJ . 2008 - 2010 WK Grand Cherokee . 1993 -- 1998 Grand Cherokee ZJ 1993 -- 1995 Base SE 1993 -- 1998 Laredo 1993 -- 1998 Limited 1995 -- 1997 Orvis `` Limited Edition '' 1997 -- 1998 TSi 1998 5.9 Limited 1993 ZJ Jeep Grand Wagoneer 1999 -- 2004 Grand Cherokee WJ Grand Cherokee 2002 -- 2003 Sport 2002 -- 2004 Special edition 2002 -- 2004 Overland 2004 Columbia Edition 2005 - 2010 Grand Cherokee WK : Five - passenger family - oriented SUV -- `` WK '' is the designator for the 2005 -- 2010 Grand Cherokee , marks the beginning of the - K designation compared to the - J designation 2011 -- present Jeep Grand Cherokee WK2 Jeep Liberty / Cherokee Main article : Jeep Liberty 2008 - 2009 Jeep Liberty 2002 -- 2007 Jeep Liberty KJ or Jeep Cherokee ( KJ ) outside North America Sport Limited Renegade 2003 Freedom Edition 2004 -- 05 Rocky Mountain Edition 2004 Columbia Edition 2006 65th Anniversary Edition 2007 Latitude Edition ( replaced Renegade ) 2008 -- 2012 Jeep Liberty KK or Jeep Cherokee ( KK ) outside North America Jeep Commander 2006 -- 2010 Jeep Commander ( XK ) 2006 Base 2007 -- 2010 Sport 2006 -- 2010 Limited 2007 -- 2009 Overland Jeep Compass and Patriot platform Main articles : Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot 2007 -- 2017 Jeep Compass MK49 2017 -- present Jeep Compass MP / 552 2006 - 2017 Jeep Patriot ( MK74 ) : Compact sport utility vehicle Concepts and prototypes This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( April 2018 ) 1944 CJ - 1 prototype 1949 Alcoa Aluminum - bodied Jeepster Coupe ( prototype ) 1949 / 1950 X-98 prototype ; with flat fenders , but a rounded hood and grille like the CJ - 5 , it may have been the first F - head - powered Jeep 1950 CJ - 4 prototype 1950 CJ - 4 M prototype 1950 CJ - 4 MA prototype 1952 CJ Coiler : experimental design for an all independent suspension , with portal - hub swing - axles and coil - springs 1958 DJ - 3A Pickup : Prototype pickup truck version of the DJ - 3A 1958 Jeep Creep : prototype utility vehicle ; several versions built for tests , including a Postal rig and an aircraft tug 1959 Jeep J - 100 Malibu and Berkeley : Later developed into the Wagoneer 1960 Jeep Wide - Trac : Concept for developing a low - cost vehicle for third - world countries 1962 The Brazilian Jeepster ( prototype ) 1963 Jeep XM - 200 : J200 based concept for developing a low - cost vehicle for third - world countries 1965 Jeep / Renault Model H : A light 4x4 prototype based on the Renault 16 1966 FWD Concept Jeepvair : Similar to the Model H but with a Chevrolet Corvair powertrain 1970 XJ001 1970 XJ002 1971 Jeep Cowboy : A design study using AMC 's `` compact '' automobile platform 1977 Jeep II 1979 Jeep Jeepster II 1986 Cherokee Targa : A two - door Cherokee convertible ( later revised as Jeep Freedom show car ) 1987 Comanche Thunderchief : This vehicle was put into production later as the Comanche Eliminator 1989 Jeep Concept 1 : Evolved into the ZJ Grand Cherokee 1989 Jeep Rubicon Wrangler : This vehicle was later put in production 1990 Jeep JJ : Essentially what would later be called the Icon 1990 Jeep Freedom : A revised Cherokee Targa 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000 : A large design concept 1993 Jeep Ecco 1997 Jeep Cherokee Casablanca : A special edition of Cherokee , never produced 1997 Jeep Wrangler Ultimate Rescue : A tuned version of a regular TJ Wrangler developed for SEMA show 1997 Fender Jeep Wrangler 1997 Jeep Dakar : A fused version of a XJ Cherokee and TJ Wrangler 1997 Jeep Icon : A design study for the next - generation Wrangler 1999 Jeep Commander : methanol fuel cell drive train with electric motors 1999 Jeep Journey 1999 Jeep Jeepster Concept 2000 Jeep Cherokee Total Exposure 2000 Jeep Varsity : Subsequently , put into production as the Compass 2000 Jeep Commander Concept : Subsequently , put into production as the XK 2000 Jeep Willys 2001 Jeep Willys2 2002 Jeep Wrangler Tabasco 2002 Jeep Wrangler Patriot : A special decal package for the Wrangler X / Sport 2002 Jeep Wrangler Mountain Biker 2004 Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) Concierge 2004 Jeep Treo 2004 Jeep Rescue 2004 Jeep Liberator CRD 2005 Jeep Hurricane : The 4 - wheel steering system allows the vehicle to have both a zero turning circle , and `` crab '' sideways . Its engine was later put in the Grand Cherokee ( WK ) SRT - 8 2005 Jeep Gladiator Concept 2005 Jeep Aggressor ( the Rezo ) 2007 Jeep Trailhawk 2008 Jeep Renegade 2010 Jeep J8 2010 Jeep Nukizer : Design study inspired by the Military Kaiser M - 715 2011 Jeep Wrangler Pork Chop 2011 Jeep Compass Canyon : uses a 2 1 / 8 inch lift 2011 Jeep Cherokee Overland 2012 Jeep Mighty FC : inspired by the 1956 to 1965 Forward Control vehicles Jeep sold 2012 Jeep J - 12 Concept : recalling the 1962 - 1971 Gladiator pickups 2013 Jeep Wrangler Mopar Recon 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee Trailhawk EcoDiesel 2013 Jeep Wrangler Stitch 2013 Jeep Wrangler Flattop : featuring a one - piece , windowless hardtop 2014 Jeep Wrangler Level Red 2014 Jeep Cherokee Dakar 2014 Jeep Wrangler MOJO 2015 Jeep Chief 2015 Jeep Wrangler Africa 2015 Jeep Wrangler Red Rock Responder 2015 Jeep Staff Car : a tribute to Jeep 's military history starting with WWII Current models The Jeep brand currently produces five models , but 8 vehicles are under the brand name or use the Jeep logo : Jeep Renegade BU : Subcompact Sport Utility Vehicle Jeep Wrangler JK : Standard wheelbase Compact Sport utility vehicle , 2 - door version JK Unlimited : Long wheelbase Mid-Size sport utility vehicle , 4 - door version J8 : Mid-Size military sport utility vehicle ; Produced by AIL , AAV , and AEV . TJL : Compact pickup truck , 2 - door version ; Produced by AAV . JL : Short ( 2 - door ) and long ( 4 - door ) wheelbase SUV ; in production since November 2017 Jeep Grand Cherokee : Mid-size sport utility vehicle Jeep Compass : Compact sport utility vehicle Jeep Cherokee KL : Mid-size sport utility vehicle Future models Jeep Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer : Full - Size SUVs expected for 2021 . Jeeps built outside the U.S.A. The Troller T4 Mahindra & Mahindra Limited Indian Jeep Jeeps have been built and / or assembled around the world by various companies . Argentina -- IKA Jeeps 1956 -- current ; now owned by Chrysler Australia -- Willys Motors Australia -- 1940s -- 1980s Brazil -- Willys Overland do Brasil , purchased by Ford to become Ford do Brasil -- 1957 -- 1985 built the Jeep Rural from 1960 -- 1977 , and the Troller T4 is a fiberglass bodied Jeep version built in Brazil . Troller was purchased by Ford do Brasil in 2007 . Burma / Myanmar -- Two Burmese companies produce unlicensed copies of jeeps ; Myanmar Jeeps and Chin Dwin Star Jeeps . Canada -- Kaiser Jeep -- 1959 -- 1969 China -- Beijing Jeep Corporation -- 1983 to 2009 as Beijing - Benz DaimlerChrysler Automotive . Fiat - Chrysler plans to re-open Jeep production in China through joint venture with Guangzhou Automobile Industry Group ( GAIG ) . Colombia -- Willys Colombia -- at least until 1999 Egypt -- Arab Organization for Industrialization subsidiary Arab American Vehicles based in Cairo produces the Jeep Cherokee ; the open - top , Wrangler - based Jeep AAV TJL . France -- Licence produced jeeps : Hotchkiss M201 and by Cournil ( now Auverland ) -- 1952 -- 1962 India -- Mahindra & Mahindra Limited -- 1960s - current Iran -- Pars Khodro , ShahBaaz , Sahra , and Ahoo -- ShahBaaz based on DJ series , Sahra based on Jeep Wrangler and CJ series , and Ahoo based on Wagoneer Israel -- Automotive Industries which produces the AIL Storm ( Sufa ) series of Jeep Wrangler - derivatives Italy -- 1950s Japan -- Mitsubishi Jeeps -- 1953 -- 1998 Korea -- Asia Motors , Ltd , Dong A Motors ( SsangYong Motor Company ) and Kia . ( do n't use Jeep name ) -- 1980s - current Mexico -- VAM Jeeps -- 1946 -- 1987 Netherlands -- NEKAF - JEEP Nederlandse Kaiser - Frazer -- 1954 - 1990s Philippines -- Jeepneys ; MD Juan Willys MB. ; `` E-jeepneys '' or minibuses , LSV ( low - speed vehicles ) which uses electricity . Spanish - built long - wheelbase CJ - 3B Portugal -- Bravia Sarl -- 1960s to 1980s This Lisbon company assembled a number of Kaiser Jeep M - 201 models from several Spanish EBRO and VIASA parts built to order for the USAF airfields & the US Army based at the time in Portugal , of the 500 vehicles made , most had American running gear . Spain -- Vehículos Industriales y Agrícolas , S.A ( VIASA ) , absorbed by Ebro trucks , and later sold to Nissan -- 1960 - 1990s For instance built a long - wheelbase version of the CJ - 3B from 1955 -- 1968 . Turkey -- Tuzla -- 1954 - 1970s Venezuela - Valencia Carabobo 1962 -- 2011 , 1962 Tejerias Edo Aragua Willys de Venezuela , S.A , 1979 -- 2011 Ensambladora Carabobo C.A Valencia Edo Carabobo Jeep apparel and sponsorships Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license . It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China , vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country . In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth € 35m ( $45 m ) with Italian football club Juventus . In August 2014 Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with Greek football club AEK Athens F.C. . See also AMC and Jeep transmissions Criticism of sport utility vehicles Jeep four - wheel - drive systems Jeep Jamboree : Off Road Adventure , a video game based on the then - current Jeep Wrangler YJ model Jeep Thrills Jeep parade Jeep trail Jeepney List of automobile manufacturers of the United States References Inline ^ Jump up to : Statham , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jeep Color History . MBI Publishing . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0636 - 9 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler 8 - K / A SEC filing '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com. 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 ... served as the auditor for Fiat S.p.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries , which include Chrysler Group Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC '' . InsideView company data . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Chrysler Group LLC operates as a subsidiary of Fiat North America LLC Jump up ^ Gunnell , John ( 2005 ) . American Cars of the 1960s : A Decade of Diversity . Krause Publications . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89689 - 131 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jeep Guns For 2 Million In Annual Sales -- Forbes , Feb 24 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Could Fiat Chrysler spin off Jeep , Ram ? ' Yes ' -- Detroit Free Press ^ Jump up to : China 's Great Wall sets sights on Jeep -- AutoNews.com , August 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ Marchionne Is Betting Big on Rugged Jeep to Steer Fiat - Bloomberg , 24 augustus 2017 ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Jeeps 1941 -- 45 . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781780961477 . ^ Jump up to : Origin of the Term Jeep -- Olive - Drab Jump up ^ Russell , Philip ( 2013 ) . 100 Military Inventions that Changed the World . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 9781472106704 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Doug ( 1992 ) . `` Hail to the jeep ! Could we have won without it ? '' . Smithsonian. 23 ( 8 ) : 60 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 2004 ) . Jeep Collector 's Library . MBI Publishing . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1979 - 6 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Curbside Classic : Kaiser Jeep CJ - 5 -- Transcendent Independent Jump up ^ Gunn , Richard ( 2006 ) . Trucks & Off - Road Vehicles . Motorbooks . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2569 - 8 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Robson , Graham ( 1981 ) . The Rover Story . Stephens . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 543 - 7 . The first Land - Rover owed a lot to the Jeep . Designer Gordon Bashford , who laid out the basic concept , makes no secret of that . It was also his job to go off to an ex-WD surplus vehicle dump in the Cotswolds , buy a couple of roadworthy Jeeps ... Jump up ^ Morr , Tom ; Brubaker , Ken ( 2007 ) . The Joy of Jeep . MBI Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3061 - 6 . 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Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 3A 's Navy Cousin - The CJ - V35 / U '' . Cj3apage.com. 1950 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Arch ( 2001 ) . Jeep : The Unstoppable Legend . Publications International . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 5562 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Borth , Christy . Masters of Mass Production , pp. 208 - 236 , Bobbs - Merrill Co. , Indianapolis , IN , 1945 . Jump up ^ Sfetcu , Nicolae ( 2014 ) . The Car Show . Jump up ^ The Industrial Jeep - 1943 NTX - Minneapolis - Moline 's -- Hemmings Motor News Jump up ^ Pulos , Arthur J. ( 1988 ) . The American Design Adventure , 1940 -- 1975 . MIT Press . p. 20 . ISBN 9780262161060 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ How the Jeep got its name -- Allpar Jump up ^ Massey , Ken ; Zatz , David . `` How the Jeep got its name '' . allpar.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` The Oldest Restored Civilian Jeep '' . FourWheeler.com . Extreme Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Toledo - built Jeeps ' sales results abroad mirror those in North American market '' . News.top100.biz. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Cranswick , Marc ( 2001 ) . Cars of American Motors : An Illustrated History . McFarland . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4672 - 8 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jeep 's climb to the top : A year - by - year history -- Autoweek Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Jeep Photos on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( 1997 ) . Beijing Jeep : A Case Study of Western Business in China . Perseus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3327 - 4 . 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Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Australia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Brasil on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959 -- 69 on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fiat to Re-introduce Jeep to China '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Colombia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in France on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2008 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Italy on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Japan on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Korea on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2006 - 11 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Mexico on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 07 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in the Netherlands on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepneys of the Philippines on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine firm brings old WWII jeeps back to life '' . Afp.google.com. 2008 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines '' . Gulf-Times.com. 2008 - 07 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fabella , Ferdinand ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Enforcers to drive E-jeeps '' . ManilaStandardToday.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Spain on CJ3B.info '' . 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Turkey on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frost , Laurence ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` China auto market laggards chase premium profile '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Jeeps Sell for $189,750 as China Demand Offsets Tariffs '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Juventus nets Jeep Deal '' . Football-Italia.net. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . General Allen , Jim ( 2004 ) . Jeep . MBI Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1979 - 6 . Foster , Patrick R. ( 2003 ) . Standard Catalog of Jeep 1940 -- 2003 . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 522 - 6 . Ludel , Moses ( 1992 ) . Jeep Owner 's Bible : A Hands - On Guide to Getting the Most from Your Jeep . Robert Bentley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8376 - 0154 - 0 . Hartwell , Dickson ( December 1960 ) . `` The Mighty Jeep '' . American Heritage Magazine . 12 ( 1 ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep , Jeep vehicles and Willys vehicles . Look up jeep in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Leeping Lena Joins the Army '' , October 1941 first detailed article on what became known as the Jeep Autobiography of a Jeep ( 1943 ) . United Films , Prelinger Archives , Historical Public Domain video . Meet the Postwar Jeep August 1945 Popular Science Story of the Jeep and the American Story are Intertwined A Visual History <Th_colspan="36"> Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1945 -- 1970s -- next '' Type <Td_colspan="5"> 1940s <Td_colspan="10"> 1950s <Td_colspan="10"> 1960s <Td_colspan="10"> 1970s 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Traditional <Td_colspan="4"> CJ - 2A <Td_colspan="5"> CJ - 3A <Td_colspan="26"> CJ - 5 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="17"> CJ - 3B <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> CJ - 7 <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="21"> CJ - 6 <Td_colspan="4"> Dispatcher <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> DJ - 3A <Td_colspan="6"> DJ - 5 / 6 <Td_colspan="9"> AM General Compact SUV <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jeepster ( VJ ) <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jeepster Commando <Td_colspan="3"> Commando <Td_colspan="5"> SUV <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="20"> Willys Jeep Station Wagon <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="6"> Cherokee ( SJ ) <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="17"> Wagoneer ( SJ ) Compact pickup <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Jeepster Commando <Td_colspan="3"> Commando <Td_colspan="5"> Full - size pickup <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="19"> Willys Jeep Truck <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="8"> Gladiator <Td_colspan="9"> J - Series Truck <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> Forward Control <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> Van <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> FJ - 3 / 3A <Td_colspan="10"> FJ - 6 / 6A <Td_colspan="4"> <Th_colspan="40"> `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Traditional <Td_colspan="4"> CJ - 5 <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> CJ - 7 <Td_colspan="9"> Wrangler ( YJ ) <Td_colspan="11"> Wrangler ( TJ ) <Td_colspan="11"> Wrangler ( JK ) <Td_colspan="1"> Wrangler ( JL ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) <Td_colspan="11"> Wrangler Unlimited ( JKU ) <Td_colspan="1"> Wrangler Unlimited ( JLU ) Subcompact crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> Renegade ( BU ) Compact crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> Compass ( MK49 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Compass ( MP ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> Patriot ( MK74 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Cherokee ( KL ) Mid-size crossover <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="1"> Grand Commander Compact SUV <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="18"> Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) <Td_colspan="6"> Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) <Td_colspan="6"> Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) <Td_colspan="5"> Mid-size SUV <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) <Td_colspan="6"> Grand Cherokee ( WK ) <Td_colspan="8"> Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Commander ( XK ) <Td_colspan="8"> Full - size SUV <Td_colspan="4"> Cherokee ( SJ ) <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="12"> Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Compact pickup <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) <Td_colspan="7"> Comanche ( MJ ) <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Midsize pickup <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> CJ - 10 <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Full - size pickup <Td_colspan="9"> J - Series <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Th_colspan="3"> FCA US LLC Marques Current Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Fiat Automobiles ( USA ) Defunct AMC ( 1966 -- 1988 ) Commer ( 1905 -- 1979 ) Barreiros ( 1959 -- 1978 ) DeSoto ( 1928 -- 1961 ) Eagle ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Fargo ( 1920 -- 1972 ) Hillman ( 1907 -- 1976 ) Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 ) Imperial ( 1955 -- 1975 , 1981 -- 1983 ) Karrier ( 1908 -- 1977 ) Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) Singer ( 1905 -- 1970 ) Simca ( 1934 -- 1977 ) SRT ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 1976 ) Valiant ( 1960 -- 1966 ) Divisions and subsidiaries Current Chrysler Australia Chrysler Capital Chrysler Canada Dodge Jeep Mopar Ram Trucks Street & Racing Technology ( SRT ) Road Track ( R / T ) Defunct Chrysler - 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1. Jeep brand history 2. Jeep vehicles and models 3. Jeep's military origins 4. Jeep's off-road capabilities 5. Jeep's ownership and trademarks

when did coast guard became part of homeland security

United States Coast Guard - wikipedia United States Coast Guard Jump to : navigation , search Branch of the United States Armed Forces <Th_colspan="2"> United States Coast Guard <Td_colspan="2"> Emblem of the United States Coast Guard Founded January 28 , 1915 ; 103 years ago ( 1915 - 01 - 28 ) Country United States of America Type Coast guard Role Defense operations , maritime law enforcement , and search and rescue Size Total workforce of 87,569 Part of Department of Homeland Security Headquarters Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Nickname ( s ) `` Coasties '' , `` The Guard '' , Motto ( s ) Semper Paratus ( English : Always ready ) Colors CG Red , CG Blue , White March `` Semper Paratus '' Play ( help info ) Anniversaries 4 August Engagements See list ( show ) Quasi-War War of 1812 Seminole Wars Mexican -- American War American Civil War Spanish -- American War World War I World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of Grenada Invasion of Panama Persian Gulf War Kosovo War War in Afghanistan Iraq War Operation Inherent Resolve Decorations See list ( show ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Coast Guard ) Presidential Unit Citation ( Navy ) Secretary of Transportation Outstanding Unit Award Coast Guard Unit Commendation Navy Unit Commendation Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Navy ) Meritorious Unit Commendation ( Army ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Donald Trump Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Commandant ADM Paul F. Zukunft Vice Commandant ADM Charles W. Ray Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden <Th_colspan="2"> Insignia Standard Ensign Seal Mark Guidon Pennant The United States Coast Guard ( USCG ) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the country 's seven uniformed services . The Coast Guard is a maritime , military , multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission ( with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters ) and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its mission set . It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime , and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy by the U.S. President at any time , or by the U.S. Congress during times of war . This has happened twice , in 1917 , during World War I , and in 1941 , during World War II . Created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine , it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States . As Secretary of the Treasury , Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine , whose original purpose was collecting customs duties in the nation 's seaports . By the 1860s , the service was known as the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse . The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life - Saving Service on 28 January 1915 , under the U.S. Department of the Treasury . As one of the country 's five armed services , the Coast Guard has been involved in every U.S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan . The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty , 7,000 reservists , 31,000 auxiliarists , and 8,577 full - time civilian employees , for a total workforce of 87,569 . The Coast Guard maintains an extensive fleet of 243 coastal and ocean - going patrol ships , tenders , tugs and icebreakers called `` Cutters '' , and 1650 smaller boats , as well as an extensive aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed - wing aircraft . While the U.S. Coast Guard is the smallest of the U.S. military service branches , in terms of size , the U.S. Coast Guard by itself is the world 's 12th largest naval force . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mission 1.1 Role 1.2 Missions 1.2. 1 Non-homeland security missions 1.2. 2 Homeland security missions 1.3 Search and Rescue 1.4 National Response Center 1.5 Authority as an armed service 1.6 Authority as a law enforcement agency 2 A typical day 3 History 4 Organization 4.1 Districts and units 4.2 Shore establishments 5 Personnel 5.1 Commissioned officers 5.2 Warrant officers 5.3 Enlisted personnel 5.4 Training 5.4. 1 Officer training 5.4. 2 Recruit training 5.4. 3 Service schools 5.5 Civilian personnel 6 Equipment 6.1 Cutters 6.2 Boats 6.3 Aircraft 6.4 Weapons 6.4. 1 Naval guns 6.4. 2 Small arms and light weapons 7 Symbols 7.1 Core values 7.2 The Guardian Ethos 7.3 The Coast Guard Ethos 7.4 Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman 7.5 `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' 7.6 Coast Guard Ensign 7.7 Coast Guard Standard 7.8 Service Mark ( `` Racing Stripe '' ) 8 Uniforms 9 Coast Guard Reserve 9.1 Women in the Coast Guard 10 Coast Guard Auxiliary 11 Deployable Operations Group 12 Medals and honors 13 Notable Coast Guardsmen 14 Organizations 14.1 Coast Guard Aviation Association 14.2 Coast Guard CW Operators Association 14.3 USCG Chief Petty Officers Association 14.4 USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association ( CWOA ) 15 In popular culture 15.1 In film 15.2 On television 16 See also 16.1 Coast Guard 16.2 Related agencies 17 Notes 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Mission ( edit ) Main article : Missions of the United States Coast Guard Role ( edit ) A boatswain 's mate watches from the side port door as Coast Guard Cutter Bertholf 's Over-The - Horizon small boat departs to receive personnel from Coast Guard Cutter Chandeleur in 2008 . The Coast Guard has roles in maritime homeland security , maritime law enforcement ( MLE ) , maritime patrol , search and rescue ( SAR ) , marine environmental protection ( MEP ) , and the maintenance of river , intracoastal and offshore aids to navigation ( ATON ) . With a decentralized organization and much responsibility placed on even the most junior personnel , the Coast Guard is frequently lauded for its quick responsiveness and adaptability in a broad range of emergencies . In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina , the author wrote , `` the Coast Guard 's most valuable contribution to ( a military effort when catastrophe hits ) may be as a model of flexibility , and most of all , spirit . '' Wil Milam , a rescue swimmer from Alaska told the magazine , `` In the Navy , it was all about the mission . Practicing for war , training for war . In the Coast Guard , it was , take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself . '' Missions ( edit ) A Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technician assisting with the rescue of a pregnant woman during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . This is a demonstration of warning shots fired at a non-compliant boat by a USCG HITRON MH - 65C and its M240 machine gun . The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles , which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions . The three roles are : Maritime safety Maritime security Maritime stewardship The eleven statutory missions as defined by law are divided into homeland security missions and non-homeland security missions : Non-homeland security missions ( edit ) Ice operations , including the International Ice Patrol Living marine resources ( fisheries law enforcement ) Marine environmental protection Marine safety Aids to navigation Search and rescue Homeland security missions ( edit ) Defense readiness Maritime law enforcement Migrant interdiction Ports , waterways and coastal security ( PWCS ) Drug interdiction Search and rescue ( edit ) Search and Rescue Program Logo of the United States Coast Guard . See National Search and Rescue Committee See Joint Rescue Coordination Centers While the U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue ( CG - SAR ) ( 2 ) is not the oldest search and rescue organization in the world it is one of the Coast Guard 's best - known operations . The National Search and Rescue Plan designates the Coast Guard as the federal agency responsible for maritime SAR operations , and the United States Air Force as the federal agency responsible for inland SAR . Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort , and have responsibility for both military and civilian search and rescue . The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators . Previously located on Governors Island , New York , the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown , Virginia . National Response Center ( edit ) Operated by the Coast Guard , the National Response Center ( NRC ) is the sole U.S. Government point of contact for reporting all oil , chemical , radiological , and biological spills into the environment anywhere in the United States and its territories . In addition to gathering and distributing spill / incident information for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team , the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria . The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports . Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan . The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement ( MISLE ) database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution and safety incidents in the nation 's ports . Authority as an armed service ( edit ) Members of the U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team ( MSRT ) hook and climb onto a target showing the skills needed to complete a variety of missions dealing with anti-terrorism , protecting local maritime assets , and harbor and inshore security patrols as well as detecting , stopping , and arresting submerged divers , using the Underwater Port Security System . The five uniformed services that make up the U.S. Armed Forces are defined in Title 10 of the U.S. Code : The term `` armed forces '' means the Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard . The Coast Guard is further defined by Title 14 of the United States Code : The Coast Guard as established January 28 , 1915 , shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times . The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security , except when operating as a service in the Navy . Coast Guard organization and operation is as set forth in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations . On 25 November 2002 , the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush , designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year , on 1 March 2003 . The U.S. Coast Guard reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security . However , under 14 U.S.C. § 3 as amended by section 211 of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006 , upon the declaration of war and when Congress so directs in the declaration , or when the President directs , the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Defense as a service in the Department of the Navy . As members of the military , Coast Guardsmen on active and reserve service are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and receive the same pay and allowances as members of the same pay grades in the other uniformed services . The service has participated in every major U.S. conflict from 1790 through today , including landing troops on D - Day and on the Pacific Islands in World War II , in extensive patrols and shore bombardment during the Vietnam War , and multiple roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom . Maritime interception operations , coastal security , transportation security , and law enforcement detachments have been its major roles in recent conflicts in Iraq . USS Vandegrift ( FFG 48 ) and USCGC Mellon ( WHEC - 717 ) cruising side by side in the Java Sea ( May 28 , 2010 ) . On 17 October 2007 , the Coast Guard joined with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raised the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war . This new strategy charted a course for the Navy , Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises , man - made or natural , from occurring , or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States . During the launch of the new U.S. maritime strategy at the International Seapower Symposium at the U.S. Naval War College in 2007 , Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Thad Allen said the new maritime strategy reinforced the time - honored missions the service has carried out in the United States since 1790 . `` It reinforces the Coast Guard maritime strategy of safety , security and stewardship , and it reflects not only the global reach of our maritime services but the need to integrate and synchronize and act with our coalition and international partners to not only win wars ... but to prevent wars , '' Allen said . Authority as a law enforcement agency ( edit ) A member of USCG Law Enforcement Detachment ( LEDET ) 106 performs a security sweep aboard a tanker ship in the North Persian Gulf in July 2007 . Coast Guardmen stands guard over more than 40,000 pounds of cocaine worth an estimated $500 million being offloaded from the Cutter Sherman , April 23 , 2007 . The drugs were seized in three separate busts near Central America . The offload included approximately 38,000 pounds of cocaine seized in the largest cocaine bust in maritime history . Title 14 USC , section 2 authorizes the Coast Guard to enforce U.S. federal laws . This authority is further defined in 14 U.S.C. § 89 , which gives law enforcement powers to all Coast Guard commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers . Unlike the other branches of the United States Armed Forces , which are prevented from acting in a law enforcement capacity by 18 U.S.C. § 1385 , the Posse Comitatus Act , and Department of Defense policy , the Coast Guard is exempt from and not subject to the restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act . Further law enforcement authority is given by 14 U.S.C. § 143 and 9 U.S.C. § 1401 , which empower U.S. Coast Guard active and reserve commissioned officers , warrant officers , and petty officers as federal customs officers . This places them under 19 U.S.C. § 1589a , which grants customs officers general federal law enforcement authority , including the authority to : ( 1 ) carry a firearm ; ( 2 ) execute and serve any order , warrant , subpoena , summons , or other process issued under the authority of the United States ; ( 3 ) make an arrest without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the officer 's presence or for a felony , cognizable under the laws of the United States committed outside the officer 's presence if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony ; and ( 4 ) perform any other law enforcement duty that the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate . -- 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers The U.S. Government Accountability Office Report to the House of Representatives , Committee on the Judiciary on its 2006 Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities , identified the Coast Guard as one of 104 federal components that employed law enforcement officers . The report also included a summary table of the authorities of the Coast Guard 's 192 special agents and 3,780 maritime law enforcement boarding officers . Coast Guardsmen have the legal authority to carry their service - issued firearms on and off base . This is rarely done in practice , however ; at many Coast Guard stations , commanders prefer to have all service - issued weapons in armories when not in use . Still , one court has held that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified law enforcement officers authorized to carry personal firearms off - duty for self - defense . A typical day ( edit ) Coast Guardmen prepare to transport a portable pump to the 112 - foot grounded fishing vessel Mar - Gun , March 7 , 2009 . United States Coast Guard sailors in 2010 patrolling the Falcon Lake reservoir of the Rio Grande border crossing for river pirates and Mexican cartel drug smugglers in the ongoing conflict known as the Mexican Drug War The Coast Guard occasionally publishes a list of statistics that summarizes their activities . Based on 2013 statistics , on an average day the United States Coast Guard will : Conduct 109 search and rescue cases Save 10 lives Assist 192 people in distress Protect US $ 2.8 million in property Seize 169 pounds ( 77 kg ) of marijuana and 306 pounds ( 139 kg ) of cocaine with a street value of US $ 9.5 million Process 238 mariner licenses and documents Investigate 6 vessel casualties involving collisions or groundings Have underway small boats for 396 sorties / missions Fly 164 aircraft missions logging 324 hours Board 144 vessels of law enforcement interest Interdict and rescue 14 illegal immigrants at sea Open 8 new cases for marine violation of federal statutes Board 100 large vessels for port safety checks Conduct 20 commercial fishing vessel safety exams Respond to 20 oil or hazardous chemical spills totaling 2,800 US gal ( 11,000 l ) Service 135 aids to navigation Monitor the transit of 2,509 commercial ships through U.S. ports Conduct 377 vessel safety checks Teach boating safety courses to 550 boaters History ( edit ) Marine Corps Privates First Class William A. McCoy and Ralph L. Plunkett holding a sign thanking the Coast Guard after the Battle of Guam in 1944 . Main article : History of the United States Coast Guard The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs ( an important source of revenue for the new nation ) , which eventually evolved into the United States Revenue Cutter Service . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten cutters , which it did on 4 August 1790 ( now celebrated as the Coast Guard 's official birthday ) . Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798 , these `` revenue cutters '' were the only naval force of the early United States . As such , the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties , including combating piracy , rescuing mariners in distress , ferrying government officials , and even carrying mail . `` First Fleet '' is a term occasionally used as an informal reference to the Coast Guard , although there is no indication that the United States has ever officially used this designation with reference either to the Coast Guard or any element of the Navy . The informal appellation honors the fact that between 1790 and 1798 , there was no United States Navy and the cutters that were the predecessors of the Coast Guard were the only warships protecting the coast , trade , and maritime interests of the new republic . The modern Coast Guard was created in 1915 , when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life - Saving Service . In 1939 , the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard 's purview . In 1942 , the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard . In 1967 , the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation , an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Gun crew on board USCGC Point Comfort ( WPB - 82317 ) firing 81mm mortar during bombardment of suspected Viet Cong staging area one mile behind An Thoi. ( August 1965 ) In times of war , the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy . This arrangement has a broad historical basis , as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , and the American Civil War , in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter . The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II . United States Coast Guard Squadron One unit patch of the Vietnam War era USCGC Duane ( WHEC - 33 ) shelling targets in Vietnam in 1967 , where they played an active role in Operation Market Time . Coast Guard Squadron One , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy , it was assigned duties in Operation Market Time . Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment . The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970 . Twenty - six Point - class cutters with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the South China Sea into South Vietnam by Viet Cong and North Vietnam junk and trawler operators . The squadron also provided 81mm mortar naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during Operation Sealords . Coast Guard Squadron Three , was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1967 for service during the Vietnam War . Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy and based in Pearl Harbor . It consisted of five USCG High Endurance Cutters operating on revolving six month deployments . A total of 35 High Endurance Cutters took part in operations from May 1967 to December 1971 , most notably using their 5 '' guns to provide naval gunfire support missions . Often units within the Coast Guard operate under Department of the Navy operational control while other Coast Guard units remain under the Department of Homeland Security . USCG Districts Organization ( edit ) Main article : Organization of the United States Coast Guard The new Department of Homeland Security headquarters complex is on the grounds of the former St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Anacostia section of Southeast Washington , across the Anacostia River from former Coast Guard headquarters . The fiscal year 2016 budget request for the US Coast Guard was $ 9.96 billion . Districts and units ( edit ) The Coast Guard 's current district organization is divided into 9 districts . Their designations , district office and area of responsibility are as follows : U.S. Coast Guard Districts District Area District Office Area of Responsibility First District Atlantic Boston , Massachusetts New England states , eastern New York , and northern New Jersey Fifth District Atlantic Portsmouth , Virginia Pennsylvania , southern New Jersey , Delaware , Maryland , Virginia , and North Carolina Seventh District Atlantic Miami , Florida South Carolina , Georgia , eastern Florida , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands Eighth District Atlantic New Orleans , Louisiana Western Rivers of the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico Ninth District Atlantic Cleveland , Ohio Great Lakes Eleventh District Pacific Alameda , California California , Arizona , Nevada , and Utah Thirteenth District Pacific Seattle , Washington Oregon , Washington , Idaho and Montana Fourteenth District Pacific Honolulu , Hawaii Hawaii and Pacific territories Seventeenth District Pacific Juneau , Alaska Alaska Shore establishments ( edit ) Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building in St. Elizabeths West Campus . Shore establishment commands exist to support and facilitate the mission of the sea and air assets and Coastal Defense . U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters is located in Southeast Washington , DC . Other shore establishments are Coast Guard Sectors ( which may include Coast Guard Bases ) , Coast Guard Stations , Coast Guard Air Stations , and the United States Coast Guard Yard . Training centers include the United States Coast Guard Academy , Training Center Petaluma , Training Center Cape May , Coast Guard Aviation Technical Training Center , Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile , and Training Center Yorktown . Personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard has 40,992 men and women on active duty . The formal name for a uniformed member of the Coast Guard is `` Coast Guardsman '' , irrespective of gender . `` Coastie '' is an informal term commonly used to refer to current or former Coast Guard personnel . In 2008 , the term `` Guardian '' was introduced as an alternative but was later dropped . Admiral Robert J. Papp , Jr. stated that it was his belief that no Commandant had the authority to change what members of the Coast Guard are called as the term Coast Guardsman is found in Title 14 USC which established the Coast Guard in 1915 . `` Team Coast Guard '' refers to the four components of the Coast Guard as a whole : Regular , Reserve , Auxiliary , and Coast Guard civilian employees . Commissioned officers ( edit ) Commissioned officers in the Coast Guard hold pay grades ranging from O - 1 to O - 10 and have the same rank structure as the Navy . Officers holding the rank of ensign ( O - 1 ) through lieutenant commander ( O - 4 ) are considered junior officers , commanders ( O - 5 ) and captains ( O - 6 ) are considered senior officers , and rear admirals ( O - 7 ) through admirals ( O - 10 ) are considered flag officers . The Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard are the only members of the Coast Guard authorized to hold the rank of admiral . The Coast Guard does not have medical officers or chaplains of its own . Instead , chaplains from the U.S. Navy , as well as officers from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are assigned to the Coast Guard to perform chaplain - related functions and medical - related functions , respectively . These officers wear Coast Guard uniforms but replace the Coast Guard insignia with that of their own service . The Navy and Coast Guard share identical officer rank insignia , except that Coast Guard officers wear a gold Coast Guard Shield in lieu of a line star or staff corps officer insignia . <Th_colspan="11"> Commissioned Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Ensign ( ENS ) Lieutenant ( junior grade ) ( LTJG ) Lieutenant ( LT ) Lieutenant Commander ( LCDR ) Commander ( CDR ) Captain ( CAPT ) Rear Admiral ( lower half ) ( RDML ) Rear Admiral ( RADM ) Vice Admiral ( VADM ) Admiral ( ADM ) O - 1 O - 2 O - 3 O - 4 O - 5 O - 6 O - 7 O - 8 O - 9 O - 10 Warrant officers ( edit ) Highly qualified enlisted personnel in pay grades E-6 through E-9 with a minimum of eight years experience can compete each year for appointment as warrant officers ( WO ) . Successful candidates are chosen by a board and then commissioned as chief warrant officers ( CWO - 2 ) in one of sixteen specialties . Over time , chief warrant officers may be promoted to CWO - 3 and CWO - 4 . The ranks of warrant officer ( WO - 1 ) and chief warrant officer ( CWO - 5 ) are not currently used in the Coast Guard . Chief warrant officers may also compete for the Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant Program . If selected , the warrant officer will be promoted to lieutenant ( O - 3E ) . The `` E '' designates over four years active duty service as a warrant officer or enlisted member and entitles the member to a higher rate of pay than other lieutenants . <Th_colspan="11"> Warrant Officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Chief Warrant Officer 2 Chief Warrant Officer 3 Chief Warrant Officer 4 W - 2 W - 3 W - 4 Enlisted personnel ( edit ) Enlisted members of the Coast Guard have pay grades from E-1 to E-9 and also follow the same rank structure as the Navy . Enlisted members in pay grades of E-4 and higher are considered petty officers and follow career development paths very similar to those of Navy petty officers . Petty officers in pay grade E-7 and higher are chief petty officers and must attend the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy , or an equivalent Department of Defense school , in order to be advanced to pay grade E-8 . The basic themes of the school are : Professionalism Leadership Communications Systems thinking and lifelong learning Enlisted rank insignia is also nearly identical to Navy enlisted insignia . The Coast Guard shield replacing the petty officer 's eagle on collar and cap devices for petty officers or enlisted rating insignia for seamen qualified as a `` designated striker '' . Group Rate marks ( stripes ) for junior enlisted members ( E-3 and below ) also follow Navy convention with white for seaman , red for fireman , and green for the airman . In a departure from the Navy conventions , all petty officers E-6 and below wear red chevrons and all chief petty officers wear gold <Th_colspan="9"> Non-commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Note : Crossed anchors in the graphics indicate a rating of Boatswain 's Mate Petty Officer Third Class ( PO3 ) Petty Officer Second Class ( PO2 ) Petty Officer First Class ( PO1 ) Chief Petty Officer ( CPO ) Senior Chief Petty Officer ( SCPO ) Master Chief Petty Officer ( MCPO ) Command Master Chief Petty Officer ( CMC ) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Reserve Force or Area / DCO / DCMS Command Master Chief Petty Officer Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard ( MCPOCG ) E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 <Th_colspan="3"> E-9 E-9 with special pay <Th_colspan="9"> Enlisted grade structure of the United States Coast Guard <Th_colspan="3"> Seaman Recruit ( SR ) <Th_colspan="3"> Seaman Apprentice ( SA ) <Th_colspan="3"> Seaman ( SN ) <Th_colspan="3"> E-1 <Th_colspan="3"> E-2 <Th_colspan="3"> E-3 <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="3"> Training ( edit ) Officer training ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four - year service academy located in New London , Connecticut . Approximately 200 cadets graduate each year , receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard . Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty . Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation , either as Deck Watch Officers ( DWOs ) or as Engineer Officers in Training ( EOITs ) . Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector , District , or Area headquarters units . In addition to the Academy , prospective officers , who already hold a college degree , may enter the Coast Guard through Officer Candidate School ( OCS ) , also located at the Coast Guard Academy . OCS is a 17 - week course of instruction that prepares candidates to serve effectively as officers in the Coast Guard . In addition to indoctrinating students into a military lifestyle , OCS provides a wide range of highly technical information necessary to perform the duties of a Coast Guard officer . Graduates of OCS are usually commissioned as ensigns , but some with advanced graduate degrees may enter as lieutenants ( junior grade ) or lieutenants . Graduating OCS officers entering active duty are required to serve a minimum of three years , while graduating reserve officers are required to serve four years . Graduates may be assigned to a cutter , flight training , a staff job , or an operations ashore billet . OCS is the primary channel through which the Coast Guard enlisted grades ascend to the commissioned officer corps . Lawyers , engineers , intelligence officers , military aviators holding commissions in other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces requesting interservice transfers to the Coast Guard , graduates of maritime academies , and certain other individuals may also receive an officer 's commission in the Coast Guard through the Direct Commission Officer ( DCO ) program . Depending on the specific program and the background of the individual , the course is three , four or five weeks long . The first week of the five - week course is an indoctrination week . The DCO program is designed to commission officers with highly specialized professional training or certain kinds of previous military experience . Unlike the other military services , the Coast Guard does not have a Reserve Officers ' Training Corps ( ROTC ) program . Recruit training ( edit ) Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May , New Jersey . New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts , vaccinations , uniform issue , and other necessary entrance procedures . During this initial processing period , the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders . These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company . The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches . When the initial processing is complete , the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training . There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders . The balance of the eight - week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills . An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard 's core values is an important part of the training . The current nine Recruit Training Objectives are : Self - discipline Military skills Marksmanship Vocational skills and academics Military bearing Physical fitness and wellness Water survival and swim qualifications Esprit de corps Core values ( Honor , Respect , and Devotion to Duty ) Service schools ( edit ) Following graduation from recruit training , most members are sent to their first unit while they await orders to attend advanced training in Class `` A '' Schools . At `` A '' schools , Coast Guard enlisted personnel are trained in their chosen rating ; rating is a Coast Guard and Navy term for enlisted skills synonymous with the Army 's and Marine Corps ' military occupation codes ( MOS ) and Air Force 's Air Force Specialty Code ( AFSC ) . Members who earned high ASVAB scores or who were otherwise guaranteed an `` A '' School of choice while enlisting may go directly to their `` A '' School upon graduation from Boot Camp . Civilian personnel ( edit ) The Coast Guard employs over 8,577 civilians in over two hundred different job types including Coast Guard Investigative Service special agents , lawyers , engineers , technicians , administrative personnel , tradesmen , and federal firefighters . Civilian employees work at various levels in the Coast Guard to support its various missions . Equipment ( edit ) Main article : Equipment of the United States Coast Guard Cutters ( edit ) USCGC Bertholf , the first Legend - class maritime security cutter . USCGC Raymond Evans ( WPC - 1110 ) , the tenth Sentinel - class Fast Response Cutter . USCGC Sea Dog and USCGC Sea Dragon Marine Protector - class patrol boats The Coast Guard operates 243 Cutters , defined as any vessel more than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , that has a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew . Polar - class icebreaker ( WAGB ) : There are three WAGB 's used for icebreaking and research though only two , the heavy 399 - foot ( 122 m ) Polar Star and the newer medium class 420 - foot ( 130 m ) Healy , are active . Polar Sea is located in Seattle , Washington but is not currently in active service . The icebreakers are being replaced with new heavy icebreakers under the Polar icebreaker program . National Security Cutter ( WMSL ) : These are a new class of 418 - foot ( 127 m ) military defense , maritime ship , also known as the Legend - class cutter . At 418 ft. these are the largest USCG military cutters in active service . One - for - one Legend - class ships are replacing individually decommissioned 1960s Hamilton - class high endurance cutters . A total of eight were authorized and budgeted ; as of 2015 three are in service , and three are under construction . In 2016 a ninth National Security Cutter was authorized by Congress . High Endurance Cutter ( WHEC ) : These are 12 378 - foot ( 115 m ) Hamilton - class cutters commissioned in the late 1960s . Missions include law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . These aged cutters are individually being decommissioned and replaced by the new 418 ft . National Security Cutters . Medium Endurance Cutter ( WMEC ) : These are mostly the 210 - foot ( 64 m ) Reliance class , and the 270 - foot ( 82 m ) Famous class cutters , although the 283 - foot ( 86 m ) Alex Haley also falls into this category . Primary missions are law enforcement , search and rescue , and military defense . USCGC Mackinaw : A 240 - foot ( 73 m ) heavy icebreaker built for operations on the Great Lakes . USCGC Eagle : A 295 - foot ( 90 m ) sailing barque used as a training ship for Coast Guard Academy cadets and Coast Guard officer candidates . She was originally built in Germany as Horst Wessel , and was seized by the United States as a prize of war in 1945 . Seagoing Buoy Tender ( WLB ) : These 225 - foot ( 69 m ) ships are used to maintain aids to navigation and also assist with law enforcement and search and rescue . Coastal Buoy Tender ( WLM ) : The 175 - foot ( 53 m ) Keeper - class coastal buoy tenders are used to maintain coastal aids to navigation . Sentinel class cutter ( WPC ) : The 154 - foot ( 47 m ) Sentinel class was previously known as the `` Fast Response Cutter '' class and is used for search and rescue work and law enforcement . Bay - class icebreaking tug ( WTGB ) : 140 - foot ( 43 m ) icebreakers used primarily for domestic icebreaking missions . Other missions include search and rescue , law enforcement , and aids to navigation maintenance . Patrol Boats ( WPB ) : There are two classes of WPBs currently in service ; the 110 - foot ( 34 m ) Island - class patrol boats and the 87 - foot ( 27 m ) Marine Protector - class patrol boats Boats ( edit ) A U.S. Coast Guard 45 - foot ( 14 m ) Response Boat Medium ( RB - M ) A U.S. Coast Guard 25 - foot ( 8 m ) Defender Class Response Boat -- Small ( RS - B ) A U.S. Coast Guard 23 - foot ( 7 m ) Short Range Prosecutor ( SRB ) The Coast Guard operates about 1,650 boats , defined as any vessel less than 65 feet ( 20 m ) long , which generally operate near shore and on inland waterways . The Coast Guard boat fleet includes : Motor Life Boat ( MLB ) : The Coast Guard 's 47 - foot ( 14 m ) primary heavy - weather boat used for search and rescue as well as law enforcement and homeland security . Response Boat -- Medium ( RB - M ) : A new multi-mission 45 - foot ( 14 m ) vessel intended to replace the 41 - foot ( 12 m ) utility boat . 170 planned Special Purpose Craft -- Near Shore Lifeboat : Only 2 built . Shallow draft , 42 - foot ( 13 m ) lifeboat substituted for the 47 - foot ( 14 m ) Motor Life Boat , based at Chatham , Massachusetts Long Range Interceptor ( LRI ) : A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high - speed launch that can be launched from the stern ramps of the larger Deepwater cutters . Aids to Navigation Boats ( TANB / BUSL / ANB / ANB ) : Various designs ranging from 26 to 55 feet ( 7.9 to 16.8 m ) used to maintain aids to navigation . Special Purpose Craft -- Law Enforcement ( SPC - LE ) : Intended to operate in support of specialized law enforcement missions , utilizing three 300 horsepower ( 220 kW ) Mercury Marine engines . The SPC - LE is 33 feet ( 10 m ) long and capable of speeds in excess of 50 knots ( 93 km / h ; 58 mph ) and operations more than 30 miles ( 48 km ) from shore . Response Boat -- Small ( RB - S ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high - speed boat , for a variety of missions , including search and rescue , port security and law enforcement duties . Transportable Port Security Boat ( TPSB ) : A 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) well - armed boat used by Port Security Units for force protection . SPC - SW Special Purpose Craft , Shallow - water : 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) Over-the - Horizon ( OTH ) boat : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat used by medium and high endurance cutters and specialized units . Short Range Prosecutor ( SRP ) : A 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) rigid hull inflatable boat that can be launched from a stern launching ramp on the National Security Cutters . Aircraft ( edit ) MH - 65C Dolphin in flight . HH - 60J Jayhawk rescue demonstration . Coast Guard HC - 144A Ocean Sentry ( CASA CN - 235 - 300 MP Persuader ) . The Coast Guard operates approximately 201 fixed and rotary wing aircraft from 24 Coast Guard Air Stations throughout the contiguous United States , Alaska , Hawaii , and Puerto Rico . Most of these air stations are tenant activities at civilian airports , several of which are former Air Force Bases and Naval Air Stations , although several are also independent military facilities . Coast Guard Air Stations are also located on active Naval Air Stations , Air National Guard bases , and Army Air Fields . Coast Guard aviators receive Primary ( fixed - wing ) and Advanced ( fixed or rotary - wing ) flight training with their Navy and Marine Corps counterparts at NAS Whiting Field , Florida , and NAS Corpus Christi , Texas , and are considered Naval Aviators . After receiving Naval Aviator Wings , Coast Guard pilots , with the exception of those slated to fly the HC - 130 , report to U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center , Mobile , Alabama to receive 6 -- 12 weeks of specialized training in the Coast Guard fleet aircraft they will operate . HC - 130 pilots report to Little Rock AFB , Arkansas , for joint C - 130 training under the auspices of the 314th Airlift Wing of the U.S. Air Force . Fixed - wing aircraft operate from Air Stations on long - duration missions . Helicopters operate from Air Stations and can deploy on a number of different cutters . Helicopters can rescue people or intercept vessels smuggling migrants or narcotics . Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , the Coast Guard has developed a more prominent role in national security and now has armed helicopters operating in high - risk areas for the purpose of maritime law enforcement and anti-terrorism . The Coast Guard is now developing an unmanned aerial vehicle ( UAV ) program that will utilize the MQ - 9 Reaper platform for homeland security and search / rescue operations . To support this endeavor , the Coast Guard has partnered with the Navy and U.S. Customs and Border Protection to study existing / emerging unmanned aerial system ( UAS ) capabilities within their respective organizations . As these systems mature , research and operational experience gleaned from this joint effort will enable the Coast Guard to develop its own cutter and land - based UAS capabilities . Fixed - wing aircraft : Lockheed HC - 130H Hercules Lockheed HC - 130J Super Hercules Alenia C - 27J Spartan CASA HC - 144A Ocean Sentry Rotary - wing aircraft : Sikorsky HH / MH - 60 J / T Jayhawk Aérospatiale MH - 65 C / D / E Dolphin Fixed - wing VIP transport aircraft assigned to CGAS Washington D.C : VC - 37A Long Range Command and Control Aircraft ( 2 airframes as of December 2011 : CG - 01 , S / N 653 and CG - 02 , S / N 638 ) Weapons ( edit ) USCGC Gallatin test firing its Oto Melara 76 mm gun USCGC Bertholf test firing its MK110 57mm gun The SIG P229R - DAK is the standard sidearm of the U.S. Coast Guard . Naval guns ( edit ) Most Coast Guard Cutters have one or more Naval gun systems installed . Including : The Oto Melara 76 mm a radar - guided computer controlled gun system that is used on both Medium and High Endurance Cutters . The 3 inch gun 's high rate of fire and availability of specialized ammunition make it multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , ground support and short - range anti-missile defense . The MK 110 57mm gun a radar - guided computer controlled variant of the Bofors 57 mm gun . It is used on the Legend - class cutter , also known as the National Security Cutter ( NSC ) . It 's a multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping , anti-aircraft , and short - range anti-missile defense . The stealth mount has a reduced radar profile . Also , the gun has a small radar mounted on the gun barrel to measure muzzle velocity for fire control purposes and can change ammunition types instantly due to a dual - feed system . It can also be operated / fired manually using a joystick and video camera ( mounted on gun ) . The Mk 38 Mod 0 weapons system consists of an M242 Bushmaster 25mm chain gun and the Mk 88 Mod 0 machine gun mount . A manned system , it 's gyro - stabilization compensates for the pitching deck . It provides ships with defensive and offensive gunfire capability for the engagement of a variety of surface targets . Designed primarily as a close - range defensive measure , it provides protection against patrol boats , floating mines , and various shore - based targets . The Mk 38 Mod 2 weapons system is a remotely operated Mk 38 with an Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder , FLIR , a more reliable feeding system , all of which enhance the weapon systems capabilities and accuracy . The Phalanx CIWS ( pronounced `` sea - whiz '' ) is a close - in weapon system for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles . it can also be used against a variety of surface targets . Consisting of a radar - guided 20 mm 6 - barreled M61 Vulcan cannon mounted on a swiveling base . It 's used on the Coast Guards High Endurance Cutters . This system can operate autonomously against airborne threats or may be manually operated with the use of Electronic Optical Sight , Laser Range - Finder and FLIR systems against surface targets . The Sea PROTECTOR MK50 is a remotely controlled gyro - stabilized M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun . The sight package includes a daylight video camera , a thermal camera and an eye - safe laser rangefinder operated by a joystick . It is also furnished with a fully integrated fire control system that provides ballistic correction . The Mk50s are used on only four Marine Protector - class Cutters , the USCGC Sea Fox , USCGC Sea Devil , USCGC Sea Dragon and USCGC Sea Dog . Small arms and light weapons ( edit ) The U.S. Coast Guard uses a wide variety of small arms and light weapons . Handguns , shotguns , and rifles are used to arm boat crew and boarding team members and machine guns are mounted aboard cutters , boats , and helicopters . Common small arms and light weapons arms include : SIG Sauer P229R DAK . 40 S&W pistol Remington M870P 12 gauge shotgun M16A2 rifle M4 carbine M14 Tactical rifle FN M240 machine gun M2 . 50 caliber heavy machine gun Mk 19 40mm grenade launcher Barrett M107 . 50 - caliber rifle is used by marksmen from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron and Law Enforcement Detachments to disable the engines on fleeing boats . Symbols ( edit ) Core values ( edit ) The Coast Guard , like the other armed services of the United States , has a set of core values that serve as basic ethical guidelines for all Coast Guard active duty , reservists , auxiliarists , and civilians . The Coast Guard Core Values are : Honor : Integrity is our standard . We demonstrate uncompromising ethical conduct and moral behavior in all of our personal actions . We are loyal and accountable to the public trust . Respect : We value our diverse workforce . We treat each other with fairness , dignity , and compassion . We encourage individual opportunity and growth . We encourage creativity through empowerment . We work as a team . Devotion to Duty : We are professionals , military and civilian , who seek responsibility , accept accountability , and are committed to the successful achievement of our organizational goals . We exist to serve . We serve with pride . -- Coast Guard Core Values The Guardian Ethos ( edit ) In 2008 , the Coast Guard introduced the Guardian Ethos . As the Commandant , Admiral Allen noted in a message to all members of the Coast Guard : ( The Ethos ) `` defines the essence of the Coast Guard , '' and is the `` contract the Coast Guard and its members make with the nation and its citizens . '' The Coast Guard Ethos ( edit ) In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . This changed the line in the Guardian Ethos `` I am a Guardian . '' to become `` I am a Coast Guardsman . '' The Ethos is : I am a Coast Guardsman . I serve the people of the United States . I will protect them . I will defend them . I will save them . I am their shield . For them I am Semper Paratus . I live the Coast Guard core values . I am proud to be a Coast Guardsman . We are the United States Coast Guard . -- The Coast Guard Ethos Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman ( edit ) Main article : Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman The `` Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' was written by Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet , who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard from 1932 to 1936 . I am proud to be a United States Coast Guardsman . I revere that long line of expert seamen who by their devotion to duty and sacrifice of self have made it possible for me to be a member of a service honored and respected , in peace and in war , throughout the world . I never , by word or deed , will bring reproach upon the fair name of my service , nor permit others to do so unchallenged . I will cheerfully and willingly obey all lawful orders . I will always be on time to relieve , and shall endeavor to do more , rather than less , than my share . I will always be at my station , alert and attending to my duties . I shall , so far as I am able , bring to my seniors solutions , not problems . I shall live joyously , but always with due regard for the rights and privileges of others . I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live . I shall sell life dearly to an enemy of my country , but give it freely to rescue those in peril . With God 's help , I shall endeavor to be one of His noblest Works ... A UNITED STATES COAST GUARDSMAN . -- Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back ! '' ( edit ) This unofficial motto of the Coast Guard dates to an 1899 United States Lifesaving Service regulation , which states in part : `` In attempting a rescue , ... he will not desist from his efforts until by actual trial , the impossibility of effecting a rescue is demonstrated . The statement of the keeper that he did not try to use the boat because the sea or surf was too heavy will not be accepted , unless attempts to launch it were actually made and failed . '' Coast Guard ensign ( edit ) Ensign of the United States Coast Guard Former Coast Guard Ensign , used from 1915 to 1953 . The Coast Guard Ensign ( flag ) was first flown by the Revenue Cutter Service in 1799 to distinguish revenue cutters from merchant ships . A 1 August 1799 order issued by Secretary of the Treasury , Oliver Wolcott , Jr. specified that the Ensign would be `` sixteen perpendicular stripes ( for the number of states in the United States at the time ) , alternate red and white , the union of the ensign to be the arms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field . '' This ensign became familiar in American waters and served as the sign of authority for the Revenue Cutter Service until the early 20th century . The ensign was originally intended to be flown only on revenue cutters and boats connected with the Customs Service but over the years it was found flying atop custom houses as well , and the practice became a requirement in 1874 . On 7 June 1910 , President William Howard Taft issued an Executive Order adding an emblem to ( or `` defacing '' ) the ensign flown by the Revenue cutters to distinguish it from what is now called the Customs Ensign flown from the custom houses . The emblem was changed to the official seal of the Coast Guard in 1927 . The purpose of the ensign is to allow ship captains to easily recognize those vessels having legal authority to stop and board them . It is flown only as a symbol of law enforcement authority and is never carried as a parade standard . Coast Guard standard ( edit ) Parade Standard of the U.S. Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Standard is used in parades and carries the battle honors of the Coast Guard . It was derived from the jack of the Coast Guard ensign which was flown by revenue cutters . The emblem is a blue eagle from the coat of arms of the United States on a white field . Above the eagle are the words `` UNITED STATES COAST GUARD '' below the eagle is the motto , `` SEMPER PARATUS '' and the inscription `` 1790 . '' Service Mark ( `` Racing stripe '' ) ( edit ) Service Mark ( also known as Racing Stripe ) . The racing stripe is borne by Coast Guard cutters , aircraft , and many boats . First used and placed into official usage as of April 6 , 1967 , it consists of a narrow blue stripe , a narrow white stripe between , and a broad CG red bar with the Coast Guard shield centered . Red - hulled icebreaker cutters and most HH - 65 / MH - 65 helicopters ( i.e. , those with a red fuselage ) bear a narrow blue stripe , a narrow empty stripe the color of the fuselage ( an implied red stripe ) , and broad white bar , with the Coast Guard shield centered . Conversely , black - hulled cutters ( such as buoy tenders and inland construction tenders ) use the standard racing stripe . Auxiliary vessels maintained by the Coast Guard also carry the Racing Stripe , but in inverted colors ( i.e. , broad blue stripe with narrow white and CG red stripes ) and the Auxiliary shield . The Racing Stripe , officially known as the Service Mark , was designed in 1964 by the industrial design office of Raymond Loewy Associates to give the Coast Guard a distinctive , modern image . Loewy had designed the colors for the Air Force One fleet for Jackie Kennedy . President Kennedy was so impressed with his work , he suggested that the entire Federal Government needed his make - over and suggested that he start with the Coast Guard . The stripes are canted at a 64 degree angle , coincidentally the year the Racing Stripe was designed . Similar Racing Stripe designs have been adopted for the use of other coast guards and maritime authorities and many other law enforcement and rescue agencies . Uniforms ( edit ) Photo showing a variety of Coast Guard uniforms . From Left : Service Dress White , Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue , Winter Dress Blue , Camouflage Utility Uniform , Operational Dress Uniform Coast Guardsmen in 2013 wearing ODUs . Prior to 1974 , Coast Guard personnel wore essentially the same uniforms as the Navy ( although some unique uniform items did exist ) with distinctive Coast Guard insignia . These were minor , primarily consisting of distinctive cap devices for officers and chief petty officers , incorporation of the Coast Guard shield in lieu of line or staff corps insignia for officers , and different buttons on dress uniforms . In 1974 , the current Coast Guard Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform was introduced for wear by both officers and enlisted personnel ; the transition was completed during 1974 . The uniform consists of a blue four - pocket single breasted jacket and trousers , a light - blue button - up shirt with a pointed collar , two front button - flap pockets , and shoulder loops , along with a tie of the same shade as the jacket are worn with the uniform . Either the garrison cap or combination cap may be worn . Officer and enlisted rank insignia are sewn onto the jacket sleeve in the same manner as Navy uniforms . A Coast Guard warrant officer ( left ) and officer ( right ) wearing Full Dress Whites . The Service Dress Blue `` Bravo '' uniform may be worn year - round for business within the Coast Guard and for social occasions where the civilian equivalent is coat and tie . The slightly more formal Service Dress Blue `` Alpha '' variant substitutes a white shirt for the blue , and mandates the combination cap . Enlisted personnel do not wear collar devices with the white shirt . Full Dress Blue is essentially the same as Service Dress Blue `` Alpha , '' except that it is worn with a full - size medals instead of ribbons . Additionally , a sword may be prescribed for officers , and white gloves may be required . A white belt may be worn for honor guards . The Tropical Blue uniform , worn in warm weather , omits the jacket and tie , and features a short - sleeved , light blue shirt ( identical to that worn by the U.S. Air Force ) with rank insignia on shoulder boards for officers , and pin - on collar insignia for petty officers . The Tropical Blue uniform may be worn year - round for general office wear and for visits between commands . It may be worn in lieu of the SDB uniform , but not to functions where civilian dress is coat and tie . Despite the transition to distinctive `` Bender 's blues '' uniforms in the 1970s , some Navy - style dress uniforms were retained . The Service Dress White and Full Dress White `` choker '' uniforms for officers are identical to those worn by U.S. Navy officers ( aside from service - specific buttons , insignia and sword design ) . These are typically used for formal parade and change - of - command ceremonies . For similar occasions the enlisted members wear Tropical Blue , Service Dress Blue or Full Dress Blue . The mess dress uniforms worn for formal ( black tie ) evening ceremonies are also identical to those of the Navy , aside from Coast Guard - specific insignia . As in the Navy , these uniforms are required for officers , but optional for enlisted members . Due to the expense of these uniforms and the fact that they are rarely called - for , few junior enlisted members purchase them . The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band in New York during the 2010 St. Patrick 's Day Parade . The current working uniform of the Coast Guard is the Operational Dress Uniform ( ODU ) . The ODU may be worn year - round primarily as a field utility and watchstanding uniform , but may also be worn in an office environment where appropriate . The ODU is similar to the Battle Dress Uniform of other armed services , both in function and style . However , the ODU is in a solid dark blue with no camouflage pattern and does not have lower pockets on the blouse . The first generation ODU , in service from 2004 to 2012 , was worn tucked in . The second generation ODU is worn untucked and has black Coast Guard insignia embroidered on the left shirt pocket as well as the side pockets of the trousers . The ODU is worn with composite - toed boots in most circumstances , but low - cut brown boat shoes may be prescribed for certain vessel boarding operations . A standard baseball - style ball cap is worn , embroidered in gold block lettering with `` U.S. Coast Guard . '' Units may also additionally authorize ball caps with the unit name embroidered for wear while on the unit . A foul weather parka is the outerwear worn with the ODU . The ODU 's success and practicality as a working uniform has led the U.S. Public Health Service and the NOAA Corps to adopt ODU variants as standard working uniforms . Some Navy personnel also advocated adoption of the ODU as a standard shipboard uniform for the Navy , rather than the unpopular Navy Working Uniform Type I . Coast Guard personnel serving in expeditionary combat units such as Port Security Units or Law Enforcement Detachments , and Coast Guard personnel deployed overseas ( e.g. PATFORSWA ) wear the Navy Working Uniform Type III with distinctive Coast Guard insignia , and generally follow Navy Uniform Regulations . Coast Guard cadets wearing Full Dress Blue ( B ) uniform . All Coast Guardsmen wear the combination cap with all uniforms except the ODU and CUU . Company commanders ( the Coast Guard 's equivalent of drill sergeants ) at Training Center Cape May wear the traditional Smokey Bear - style campaign hat . The Coast Guard Pipe Band , a special musical unit composed of active , reserve and auxiliary members , wears a modified form of highland dress , including kilt and sporran . It is , along with the Band of the Air Force Reserve Pipe Band , one of only two kilted units in the United States military , excluding those maintained by state defense forces and service academies . The band 's kilt is patterned in the official U.S. Coast Guard tartan , which is registered with the Scottish Register of Tartans and based on the Hamilton tartan ( in honor of the founder of the Revenue - Marine , Alexander Hamilton ) . Cadets at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy wear standard Coast Guard uniforms , but also wear two different styles of parade dress uniforms , similar to those worn by Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy . Full Dress Blue ( B ) consists of black blouses with banded collars and double rows of buttons , worn with matching black trousers and a white peaked hat . Full Dress Blue ( A ) substitutes white trousers in lieu of black . Coast Guard Reserve ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Reserve SPARS recruiting poster during World War II Main article : United States Coast Guard Reserve The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve military force of the Coast Guard . The Coast Guard Reserve was founded on 19 February 1941 . The Coast Guard has 8700 reservists who normally drill two days a month and an additional 12 days of active duty each year , although many perform additional drill and active duty periods , to include those mobilized to extended active duty . Coast Guard reservists possess the same training and qualifications as their active duty counterparts , and as such , can be found augmenting active duty Coast Guard units every day . During the Vietnam War and shortly thereafter , the Coast Guard considered abandoning the reserve program , but the force was instead reoriented into force augmentation , where its principal focus was not just reserve operations , but to add to the readiness and mission execution of every - day active duty personnel . Since 11 September 2001 , reservists have been activated and served on tours of active duty , to include deployments to the Persian Gulf and also as parts of Department of Defense combatant commands such as the U.S. Northern and Central Commands . Coast Guard Port Security Units are entirely staffed with reservists , except for five to seven active duty personnel . Additionally , most of the staffing the Coast Guard provides to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command are reservists . The Reserve is managed by the Director of Reserve and Military Personnel Directorate , Rear Admiral Kurt B. Hinrichs , USCGR . Women in the Coast Guard ( edit ) Main article : Women in the United States Coast Guard In 1918 , twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard . Later , United States Coast Guard Women 's Reserve ( SPARS ) was created on 23 November 1942 with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt . The name is a contraction of the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus , meaning `` Always Ready '' in Latin . The name also refers to a spar in nautical usage . Like the other women 's reserves such as the Women 's Army Corps and the WAVES , it was created to free men from stateside service in order to fight overseas . Its first director was Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who is credited with creating the name for the organization . The cutter USCGC Spar is named for the SPARS . Coast Guard Auxiliary ( edit ) Badge of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Main article : United States Coast Guard Auxiliary The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the uniformed volunteer component of the Coast Guard , established on 23 June 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve , it was re-designated as the Auxiliary on 19 February 1941 . It works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions . Auxiliarists are subject to direction from the Commandant of the Coast Guard making them unique among all federal volunteers ( e.g. Air Force 's Civil Air Patrol and FBI 's InfraGard ) ; they are not a separate organization , but an integral part of the Coast Guard . There are approximately 31,000 active Auxiliarists . The Coast Guard has assigned primary responsibility for many recreational boating safety tasks to the Auxiliary , including public boating safety education and voluntary Vessel Safety Checks ( formerly called Courtesy Examinations ) . Additionally , Auxiliarists use their own vessels boats and aircraft ( once registered as Coast Guard facilities ) to conduct safety patrols , aid in search and rescue missions , and perform other tasks on behalf of the Coast Guard . Prior to 1997 , Auxiliarists were largely limited to activities supporting recreational boating safety . In 1997 , however , new legislation authorized the Auxiliary to participate in any and all Coast Guard missions except direct military and direct law enforcement . Auxiliarists may directly augment active duty Coast Guard personnel in non-combat , non-law enforcement roles ( e.g. radio communications watch stander , interpreter , cook , etc . ) and may assist active duty personnel in inspecting commercial vessels and maintaining aids - to - navigation . Auxiliarists may support the law enforcement and homeland security missions of the Coast Guard but may not directly participate ( make arrests , etc . ) , and Auxiliarists are not permitted to carry a weapon while serving in any Auxiliary capacity . Deployable operations Group ( edit ) Seal of the United States Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group Main article : Deployable Operations Group The Deployable Operations Group ( DOG ) was a Coast Guard command established in July 2007 . The DOG established a single command authority to rapidly provide the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security , Department of Defense , Department of Justice and other interagency operational commanders adaptive force packages drawn from the Coast Guard 's deployable specialized force units . The DOG was disestablished on 22 April 2013 and its deployable specialized forces ( DSF ) units were placed under the control of the Atlantic and Pacific Area Commanders . The planning for the unit began after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 , and culminated with its formation on 20 July 2007 . Its missions included maritime law enforcement , anti-terrorism , port security , pollution response , and diving operations . There were over 25 specialized units within the Deployable Operations Group including the Maritime Security Response Team , Maritime Safety and Security Teams , Law Enforcement Detachments , Port Security Units , the National Strike Force , and Regional Dive Lockers . The DOG also managed Coast Guard personnel assigned to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command and was involved in the selection of Coast Guard candidates to attend Navy BUD / S and serve with Navy SEAL Teams . Medals and honors ( edit ) Main article : Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard See also : Awards and decorations of the United States military One Coast Guardsman , Douglas Albert Munro , has earned the Medal of Honor , the highest military award of the United States . Fifty five Coast Guardsmen have earned the Navy Cross and numerous men and women have earned the Distinguished Flying Cross . The highest peacetime decoration awarded within the Coast Guard is the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal ; prior to the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security , the highest peacetime decoration was the Department of Transportation Distinguished Service Medal . The highest unit award available is the Presidential Unit Citation . In wartime , members of the Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version of the Medal of Honor . A Coast Guard Medal of Honor is authorized but has not yet been developed or issued . In May 2006 , at the Change of Command ceremony when Admiral Thad Allen took over as Commandant , President George W. Bush awarded the entire Coast Guard , including the Coast Guard Auxiliary , the Coast Guard Presidential Unit Citation with hurricane device , for its efforts during and after Hurricane Katrina and Tropical Storm Rita . Notable Coast Guardsmen ( edit ) Main article : List of U.S. Coast Guard people Numerous celebrities have served in the Coast Guard including tennis player Jack Kramer , golfer Arnold Palmer , All Star baseball player Sid Gordon , boxer Jack Dempsey ; musicians Kai Winding , Rudy Vallee , Derroll Adams , and Tom Waits ; actors Buddy Ebsen , Sid Caesar , Victor Mature , Richard Cromwell , Alan Hale , Jr. , William Hopper , Beau Bridges , Jeff Bridges , Cesar Romero ; author Alex Haley ; and Senator Claiborne Pell . Vice Admiral Thad Allen in 2005 was named Principal Federal Officer to oversee recovery efforts in the Gulf Region after Hurricane Katrina . After promotion to Admiral , on the eve of his retirement as Commandant , Allen again received national visibility after being named National Incident Commander overseeing the response efforts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Former Coast Guard officers have been appointed to numerous civilian government offices . After retiring as Commandant of the Coast Guard in 2002 , Admiral James Loy went on to serve as administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and later as Deputy Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security . After their respective Coast Guard careers , Carlton Skinner served as the first Civilian Governor of Guam ; G. William Miller , 65th Secretary of the Treasury , and retired Vice Admiral Harvey E. Johnson , Jr. served as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) under President George W. Bush . Rear Admiral Stephen W. Rochon was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as the Director of the Executive Residence and White House Chief Usher , beginning service on 12 March 2007 , and continued to serve in the same capacity under President Barack Obama . Two Coast Guard aviators , Commander Bruce E. Melnick and Captain Daniel C. Burbank , have served as NASA astronauts . Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously , and is the only Coast Guardsman to ever receive this honor . Organizations ( edit ) Coast Guard Aviation Association ( edit ) Those who have piloted or flown in Coast Guard aircraft under official flight orders may join the Coast Guard Aviation Association which was formerly known as the `` Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl '' ( `` Flying Since the World was Flat '' ) . The Ancient Albatross Award is presented to the active duty USCG member who qualified as an aviator earlier than any other person who is still serving . Separate enlisted and officer awards are given . Coast Guard CW operators Association ( edit ) The Coast Guard CW Operators Association ( CGCWOA ) is a membership organization comprising primarily former members of the United States Coast Guard who held the enlisted rating of Radioman ( RM ) or Telecommunications Specialist ( TC ) , and who employed International Morse Code ( CW ) in their routine communications duties on Coast Guard cutters and at shore stations . USCG Chief petty officers Association ( edit ) Members of this organization unite to assist members and dependents in need , assist with Coast Guard recruiting efforts , support the aims and goals of the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Academy , keep informed on Coast Guard matters , and assemble for social amenities ; and include Chief , Senior Chief , and Master Chief Petty Officers , active , reserve and retired . Membership is also open to all Chief Warrant Officers and Officers who have served as a Chief Petty Officer . USCG Chief warrant and warrant officers Association ( CWOA ) ( edit ) Established in 1929 , the Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association , United States Coast Guard ( CWOA ) represents Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers ( active , reserve and retired ) to the Congress , White House and the Department of Homeland Security . Additionally , the association communicates with the Coast Guard leadership on matters of concern to Coast Guard chief warrant officers . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) The US Coast Guard maintains a Motion Picture and Television Office ( MOPIC ) in Hollywood , California , along with its sister services at the Department of Defense dedicated to enhancing public awareness and understanding of the Coast Guard , its people , and its missions through a cooperative effort with the entertainment industry . In film ( edit ) Fighting Coast Guard ( 1951 ) , depicts Coast Guard trained to help win WWII . The Boatniks ( 1970 ) , is a light - hearted depiction of a Coast Guard unit tasked with supervising recreational boaters on the California coast . The Island ( 1980 ) , latter - day Caribbean pirates capture the ( fictional ) cutter USCGC New Hope . Filming was done on USCGC Dauntless . Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) , depicts counter-drug helicopters from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron ( HITRON ) . The Guardian ( 2006 ) , depicts the Aviation Survival Technician ( AST ) program . Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) , starring Dwayne Johnson and Mark Wahlberg , depicted the Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group in action . The Finest Hours ( 2016 ) , A film portraying the rescue of the crew of SS Pendleton by coxswain Bernard C. Webber and the three other crewmen of Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500 . On television ( edit ) The Coast Guard has been featured in several television series , including : Coast Guard was a syndicated television series that aired for three seasons from 1995 to 1997 in the United States as well as overseas , where it was called Sea Rescue . The series followed Coast Guard personnel as they performed their missions . Coast Guard Alaska : Search and Rescue , a series on The Weather Channel that features a Coast Guard search - and - rescue unit based in Kodiak , Alaska . Several series have spun off the original to focus on units based in Cape Disappointment and Florida . Deadliest Catch , works extensively with Base Kodiak , who cooperates with the film crew to insure safety and has been featured in several rescues . Doll & Em features an CG ANT team member and the Point Vicente Light as the lighthouse Doll & Em escape to do their writing in the Season 2 opener . Hawaii Five - 0 , features several episodes in which the Five - 0 team worked with Station Honolulu and Air Station Barbers Point . NCIS , Diane Neal portrays Abigail Borin , CGIS Special Agent in Charge featured in several episodes of both NCIS and NCIS : New Orleans . See also ( edit ) Military of the United States portal United States Coast Guard portal Law enforcement / Law enforcement topics portal Coast Guard ( edit ) AMVER Badges of the United States Coast Guard Chaplain of the Coast Guard Coast Guard Day Code of Federal Regulations , Title 33 Joint Maritime Training Center List of United States Coast Guard cutters Maritime Law Enforcement Academy MARSEC National Data Buoy Center National Ice Center Naval militia North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum Patrol Forces Southwest Asia SPARS U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence U.S. Coast Guard Legal Division United States Coast Guard Air Stations United States Coast Guard Police United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center United States Coast Guard Stations Women in the United States Coast Guard Related agencies ( edit ) List of United States federal law enforcement agencies National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries Office for Law Enforcement U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ( ICE ) U.S. Maritime Administration U.S. Merchant Marine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creation of the Revenue Marine occurred on August 4 , 1790 ; 227 years ago ( 1790 - 08 - 04 ) . Jump up ^ Although the U.S. Navy lists its founding as 1775 with the formation of the Continental Navy , that service was disbanded in 1785 and the modern U.S. Navy in its present form was founded in 1794 . Jump up ^ The term Coast Guardsman is the official term used by the U.S. Coast Guard to refer to a member regardless of the person 's gender . In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant , Admiral Papp , directed that the language of the Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard . The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When was the Coast Guard ( and its forerunners ) established and what is its organizational history ? '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Coast Guard > Our Organization > Workforce '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : William R. Benedetto ( February 2006 ) . Sailing Into the Abyss : A True Story of Extreme Heroism on the High Seas . Kensington Publishing Corporation . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2646 - 1 . Retrieved 23 February 2015 . Its sailors go by a handful of names , including coasties , shallow - water sailors , hooligans , rum - runners , the Guard , and , now , the Home Security guys . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 2 . UNITED STATES COAST GUARD EMBLEM '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard . April 2011 . pp. 2 -- 2 . COMDTINST M5200. 14A . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 101 ( a ) ( 4 ) Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 1 November 1941 : President Roosevelt 's Executive Order 8929 transferred the Coast Guard to Navy Department control . In compliance with Executive Order 9666 , the Coast Guard returned to Treasury Department control . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Timeline of Coast Guard Organizational History '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . 6 April 1917 : With the declaration of war against Germany the Coast Guard was transferred by Executive Order to the control of the Navy Department . Jump up ^ Johnson , Robert Irwin ( 1987 ) . Guardians of the Sea , History of the United States Coast Guard , 1915 to the Present . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 720 - 3 . Jump up ^ Scheina , Robert ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard at War '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ LaRouche , Monique ( 2012 ) . `` The Coast Guard RAIDs Afghanistan '' . Reservist . U.S. Coast Guard . LXI ( 1 ) : 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Operational_Assets '' . www.overview.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` Happy 225th Birthday to the United States Coast Guard ! `` Coast Guard Auxiliary Live '' . live.cgaux.org . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Organization and Administration , Chapter One '' . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ The Coast Guard Gets It Right Amanda Ripley . TIME. 23 October 2005 . Jump up ^ 6 U.S.C. § 468 Jump up ^ `` USCG Office of Search & Rescue ( CG - SAR ) '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Search and Rescue Plan ( USA ) 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Uscg.mil. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Search And Rescue Committee '' . U.S. Coast Guard Office of Search and Rescue . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG National Response Center '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan '' . epa.gov . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 USC § 101 . Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . ( a ) ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 1 . Establishment of Coast Guard '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard . `` Daily Chronology of Coast Guard History '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . 2003 - Administrative control of the Coast Guard transferred to the newly created Department of Homeland Security from the Department of Transportation , where it had served since 1 April 1967 . Jump up ^ `` Homeland Security Act of 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 25 November 2002 . Jump up ^ Baldinelli , D.C. ( 9 December 2002 ) . `` The U.S. Coast Guard 's Assignment to the Department of Homeland Security : Entering Uncharted Waters or Just a Course Correction ? '' . United States Coast Guard . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved 18 January 2014 . On November 25 , 2002 , President George Bush signed the Homeland Security Act , which called for the largest reorganization in the U.S. government since the formation of the Department of Defense . The reorganization plan will bring together twenty - two agencies or parts of agencies from other departments such as Justice , Commerce , Health and Human Services , etc. , under the control of the Department of Homeland Security ... One of those agencies affected was the United States Coast Guard , which will be transferred from the Department of Transportation . ^ Jump up to : Garamone , Jim ( 17 October 2007 ) . `` Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy '' . Navy News Service . American Forces Press Service . NNS071017 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 2 . Primary duties '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 89 . Law enforcement '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 18 USC § 1385 . Use of Army and Air Force as posse comitatus '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 143 . Treasury Department '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1401. ( i ) Officer of the customs ; customs officer '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 19 USC § 1589a . Enforcement authority of customs officers '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Law Enforcement Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities '' ( PDF ) . Government Accounting Office . December 2006 . GAO - 07 - 121 . Jump up ^ `` Law Enforcement Survey Table '' . Government Accounting Office . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` People v. Booth , ___ N.Y.S. 2d ___ , 2008 WL 2247068 , 2008 N.Y. Slip . Op. 28206 ( N.Y. Co. Ct. 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ 2013 U.S. Coast Guard Facts Archived 2014 - 11 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr. ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` The legacy of Signalman 1st Class Douglas Munro '' . Coast Guard Compass . Jump up ^ Ripley , Amanda ( 23 October 2005 ) . `` How the Coast Guard Gets it Right '' . Time . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Numbered Fleets '' . Federation of American Scientists . 28 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Light Stations '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Steamboat Inspection Service '' . U.S. Coast Guard . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE COAST GUARD IN VIETNAM '' . www.jacksjoint.com . Jump up ^ Cacas , Max ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` DHS marks new milestone with St. E 's campus groundbreaking '' . WFED . Archived from the original on 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/FY_2016_DHS_Budget_in_Brief.pdf Jump up ^ Leavitt , Michael P. `` Coast Guardsman , Not Guardian '' ( PDF ) . Flotilla 23 - 1 Annapolis , MD . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos Jump up ^ `` 14 USC § 41 . Grades and ratings '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 37 USC § 201 . Pay grades : assignment to ; general rules '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2015 , Section 201 Jump up ^ `` Required Uniforms '' . USCG Uniform Distribution Center . 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCG Civilian Careers '' . United States Coast Guard . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Regulations , Chapter 10 -- Classification and Status of Coast Guard Vessels '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . COMDINSTM 5000.3 B . Jump up ^ `` 420 - foot Icebreaker ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 399 - foot Polar Class Icebreakers ( WAGB ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Lt. Gov. calls for US icebreakers '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . 30 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Northrop Grumman to Supply Polar Ice Breaker Navigation Support for U.S. Coast Guard '' . 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Barque Eagle ( WIX - 327 ) '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` USCGC Eagle '' . Lots of Honor. 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 140 - foot Icebreaking Tug ( WTGB ) - Bay Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 110 - foot Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Island Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 87 - foot Coastal Patrol Boat ( WPB ) - Marine Protector Class '' . Aircraft , Boats , and Cutters : Cutters. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chatham Boats '' . Station Chatham. 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130H : Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 130J : Super Hercules '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HC - 144A : Ocean Sentry '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH - 60J Sea Hawk / `` Jayhawk '' `` . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HH / MH - 65C : Dolphin '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` C - 37A : Gulfstream V '' . Office of Aviation Forces ( CG - 711 ) . 28 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crew - Served Weapon , MK - 19 , 40mm Machine Gun Course ( MK - 19 ) '' . www.forcecom.uscg.mil . Jump up ^ `` United States Coast Guard Core Values '' . United States Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard and Homeland Security '' . United States Army Combined Arms Center . July 2010 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shipmates 17 - The Coast Guard Ethos '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages. 30 November 2011 . ALCOAST 554 / 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Guardian Ethos '' , U.S. Coast Guard Posture Statement ( PDF ) , United States Coast Guard , February 2008 , p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Harry G. Hamlet 1932 - 1936 '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamlet , Harry G. ( 10 October 2012 ) . `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - What is the origin of the saying `` You have to go out , but you do n't have to come back '' ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Coast Guard Ensign '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ Saba , Anne ( January 2000 ) . `` Tradition , Service , Honor : The Customs Ensign '' . U.S. Customs Today . Archived from the original on 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Flags '' . 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . As it was intended in 1799 , the ensign is displayed as a mark of authority for boardings , examinations and seizures of vessels for the purpose of enforcing the laws of the United States . The ensign is never carried as a parade or ceremony standard . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Coatings and Color manual '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 1973 . CG - 263 . Jump up ^ Thiesen , William H. , PhD ( Summer 2012 ) . `` The History of the ' Racing Stripe ' Emblem and Brand '' ( PDF ) . Sea History ( 139 ) . Jump up ^ `` Coatings And Color Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 11 March 2005 . COMDTINST M10360. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard History : Frequently Asked Questions - When did the Coast Guard adopt the `` slash '' for its cutters , boats , and aircraft ? `` . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 18 February 2009 . COMDTINST M1020. 6F . ^ Jump up to : `` Honoring Our Profession - Uniform Guidance and Results of Uniform Board No. 44 '' ( txt ) . CGMS General Messages . ALCOAST 291 / 11 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Scotland , National Records of . `` Tartan Details - The Scottish Register of Tartans '' . Jump up ^ `` Cadet Life : Cadet Uniforms '' . cga.edu . U.S. Coast Guard Academy . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 14 USC PART II -- Coast Guard Reserve and Auxiliary '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's History Chronology '' . uscg.mil . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Coast Guard Reserve '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Women & the US Coast Guard '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Papp , Robert J. , Jr . `` US Coast Guard Auxiliary Policy Statement '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CG Auxiliary Vessel Examiner Manual '' ( PDF ) . CG - 612 Directives and Publications Division . 20 August 1996 . COMDTINST M16796. 2E . Jump up ^ `` 33 CFR § 5.31 Power and authority '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deployable Operations Group disbanded '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Expects New Deployable Group Operating By Next Summer '' ( PDF ) . Senior Coast Guard Leadership . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM1c Douglas Albert Munro '' . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Wise , James E. , Jr. ; Rehill , Anne Collier ( 1997 ) . Stars in Blue : Movie Actors in America 's Sea Services . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . p. 293 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 937 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Albatross Award '' . Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Chidlow , Nora L. `` The Bird That Continues to Fly : A History of the Ancient Albatross Award '' ( PDF ) . Coast Guard Historian 's Office . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard CW Operators Association '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ `` USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association '' . Jump up ^ USCG Department of Public Affairs . `` U.S. Coast Guard Motion Picture & Television Office ( CG - 0922M ) '' . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Commander Judd , Ralph , USCG ( ret ) . `` The Coast Guard In Film '' . USCG : Frequently Asked Questions . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard '' . Film . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Episodes 1995 , TV Show '' . TV Guide online . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard ( 1995 -- 1997 ) TV Series - Reality - TV '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Amazon.com . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks , James ( November 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kodiak Coast Guardsmen cheer their debut on national TV '' . Alaska Dispatch News . Jump up ^ `` The Weather Channel Greenlights New Original Series `` Coast Guard Florida , '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Coast Guard Pacific Northwest will be focus of new Weather Channel series '' . Coast Guard All Hands . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` A Large Audience for ' Catch ' Episode About Captain 's Stroke '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Deadliest Catch ' shows Coast Guard rescue on the Wizard '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Doll & Em , series 2 , episode 1 , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Powa Maka Moana '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo'o ' olelo Pu '' . IMDb . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Lagan , Christopher ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` CGIS returns to NCIS '' . Coast Guard Compass . Further reading ( edit ) Dolbow , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Coast Guardsman 's Manual ( 10th ed . ) . Naval Institute Press , Annapolis , Maryland . ISBN 978 - 1591142188 . Coast Guard : Observations on Progress Made and Challenges Faced in Developing and Implementing a Common Operational Picture : Testimony before the Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation , Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure , House of Representatives Government Accountability Office External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Coast Guard . U.S. Coast Guard Website About U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard Magazine Coast Guard manuals online Coast Guard Flags USCG Homeport Website Women & the U.S. Coast Guard Coast Guard in the Federal Register Reports on the Coast Guard , Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General ' A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower ' U.S. Coast Guard Videos Coast Guard Personnel Locator All Comprehensive Security Plans for Mid and High Value Homes How to join the U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Website Coast Guard Channel Coast Guard News Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Reports regarding the U.S. Coast Guard Greg Trauthwein ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` USCG ... Past , Present & Future '' . Maritime Reporter and Marine News magazines online . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . 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what is the rhythm of the opening motive of beethovens fifth symphony

Symphony No. 5 ( Beethoven ) - wikipedia Symphony No. 5 ( Beethoven ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Beethoven 's Fifth '' redirects here . For the movie , see Beethoven 's 5th ( film ) . For Beethoven 's 5th piano concerto , see Piano Concerto No. 5 ( Beethoven ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Symphony in C minor <Td_colspan="2"> No. 5 <Td_colspan="2"> by Ludwig van Beethoven <Td_colspan="2"> Cover of the symphony , with the dedication to Prince J.F.M. Lobkowitz and Count Rasumovsky Catalogue Op. 67 Style Classical period Composed 1804 ( 1804 ) -- 1808 Dedication J.F.M. Lobkowitz A. Rasumovsky Performed 22 December 1808 , Vienna Movements Four The Symphony No. 5 in C minor of Ludwig van Beethoven , Op. 67 , was written between 1804 -- 1808 . It is one of the best - known compositions in classical music , and one of the most frequently played symphonies . First performed in Vienna 's Theater an der Wien in 1808 , the work achieved its prodigious reputation soon afterward . E.T.A. Hoffmann described the symphony as `` one of the most important works of the time '' . The symphony consists of four movements . The first movement is Allegro con brio ; the second movement is Andante con moto ; the third movement is a Scherzo Allegro ; the fourth movement is Allegro . It begins by stating a distinctive four - note `` short - short - short - long '' motif twice : ( listen ( help info ) ) The symphony , and the four - note opening motif in particular , are known worldwide , with the motif appearing frequently in popular culture , from disco versions to rock and roll covers , to uses in film and television . Since the Second World War it has sometimes been referred to as the `` Victory Symphony '' . `` V '' is the Roman character for the number five ; the phrase `` V for Victory '' became well known as a campaign of the Allies of World War II . That Beethoven 's Victory Symphony happened to be his Fifth ( or vice versa ) is coincidence . Some thirty years after this piece was written , the rhythm of the opening phrase -- `` dit - dit - dit - dah '' -- was used for the letter `` V '' in Morse code , though this is probably also coincidental . The BBC , during World War Two , prefaced its broadcasts to Europe with those four notes , played on drums . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Premiere 1.3 Reception and influence 2 Instrumentation 3 Form 3.1 First movement : Allegro con brio 3.2 Second movement : Andante con moto 3.3 Third movement : Scherzo . Allegro 3.4 Fourth movement : Allegro 4 Influences 5 Lore 5.1 Fate motif 5.2 Beethoven 's choice of key 5.3 Repetition of the opening motif throughout the symphony 5.4 Use of La Folia 5.5 Trombones and piccolos 6 Textual questions 6.1 Third movement repeat 6.2 Reassigning bassoon notes to the horns 7 Editions 8 Adaptations 9 Further media 10 Notes and references 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Scores History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Beethoven in 1804 , the year he began work on the Fifth Symphony . Detail of a portrait by W.J. Mähler The Fifth Symphony had a long development process , as Beethoven worked out the musical ideas for the work . The first `` sketches '' ( rough drafts of melodies and other musical ideas ) date from 1804 following the completion of the Third Symphony . However , Beethoven repeatedly interrupted his work on the Fifth to prepare other compositions , including the first version of Fidelio , the Appassionata piano sonata , the three Razumovsky string quartets , the Violin Concerto , the Fourth Piano Concerto , the Fourth Symphony , and the Mass in C. The final preparation of the Fifth Symphony , which took place in 1807 -- 1808 , was carried out in parallel with the Sixth Symphony , which premiered at the same concert . Beethoven was in his mid-thirties during this time ; his personal life was troubled by increasing deafness . In the world at large , the period was marked by the Napoleonic Wars , political turmoil in Austria , and the occupation of Vienna by Napoleon 's troops in 1805 . The symphony was written at his lodgings at the Pasqualati House in Vienna . The final movement quotes from a revolutionary song by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle . Premiere ( edit ) Main article : Beethoven concert of 22 December 1808 The Fifth Symphony was premiered on 22 December 1808 at a mammoth concert at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna consisting entirely of Beethoven premieres , and directed by Beethoven himself on the conductor 's podium . The concert lasted for more than four hours . The two symphonies appeared on the programme in reverse order : the Sixth was played first , and the Fifth appeared in the second half . The programme was as follows : The Sixth Symphony Aria : Ah ! perfido , Op. 65 The Gloria movement of the Mass in C major The Fourth Piano Concerto ( played by Beethoven himself ) ( Intermission ) The Fifth Symphony The Sanctus and Benedictus movements of the C major Mass A solo piano improvisation played by Beethoven The Choral Fantasy The Theater an der Wien as it appeared in the early 19th century Beethoven dedicated the Fifth Symphony to two of his patrons , Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz and Count Razumovsky . The dedication appeared in the first printed edition of April 1809 . Reception and influence ( edit ) There was little critical response to the premiere performance , which took place under adverse conditions . The orchestra did not play well -- with only one rehearsal before the concert -- and at one point , following a mistake by one of the performers in the Choral Fantasy , Beethoven had to stop the music and start again . The auditorium was extremely cold and the audience was exhausted by the length of the programme . However , a year and a half later , publication of the score resulted in a rapturous unsigned review ( actually by music critic E.T.A. Hoffmann ) in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung . He described the music with dramatic imagery : Radiant beams shoot through this region 's deep night , and we become aware of gigantic shadows which , rocking back and forth , close in on us and destroy everything within us except the pain of endless longing -- a longing in which every pleasure that rose up in jubilant tones sinks and succumbs , and only through this pain , which , while consuming but not destroying love , hope , and joy , tries to burst our breasts with full - voiced harmonies of all the passions , we live on and are captivated beholders of the spirits . Apart from the extravagant praise , Hoffmann devoted by far the largest part of his review to a detailed analysis of the symphony , in order to show his readers the devices Beethoven used to arouse particular affects in the listener . In an essay titled `` Beethoven 's Instrumental Music '' , compiled from this 1810 review and another one from 1813 on the op . 70 string trios , published in three instalments in December 1813 , E.T.A. Hoffmann further praised the `` indescribably profound , magnificent symphony in C minor '' : How this wonderful composition , in a climax that climbs on and on , leads the listener imperiously forward into the spirit world of the infinite ! ... No doubt the whole rushes like an ingenious rhapsody past many a man , but the soul of each thoughtful listener is assuredly stirred , deeply and intimately , by a feeling that is none other than that unutterable portentous longing , and until the final chord -- indeed , even in the moments that follow it -- he will be powerless to step out of that wondrous spirit realm where grief and joy embrace him in the form of sound ... The symphony soon acquired its status as a central item in the orchestral repertoire . It was played in the inaugural concerts of the New York Philharmonic on 7 December 1842 , and the ( US ) National Symphony Orchestra on 2 November 1931 . It was first recorded by the Odeon Orchestra under Friedrich Kark in 1910 . The First Movement ( as performed by the Philharmonia Orchestra ) was featured on the Voyager Golden Record , a phonograph record containing a broad sample of the images , common sounds , languages , and music of Earth , sent into outer space with the two Voyager probes . Groundbreaking in terms of both its technical and its emotional impact , the Fifth has had a large influence on composers and music critics , and inspired work by such composers as Brahms , Tchaikovsky ( his 4th Symphony in particular ) , Bruckner , Mahler , and Berlioz . Instrumentation ( edit ) The symphony is scored for piccolo ( fourth movement only ) , two flutes , two oboes , two clarinets in B ♭ and C , two bassoons , contrabassoon ( fourth movement only ) , two horns in E ♭ and C , two trumpets , three trombones ( alto , tenor , and bass , fourth movement only ) , timpani ( in G -- C ) and strings ( violins , violas , cellos and double basses ) . Form ( edit ) A typical performance usually lasts around 30 -- 40 minutes . The work is in four movements : Allegro con brio ( C minor ) Andante con moto ( A ♭ major ) Scherzo : Allegro ( C minor ) Allegro ( C major ) First movement : Allegro con brio ( edit ) First movement First movement : Allegro con brio Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra . Music courtesy of Musopen First movement : Allegro con brio Performed by the Fulda Symphony <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . The first movement opens with the four - note motif discussed above , one of the most famous motifs in Western music . There is considerable debate among conductors as to the manner of playing the four opening bars . Some conductors take it in strict allegro tempo ; others take the liberty of a weighty treatment , playing the motif in a much slower and more stately tempo ; yet others take the motif molto ritardando ( a pronounced slowing through each four - note phrase ) , arguing that the fermata over the fourth note justifies this . Some critics and musicians consider it crucial to convey the spirit of ( pause ) and - two - and one , as written , and consider the more common one - two - three - four to be misleading . Critic Michael Steinberg stated that with the `` ta - ta - ta - Taaa '' , `` Beethoven begins with eight notes . '' He points out that `` They rhyme , four plus four , and each group of four consists of three quick notes plus one that is lower and much longer ( in fact unmeasured ) . '' As well , the `` ... space between the two rhyming groups is minimal , about one - seventh of a second if we go by Beethoven 's metronome mark '' . In addition , `` Beethoven clarifies the shape by lengthening the second of the long notes . This lengthening , which was an afterthought , is tantamount to writing a stronger punctuation mark . As the music progresses , we can hear in the melody of the second theme , for example ( or later , in the pairs of antiphonal chords of woodwinds and strings ) , that the constantly invoked connection between the two four - note units is crucial to the movement . '' Steinberg states that the `` ... source of Beethoven 's unparalleled energy ... is in his writing long sentences and broad paragraphs whose surfaces are articulated with exciting activity . '' Indeed , `` ... the double `` ta - ta - ta - Taaa '' is an open - ended beginning , not a closed and self - sufficient unit ( Misunderstanding of this opening was nurtured by a nineteenth - century performance tradition in which the first five measures were read as a slow , portentous exordium , the main tempo being attacked only after the second hold . ) '' He states that the `` opening ( is ) so dramatic '' due to the `` violence of the contrast between the urgency in the eighth notes and the ominous freezing of motion in the unmeasured long notes . '' He states that `` ... the music starts with a wild outburst of energy but immediately crashes into a wall . '' Steinberg states that `` ... ( s ) econds later , Beethoven jolts us with another such sudden halt . The music draws up to a half - cadence on a G - major chord , short and crisp in the whole orchestra , except for the first violins , who hang on to their high C for an unmeasured length of time . Forward motion resumes with a relentless pounding of eighth notes . '' The first movement is in the traditional sonata form that Beethoven inherited from his classical predecessors , Haydn and Mozart ( in which the main ideas that are introduced in the first few pages undergo elaborate development through many keys , with a dramatic return to the opening section -- the recapitulation -- about three - quarters of the way through ) . It starts out with two dramatic fortissimo phrases , the famous motif , commanding the listener 's attention . Following the first four bars , Beethoven uses imitations and sequences to expand the theme , these pithy imitations tumbling over each other with such rhythmic regularity that they appear to form a single , flowing melody . Shortly after , a very short fortissimo bridge , played by the horns , takes place before a second theme is introduced . This second theme is in E ♭ major , the relative major , and it is more lyrical , written piano and featuring the four - note motif in the string accompaniment . The codetta is again based on the four - note motif . The development section follows , including the bridge . During the recapitulation , there is a brief solo passage for oboe in quasi-improvisatory style , and the movement ends with a massive coda . Second movement : Andante con moto ( edit ) Second movement Second movement : Andante con moto Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra . Music courtesy of Musopen Second movement : Andante con moto Performed by the Fulda Symphony <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . The second movement , in A ♭ major , the subdominant key of C minor 's relative key ( E ♭ major ) , is a lyrical work in double variation form , which means that two themes are presented and varied in alternation . Following the variations there is a long coda . The movement opens with an announcement of its theme , a melody in unison by violas and cellos , with accompaniment by the double basses . A second theme soon follows , with a harmony provided by clarinets , bassoons , and violins , with a triplet arpeggio in the violas and bass . A variation of the first theme reasserts itself . This is followed up by a third theme , thirty - second notes in the violas and cellos with a counterphrase running in the flute , oboe , and bassoon . Following an interlude , the whole orchestra participates in a fortissimo , leading to a series of crescendos and a coda to close the movement . Third movement : scherzo . Allegro ( edit ) Third movement Third movement : Scherzo . Allegro Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra . Music courtesy of Musopen Third movement : Scherzo . Allegro Performed by the Fulda Symphony <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . The third movement is in ternary form , consisting of a scherzo and trio . It follows the traditional mold of Classical - era symphonic third movements , containing in sequence the main scherzo , a contrasting trio section , a return of the scherzo , and a coda . However , while the usual Classical symphonies employed a minuet and trio as their third movement , Beethoven chose to use the newer scherzo and trio form . The movement returns to the opening key of C minor and begins with the following theme , played by the cellos and double basses : ( listen ( help info ) ) The opening theme is answered by a contrasting theme played by the winds , and this sequence is repeated . Then the horns loudly announce the main theme of the movement , and the music proceeds from there . The trio section is in C major and is written in a contrapuntal texture . When the scherzo returns for the final time , it is performed by the strings pizzicato and very quietly . `` The scherzo offers contrasts that are somewhat similar to those of the slow movement in that they derive from extreme difference in character between scherzo and trio ... The Scherzo then contrasts this figure with the famous ' motto ' ( 3 + 1 ) from the first movement , which gradually takes command of the whole movement . '' The third movement is also notable for its transition to the fourth movement , widely considered one of the greatest musical transitions of all time . Fourth movement : Allegro ( edit ) Fourth movement Fourth movement : Allegro Performed by the Skidmore College Orchestra . Music courtesy of Musopen Fourth movement : Allegro Performed by the Fulda Symphony <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . The fourth movement begins without pause from the transition . The music resounds in C major , an unusual choice by the composer as a symphony that begins in C minor is expected to finish in that key . In Beethoven 's words : Many assert that every minor piece must end in the minor . Nego ! ... Joy follows sorrow , sunshine -- rain . The triumphant and exhilarating finale is written in an unusual variant of sonata form : at the end of the development section , the music halts on a dominant cadence , played fortissimo , and the music continues after a pause with a quiet reprise of the `` horn theme '' of the scherzo movement . The recapitulation is then introduced by a crescendo coming out of the last bars of the interpolated scherzo section , just as the same music was introduced at the opening of the movement . The interruption of the finale with material from the third `` dance '' movement was pioneered by Haydn , who had done the same in his Symphony No. 46 in B , from 1772 . It is unknown whether Beethoven was familiar with this work or not . The Fifth Symphony finale includes a very long coda , in which the main themes of the movement are played in temporally compressed form . Towards the end the tempo is increased to presto . The symphony ends with 29 bars of C major chords , played fortissimo . In The Classical Style , Charles Rosen suggests that this ending reflects Beethoven 's sense of Classical proportions : the `` unbelievably long '' pure C major cadence is needed `` to ground the extreme tension of ( this ) immense work . '' It has been shown that this long chord sequence was a pattern that Beethoven borrowed from the Italian composer Luigi Cherubini , whom Beethoven `` esteemed the most '' among his contemporary musicians . Spending much of his life in France , Cherubini employed this pattern consistently to close his overtures , which Beethoven knew well . The ending of his famous symphony repeats almost note by note and pause by pause the conclusion of Cherubini 's overture to his opera Eliza , composed in 1794 and presented in Vienna in 1803 . Influences ( edit ) The 19th century musicologist Gustav Nottebohm first pointed out that the third movement 's theme has the same sequence of intervals as the opening theme of the final movement of Mozart 's famous Symphony No. 40 in G minor , K. 550 . Here are the first eight notes of Mozart 's theme : ( listen ( help info ) ) While such resemblances sometimes occur by accident , this is unlikely to be so in the present case . Nottebohm discovered the resemblance when he examined a sketchbook used by Beethoven in composing the Fifth Symphony : here , 29 bars of Mozart 's finale appear , copied out by Beethoven . Lore ( edit ) Much has been written about the Fifth Symphony in books , scholarly articles , and program notes for live and recorded performances . This section summarizes some themes that commonly appear in this material . Fate motif ( edit ) The initial motif of the symphony has sometimes been credited with symbolic significance as a representation of Fate knocking at the door . This idea comes from Beethoven 's secretary and factotum Anton Schindler , who wrote , many years after Beethoven 's death : The composer himself provided the key to these depths when one day , in this author 's presence , he pointed to the beginning of the first movement and expressed in these words the fundamental idea of his work : `` Thus Fate knocks at the door ! '' Schindler 's testimony concerning any point of Beethoven 's life is disparaged by experts ( he is believed to have forged entries in Beethoven 's conversation books ) . Moreover , it is often commented that Schindler offered a highly romanticized view of the composer . There is another tale concerning the same motif ; the version given here is from Antony Hopkins ' description of the symphony . Carl Czerny ( Beethoven 's pupil , who premiered the `` Emperor '' Concerto in Vienna ) claimed that `` the little pattern of notes had come to ( Beethoven ) from a yellow - hammer 's song , heard as he walked in the Prater - park in Vienna . '' Hopkins further remarks that `` given the choice between a yellow - hammer and Fate - at - the - door , the public has preferred the more dramatic myth , though Czerny 's account is too unlikely to have been invented . '' In his Omnibus television lecture series in 1954 , Leonard Bernstein has likened the Fate Motif to the four note coda common to classical symphonies . These notes would terminate the classical symphony as a musical coda , but for Beethoven they become a motif repeating throughout the work for a very different and dramatic effect , he says . Evaluations of these interpretations tend to be skeptical . `` The popular legend that Beethoven intended this grand exordium of the symphony to suggest ' Fate Knocking at the gate ' is apocryphal ; Beethoven 's pupil , Ferdinand Ries , was really author of this would - be poetic exegesis , which Beethoven received very sarcastically when Ries imparted it to him . '' Elizabeth Schwarm Glesner remarks that `` Beethoven had been known to say nearly anything to relieve himself of questioning pests '' ; this might be taken to impugn both tales . Beethoven 's choice of key ( edit ) The key of the Fifth Symphony , C minor , is commonly regarded as a special key for Beethoven , specifically a `` stormy , heroic tonality '' . Beethoven wrote a number of works in C minor whose character is broadly similar to that of the Fifth Symphony . Writer Charles Rosen says , Beethoven in C minor has come to symbolize his artistic character . In every case , it reveals Beethoven as Hero. C minor does not show Beethoven at his most subtle , but it does give him to us in his most extroverted form , where he seems to be most impatient of any compromise . Repetition of the opening motif throughout the Symphony ( edit ) It is commonly asserted that the opening four - note rhythmic motif ( short - short - short - long ; see above ) is repeated throughout the symphony , unifying it . `` It is a rhythmic pattern ( dit - dit - dit - dot * ) that makes its appearance in each of the other three movements and thus contributes to the overall unity of the symphony '' ( Doug Briscoe ) ; `` a single motif that unifies the entire work '' ( Peter Gutmann ) ; `` the key motif of the entire symphony '' ; `` the rhythm of the famous opening figure ... recurs at crucial points in later movements '' ( Richard Bratby ) . The New Grove encyclopedia cautiously endorses this view , reporting that `` ( t ) he famous opening motif is to be heard in almost every bar of the first movement -- and , allowing for modifications , in the other movements . '' There are several passages in the symphony that have led to this view . For instance , in the third movement the horns play the following solo in which the short - short - short - long pattern occurs repeatedly : In the second movement ( at measure 76 ) , an accompanying line plays a similar rhythm ( listen ( help info ) ) : In the finale , Doug Briscoe ( cited above ) suggests that the motif may be heard in the piccolo part , presumably meaning the following passage ( listen ( help info ) ) : Later , in the coda of the finale , the bass instruments repeatedly play the following ( listen ( help info ) ) : On the other hand , some commentators are unimpressed with these resemblances and consider them to be accidental . Antony Hopkins , discussing the theme in the scherzo , says `` no musician with an ounce of feeling could confuse ( the two rhythms ) '' , explaining that the scherzo rhythm begins on a strong musical beat whereas the first - movement theme begins on a weak one . Donald Francis Tovey pours scorn on the idea that a rhythmic motif unifies the symphony : `` This profound discovery was supposed to reveal an unsuspected unity in the work , but it does not seem to have been carried far enough . '' Applied consistently , he continues , the same approach would lead to the conclusion that many other works by Beethoven are also `` unified '' with this symphony , as the motif appears in the `` Appassionata '' piano sonata , the Fourth Piano Concerto ( listen ( help info ) ) , and in the String Quartet , Op. 74 . Tovey concludes , `` the simple truth is that Beethoven could not do without just such purely rhythmic figures at this stage of his art . '' To Tovey 's objection can be added the prominence of the short - short - short - long rhythmic figure in earlier works by Beethoven 's older Classical contemporaries Haydn and Mozart . To give just two examples , it is found in Haydn 's `` Miracle '' Symphony , No. 96 ) ( listen ( help info ) ) and in Mozart 's Piano Concerto No. 25 , K. 503 ( listen ( help info ) ) . Such examples show that `` short - short - short - long '' rhythms were a regular part of the musical language of the composers of Beethoven 's day . It seems likely that whether or not Beethoven deliberately , or unconsciously , wove a single rhythmic motif through the Fifth Symphony will ( in Hopkins 's words ) `` remain eternally open to debate . '' Use of La Folia ( edit ) Beethoven Symphony No. 5 Movement 2 , La Folia Variation ( measures 166 -- 176 ) Folia is a dance form with a distinctive rhythm and harmony , which was used by many composers from the Renaissance well into the 19th and even 20th century , often in the context of a theme and variations . It was used by Beethoven in his Fifth Symphony in the harmony midway through the slow movement ( bar 166 -- 177 ) . Although some recent sources mention that the fragment of the Folia theme in Beethoven 's symphony was detected only in the 1990s , Reed J. Hoyt analyzed some Folia - aspects in the oeuvre of Beethoven already in 1982 in his `` Letter to the Editor '' , in the journal College Music Symposium 21 , where he draws attention to the existence of complex archetypal patterns and their relationship . Trombones and piccolos ( edit ) While it is commonly stated that the last movement of Beethoven 's Fifth is the first time the trombone and the piccolo were used in a concert symphony , it is not true . The Swedish composer Joachim Nicolas Eggert specified trombones for his Symphony in E ♭ major written in 1807 , and examples of earlier symphonies with a part for piccolo abound , including Michael Haydn 's Symphony No. 19 in C major , composed in August 1773 . Textual questions ( edit ) Third movement repeat ( edit ) In the autograph score ( that is , the original version from Beethoven 's hand ) , the third movement contains a repeat mark : when the scherzo and trio sections have both been played through , the performers are directed to return to the very beginning and play these two sections again . Then comes a third rendering of the scherzo , this time notated differently for pizzicato strings and transitioning directly to the finale ( see description above ) . Most modern printed editions of the score do not render this repeat mark ; and indeed most performances of the symphony render the movement as ABA ′ ( where A = scherzo , B = trio , and A ′ = modified scherzo ) , in contrast to the ABABA ′ of the autograph score . The repeat mark in the autograph is unlikely to be simply an error on the composer 's part . The ABABA ′ scheme for scherzi appears elsewhere in Beethoven , in the Bagatelle for solo piano , Op. 33 , No. 7 ( 1802 ) , and in the Fourth , Sixth , and Seventh Symphonies . However , it is possible that for the Fifth Symphony , Beethoven originally preferred ABABA ′ , but changed his mind in the course of publication in favor of ABA ′ . Since Beethoven 's day , published editions of the symphony have always printed ABA ′ . However , in 1978 an edition specifying ABABA ′ was prepared by Peter Gülke ( de ) and published by Peters . In 1999 , yet another edition by Jonathan Del Mar was published by Bärenreiter which advocates a return to ABA ′ . In the accompanying book of commentary , Del Mar defends in depth the view that ABA ′ represents Beethoven 's final intention ; in other words , that conventional wisdom was right all along . In concert performances , ABA ′ prevailed until the 2000s . However , since the appearance of the Gülke edition , conductors have felt more free to exercise their own choice . Performances with ABABA ′ seem to be particularly favored by conductors who specialize in authentic performance or historically informed performance ( that is , using instruments of the kind employed in Beethoven 's day and playing techniques of the period ) . These include Caroline Brown , Christopher Hogwood , John Eliot Gardiner , and Nikolaus Harnoncourt . ABABA ′ performances on modern instruments have also been recorded by the New Philharmonia Orchestra under Pierre Boulez , the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich under David Zinman , and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Claudio Abbado . Reassigning bassoon notes to the horns ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the first movement , the passage that introduces the second subject of the exposition is assigned by Beethoven as a solo to the pair of horns . At this location , the theme is played in the key of E ♭ major . When the same theme is repeated later on in the recapitulation section , it is given in the key of C major . Antony Hopkins wrote , `` this ... presented a problem to Beethoven , for the horns ( of his day ) , severely limited in the notes they could actually play before the invention of valves , were unable to play the phrase in the ' new ' key of C major -- at least not without stopping the bell with the hand and thus muffling the tone . Beethoven therefore had to give the theme to a pair of bassoons , who , high in their compass , were bound to seem a less than adequate substitute . In modern performances the heroic implications of the original thought are regarded as more worthy of preservation than the secondary matter of scoring ; the phrase is invariably played by horns , to whose mechanical abilities it can now safely be trusted . '' In fact , even before Hopkins wrote this passage ( 1981 ) , some conductors had experimented with preserving Beethoven 's original scoring for bassoons . This can be heard on many performances including those conducted by Caroline Brown mentioned in the preceding section as well as in a recent recording by Simon Rattle with the Vienna Philharmonic . Although horns capable of playing the passage in C major were developed not long after the premiere of the Fifth Symphony ( according to this source , 1814 ) , it is not known whether Beethoven would have wanted to substitute modern horns , or keep the bassoons , in the crucial passage . There are strong arguments in favor of keeping the original scoring even when modern valve horns are available . The structure of the movement posits a programatic alteration of light and darkness , represented by major and minor . Within this framework , the topically heroic transitional theme dispels the darkness of the minor first theme group and ushers in the major second theme group . However , in the development section , Beethoven systematically fragments and dismembers this heroic theme in bars 180 -- 210 . Thus he may have rescored its return in the recapitulation for a weaker sound to foreshadow the essential expositional closure in minor . Moreover , the horns used in the fourth movement are natural horns in C , which can easily play this passage . If Beethoven had wanted the second theme in the horns , he could have had the horns resting for the previous bars to give them time to switch instruments , and then written `` muta in c , '' similar to his `` muta in f '' instruction in measure 412 of the first movement of Symphony No. 3 . Editions ( edit ) The edition by Jonathan Del Mar mentioned above was published as follows : Ludwig van Beethoven . Symphonies 1 -- 9 . Urtext . Kassel : Bärenreiter , 1996 -- 2000 , ISMN M - 006 - 50054 - 3 . An inexpensive version of the score has been issued by Dover Publications . This is a 1989 reprint of an old edition ( Braunschweig : Henry Litolff , no date ) . Adaptations ( edit ) The Fifth has been adapted many times to other genres . Examples include : Arranged for piano solo by Franz Liszt Electric Light Orchestra 's version of `` Roll Over Beethoven '' incorporates the motif and elements from the first movement into a classic rock and roll song by Chuck Berry Japanese band Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys , recorded an instrumental rock cover of this song on their 1967 album Let 's Go Unmei . ( `` Unmei '' means `` Fate '' / `` Destiny '' in Japanese , and is a nickname for Symphony No. 5 in Japan ) A similar `` Unmei '' reference shows up in Japanese live action series `` Kamen Rider Ghost '' . The titular character 's Beethoven Soul form , when activated , causes his transformation device to chant `` Kyokumei ! Unmei ! Jajajajan ~ '' ( Melody ! Destiny ! Jajajajan ~ ) , with the `` Jajajajan ~ '' part being the 4 beginning notes of Symphony No. 5 . Walter Murphy adapted the first movement under the title `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' as a disco instrumental in 1976 . It was featured in the 1977 movie Saturday Night Fever . The 1981 single `` Hooked on Classics '' from the album of the same name , by Louis Clark and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , includes a portion of the Fifth . Fantasia 2000 features a shortened version of the first movement as its first segment . Wolfgang 's 5th Symphony by Wolfgang Gartner , an Electro House adaptation . An adaptation appears as the theme song for the TV show Judge Judy . The opening sequence of `` Before the Flood '' a 2015 episode of the UK science fiction series Doctor Who , features discussion of Beethoven 's 5th in the context of the bootstrap paradox . To punctuate the discussion , the episode begins and ends with actor Peter Capaldi playing the symphony 's opening notes on electric guitar ; in the opening of the episode , the notes lead into a variation of the `` Doctor Who theme music '' . Further media ( edit ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 1st Movement ( Part 1 ) , Allegro con brio Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 4 : 07 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 1st Movement ( Conclusion ) , Allegro con brio Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 23 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 2nd Movement ( Part 1 ) , Andante con moto Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 28 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 2nd Movement ( Part 2 ) , Andante con moto Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 04 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 2nd Movement ( Conclusion ) , Andante con moto Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 35 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 3rd Movement ( Part 1 ) , Allegro Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 4 : 08 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 3rd Movement ( Conclusion ) , Allegro and 4th Movement ( Part 1 ) , Allegro Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 39 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 4th Movement ( Part 2 ) , Allegro Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 3 : 33 ) Symphony No. 5 in C minor , op . 67 ( Beethoven ) , 4th Movement ( Conclusion ) , Allegro - Presto Performed by Berlin Philharmonic , conducted by Wilhelm Furtwängler in 1937 ( 2 : 30 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schauffler , Robert Haven ( 1933 ) . Beethoven : The Man Who Freed Music . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , Doran , & Company . p. 211 . Jump up ^ `` London Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Josef Krips - The Victory Symphony ( Symphony No. 5 In C Major , Op. 67 ) '' . Discogs. 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Code designations for Morse code letters were decided based on a table of letter frequency by Alfred Vail . Jump up ^ `` V - Campaign '' . A World of Wireless : Virtual Radiomuseum . Archived from the original on 12 March 2005 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Karpf , Jason ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` V for Victory and Viral '' . The Funky Adjunct . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , James ( 20 July 1941 ) . `` British Open ' V ' Nerve War ; Churchill Spurs Resistance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Antony ( 1977 ) . The Nine Symphonies of Beethoven . Scolar Press . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 246 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Beethoven 's deafness '' . lvbeethoven.com . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kinderman , William ( 1995 ) . Beethoven . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08796 - 8 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Anthony ( 1990 ) . `` Symphonic birth - pangs of the trombone '' . British Trombone Society . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Landon , H.C. Robbins ( 1992 ) . Beethoven : His Life , Work , and World . New York : Thames and Hudson . p. 149 . Jump up ^ `` Recension : Sinfonie ... composée et dediée etc. par Louis van Beethoven . à Leipsic , chez Breitkopf et Härtel , Oeuvre 67 . No. 5 . des Sinfonies '' , Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung 12 , nos. 40 and 41 ( 4 & 11 July 1810 ) : cols. 630 -- 42 and 652 -- 59 . Citation in col. 633 . Jump up ^ Published anonymously , `` Beethovens Instrumental - Musik , Zeitung für die elegante Welt , nos. 245 -- 47 ( 9 , 10 , and 11 December 1813 ) : cols. 1953 -- 57 , 1964 -- 67 , and 1973 -- 75 . Also published anonymously as part of Hoffmann 's collection titled Fantasiestücke in Callots Manier , 4 vols . Bamberg , 1814 . English edition , as Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann , Fantasy Pieces in Callot 's Manner : Pages from the Diary of a Traveling Romantic , translated by Joseph M Hayse . Schenectady : Union College Press , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 912756 - 28 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Record Music List '' . NASA . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Moss , Charles K. `` Ludwig van Beethoven : A Musical Titan '' . Archived from the original on 22 December 2007 ... Jump up ^ Freed , Richard . `` Symphony No. 5 in C minor , Op. 67 '' . Jump up ^ Rushton , Julian . The Music of Berlioz . p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Scherman , Thomas K. & Louis , Biancolli ( 1973 ) . The Beethoven Companion . Garden City , New York : Double & Company . p. 570 . Jump up ^ Michael Steinberg in 1972 conversation during MCA NEA teaching session . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Michael ( 1998 ) . The Symphony . Oxford . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Scherman , Thomas K. & Biancolli , Louis ( 1973 ) . The Beethoven Companion . Garden City , New York : Double & Company . p. 572 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , Lewis . Beethoven : The Music and the Life . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05081 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kinderman , William ( 2009 ) . Beethoven ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Lockwood , Lewis . Beethoven : The Music and the Life . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05081 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kerst , Friedrich ; Krehbiel , Henry Edward , eds. ( 2008 ) . Beethoven : The Man and the Artist , as Revealed in His Own Words , . Boston : IndyPublishing . p. 15 . ( trans . by Henry Edward Krehbiel ) Jump up ^ James Webster , Haydn 's ' Farewell ' Symphony and the Idea of Classical Style , p. 267 Jump up ^ Rosen , Charles ( 1997 ) . The Classical Style ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Romano , Stefan ( Winter 2009 ) . `` Ending the Fifth '' . The Beethoven Journal . 24 ( 2 ) : 56 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Nottebohm , Gustav ( 1887 ) . ' Zweite Beethoviana . Leipzig : C.F. Peters . p. 531 . Jump up ^ Jolly , Constance ( 1966 ) . Beethoven as I Knew Him . London : Faber and Faber . As translated from Schindler ( 1860 ) . Biographie von Ludwig van Beethoven . Jump up ^ Cooper , Barry ( 1991 ) . The Beethoven Compendium . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Borders Press . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 681 - 07558 - 9 . Jump up ^ Omnibus -- Leonard Bernstein Beethoven 's Fifth Excerpt . youtube.com . Archived from the original on 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ludwig van Beethoven -- Symphony No. 5 , Op. 67 '' . Classical Music Pages . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Henry . `` Mason Gross Presents -- Program Notes : 14 June 2003 '' . Mason Gross School of Arts . Jump up ^ Rosen , Charles ( 2002 ) . Beethoven 's Piano Sonatas : A Short Companion . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Briscoe , Doug . `` Program Notes : Celebrating Harry : Orchestral Favorites Honoring the Late Harry Ellis Dickson '' . Boston Classic Orchestra . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Gutmann , Peter . `` Ludwig Van Beethoven : Fifth Symphony '' . Classical Notes . Jump up ^ `` Beethoven 's Symphony No. 5 . The Destiny Symphony '' . All About Beethoven . Jump up ^ Bratby , Richard . `` Symphony No. 5 '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Ludwig van Beethoven '' . Grove Online Encyclopedia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tovey , Donald Francis ( 1935 ) . Essays in Musical Analysis , Volume 1 : Symphonies . London : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` What is La Folia ? '' . folias.nl. 2015 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bar 166 '' . folias.nl. 2008 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Which versions of La Folia have been written down , transcribed or recorded ? '' . folias.nl . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Kallai , Avishai . `` Revert to Eggert '' . Retrieved 28 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Del Mar , Jonathan , ed. ( 1999 ) . Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony No. 5 in C minor . Kassel : Bärenreiter . Jump up ^ Del Mar , Jonathan ( July -- December 1999 ) . `` Jonathan Del Mar , New Urtext Edition : Beethoven Symphonies 1 -- 9 '' . British Academy Review . Retrieved 23 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Del Mar , Jonathan , ed. ( 1999 ) . Critical Commentary . Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony No. 5 in C minor . Kassel : Bärenreiter . Jump up ^ Symphonies Nos. 5 , 6 , and 7 in Full Score ( Ludwig van Beethoven ) . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26034 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Wolfgang Gartner -- Wolfgang 's 5th Symphony ( Original Mix ) ( Ultra ) '' . Beatport Pro . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Michael ( June 2012 ) . `` Beethoven in America '' . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 321 -- 322 . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Guerrieri , Matthew ( 2012 ) . The First Four Notes : Beethoven 's Fifth and the Human Imagination . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 9780307593283 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Symphony No. 5 ( Beethoven ) General discussion and reviews of recordings Brief structural analysis Analysis of the Beethoven 5th Symphony , The Symphony of Destiny on the All About Ludwig van Beethoven Page Program notes for a performance by the National Symphony Orchestra , Washington , DC . Project Gutenberg has two MIDI - versions of Beethoven 's 5th symphony : Etext No. 117 and Etext No. 156 Program notes for a performance & lecture by Jeffrey Kahane and the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra . Public domain music recording Sketch to the Scherzo from op . 67 Fifth Symphony from Eroica Skbk ( 1803 ) - Unheard Beethoven Website Original Finale in c minor to Fifth Symphony op . 67 , Gardi 23 ( 1804 ) - Unheard Beethoven Website Scores ( edit ) Symphony No. 5 : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Symphony No. 5 is available in PDF format created from MuseData . Mutopia project has a piano reduction score of Beethoven 's 5th Symphony Public domain sheet music both typset and scanned on Cantorion.org Full Score of Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony from Indiana University <Th_colspan="2"> Symphonies by Ludwig van Beethoven <Td_colspan="2"> No. 1 in C major No. 2 in D major No. 3 in E ♭ major ( Eroica ) No. 4 in B ♭ major No. 5 in C minor No. 6 in F major ( Pastoral ) No. 7 in A major No. 8 in F major No. 9 in D minor ( Choral ) Hypothetical : No. 10 in E ♭ major <Th_colspan="2"> Disney 's Fantasia <Td_colspan="2"> Fantasia ( 1940 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Conductors Leopold Stokowski ( Fantasia ) Irwin Kostal ( 1982 digital re-recording ) James Levine ( Fantasia 2000 ) Segments Fantasia Toccata and Fugue in D minor The Nutcracker Suite The Sorcerer 's Apprentice The Rite of Spring Symphony No. 6 Dance of the Hours Night on Bald Mountain / Ave Maria Fantasia 2000 Symphony No. 5 Pines of Rome Rhapsody in Blue Piano Concerto No. 2 The Carnival of the Animals The Sorcerer 's Apprentice Pomp and Circumstance Marches The Firebird Suite Characters Mickey Mouse Donald Duck Daisy Duck Chernabog Yen Sid Video games Fantasia ( 1991 ) Disney Magical World ( 2013 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Fantasia : Music Evolved ( 2014 ) Related Destino ( 2003 ) Lorenzo ( 2004 ) One by One ( 2004 ) The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 ) Fantasia Gardens Fantasmic ! Fantasound The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Sorcerer 's Hat Disney Fantasia : Live in Concert Kingdom Hearts Epic Mickey Once Upon a Time Ten Pieces Deems Taylor <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Category VIAF : 177809800 LCCN : n81072943 GND : 300016387 SUDOC : 17687030X BNF : cb13908234x ( data ) NLA : 35283508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)&oldid=806425869 '' Categories : 1808 compositions Symphonies by Ludwig van Beethoven Segments from Fantasia 2000 Compositions in C minor Music with dedications Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2012 Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use dmy dates from December 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2012 Interlanguage link template link number Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 34 . 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1. Symphony No. 5 in C minor 2. Beethoven's famous four-note motif 3. Premiere and reception of the symphony 4. Structure and form of the symphony 5. Influence and legacy of the Fifth Symphony

where does the turn of the screw take place

The Turn of the Screw - wikipedia The Turn of the Screw Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Turn of the Screw ( disambiguation ) . The Turn of the Screw <Td_colspan="2"> First page of the 12 - part serialisation of The Turn of the Screw in Collier 's Weekly ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) Author Henry James Country United States United Kingdom Language English Genre Horror fiction , gothic fiction , ghost story Publisher The Macmillan Company , New York City William Heinemann , London Publication date October 1898 OCLC 40043490 LC Class PS2116 . T8 1998 The Turn of the Screw , originally published in 1898 , is a novella written by Henry James . The story , a part of gothic and ghost story genres , first appeared in serial format in Collier 's Weekly magazine ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . In October 1898 it appeared in The Two Magics , a book published by Macmillan in New York City and Heinemann in London . Due to its original content , The Turn of the Screw became a favourite text of academics who subscribe to New Criticism . The novella has had differing interpretations , often mutually exclusive . Many critics have tried to determine the exact nature of the evil hinted at by the story . However , others have argued that the brilliance of the novella results from its ability to create an intimate sense of confusion and suspense within the reader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Plot 3 Major themes 4 Literary significance and criticism 5 Publication history 6 Adaptations 7 References 8 Editions 9 External links Title ( edit ) The title phrase appears twice in the novel , with opposite connotations . in the Preface on the first page : `` ... in regard to Griffin 's ghost , or whatever it was -- that its appearing first to the little boy , at so tender an age , adds a particular touch ... If the child gives the effect another turn of the screw , what do you say to two children ? '' `` We say , of course , '' somebody exclaimed , `` that they give two turns ! Also that we want to hear about them . '' in Chapter 22 : `` I could only get on at all ... by treating my monstrous ordeal as a push in a direction unusual , of course , and unpleasant , but demanding , after all , for a fair front , only another turn of the screw of ordinary human virtue . '' Plot ( edit ) 1898 illustration by John La Farge An unnamed narrator listens to Douglas , a friend , read a manuscript written by a former governess whom Douglas claims to have known and who is now dead . The manuscript tells the story of how the young governess is hired by a man who has become responsible for his young nephew and niece after the deaths of their parents . He lives mainly in London but also has a country house , Bly . He is uninterested in raising the children . The boy , Miles , is attending a boarding school , while his younger sister , Flora , is living at a summer country house in Essex . She is currently being cared for by Mrs. Grose , the housekeeper . Miles and Flora 's uncle , the governess ' new employer , gives her full charge of the children and explicitly states that she is not to bother him with communications of any sort . The governess travels to her new employer 's country house and begins her duties . Miles soon returns from school for the summer just after a letter arrives from the headmaster stating that he has been expelled . Miles never speaks of the matter , and the governess is hesitant to raise the issue . She fears there is some horrible secret behind the expulsion but is too charmed by the adorable young boy to want to press the issue . Soon thereafter , around the grounds of the estate , the governess begins to see the figures of a man and woman whom she does not recognise . These figures come and go at will without ever being seen or challenged by other members of the household , and they seem to the governess to be supernatural . She learns from Mrs. Grose that the governess ' predecessor , Miss Jessel , and another employee , Peter Quint , had had a sexual relationship . Before their deaths , Jessel and Quint spent much of their time with Flora and Miles , and this fact has grim significance for the current governess when she becomes convinced that the two children are secretly aware of the ghosts ' presence . Later , without permission , Flora leaves the house while Miles is playing music for the governess . The governess notices Flora 's absence and goes with Mrs. Grose in search of her . They find her in a folly on the shore of the lake , and the governess is convinced that Flora has been talking to the ghost of Miss Jessel . When the governess finally confronts Flora , the girl denies seeing Miss Jessel and demands never to see the governess again . At the governess ' suggestion , Mrs. Grose takes Flora away to her uncle , leaving the governess with Miles , who that night at last talks to her about his expulsion ; the ghost of Quint appears to the governess at the window . The governess shields Miles , who attempts to see the ghost . The governess tells Miles he is no longer controlled by the ghost and then finds that Miles has died in her arms , and the ghost has gone . Major themes ( edit ) Throughout his career James was attracted to the ghost story . However , he was not fond of literature 's stereotypical ghosts . He preferred to create ghosts that were eerie extensions of everyday reality , `` the strange and sinister embroidered on the very type of the normal and easy '' , as he put it in the New York Edition preface to his final ghost story , `` The Jolly Corner '' . With The Turn of the Screw , many critics have wondered if the `` strange and sinister '' were only in the governess 's mind and not part of reality . The result has been a longstanding critical dispute about the reality of the ghosts and the sanity of the governess . Beyond the dispute , critics have closely examined James 's narrative technique for the story . The framing introduction and subsequent first - person narrative by the governess have been studied by theorists of fiction interested in the power of fictional narratives to convince or even manipulate readers . The imagery of The Turn of the Screw is reminiscent of gothic fiction . The emphasis on old and mysterious buildings throughout the novella reinforces this motif . James also relates the amount of light present in various scenes to the strength of the supernatural or ghostly forces apparently at work . The governess refers directly to The Mysteries of Udolpho and indirectly to Jane Eyre , evoking a comparison of the governess not only to the character of Jane Eyre , but also to the character of Bertha , the madwoman confined in Thornfield . Literary significance and Criticism ( edit ) Oliver Elton wrote in 1907 that `` There is ... doubt , raised and kept hanging , whether , after all , the two ghosts who can choose to which persons they will appear , are facts , or delusions of the young governess who tells the story . '' Edmund Wilson was another of the earlier proponents of the theory questioning the governess 's sanity . Wilson eventually recanted his opinion after considering the governess 's point - by - point description of Quint . Then John Silver pointed out hints in the story that the governess might have gained previous knowledge of Quint 's appearance in non-supernatural ways . This induced Wilson to return to his original opinion that the governess was delusional and that the ghosts existed only in her imagination . William Veeder sees Miles 's eventual death as induced by the governess . In a complex psychoanalytic reading , Veeder concludes that the governess expressed her repressed rage toward her father and toward the master of Bly on Miles . Other critics , however , have strongly defended the governess . They note that James 's letters , his New York Edition preface , and his Notebooks contain no definite evidence that The Turn of the Screw was intended as anything other than a straightforward ghost story , and James certainly wrote ghost stories that did not depend on the narrator 's imagination . For example , `` Owen Wingrave '' includes a ghost that causes its title character 's sudden death , although no one actually sees it . James 's Notebooks entry indicates that he was inspired originally by a tale he heard from Edward White Benson , the archbishop of Canterbury . There are indications that the story James was told was about an incident in Hinton Ampner , where in 1771 a woman named Mary Ricketts moved from her home after seeing the apparitions of a man and a woman , day and night , staring through the windows , bending over the beds , and making her feel her children were in danger . In a 2012 commentary in The New Yorker , Brad Leithauser has given his own perspective on the different interpretations of James ' novella : All such attempts to ' solve ' the book , however admiringly tendered , unwittingly work toward its diminution ( ; its ) profoundest pleasure lies in the beautifully fussed over way in which James refuses to come down on either side ... the book becomes a modest monument to the bold pursuit of ambiguity . According to Leithauser , the reader is meant to entertain both the proposition that the governess is mad and the proposition that the ghosts really do exist , and consider the dreadful implications of each . Poet and literary critic Craig Raine , in his essay `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' , states quite categorically his belief that Victorian readers would have identified the two ghosts as child molesters . Publication history ( edit ) The Turn of the Screw was first published in the magazine Collier 's Weekly , serialised in 12 instalments ( 27 January -- 16 April 1898 ) . The title illustration by John La Farge depicts the governess with her arm around Miles . Episode illustrations were by Eric Pape . `` The next night , by the corner of the hearth , in the best chair ... Douglas began to read '' `` He did stand there ! -- But high up , beyond the lawn and at the very top of the tower '' `` Holding my candle high , till I came within sight of the tall window '' `` He presently produced something that made me drop straight down on the stone slab '' `` I must have thrown myself , on my face , on the ground '' In October 1898 the novella appeared with the short story `` Covering End '' in a volume titled The Two Magics , published by Macmillan in New York City and by Heinemann in London . James revised The Turn of the Screw ten years later for his New York Edition . In The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw ( 2010 ) , the tale is presented in its original serial form with a detailed analysis of the changes James made over the years . Among many other revisions , James changed the children 's ages . Adaptations ( edit ) Among the various adaptations and reworkings of James 's novella are The Turn of the Screw , a 1954 opera by Benjamin Britten ( left , 1968 ) and The Nightcomers , a 1972 prequel film directed by Michael Winner ( right , photographed 2010 ) and starring Marlon Brando . The Turn of the Screw has been the subject of numerous adaptations and reworkings in a variety of media , and these reworkings and adaptations have , themselves , been analysed in the academic literature on Henry James and neo-Victorian culture . It was adapted to an opera by Benjamin Britten , which premiered in 1954 , and the opera has been filmed on numerous occasions . The novella was adapted as a ballet score ( 1980 ) by Luigi Zaninelli , and separately as a ballet ( 1999 ) by Will Tucket for the Royal Ballet . Harold Pinter directed The Innocents ( 1950 ) , a Broadway play which was an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw , and a subsequent eponymous stage play , adapted by Rebecca Lenkiewicz was presented in a co-production with Hammer at the Almeida Theatre , London , in January 2013 . There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel . The critically acclaimed The Innocents ( 1961 ) , directed by Jack Clayton , and Michael Winner 's prequel The Nightcomers ( 1972 ) are two particularly notable examples . Other feature film adaptations include Rusty Lemorande 's 1992 eponymous adaptation ( set in the 1960s ) ; Eloy de la Iglesia 's Spanish - language Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1985 ) ; Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) , directed by Atoni Aloy ; In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) , directed by Donato Rotunno and Walter Lima Jr. 's Brazilian - Portuguese - language Através da Sombra ( Through the Shadow , 2016 ) . The Others ( 2001 ) is not an adaptation but has some themes in common with James 's novella . Television films have included a 1959 American adaptation as part of Ford Startime directed by John Frankenheimer and starring Ingrid Bergman ; the West German Die sündigen Engel ( The Sinful Angel , 1962 ) , a 1974 adaptation directed by Dan Curtis , adapted by William F. Nolan ; a French adaptation entitled Le Tour d'écrou ( The Turn of the Screw , 1974 ) ; a Mexican miniseries entitled Otra vuelta de tuerca ( The Turn of the Screw , 1981 ) ; a 1982 adaptation directed by Petr Weigl primarily starring Czech actors lip - synching ; a 1990 adaptation directed by Graeme Clifford ; The Haunting of Helen Walker ( 1995 ) , directed by Tom McLoughlin ; a 1999 adaptation directed by Ben Bolt ; a low - budget 2003 version written and directed by Nick Millard ; the Italian - language Il mistero del lago ( The Mystery of the Lake , 2009 ) ; and a 2009 BBC film adapted by Sandy Welch , starring Michelle Dockery and Sue Johnston . Literary reworkings of The Turn of the Screw identified by James scholar Adeline R. Tintner include The Secret Garden ( 1911 ) , by Frances Hodgson Burnett ; `` Poor Girl '' ( 1951 ) , by Elizabeth Taylor ; The Peacock Spring ( 1975 ) , by Rumer Godden ; Ghost Story ( 1975 ) by Peter Straub ; `` The Accursed Inhabitants of House Bly '' ( 1994 ) by Joyce Carol Oates ; and Miles and Flora ( 1997 ) -- a sequel -- by Hilary Bailey . Further literary adaptations identified by other authors include Affinity ( 1999 ) , by Sarah Waters ; A Jealous Ghost ( 2005 ) , by A.N. Wilson ; and Florence & Giles ( 2010 ) , by John Harding . Young adult novels inspired by The Turn of the Screw include The Turning ( 2012 ) by Francine Prose and Tighter ( 2011 ) by Adele Griffin . The Turn of the Screw has also influenced television . In December 1968 , the ABC daytime drama Dark Shadows featured a storyline based on The Turn of the Screw . In the story , the ghosts of Quentin Collins and Beth Chavez haunted the west wing of Collinwood , possessing the two children living in the mansion . The story led to a year - long story in the year 1897 , as Barnabas Collins travelled back in time to prevent Quentin 's death and stop the possession . In early episodes of Star Trek : Voyager ( `` Cathexis '' , `` Learning Curve '' and `` Persistence of Vision '' ) , Captain Kathryn Janeway is seen on the holodeck acting out scenes from a holonovel which appears to be based on The Turn of the Screw . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Professor Linda . Discourses of Desire . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9510 - 5 . See this book for an argument that Bronte was actually the source of the tale , through Mary Sedgwick Benson . Jump up ^ Elton , Oliver ( 1907 ) . Modern studies / . London : . Jump up ^ Smith , John ( 1957 ) . `` A Note on the Freudian Reading of ' The Turn of the Screw ' '' . American Literature . Jump up ^ Veeder , William ( August 1999 ) . `` The Nurturance of the Gothic '' . Gothic Studies . 1 : 47 . Jump up ^ `` Books : How we all came to love a good ghost story '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ The Gale Encyclopedia of the Unusual and Unexplained ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Leithauser , Brad ( October 2012 ) . `` Ever scarier on The Turn of the Screw '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Raine , Craig . `` Sex in nineteenth - century literature '' . In Defence of T.S. Eliot . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Leonard ( 2009 ) . James ' The Turn of the Screw : A Readers Guide . London , New York : Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 3019 - 9 . Jump up ^ James , Henry ( 1996 ) . Complete Stories , 1892 -- 1898 . New York : Library of America . p. 941 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883011 - 09 - 3 . Jump up ^ Henry James . Beidler , Peter G. , ed . The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw . Coffeehouse Press . ^ Jump up to : Dinter , Sandra ( 2012 ) . `` The mad child in the attic : John Harding 's Florence & Giles as a neo-victorian reworking of The Turn of the Screw '' ( PDF ) . Neo-Victorian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Haralson , Eric L. ; Johnson , Kendall ( 2009 ) . Critical Companion to Henry James : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1727 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Monika ( 1998 ) . `` Film Music as Sister Art : Adaptations of ' The Turn of the Screw . ' '' . Mosaic ( Winnipeg ) . 31 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Jays , David ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Ballet -- From page to stage '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , William ( 2008 ) . Harold Pinter . A&C Black . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9970 - 7 . Jump up ^ Masters , Tim ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Hammer takes first steps on stage in Turn of the Screw '' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Skidelsky , William ( 30 May 2010 ) . `` Classics corner : The Turn of the Screw '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Koch , J. Sarah ( 2002 ) . `` A Henry James Filmography '' . In Griffin , Susan M. Henry James Goes to the Movies . University Press of Kentucky . pp. 335 -- 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3324 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2012 ) . American Literature on Stage and Screen : 525 Works and Their Adaptations . McFarland . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9279 - 4 . Jump up ^ Holland , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Turn of the Screw ( review ) '' . Notes . 62 ( 3 ) : 784 . doi : 10.1353 / not. 2006.0020 . Jump up ^ Tintner , Adeline R. ( 1998 ) . Henry James 's Legacy : The Afterlife of His Figure and Fiction . Louisiana State University Press . pp. 371 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Heilmann , Ann . ( 2010 ) `` The Haunting of Henry James : Jealous Ghosts , Affinities and The Others '' . In : Rosario Arias and Patricia Pulham ( eds . ) , Haunting and Spectrality in Neo-Victorian Fiction : Possessing the Past . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 111 -- 130 . Jump up ^ `` The Turning by Francine Prose '' . Kirkus. 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tighter by Adele Griffin '' . Kirkus. 15 April 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sborgi , Anna Viola ( 2011 ) . `` To think and watch the Evil : The Turn of the Screw as cultural reference in television from Dark Shadows to C.S.I. '' . Babel : Littératures plurielles. 24 : 181 -- 94 ( see paragraph 8 ) . Jump up ^ Ruditis , Paul ( 2003 ) . Star Trek Voyager Companion . New York : Simon and Schuster . p. 25 . Further reading Smith , Allan Lloyd . `` A Word Kept Back in `` The Turn of the Screw '' . In Clive Bloom ( ed ) , Creepers : British Horror and Fantasy in the Twentieth Century . London and Boulder CO : Pluto Press , 1993 , pp. 47 -- 63 . Editions ( edit ) The Collier 's Weekly Version of The Turn of the Screw , edited by Peter G. Beidler ( Seattle : Coffeetown Press , 2010 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 60381 - 018 - 0 . The Aspern Papers and The Turn of the Screw , with an introduction and notes by Anthony Curtis ( Harmondsworth : Penguin , 1986 ) ISBN 9780141439907 . Includes excerpts from the New York Preface to both novellas . Does not include a list of suggested further reading . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Deborah Esch and Jonathan Warren ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 95904 - X . Offers a selection of criticism , including an excerpt from Edmund Wilson 's study of the novella . The Turn of the Screw : Authoritative Text , Contexts , Criticism edited by Robert Kimbrough ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 1966 ) ( no ISBN ) . The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht ( New York : Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984 ) ISBN 0 - 8044 - 2957 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Turn of the Screw . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Turn of the Screw Project Gutenberg text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 book version ) The Turn of the Screw public domain audiobook at LibriVox Author 's preface to the New York Edition text of The Turn of the Screw ( 1908 ) Note on the various texts of The Turn of the Screw at the Library of America web site . Synopsis of The Turn of the Screw from the English Touring Opera turnofthescrew.com A History of Its Critical Interpretations 1898 -- 1979 Edward J. Parkinson , PhD The Turn of the Screw ( 1959 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) on IMDb The Innocents ( 1961 ) at the TCM Movie Database The Turn of the Screw ( 1999 ) on IMDb Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) on IMDb The Others ( 2001 ) on IMDb <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Henry James Novels Watch and Ward ( 1871 ) Roderick Hudson ( 1875 ) The American ( 1877 ) The Europeans ( 1878 ) Confidence ( 1879 ) Washington Square ( 1880 ) The Portrait of a Lady ( 1881 ) The Bostonians ( 1886 ) The Princess Casamassima ( 1886 ) The Reverberator ( 1888 ) The Tragic Muse ( 1890 ) The Other House ( 1896 ) The Spoils of Poynton ( 1897 ) What Maisie Knew ( 1897 ) The Awkward Age ( 1899 ) The Sacred Fount ( 1901 ) The Wings of the Dove ( 1902 ) The Ambassadors ( 1903 ) The Golden Bowl ( 1904 ) The Whole Family ( 1908 ) The Outcry ( 1911 ) The Ivory Tower ( 1917 ) The Sense of the Past ( 1917 ) Novellas Madame de Mauves ( 1874 ) Daisy Miller ( 1878 ) The Aspern Papers ( 1888 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) The Beast in the Jungle ( 1903 ) Plays Theatricals ( 1894 ) Theatricals : Second Series ( 1895 ) Guy Domville ( 1895 ) Non-fiction French Poets and Novelists ( 1878 ) Hawthorne ( 1879 ) A Little Tour in France ( 1884 ) Partial Portraits ( 1888 ) Essays in London and Elsewhere ( 1893 ) Picture and Text ( 1893 ) William Wetmore Story and His Friends ( 1903 ) English Hours ( 1905 ) The American Scene ( 1907 ) Italian Hours ( 1909 ) A Small Boy and Others ( 1913 ) Notes on Novelists ( 1914 ) Notes of a Son and Brother ( 1914 ) Notebooks The Middle Years ( 1917 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Henry James 's The Turn of the Screw ( 1898 ) Stage The Innocents ( 1950 play ) The Turn of the Screw ( 1954 opera ) Films The Innocents ( 1961 ) The Nightcomers ( 1971 , prequel ) Presence of Mind ( 1999 ) In a Dark Place ( 2006 ) TV films The Turn of the Screw ( 1974 ) The Turn of the Screw ( 2009 ) VIAF : 190478884 LCCN : no97077706 BNF : cb11964242j ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Turn_of_the_Screw&oldid=815689317 '' Categories : 1898 American novels 1898 British novels Frame stories Horror novels Gothic novels Ghost stories Novels adapted into television programs American novellas American novels adapted into films British novels adapted into films Fiction with unreliable narrators 1890s fantasy novels Novels set in Essex American novels adapted into plays Works originally published in Collier 's Novels by Henry James Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Македонски 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 12 : 27 . 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1. The Turn of the Screw - novella by Henry James 2. Gothic fiction and ghost story genres 3. Interpretations and differing opinions on the story 4. Major themes of the novella 5. Adaptations and reworkings of The Turn of the Screw

when is the next criminal minds season starting

Criminal Minds ( season 12 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 12 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Criminal Minds ( season 12 ) <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover art Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Damon Gupton Aisha Tyler Adam Rodriguez Thomas Gibson Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Original release September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 11 Next → Season 13 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Criminal Minds episodes The twelfth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on May 6 , 2016 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 28 , 2016 and ended on May 10 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest stars 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.2. 1 Gibson 's suspension and exit 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 4.1 Live + SD ratings 4.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Shemar Moore ( Derek Morgan ) , who left the show during the eleventh season . This season also marks the final appearance of Thomas Gibson ( Aaron Hotchner ) . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Damon Gupton as Stephen Walker Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Thomas Gibson as Aaron Hotchner Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest stars ( edit ) Alana de la Garza as Clara Seger Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Jane Lynch as Diana Reid Angela Robinson Witherspoon as Cassie Campbell Jeananne Goossen as Fiona Duncan Harold Perrineau as Calvin Shaw Richard T. Jones as Officer Lionel Wilkins Gia Mantegna as Lindsey Vaughn Aubrey Plaza as Cat Adams Guest stars ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Mekhai Andersen as Henry LaMontagne Sherilyn Fenn as Gloria Baker Pooch Hall as FBI Trainee Clark Tatum O'Neal as Miranda White David Otunga as Dwayne Jerrard Beth Riesgraf as Maeve Donovan Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a twelfth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on May 6 , 2016 . It was announced that the season would begin to air on September 28 , 2016 . The entire main cast returned for the season , except Shemar Moore ( Derek Morgan ) , who left the show during the eleventh season . Casting ( edit ) Jane Lynch returned in Season 12 as Diana Reid . After Shemar Moore 's departure in the previous season , it was announced that former CSI : Miami star Adam Rodriguez had been cast to fill his void in the twelfth season . He will play Luke Alvez , a new recruit to the BAU from the FBI 's Fugitive Task Force , tasked with helping to capture an escaped killer from last season . On July 21 , Kirsten Vangsness confirmed that Paget Brewster would reprise her role as SSA Emily Prentiss for multiple episodes . It was announced on August 10 , 2016 , that Aisha Tyler , who joined the show in the previous season as Dr. Tara Lewis , had been promoted to a series regular . Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the season finale . On August 30 , 2016 , it was announced that Brewster had been promoted back to series regular , following Thomas Gibson 's firing . CBS announced on September 21 , 2016 , that Jane Lynch would reprise her role as Dr. Diana Reid , Spencer Reid 's schizophrenic mother after eight years . It was reported that she would be appearing in the second half of the season in a multi-episode arc . To fill the void after Gibson 's firing , Damon Gupton was cast in the series regular role of Special Agent Stephen Walker , a profiler from the Behaviorial Analysis Program in the FBI . He will make his first appearance in the eighth episode . On March 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the season finale as his character tries to help catch Mr. Scratch after bringing the BAU a lead in the case against him . During April 2017 , it was revealed that Gia Mantegna would reprise her role as Lindsay Vaughn in the final 3 episodes of the season . It was also revealed that Beth Riesgraf would reprise her role as Maeve Donovan in the season finale . Gibson 's suspension and exit ( edit ) On August 11 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Thomas Gibson had been suspended and therefore written out from two episodes due to an on - set altercation with one of the producers . He was also cut from directing one of the episodes in the twelfth season . The following day , it was announced that Gibson had been fired following the on - set altercation . A joint statement from ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios read , `` Thomas Gibson has been dismissed from Criminal Minds . Creative details for how the character 's exit will be addressed in the show will be announced at a later date . '' After the announcement , Gibson hired a lawyer to file a lawsuit regarding his termination from the show . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 256 `` The Crimson King '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 1201 8.92 <Td_colspan="8"> When a man is found in Tempe , Arizona with deep cuts on his abdomen , the BAU suspects that the crime was committed by one of thirteen serial killers who escaped from prison three months earlier . Working with new team member Luke Alvez ( Adam Rodriguez ) , who helped catch eight of the escapees , the team soon realizes that they are playing a dangerous game of cat and mouse with a criminal from their past . 257 `` Sick Day '' Larry Teng Virgil Williams October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1202 7.62 <Td_colspan="8"> After returning home from a child abduction case in Los Angeles , JJ breaks down in front of Will and recounts the events surrounding the BAU 's attempt to catch a serial killer who kidnaps his victims in broad daylight and burns them alive . 258 `` Taboo '' Alec Smight Karen Maser October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1203 8.40 <Td_colspan="8"> With Hotch away on TDY and former SSA Emily Prentiss ( Paget Brewster ) assisting during his absence , the BAU travels to Boynton Beach , Florida to apprehend a killer who abducts single mothers and drowns them in concrete . Meanwhile , Alvez opens up to one of his colleagues about his personal history . 259 `` Keeper '' Sharat Raju Bruce Zimmerman October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1204 7.66 <Td_colspan="8"> When a Virginia state trooper finds a bag of dismembered body parts on the Appalachian Trail , the BAU investigates only to apprehend a delusional homeless man with a bizarre connection to the unsub . Meanwhile , Reid deals with a personal crisis after his mother is accepted into a study on Alzheimer 's disease . 260 5 `` The Anti-Terror Squad '' Tawnia McKiernan Stephanie Sengupta November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1205 7.37 <Td_colspan="8"> When two teenagers living in Winona , Minnesota are deliberately left alive by an unsub who murders their families , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a family annihilator only to uncover a shocking connection between the survivors and the killer . Meanwhile , Garcia attempts to find the perfect gift for Alvez 's dog Roxy . 261 6 `` Elliott 's Pond '' Matthew Gray Gubler Erica Messer November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1206 7.62 <Td_colspan="8"> When three best friends go missing while riding their bicycles in Clayton , Delaware , the BAU determines that the case is connected to a similar disappearance that took place more than thirty years earlier . Meanwhile , the team is left reeling after Rossi makes an announcement regarding Hotch 's absence . 262 7 `` Mirror Image '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1207 7.44 <Td_colspan="8"> When Lewis is approached by a stranger claiming to be her estranged brother Gabriel , the BAU attempts to uncover the impostor 's true identity and find the real Gabriel only to find themselves face - to - face with sadistic serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) . 263 8 `` Scarecrow '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) 1208 7.77 <Td_colspan="8"> When a woman 's abduction in Yakima , Washington coincides with the discovery of human remains in a creek bed , the BAU determines that the unsub is being driven by a twisted sense of morality . Meanwhile , Reid receives an upsetting phone call and the team welcomes veteran profiler Stephen Walker ( Damon Gupton ) into the fold . 264 9 `` Profiling 202 '' Rob Bailey Virgil Williams January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 1209 7.27 <Td_colspan="8"> When Rossi receives a chilling birthday message from serial killer Thomas Yates , who is listed as one of the remaining escapees , the BAU works with a team of up - and - coming FBI agents to stop Yates from embarking on another killing spree . 265 10 `` Seek and Destroy '' Diana C. Valentine Erik Stiller January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 1210 7.54 <Td_colspan="8"> When a series of home invasions in upscale San Diego neighborhoods turn deadly , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a gang of thrill - seeking young adults . Meanwhile , Walker dedicates himself to determining when Peter Lewis will strike next . 266 11 `` Surface Tension '' Oz Scott Bruce Zimmerman February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1211 7.45 <Td_colspan="8"> When a symbol found under a dead man 's armpit is connected to several murders in Tampa , Florida , the BAU searches for a killer who has evolved from killing women to forcing virtuous citizens into committing suicide . Meanwhile , Reid tries to help his mother adapt to new surroundings after choosing to take her out of a clinical study . 267 12 `` A Good Husband '' Laura Belsey Jim Clemente February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1212 6.70 <Td_colspan="8"> When a series of dismembered torsos are discovered in Palm Springs , California , the BAU determines that the unsub is a member of the LGBT community with control issues . Meanwhile , Reid juggles caring for his mother and catching the unsub before he strikes again . 268 13 `` Spencer '' Glenn Kershaw Kirsten Vangsness & Erica Messer February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 1213 7.34 <Td_colspan="8"> When Reid is arrested by Mexican authorities on drug possession and murder charges , the BAU works with International Response Team members Clara Seger ( Alana de la Garza ) and Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to prove his innocence in the death of a Mexican - American doctor from whom he purchased illegal treatment drugs for his mother . 269 14 `` Collision Course '' Alec Smight Stephanie Sengupta February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1214 7.33 <Td_colspan="8"> When pedestrians in Bradenton , Florida are critically injured following a series of car accidents , the BAU suspects that the vehicles involved in each accident were being controlled by a hacker . Meanwhile , Prentiss works with defense attorney Fiona Duncan ( Jeananne Goossen ) to prevent Reid from being indicted only to run into a stone wall after a mountain of incriminating evidence piles up . 270 15 `` Alpha Male '' Rob Bailey Karen Maser March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 1215 6.54 <Td_colspan="8"> When several civilians are disfigured following a series of acid attacks in Philadelphia , the BAU sets out to catch an unsub who wants to make his victims feel as ugly as he does . Meanwhile , after being sent to the general population by a guard with a grudge , Reid makes a friend in former federal agent Calvin Shaw ( Harold Perrineau ) . 271 16 `` Assistance Is Futile '' Leon Ichaso Virgil Williams March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1216 7.50 <Td_colspan="8"> When three women in New York City are found dead with several bones broken , the BAU works with a single mother ( Tatum O'Neal ) who believes that her son is behind the heinous crimes . Meanwhile , Reid faces a difficult decision after a fellow inmate is threatened . 272 17 `` In The Dark '' Diana C. Valentine Dania Bennett March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 1217 7.46 <Td_colspan="8"> When two drastically different murder sprees -- one taking place during the day , the other during the night -- are committed in Burlington , Vermont , the BAU deduces that a lone serial killer suffering from sleepwalking is responsible for both crimes . Meanwhile , Alvez presents Shaw with a shocking ultimatum after Reid is assaulted . 273 18 `` Hell 's Kitchen '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 1218 6.88 <Td_colspan="8"> The BAU returns to New York City after several brunette women are abducted from the Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan by a killer with an unquenchable thirst for blood . Meanwhile , Reid makes a choice that threatens to place his well - being in jeopardy . 274 19 `` True North '' Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 1219 7.04 <Td_colspan="8"> When the decomposing bodies of three college graduates are found tied to wooden stakes outside Tucson , Arizona , the BAU determines that the victims are pawns in a killer 's sinister vendetta . Meanwhile , Lewis convinces Reid to undergo a cognitive interview only to discover an unexpected twist . 275 20 `` Unforgettable '' Carlos Bernard Stephanie Sengupta April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) 1220 6.91 <Td_colspan="8"> When Walker 's closest friend is hospitalized after ingesting radioactive material , the BAU determines that this incident is connected to the deaths of several government employees . Meanwhile , Reid receives a visit from his mother and a ghost from the past . 276 21 `` Green Light '' Alec Smight Erik Stiller May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 1221 7.37 <Td_colspan="8"> When Prentiss learns that Reid 's mother was abducted by former abduction victim Lindsey Vaughn ( Gia Mantegna ) , the BAU investigates only to realize that the person responsible for framing him was the last person anyone suspected . 277 22 `` Red Light '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1222 8.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Reid finds himself forced to play a second game of wits with hitwoman Cat Adams ( Aubrey Plaza ) as the BAU sets out to find and rescue his mother . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) provides the team with a possible lead on Peter Lewis . Ratings ( edit ) Live + SD ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 256 `` The Crimson King '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 P.M. 1.9 / 6 8.92 22 23 7 257 `` Sick Day '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.4 / 5 7.62 N / A 22 N / A 258 `` Taboo '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.7 / 6 8.40 25 21 7 259 `` Keeper '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.6 / 6 7.66 30 N / A 7 260 5 `` The Anti-Terror Squad '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1.3 / 4 7.37 N / A 21 N / A 261 6 `` Elliott 's Pond '' November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.4 / 5 7.62 N / A 25 N / A 262 7 `` Mirror Image '' November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.4 / 5 7.44 N / A 20 N / A 263 8 `` Scarecrow '' December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) 1.3 / 5 7.77 N / A 20 N / A 264 9 `` Profiling 202 '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 1.4 / 5 7.27 N / A 22 N / A 265 10 `` Seek and Destroy '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 1.4 / 5 7.54 21 13 10 266 11 `` Surface Tension '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.3 / 5 7.45 11 10 7 267 12 `` A Good Husband '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 1.2 / 4 6.70 N / A 23 N / A 268 13 `` Spencer '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 1.3 / 5 7.34 26 15 12 269 14 `` Collision Course '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 1.3 / 5 7.33 29 15 8 270 15 `` Alpha Male '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 1.3 / 5 6.54 20 N / A 271 16 `` Assistance is Futile '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.3 / 5 7.50 27 15 9 272 17 `` In The Dark '' March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 1.3 / 5 7.46 17 13 10 273 18 `` Hell 's Kitchen '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 1.2 / 5 6.88 23 19 11 274 19 `` True North '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 1.3 / 5 7.04 24 19 10 275 20 `` Unforgettable '' April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 / 5 6.91 13 16 276 21 `` Green Light '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 1.5 / 5 7.37 13 17 6 277 22 `` Red Light '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 1.6 / 6 8.12 9 14 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 rating increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 -- 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 256 `` The Crimson King '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 P.M. 1.1 3.83 3.0 12.41 257 `` Sick Day '' October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.1 3.76 2.5 11.32 258 `` Taboo '' October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.1 3.41 2.8 11.81 259 `` Keeper '' October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.1 3.81 2.7 11.48 260 5 `` The Anti-Terror Squad '' November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 0.7 2.38 2.0 9.76 261 6 `` Elliott 's Pond '' November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.1 3.57 2.5 11.20 262 7 `` Mirror Image '' November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.1 3.71 2.5 11.15 263 8 `` Scarecrow '' December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) 1.2 3.67 2.5 11.44 264 9 `` Profiling 202 '' January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) 1.1 3.84 2.5 11.11 265 10 `` Seek and Destroy '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 1.1 3.43 2.5 10.97 266 11 `` Surface Tension '' February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 1.0 3.49 2.3 10.94 267 12 `` A Good Husband '' February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 0.9 3.42 2.1 10.12 268 13 `` Spencer '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 0.9 3.43 2.2 10.78 269 14 `` Collision Course '' February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 0.9 3.34 2.2 10.67 270 15 `` Alpha Male '' March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) 0.7 2.93 2.0 9.54 271 16 `` Assistance is Futile '' March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) 1.0 3.38 2.3 10.90 272 17 `` In The Dark '' March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) 1.1 3.40 2.4 10.86 273 18 `` Hell 's Kitchen '' March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) 1.0 3.26 2.2 10.16 274 19 `` True North '' April 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 05 ) 0.9 3.11 2.2 10.15 275 20 `` Unforgettable '' April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) 0.7 2.42 2.0 9.33 276 21 `` Green Light '' May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) 0.9 3.30 2.4 10.51 277 22 `` Red Light '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) 0.9 3.20 2.5 11.31 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home media ( edit ) <Td_colspan="4"> The Complete Twelfth Season <Td_colspan="2"> Set details <Td_colspan="2"> Special features <Td_colspan="2"> 22 episodes 6 - disc set ( Region 1 ) 5 - disc set ( Region 2 & 4 ) Aspect Ratio : 1.78 : 1 Subtitles : English English : Dolby Digital 5.1 <Td_colspan="3"> The Family Unit Director 's Chair Victimology The Prisoner 4th Life Gag Reel Deleted Scenes <Td_colspan="3"> DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) TBA TBA References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Kaitlin ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Renews Criminal Minds for Season 12 '' . TV.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS fall TV 2016 premiere dates : NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' kick off a long rollout '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Adam Rodriguez replaces Shemar Moore as series regular '' . google.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds refocuses on a case from the past . '' . CBS . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Paget Brewster , Aisha Tyler returning to Criminal Minds '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Aisha Tyler Promoted to Series Regular for Season 12 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Paget Brewster Upped to Series Regular in Season 12 Following Thomas Gibson 's Firing '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Lynch Set To Return to Criminal Minds '' . CBS . September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Criminal Minds : New Series Regular Cast in Wake of Thomas Gibson 's Exit '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Shemar Moore To Reprise Derek Morgan Role In Season 12 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Episode Title : ( # CM1222 ) `` Red Light '' `` . Futon Critic. April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- criminal minds on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Gibson Suspended From ' Criminal Minds ' Over On - Set Altercation '' . Deadline.com . August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thomas Gibson fired from ' Criminal Minds ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Fired ' Criminal Minds ' Star Thomas Gibson Lawyers Up , Considers Legal Action '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' SVU ' & ' Blindspot ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU , ' ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' Modern Family ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC comedies , ' SVU , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Shots Fired ' all adjust up ; ' Beyond Borders ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast reclaims control in the combined Top 25 for Nov. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Football rules all : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` NBC has a big week 12 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` NBC rules the week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings with NFL , Golden Globes '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , then everything else : week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl gives FOX a huge lift : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and NBC are on top of week 24 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' top the week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . Screener . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . Screener . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . Screener . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . Screener . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Screener . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Screener . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' premiere lands on top of the week 24 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' rules the week 32 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds - The 12th Season '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Matt Simmons <Td_colspan="2"> Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Penelope Garcia Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_12)&oldid=799145091 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Criminal Minds season 12 2. Cast and characters 3. Episodes and plot summaries 4. Thomas Gibson's suspension and exit 5. Ratings and viewership

how many twitter followers does selena gomez have

List of most - followed Twitter accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Twitter accounts Katy Perry is currently the most followed account on Twitter with over 107 million followers . This list contains the top 50 accounts with the largest number of followers on the social media platform Twitter . As of October 11 , 2018 , the most followed person is American singer Katy Perry , with over 107 million followers . Her account was the first to exceed 100 million followers , in June 2017 . On July 12 , 2018 , Twitter purged locked accounts -- those disabled due to suspicious activity -- from follower - count tallies . Consequently , Twitter 's own account took the fastest and greatest plunge out of all the top 50 accounts , from 63 million to 55 million followers , and in ranking , from 11th to 16th place . Contents 1 Top 50 accounts 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Top 50 accounts ( edit ) The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession or activity of each user , and their country of origin . It was last updated on October 26 , 2018 . Rank Change ( monthly ) Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Activity Country 1 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 108 Musician USA 2 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 105 Musician CAN 3 . @ BarackObama Barack Obama 103 Former U.S. President USA 4 . @ rihanna Rihanna 89 Musician BAR 5 . @ taylorswift13 Taylor Swift 84 Musician USA 6 . @ ladygaga Lady Gaga 78 Musician and actress USA 7 . @ TheEllenShow Ellen DeGeneres 77 Comedian USA 8 . @ Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 76 Footballer POR 9 . @ YouTube YouTube 72 Online video platform USA 10 . @ jtimberlake Justin Timberlake 65 Musician and actor USA 11 . @ KimKardashian Kim Kardashian West 59 Television personality USA 12 . @ ArianaGrande Ariana Grande 58 Musician USA 13 . @ twitter Twitter 58 Social media platform USA 14 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 57 Musician USA 15 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 57 Musician and actress USA 16 . @ britneyspears Britney Spears 57 Musician USA 17 . @ realDonaldTrump Donald Trump 55 Current U.S. President USA 18 . @ cnnbrk CNN Breaking News 55 News channel USA 19 . @ shakira Shakira 51 Musician COL 20 . @ jimmyfallon Jimmy Fallon 51 Comedian USA 21 . @ BillGates Bill Gates 46 Businessman and philanthropist USA 22 . @ narendramodi Narendra Modi 44 Current Prime Minister of India IND 23 . @ JLo Jennifer Lopez 44 Musician and actress USA 24 . @ BrunoMars Bruno Mars 42 Musician USA 25 . @ nytimes The New York Times 42 Newspaper USA 26 . @ Oprah Oprah Winfrey 42 Television personality and businesswoman USA 27 . @ KingJames LeBron James 42 Basketball player USA 28 . @ neymarjr Neymar 41 Footballer BRA 29 . @ CNN CNN 41 News channel USA 30 . @ MileyCyrus Miley Cyrus 41 Musician and actress USA 31 . @ NiallOfficial Niall Horan 40 Musician IRL 32 . @ BBCBreaking BBC Breaking News 39 News channel GBR 33 . @ Drake Drake 38 Rapper CAN 34 . @ instagram Instagram 37 Social media platform USA 35 . @ iamsrk Shah Rukh Khan 37 Actor and producer IND 36 . @ SrBachchan Amitabh Bachchan 35 Actor IND 37 . @ SportsCenter SportsCenter 35 Sports news USA 38 . @ BeingSalmanKhan Salman Khan 35 Actor and producer IND 39 . @ KevinHart4real Kevin Hart 35 Comedian and actor USA 40 . @ LilTunechi Lil Wayne 34 Rapper USA 41 . @ espn ESPN 34 Sports channel USA 42 . @ wizkhalifa Wiz Khalifa 34 Rapper USA 43 . @ Louis_Tomlinson Louis Tomlinson 33 Musician GBR 44 . @ Harry_Styles Harry Styles 33 Musician GBR 45 . @ LiamPayne Liam Payne 33 Musician GBR 46 . @ Pink Pink 32 Musician USA 47 . @ onedirection One Direction 31 Band GBR IRL 48 . @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 31 Football club ESP 49 . @ aliciakeys Alicia Keys 30 Musician USA 50 . @ KAKA Kaká 30 Footballer BRA See also ( edit ) List of most - retweeted tweets List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked Facebook pages List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed artists on Spotify List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter : Most Followers '' . Friend or Follow . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry Becomes First to Hit 100 Million Twitter Followers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Twitter to Purge Locked Accounts From Follower Counts , Warns of Potential ' Significant Drop ' in Followers '' . Variety . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simani , Ellis ; Schleuss , Jon ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` Here are the biggest losers from Twitter 's purge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Top 1000 Twitter accounts based on followers <Th_colspan="2"> Twitter Clients Services and applications Favstar Gnip Hootsuite Pwytter Seesmic SimplyTweet Tween Tweetbot TweetDeck Tweetie Twimight Twitdom TwitPic Twitterrific Executives Jack Dorsey ( CEO ) Anthony Noto ( COO + CFO ) Board Omid Kordestani ( Executive Chairman ) Jack Dorsey ( CEO ) Peter Chernin Peter Currie Peter Fenton Evan Williams Marjorie Scardino Software FlockDB MySQL Periscope Starling Vine Mergers and acquisitions BackType Bluefin Labs Dasient Gnip Mitro Namo Media Posterous Summify Trendrr TweetDeck Tweetie Vine Whisper Systems Lists Most - followed accounts Most - retweeted tweets Other Black Twitter Censorship Suspensions and bans Shorty Awards Twitter bomb Twitter usage by public figures Topsy Labs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Twitter_accounts&oldid=865810281 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Twitter people Twitter - related lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն हिन्दी ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 09 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Most followed Twitter accounts 2. Katy Perry 3. Justin Bieber 4. Barack Obama 5. Social media platform

what is the surface of kepler 22b like

Kepler - 22b - wikipedia Kepler - 22b Jump to : navigation , search Kepler - 22b <Th_colspan="2"> Exoplanet List of exoplanets <Td_colspan="3"> A diagram of the orbit of Kepler - 22b within the Kepler - 22 system , as compared to the inner Solar System , and their respective projected habitable zones . <Th_colspan="3"> Parent star <Td_colspan="2"> Star Kepler - 22 <Td_colspan="2"> Constellation Cygnus Right ascension ( α ) 19 16 52.1904 Declination ( δ ) + 47 ° 53 ′ 03.948 '' Apparent magnitude ( m ) 11.5 ( B - band ) <Td_colspan="2"> Distance 7002638000000000000 ♠ 638 ± 3 ly ( 7002195700000000000 ♠ 195.7 ± 0.9 pc ) <Td_colspan="2"> Spectral type G5V Mass ( m ) 0.97 M Radius ( r ) 0.979 ± 0.02 R Temperature ( T ) 5518 ± 44 K Age ~ 4 Gyr <Th_colspan="3"> Physical characteristics Mass ( m ) < 52.8 M Radius ( r ) 2.04 Stellar flux ( F ) 1.137 ⊕ Temperature ( T ) 295 K ( 22 ° C ; 71 ° F ) <Th_colspan="3"> Orbital elements Semi-major axis ( a ) 0.849 ± 0.018 AU ( 127 Gm ) Eccentricity ( e ) 0 Orbital period ( P ) 289.862 ± 0.02 d Inclination ( i ) 89.764 ° <Th_colspan="3"> Discovery information <Td_colspan="2"> Discovery date 5 December 2011 ( announced ) <Td_colspan="2"> Discoverer ( s ) Kepler Science Team <Td_colspan="2"> Discovery method Transit <Td_colspan="2"> Discovery site Kepler telescope <Td_colspan="2"> Discovery status Published <Th_colspan="3"> Other designations <Td_colspan="3"> KOI - 087.01 , KOI - 087 b , KIC - 10593626 b , 2MASS J19165219 + 4753040 b <Td_colspan="3"> Database references <Td_colspan="2"> Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia data <Td_colspan="2"> SIMBAD data <Td_colspan="2"> Exoplanet Archive data <Td_colspan="2"> Open Exoplanet Catalogue data Kepler - 22b , also known by its Kepler object of interest designation KOI - 087.01 , is an extrasolar planet orbiting within the empirical habitable zone of the Sun - like star Kepler - 22 . It is located about 638 light - years ( 196 pc ) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus . It was discovered by NASA 's Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 and was the first known transiting planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun - like star . Kepler - 22 is too dim to be seen with the naked eye . Kepler - 22b 's size is roughly twice that of Earth . Its mass and surface composition are unknown . An Earth - like composition for the planet has been ruled out . It is likely to have a volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell . The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period , which is about 290 days , and its inclination , which is approximately 90 ° . Evidence suggests that the planet has a moderate surface temperature , assuming that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating . In the absence of an atmosphere , its equilibrium temperature ( assuming an Earth - like albedo ) would be approximately 262 K ( − 11 ° C ) , compared to Earth 's 255 K ( − 18 ° C ) The planet 's first transit was observed on 12 May 2009 . Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Mass and radius 1.2 Host star 1.3 Orbit 2 Habitability 2.1 Climate 2.2 Limits on satellites 3 Discovery and observation 3.1 Past transit dates 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Kepler - 22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting around the star Kepler - 22 . It is about 600 light - years ( 180 pc ) from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus . It was discovered by the Kepler Space Telescope in December 2011 . Mass and radius ( edit ) Kepler - 22b 's radius is roughly twice that of Earth . Its mass and surface composition remain unknown , with only some very rough estimates established : it has fewer than 124 Earth masses at the 3 - sigma confidence limit , and fewer than 36 Earth masses at 1 - sigma confidence . The adopted model in Kipping et al. ( 2013 ) does not reliably detect the mass ( the best fit value is only slightly larger than the 1 - sigma error bar ) , though the mass is below 52.8 Earth masses to 95 % confidence . Kepler - 22b , dubbed by scientists as a ' waterworld ' , might be an ' ocean - like ' planet . It might also be comparable to the water - rich planet GJ 1214 b although Kepler - 22b , unlike GJ 1214 b , is in the habitable zone . An Earth - like composition is ruled out to at least 1 - sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system . It is thus likely to have a more volatile - rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell ; this would make it similar to Kepler - 11f , the smallest known gas planet . Natalie Batalha , one of the scientists on the Kepler Space Telescope project , has speculated , `` If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core , it 's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean '' . This possibility has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial life . Host star ( edit ) The host star , Kepler - 22 , is a G - type star that is 3 % less massive than the Sun and 2 % smaller in volume . It has a surface temperature of 5,518 K ( 5,245 ° C ) compared with the Sun , which has a surface temperature of 5,778 K ( 5,505 ° C ) . The star is about 4 billion years old . In comparison , the Sun is 4.6 billion years old . The apparent magnitude of Kepler - 22 is 11.5 , which means it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye . Orbit ( edit ) The only parameters of the planet 's orbit that are currently available are its orbital period , which is about 290 days , and its inclination , which is approximately 90 ° . From Earth , the planet appears to make a transit across the disk of its host star . It has an eccentricity of 0 , meaning its orbit is circular . In order to obtain further information about the details of the planet 's orbit , other methods of planetary detection , such as the radial velocity method , need to be used . While such methods have been performed on the planet since its discovery , these methods have not yet detected an accurate value for the eccentricity of the planet and so ( as of March 2012 ) only an upper limit for the mass of the planet has been set by astronomers . Habitability ( edit ) Artist 's concept of an oceanic exoplanet in the habitable zone of its host star , possibly compatible with Kepler - 22b 's known data . The average distance from Kepler - 22b to its host star Kepler - 22 is about 15 % less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity ( light output ) of Kepler - 22 is about 25 % less than that of the Sun . This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with a moderate surface temperature at that distance , if it is assumed that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating . If Kepler - 22b is found to move in a highly elliptical orbit , its surface temperature will vary from a higher temperature when close to Kepler - 22 to lower when farther away . If the orbit is indeed highly elliptical , then the temperature variance will be extreme . Climate ( edit ) Scientists can estimate the possible surface conditions as follows : In the absence of an atmosphere , its equilibrium temperature ( assuming an Earth - like albedo ) would be approximately 262 K ( − 11 ° C ) , compared to Earth 's 255 K ( − 18 ° C ) . If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Earth , it would have an average surface temperature of 295 K ( 22 ° C ) . If the atmosphere has a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Venus , it would have an average surface temperature of 733 K ( 460 ° C ) . Recent estimates suggest that Kepler - 22b has more than a 95 % probability of being located in the empirical habitable zone defined by the recent Venus and early Mars limits ( based on estimates of when these planets may have supported habitable conditions ) , but less than a 5 % chance of being located in the conservative habitable zone within the Circumstellar habitable zone , ( estimated from a 1D cloud - free radiative - convective model ) . Limits on satellites ( edit ) The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler ( HEK ) project has studied the Kepler photometry of the planet , to find any evidence of transit timing and duration variations that may be caused by an orbiting satellite . Such variations were not found , so ruling out the existence of any satellites of Kepler - 22b with a mass greater than 0.54 Earth masses . Discovery and observation ( edit ) The planet 's first transit in front of its host star was observed on Kepler 's third day of scientific operations , on 12 May 2009 . The third transit was detected on 15 December 2010 . Additional confirmation data was provided by the Spitzer Space Telescope and ground - based observations . Confirmation of the existence of Kepler - 22b was announced on 5 December 2011 . Past transit dates ( edit ) <Th_colspan="6"> Transits of Kepler - 22b Date ( s ) of transit <Th_colspan="3"> Time ( UTC ) Notes Start Mid End 15 May 2009 First observed transit by Kepler space telescope 1 March 2010 Observed by Spitzer 15 Dec 2010 3rd transit observed by Kepler 1 October 2011 7.4 hour transit observed by Spitzer space telescope , confirming the planet See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Space portal Earth analog Gliese 163 c Gliese 581 d Gliese 581 g Gliese 667 Cc Kepler - 452b Kepler - 62f Kepler - 1229b HD 85512 b Kepler - 69c Kepler - 186f PH2 b Planetary habitability References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , A.G.A. ; Vallenari , A. ; Prusti , T. ; de Bruijne , J.H.J. ; et al. ( Gaia Collaboration ) ( 2018 ) . `` Gaia Data Release 2 . Summary of the contents and survey properties '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics . arXiv : 1804.09365 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201833051 . Gaia Data Release 2 Vizier catalog entry Jump up ^ `` Kepler - 22 '' . SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes for Planet Kepler - 22 b '' . Extrasolar Planet Database . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Safonova , M. ; Murthy , J. ; Shchekinov , Yu . A. ( 2014 ) . `` Age Aspects of Habitability '' . International Journal of Astrobiology. 15 ( 2 ) : 93 -- 105 . arXiv : 1404.0641 . Bibcode : 2016IJAsB ... 15 ... 93S . doi : 10.1017 / S1473550415000208 . ^ Jump up to : Kipping , D.M. ; Forgan , D. ; Hartman , J. ; Nesvorný , D. ; Bakos , G. Á. ; Schmitt , A. ; Buchhave , L. ( 2013 ) . `` The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler ( Hek ) . Iii . The First Search for an Exomoon Around a Habitable - Zone Planet '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 777 ( 2 ) : 134 . arXiv : 1306.1530 v1 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 777 ... 134K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 777 / 2 / 134 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kepler - 22 b '' . NASA Exoplanet Archive . Retrieved 4 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Klotz , Irene ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Alien Planet Could Host Life ) '' . Discovery.com . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NASA 's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star '' . NASA Press Release . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kepler 22 - b : Earth - like planet confirmed '' . BBC Online . 5 December 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepler - 22b : Facts About Exoplanet in Habitable Zone ^ Jump up to : Borucki , William J. ; Koch , David G. ; Batalha , Natalie ; Bryson , Stephen T. ; Rowe , Jason ; Fressin , Francois ; Torres , Guillermo ; Caldwell , Douglas A. ; Christensen - Dalsgaard , Jørgen ; Cochran , William D. ; Devore , Edna ; Gautier , Thomas N. ; Geary , John C. ; Gilliland , Ronald ; Gould , Alan ; Howell , Steve B. ; Jenkins , Jon M. ; Latham , David W. ; Lissauer , Jack J. ; Marcy , Geoffrey W. ; Sasselov , Dimitar ; Boss , Alan ; Charbonneau , David ; Ciardi , David ; Kaltenegger , Lisa ; Doyle , Laurance ; Dupree , Andrea K. ; Ford , Eric B. ; Fortney , Jonathan ; Holman , Matthew J. ( 2012 ) . `` Kepler - 22b : A 2.4 Earth - radius Planet in the Habitable Zone of a Sun - like Star '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 745 ( 2 ) : 120 . arXiv : 1112.1640 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 745 ... 120B . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 745 / 2 / 120 . The article gives Julian dates , which are converted at imcce.fr Archived 22 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ( all dates in Univ . Time ) Jump up ^ Scharf , Caleb A. ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` You Ca n't Always Tell An Exoplanet By Its Size '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . : `` If it ( Kepler - 22b ) had a similar composition to the Earth , then we 're looking at a world in excess of about 40 Earth masses '' . Jump up ^ https://astrobites.org/2014/07/31/most-1-6-earth-radius-planets-are-not-rocky/ Jump up ^ Rincon , Paul ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` A home from home : Five planets that could host life '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian O'Neill ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` SETI to Hunt for Aliens on Kepler 's Worlds '' . Discovery News . Jump up ^ Fraser Cain ( 15 September 2008 ) . `` Temperature of the Sun '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Fraser Cain ( 16 September 2008 ) . `` How Old is the Sun ? '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 19 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Telescope Confirms Alien Planet in Habitable Zone '' . Space.com. 12 May 2011 Jump up ^ Dr. Tony Phillips ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Kepler Confirms First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star '' . NASA science news . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . The first transit was captured just three days after we declared the spacecraft operationally ready . We witnessed the defining third transit over the 2010 holiday season . Jump up ^ NASA ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) . `` NASA 's Kepler Mission Confirms Its First Planet in Habitable Zone of Sun - like Star '' . NASA . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kepler - 22b . `` NASA 's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet In Habitable Zone '' ( NASA ) `` Kepler discoveries : Kepler - 22b : ' a yearly orbit of 289 days ' '' ( NASA ) `` View of Kepler 22 - b Sky Location '' ( Worldwide Telescope ) Kepler - 22b -- First Discovered Planet In Habitable Zone on YouTube Kepler 22b -- a planet in a star 's habitable zone on YouTube Kepler mission newsfeed <Th_colspan="2"> Exoplanetology <Td_colspan="2"> Planet Definition IAU Planetary science Main topics Exoplanet Methods of detecting exoplanets Planetary system Sizes and types Terrestrial Carbon planet Coreless planet Desert planet Dwarf planet Ice planet Iron planet Lava planet Mega-Earth Ocean planet Sub-Earth Super-Earth Gaseous Chthonian planet Eccentric Jupiter Gas dwarf Helium planet Hot Jupiter Hot Neptune Ice giant Mini-Neptune Super-Neptune Super-Jupiter Other types Brown dwarf Circumbinary planet Double planet Mesoplanet Planemo Planet / Brown dwarf boundary Planetesimal Protoplanet Pulsar planet Sub-brown dwarf Ultra-cool dwarf Ultra-short period planets ( USP ) Formation and evolution Accretion Merging stars Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Systems Exocomet Exomoon Interstellar comet Mean - motion resonances Retrograde planet Rogue planet Titius -- Bode laws Trojan planet Host stars Binary star Brown dwarfs Extragalactic planet F / Yellow - white dwarfs G / Yellow dwarfs Herbig Ae / Be K / Orange dwarfs M / Red dwarfs Planets in globular clusters Pulsar Red giant Subdwarf B Subgiant T Tauri White dwarfs Yellow giant Detection Astrometry Direct imaging list Microlensing list Polarimetry Pulsar timing list Radial velocity list Transit method list Transit - timing variation Habitability Astrobiology Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Habitability of natural satellites Superhabitable planet Catalogues Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Exoplanet Data Explorer Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia NASA Exoplanet Archive NASA Star and Exoplanet Database Lists Exoplanetary systems Host stars Multiplanetary systems Stars with proplyds Exoplanets List of exoplanets Discoveries Extremes Firsts Nearest Largest Most massive Terrestrial candidates Kepler Potentially habitable Discovered exoplanets by year before 2000 2000 -- 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other Carl Sagan Institute Exoplanet phase curves Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Planets in science fiction Sudarsky 's gas giant classification <Td_colspan="2"> Discoveries of exoplanets Search projects <Th_colspan="2"> Astrobiology Disciplines Astrochemistry Astrophysics Atmospheric sciences Biochemistry Evolutionary biology Exoplanetology Geomicrobiology Microbiology Paleontology Planetary science Main topics Allan Hills 84001 Biomolecule Biosignature Drake equation Earliest known life forms Earth analog Extraterrestrial life Extremophiles Hypothetical types of biochemistry List of microorganisms tested in outer space Molecules detected in outer space Ocean planet Origin of life Panspermia Search for extraterrestrial intelligence ( SETI ) Yamato meteorite Planetary habitability Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of K - type main - sequence star systems Habitability of natural satellites Habitability of red dwarf systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog List of potentially habitable exoplanets Tholin Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Space missions Earth orbit BIO BIOCORE Biolab Bion BIOPAN Biosatellite program E-MIST ERA EXOSTACK EXPOSE O / OREOS OREOcube Tanpopo VEGGIE Mars missions Beagle 2 ExoMars ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter Schiaparelli EDM lander Fobos - Grunt Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity Phoenix Viking Planned BioSentinel Dragonfly Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoMars rover ExoMars 2020 surface platform Mars 2020 Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover Proposed CAESAR Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder ‎ Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability Europa Lander ExoLance Explorer of Enceladus and Titan Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Mars sample return mission Oceanus THEO Cancelled and undeveloped Astrobiology Field Laboratory Beagle 3 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection Icebreaker Life Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Astrobiology Explorer - Cacher MELOS Northern Light Red Dragon Terrestrial Planet Finder Institutions and programs Astrobiology Society of Britain Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Breakthrough Starshot Carl Sagan Institute European Astrobiology Network Association NASA Astrobiology Institute Nexus for Exoplanet System Science Ocean Worlds Exploration Program <Td_colspan="2"> Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Extraterrestrial life Events and objects ALH84001 Cells in the stratosphere CI1 fossils Murchison meteorite Nakhla meteorite Polonnaruwa meteorite Red rain in Kerala Shergotty meteorite Viking lander biological experiments Yamato 000593 Signals of interest CP 1919 ( misidentified pulsar ) CTA - 102 ( misidentified quasar ) Fast radio burst ( unknown origin ) Wow ! signal ( inconclusive ) KIC 8462852 ( unusual light fluctuations ) SHGb02 + 14a ( radio source ) HD 164595 signal ( unknown origin ) Life in the Universe Earliest known life forms Life on Enceladus Life on Europa Life on Mars Life on Titan Life on Venus Planetary habitability Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems Circumstellar habitable zone Earth analog Extraterrestrial liquid water Galactic habitable zone Habitability of binary star systems Habitability of orange dwarf systems Habitability of red dwarf systems Natural satellite habitability Planetary habitability Space missions Beagle 2 Biological Oxidant and Life Detection BioSentinel Curiosity Darwin Enceladus Explorer Enceladus Life Finder Europa Clipper ExoMars ExoLance EXPOSE Foton - M3 Icebreaker Life Journey to Enceladus and Titan Laplace - P Life Investigation For Enceladus Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment Mars Geyser Hopper Mars sample return mission Mars 2020 Northern Light Opportunity SpaceX Red Dragon Spirit Tanpopo Titan Mare Explorer Venus In Situ Explorer Viking 1 Viking 2 Interstellar communication Active SETI Allen Telescope Array Arecibo message Arecibo Observatory Berkeley SETI Research Center Bracewell probe Breakthrough Initiatives Breakthrough Listen Breakthrough Message Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence Gauss 's Pythagorean right triangle proposal Lincos language NIROSETI Pioneer plaque Project Cyclops Project Ozma Project Phoenix SERENDIP Search for extraterrestrial intelligence SETI@home setiQuest Voyager Golden Record Water hole Xenolinguistics Exhibitions The Science of Aliens Hypotheses Ancient astronauts Aestivation hypothesis Aurelia and Blue Moon Cosmic pluralism Directed panspermia Drake equation Extraterrestrial hypothesis Fermi paradox Great Filter Hypothetical types of biochemistry Interplanetary contamination Kardashev scale Mediocrity principle Neocatastrophism Panspermia Planetarium hypothesis Rare Earth hypothesis Zoo hypothesis Related topics Astrobiology Astroecology Biosignature Rejection of Earth - 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1. Kepler-22b: An exoplanet in the habitable zone 2. Characteristics of Kepler-22b: Mass, radius, and surface composition 3. Host star: Kepler-22 and its properties 4. Orbit of Kepler-22b: Semi-major axis, eccentricity, and orbital period 5. Habitability of Kepler-22b: Climate and potential for life

to date the effort to map the human genome has

Human genome Project - wikipedia Human genome Project Jump to : navigation , search Logo HGP ; Vitruvian Man , Leonardo da Vinci The Human Genome Project ( HGP ) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of nucleotide base pairs that make up human DNA , and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint . It remains the world 's largest collaborative biological project . After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government when the planning started , the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003 . Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) as well as numerous other groups from around the world . A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation , or Celera Genomics , which was formally launched in 1998 . Most of the government - sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centers in the United States , the United Kingdom , Japan , France , Germany , Canada , and China . The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome ( more than three billion ) . The `` genome '' of any given individual is unique ; mapping the `` human genome '' involved sequencing a small number of individuals and then assembling these together to get a complete sequence for each chromosome . Therefore , the finished human genome is thus a mosaic , not representing any one individual . Contents ( hide ) 1 Human Genome Project 1.1 History 1.2 State of completion 2 Applications and proposed benefits 3 Techniques and analysis 3.1 Findings 3.2 Accomplishment 4 Public versus private approaches 5 Genome donors 6 Developments 7 Ethical , legal and social issues 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Human genome Project ( edit ) History ( edit ) The Human Genome Project was a 15 - year - long , publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 15 years . In May 1985 , Robert Sinsheimer organized a workshop to discuss sequencing the human genome , but for a number of reasons the NIH was uninterested in pursuing the proposal . The following March , the Santa Fe Workshop was organized by Charles DeLisi and David Smith of the Department of Energy 's Office of Health and Environmental Research ( OHER ) . At the same time Renato Dulbecco proposed whole genome sequencing in an essay in Science . James Watson followed two months later with a workshop held at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . The fact that the Santa Fe workshop was motivated and supported by a Federal Agency opened a path , albeit a difficult and tortuous one , for converting the idea into public policy . In a memo to the Assistant Secretary for Energy Research ( Alvin Trivelpiece ) , Charles DeLisi , who was then Director of the OHER , outlined a broad plan for the project . This started a long and complex chain of events which led to approved reprogramming of funds that enabled the OHER to launch the Project in 1986 , and to recommend the first line item for the HGP , which was in President Reagan 's 1988 budget submission , and ultimately approved by the Congress . Of particular importance in Congressional approval was the advocacy of Senator Peter Domenici , whom DeLisi had befriended . Domenici chaired the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources , as well as the Budget Committee , both of which were key in the DOE budget process . Congress added a comparable amount to the NIH budget , thereby beginning official funding by both agencies . Alvin Trivelpiece sought and obtained the approval of DeLisi 's proposal by Deputy Secretary William Flynn Martin . This chart was used in the spring of 1986 by Trivelpiece , then Director of the Office of Energy Research in the Department of Energy , to brief Martin and Under Secretary Joseph Salgado regarding his intention to reprogram $4 million to initiate the project with the approval of Secretary Herrington . This reprogramming was followed by a line item budget of $16 million in the Reagan Administration 's 1987 budget submission to Congress . It subsequently passed both Houses . The Project was planned for 15 years . Candidate technologies were already being considered for the proposed undertaking at least as early as 1985 . In 1990 , the two major funding agencies , DOE and NIH , developed a memorandum of understanding in order to coordinate plans and set the clock for the initiation of the Project to 1990 . At that time , David Galas was Director of the renamed `` Office of Biological and Environmental Research '' in the U.S. Department of Energy 's Office of Science and James Watson headed the NIH Genome Program . In 1993 , Aristides Patrinos succeeded Galas and Francis Collins succeeded James Watson , assuming the role of overall Project Head as Director of the U.S. National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) National Center for Human Genome Research ( which would later become the National Human Genome Research Institute ) . A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and the papers describing it were published in February 2001 . A more complete draft was published in 2003 , and genome `` finishing '' work continued for more than a decade . The $3 - billion project was formally founded in 1990 by the US Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health , and was expected to take 15 years . In addition to the United States , the international consortium comprised geneticists in the United Kingdom , France , Australia , China and myriad other spontaneous relationships . Due to widespread international cooperation and advances in the field of genomics ( especially in sequence analysis ) , as well as major advances in computing technology , a ' rough draft ' of the genome was finished in 2000 ( announced jointly by U.S. President Bill Clinton and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair on June 26 , 2000 ) . This first available rough draft assembly of the genome was completed by the Genome Bioinformatics Group at the University of California , Santa Cruz , primarily led by then graduate student Jim Kent . Ongoing sequencing led to the announcement of the essentially complete genome on April 14 , 2003 , two years earlier than planned . In May 2006 , another milestone was passed on the way to completion of the project , when the sequence of the last chromosome was published in Nature . State of completion ( edit ) The project was not able to sequence all the DNA found in human cells . It sequenced only `` euchromatic '' regions of the genome , which make up 92 % of the human genome . The other regions , called `` heterochromatic '' are found in centromeres and telomeres , and were not sequenced under the project . The Human Genome Project was declared complete in April 2003 . An initial rough draft of the human genome was available in June 2000 and by February 2001 a working draft had been completed and published followed by the final sequencing mapping of the human genome on April 14 , 2003 . Although this was reported to cover 99 % of the euchromatic human genome with 99.99 % accuracy , a major quality assessment of the human genome sequence was published on May 27 , 2004 indicating over 92 % of sampling exceeded 99.99 % accuracy which was within the intended goal . Further analyses and papers on the HGP continue to occur . Applications and proposed benefits ( edit ) The sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields , from molecular medicine to human evolution . The Human Genome Project , through its sequencing of the DNA , can help us understand diseases including : genotyping of specific viruses to direct appropriate treatment ; identification of mutations linked to different forms of cancer ; the design of medication and more accurate prediction of their effects ; advancement in forensic applied sciences ; biofuels and other energy applications ; agriculture , animal husbandry , bioprocessing ; risk assessment ; bioarcheology , anthropology and evolution . Another proposed benefit is the commercial development of genomics research related to DNA based products , a multibillion - dollar industry . The sequence of the DNA is stored in databases available to anyone on the Internet . The U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information ( and sister organizations in Europe and Japan ) house the gene sequence in a database known as GenBank , along with sequences of known and hypothetical genes and proteins . Other organizations , such as the UCSC Genome Browser at the University of California , Santa Cruz , and Ensembl present additional data and annotation and powerful tools for visualizing and searching it . Computer programs have been developed to analyze the data , because the data itself is difficult to interpret without such programs . Generally speaking , advances in genome sequencing technology have followed Moore 's Law , a concept from computer science which states that integrated circuits can increase in complexity at an exponential rate . This means that the speeds at which whole genomes can be sequenced can increase at a similar rate , as was seen during the development of the above - mentioned Human Genome Project . Techniques and analysis ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The process of identifying the boundaries between genes and other features in a raw DNA sequence is called genome annotation and is in the domain of bioinformatics . While expert biologists make the best annotators , their work proceeds slowly , and computer programs are increasingly used to meet the high - throughput demands of genome sequencing projects . Beginning in 2008 , a new technology known as RNA - seq was introduced that allowed scientists to directly sequence the messenger RNA in cells . This replaced previous methods of annotation , which relied on inherent properties of the DNA sequence , with direct measurement , which was much more accurate . Today , annotation of the human genome and other genomes relies primarily on deep sequencing of the transcripts in every human tissue using RNA - seq . These experiments have revealed that over 90 % of genes contain at least one and usually several alternative splice variants , in which the exons are combined in different ways to produce 2 or more gene products from the same locus . The genome published by the HGP does not represent the sequence of every individual 's genome . It is the combined mosaic of a small number of anonymous donors , all of European origin . The HGP genome is a scaffold for future work in identifying differences among individuals . Subsequent projects sequenced the genomes of multiple distinct ethnic groups , though as of today there is still only one `` reference genome . '' Findings ( edit ) Key findings of the draft ( 2001 ) and complete ( 2004 ) genome sequences include : There are approximately 22,300 protein - coding genes in human beings , the same range as in other mammals . The human genome has significantly more segmental duplications ( nearly identical , repeated sections of DNA ) than had been previously suspected . At the time when the draft sequence was published fewer than 7 % of protein families appeared to be vertebrate specific . Accomplishment ( edit ) The first printout of the human genome to be presented as a series of books , displayed at the Wellcome Collection , London The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all three billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set , finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments . It is considered a Mega Project because the human genome has approximately 3.3 billion base - pairs . With the sequence in hand , the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes . It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients ' whole genomes . So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a `` shortcut '' , which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit . The theory behind the shortcut was that , since the major diseases are common , so too would be the genetic variants that caused them . Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown , the theory held , but fails against variants that strike later in life , allowing them to become quite common . ( In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the common variants in European , East Asian and African genomes . ) The genome was broken into smaller pieces ; approximately 150,000 base pairs in length . These pieces were then ligated into a type of vector known as `` bacterial artificial chromosomes '' , or BACs , which are derived from bacterial chromosomes which have been genetically engineered . The vectors containing the genes can be inserted into bacteria where they are copied by the bacterial DNA replication machinery . Each of these pieces was then sequenced separately as a small `` shotgun '' project and then assembled . The larger , 150,000 base pairs go together to create chromosomes . This is known as the `` hierarchical shotgun '' approach , because the genome is first broken into relatively large chunks , which are then mapped to chromosomes before being selected for sequencing . Funding came from the US government through the National Institutes of Health in the United States , and a UK charity organization , the Wellcome Trust , as well as numerous other groups from around the world . The funding supported a number of large sequencing centers including those at Whitehead Institute , the Sanger Centre , Washington University in St. Louis , and Baylor College of Medicine . The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) served as an important channel for the involvement of developing countries in the Human Genome Project . Public versus private approaches ( edit ) In 1998 , a similar , privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter , and his firm Celera Genomics . Venter was a scientist at the NIH during the early 1990s when the project was initiated . The $300,000,000 Celera effort was intended to proceed at a faster pace and at a fraction of the cost of the roughly $3 billion publicly funded project . The Celera approach was able to proceed at a much more rapid rate , and at a lower cost than the public project because it relied upon data made available by the publicly funded project . Celera used a technique called whole genome shotgun sequencing , employing pairwise end sequencing , which had been used to sequence bacterial genomes of up to six million base pairs in length , but not for anything nearly as large as the three billion base pair human genome . Celera initially announced that it would seek patent protection on `` only 200 -- 300 '' genes , but later amended this to seeking `` intellectual property protection '' on `` fully - characterized important structures '' amounting to 100 -- 300 targets . The firm eventually filed preliminary ( `` place - holder '' ) patent applications on 6,500 whole or partial genes . Celera also promised to publish their findings in accordance with the terms of the 1996 `` Bermuda Statement '' , by releasing new data annually ( the HGP released its new data daily ) , although , unlike the publicly funded project , they would not permit free redistribution or scientific use of the data . The publicly funded competitors were compelled to release the first draft of the human genome before Celera for this reason . On July 7 , 2000 , the UCSC Genome Bioinformatics Group released a first working draft on the web . The scientific community downloaded about 500 GB of information from the UCSC genome server in the first 24 hours of free and unrestricted access . In March 2000 , President Clinton announced that the genome sequence could not be patented , and should be made freely available to all researchers . The statement sent Celera 's stock plummeting and dragged down the biotechnology - heavy Nasdaq . The biotechnology sector lost about $50 billion in market capitalization in two days . Although the working draft was announced in June 2000 , it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists published details of their drafts . Special issues of Nature ( which published the publicly funded project 's scientific paper ) and Science ( which published Celera 's paper ) described the methods used to produce the draft sequence and offered analysis of the sequence . These drafts covered about 83 % of the genome ( 90 % of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established ) . In February 2001 , at the time of the joint publications , press releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups . Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005 , filling in to approximately 92 % of the sequence currently . Genome donors ( edit ) In the IHGSC international public - sector HGP , researchers collected blood ( female ) or sperm ( male ) samples from a large number of donors . Only a few of many collected samples were processed as DNA resources . Thus the donor identities were protected so neither donors nor scientists could know whose DNA was sequenced . DNA clones from many different libraries were used in the overall project , with most of those libraries being created by Pieter J. de Jong 's . Much of the sequence ( > 70 % ) of the reference genome produced by the public HGP came from a single anonymous male donor from Buffalo , New York ( code name RP11 ) . HGP scientists used white blood cells from the blood of two male and two female donors ( randomly selected from 20 of each ) -- each donor yielding a separate DNA library . One of these libraries ( RP11 ) was used considerably more than others , due to quality considerations . One minor technical issue is that male samples contain just over half as much DNA from the sex chromosomes ( one X chromosome and one Y chromosome ) compared to female samples ( which contain two X chromosomes ) . The other 22 chromosomes ( the autosomes ) are the same for both sexes . Although the main sequencing phase of the HGP has been completed , studies of DNA variation continue in the International HapMap Project , whose goal is to identify patterns of single - nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP ) groups ( called haplotypes , or `` haps '' ) . The DNA samples for the HapMap came from a total of 270 individuals : Yoruba people in Ibadan , Nigeria ; Japanese people in Tokyo ; Han Chinese in Beijing ; and the French Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain ( CEPH ) resource , which consisted of residents of the United States having ancestry from Western and Northern Europe . In the Celera Genomics private - sector project , DNA from five different individuals were used for sequencing . The lead scientist of Celera Genomics at that time , Craig Venter , later acknowledged ( in a public letter to the journal Science ) that his DNA was one of 21 samples in the pool , five of which were selected for use . In 2007 , a team led by Jonathan Rothberg published James Watson 's entire genome , unveiling the six - billion - nucleotide genome of a single individual for the first time . Developments ( edit ) The work on interpretation and analysis of genome data is still in its initial stages . It is anticipated that detailed knowledge of the human genome will provide new avenues for advances in medicine and biotechnology . Clear practical results of the project emerged even before the work was finished . For example , a number of companies , such as Myriad Genetics , started offering easy ways to administer genetic tests that can show predisposition to a variety of illnesses , including breast cancer , hemostasis disorders , cystic fibrosis , liver diseases and many others . Also , the etiologies for cancers , Alzheimer 's disease and other areas of clinical interest are considered likely to benefit from genome information and possibly may lead in the long term to significant advances in their management . There are also many tangible benefits for biologists . For example , a researcher investigating a certain form of cancer may have narrowed down their search to a particular gene . By visiting the human genome database on the World Wide Web , this researcher can examine what other scientists have written about this gene , including ( potentially ) the three - dimensional structure of its product , its function ( s ) , its evolutionary relationships to other human genes , or to genes in mice or yeast or fruit flies , possible detrimental mutations , interactions with other genes , body tissues in which this gene is activated , and diseases associated with this gene or other datatypes . Further , deeper understanding of the disease processes at the level of molecular biology may determine new therapeutic procedures . Given the established importance of DNA in molecular biology and its central role in determining the fundamental operation of cellular processes , it is likely that expanded knowledge in this area will facilitate medical advances in numerous areas of clinical interest that may not have been possible without them . The analysis of similarities between DNA sequences from different organisms is also opening new avenues in the study of evolution . In many cases , evolutionary questions can now be framed in terms of molecular biology ; indeed , many major evolutionary milestones ( the emergence of the ribosome and organelles , the development of embryos with body plans , the vertebrate immune system ) can be related to the molecular level . Many questions about the similarities and differences between humans and our closest relatives ( the primates , and indeed the other mammals ) are expected to be illuminated by the data in this project . The project inspired and paved the way for genomic work in other fields , such as agriculture . For example , by studying the genetic composition of Tritium aestivum , the world 's most commonly used bread wheat , great insight has been gained into the ways that domestication has impacted the evolution of the plant . Which loci are most susceptible to manipulation , and how does this play out in evolutionary terms ? Genetic sequencing has allowed these questions to be addressed for the first time , as specific loci can be compared in wild and domesticated strains of the plant . This will allow for advances in genetic modification in the future which could yield healthier , more disease - resistant wheat crops . Ethical , legal and social issues ( edit ) At the onset of the Human Genome Project several ethical , legal , and social concerns were raised in regards to how increased knowledge of the human genome could be used to discriminate against people . One of the main concerns of most individuals was the fear that both employers and health insurance companies would refuse to hire individuals or refuse to provide insurance to people because of a health concern indicated by someone 's genes . In 1996 the United States passed the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) which protects against the unauthorized and non-consensual release of individually identifiable health information to any entity not actively engaged in the provision of healthcare services to a patient . Along with identifying all of the approximately 20,000 -- 25,000 genes in the human genome , the Human Genome Project also sought to address the ethical , legal , and social issues that were created by the onset of the project . For that the Ethical , Legal , and Social Implications ( ELSI ) program was founded in 1990 . Five percent of the annual budget was allocated to address the ELSI arising from the project . This budget started at approximately $1.57 million in the year 1990 , but increased to approximately $18 million in the year 2014 . Whilst the project may offer significant benefits to medicine and scientific research , some authors have emphasized the need to address the potential social consequences of mapping the human genome . `` Molecularising disease and their possible cure will have a profound impact on what patients expect from medical help and the new generation of doctors ' perception of illness . '' See also ( edit ) 1000 Genomes Project Chimpanzee Genome Project ENCODE EuroPhysiome Genome Compiler HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee Human Brain Project Human Connectome Project Human Cytome Project Human Microbiome Project Human proteome project Human Variome Project List of biological databases Neanderthal Genome Project Sanger Institute The Genographic Project References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 2001 - 04 - 17 ) . Cracking the Code of Life ( Television Show ) . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project -- Battelle '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Human Genome Project Completion : Frequently Asked Questions '' . genome.gov . Jump up ^ `` Human Genome Project : Sequencing the Human Genome Learn Science at Scitable '' . www.nature.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Sinsheimer , Robert ( 1989 ) . `` The Santa Cruz Workshop , May 1985 '' . Genomics. 5 : 954 -- 956 . doi : 10.1016 / 0888 - 7543 ( 89 ) 90142 - 0 . 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American Scientist. 76 : 488 . Bibcode : 1988AmSci ... 76 ... 488D . Jump up ^ DeLisi , Charles ( 2001 ) . `` Genomes : 15 Years Later A Perspective by Charles Deli , HEP Pioneer '' . Human Genome News . 11 : 3 -- 4 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2004 . Retrieved 2005 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Human Genome Project : What is the Human Genome Project '' . The Human Genome Management Information System ( HGMIS ) . 2011 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Human Genome Information Archive . `` About the Human Genome Project '' . U.S. Department of Energy & Human Genome Project program . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins F ; Galas D ( 1993 - 10 - 01 ) . `` A New Five - Year Plan for the United States : Human Genome Program '' . National Human Genome Research Institute . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House Press Release '' . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Noble , Ivan ( 2003 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Human genome finally complete '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` Human Genome , Then and Now '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian Unlimited UK Latest Human Genome Project finalised '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Genome Project FAQ '' . Genoscope . Centre National de Séquençage . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Schmutz , Jeremy ; Wheeler , Jeremy ; Grimwood , Jane ; Dickson , Mark ; Yang , Joan ; Caoile , Chenier ; Bajorek , Eva ; Black , Stacey ; Chan , Yee Man ; Denys , Mirian ; Escobar , Julio ; Flowers , Dave ; Fotopulos , Dea ; Garcia , Carmen ; Gomez , Maria ; Gonzales , Eidelyn ; Haydu , Lauren ; Lopez , Frederick ; Ramirez , Lucia ; Retterer , James ; Rodriguez , Alex ; Rogers , Stephanie ; Salazar , Angelica ; Tsai , Ming ; Myers , Richard M. ( 2004 ) . `` Quality assessment of the human genome sequence '' . Nature . 429 ( 6990 ) : 365 -- 368 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 429 ... 365S . PMID 15164052 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02390 . Jump up ^ `` Landmark Human Genome Project Papers '' . ornl.gov . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Human Genome Project '' . Jump up ^ `` Ensembl Genome Browser '' . ensembl.org . Jump up ^ Mardis , E. ( 2008 ) . `` The impact of next - generation sequencing technology on genetics '' . Trends in Genetics . 24 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 41 . PMID 18262675 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tig. 2007.12. 007 . Jump up ^ Mihaela Pertea & Steven Salzberg ( 2010 ) . `` Between a chicken and a grape : estimating the number of human genes '' . Genome Biology . 11 : 206 . PMC 2898077 . PMID 20441615 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2010 - 11 - 5 - 206 . Jump up ^ Venter , JC ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' . Science . 291 : 1304 -- 1351 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V. PMID 11181995 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ( IHGSC ) ( 2004 ) . `` Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome '' . Nature . 431 ( 7011 ) : 931 -- 945 . Bibcode : 2004Natur. 431 ... 931H . PMID 15496913 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03001 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Geoff ( 20 December 2004 ) . `` International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Describes Finished Human Genome Sequence '' . NIH Nes Release . National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Bryant , J. A ( 2007 ) . Design and information in biology : From molecules to systems . p. 108 . ISBN 9781853128530 ... brought to light about 1200 protein families . Only 94 protein families , or 7 % , appear to be vertebrate specific ^ Jump up to : Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute . `` The Human Genome Project : a new reality '' . Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Genome Research Limited . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Naidoo N ; Pawitan Y ; Soong R ; Cooper DN ; Ku CS ( 2011 ) . `` Human genetics and genomics a decade after the release of the draft sequence of the human genome '' . Hum Genomics. 5 ( 6 ) : 577 -- 622 . PMC 3525251 . PMID 22155605 . doi : 10.1186 / 1479 - 7364 - 5 - 6 - 577 . Jump up ^ `` Celera : A Unique Approach to Genome Sequencing '' . ocf.berkeley.edu . Biocomputing. 2006 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson College ( 2002 ) . `` Sequencing Whole Genomes : Hierarchical Shotgun Sequencing v. Shotgun Sequencing '' . bio.davidson.edu . Department of Biology , Davidson College . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Human Genome Project Information Archive ( 2013 ) . `` U.S. & International HGP Research Sites '' . U.S. Department of Energy & Human Genome Project . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Vizzini , Casimiro ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` The Human Variome Project : Global Coordination in Data Sharing '' . Science & Diplomacy. 4 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Venter , J.C. ; Adams , M.D. ; Myers , E.W. ; Li , P.W. ; Mural , R.J. ; Sutton , G.G. ; Smith , H.O. ; Yandell , M. ; Evans , C.A. ( 2001 - 02 - 16 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' . Science . 291 ( 5507 ) : 1304 -- 1351 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V. ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 11181995 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . Jump up ^ Roach JC ; Boysen C ; Wang K ; Hood L ( 1995 ) . `` Pairwise end sequencing : a unified approach to genomic mapping and sequencing '' . Genomics. 26 ( 2 ) : 345 -- 353 . PMID 7601461 . doi : 10.1016 / 0888 - 7543 ( 95 ) 80219 - C . Jump up ^ Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering . `` The Human Genome Project Race '' . Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ( 2001 ) . `` Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 409 ( 6822 ) : 860 -- 921 . Bibcode : 2001Natur. 409 ... 860L . PMID 11237011 . doi : 10.1038 / 35057062 . Jump up ^ Venter , JC ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The sequence of the human genome '' ( PDF ) . Science . 291 ( 5507 ) : 1304 -- 1351 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.1304 V. PMID 11181995 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1058040 . Jump up ^ Osoegawa , Kazutoyo ; Mammoser , AG ; Wu , C ; Frengen , E ; Zeng , C ; Catanese , JJ ; De Jong , PJ ( 2001 ) . `` A Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Library for Sequencing the Complete Human Genome '' . Genome Research . 11 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 96 . PMC 311044 . PMID 11230172 . doi : 10.1101 / gr. 169601 . Jump up ^ Tuzun , E ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Fine - scale structural variation of the human genome '' . Nature Genetics . 37 ( 7 ) : 727 -- 737 . PMID 15895083 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1562 . Jump up ^ Kennedy D ( 2002 ) . `` Not wicked , perhaps , but tacky '' . Science . 297 ( 5585 ) : 1237 . PMID 12193755 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 297.5585. 1237 . Jump up ^ Venter D ( 2003 ) . `` A Part of the Human Genome Sequence '' . Science . 299 ( 5610 ) : 1183 -- 4 . PMID 12595674 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 299.5610. 1183 . Jump up ^ Wadman , Meredith ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` James Watson 's genome sequenced at high speed '' . Nature News . 452 ( 7189 ) : 788 -- 788 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 452R ... W . doi : 10.1038 / 452788b . Jump up ^ Gonzaga - Jauregui C ; Lupski JR ; Gibbs RA ( 2012 ) . `` Human genome sequencing in health and disease '' . Annu Rev Med. 63 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 61 . PMID 22248320 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - med - 051010 - 162644 . Jump up ^ Snyder M , Du J ; Gerstein M ( 2012 ) . `` Personal genome sequencing : current approaches and challenges '' . Genes Dev. 24 ( 5 ) : 423 -- 431 . PMC 2827837 . PMID 20194435 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 1864110 . Jump up ^ Lander ES ( 2011 ) . `` Initial impact of the sequencing of the human genome '' . Nature . 470 ( 7333 ) : 187 -- 197 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 470 ... 187L . PMID 21307931 . doi : 10.1038 / nature09792 . Jump up ^ Peng , J ; Sun , E ; Nevo , D ( 2011 ) . `` Domestication Evolution , Genetics And Genomics In Wheat '' . Molecular Breeding. 28 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 301 . doi : 10.1007 / s11032 - 011 - 9608 - 4 . Jump up ^ Greely , Henry ( 1992 ) . The Code of Codes : Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 264 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 13646 - 2 . Jump up ^ US Department of Health and Human Services . `` Understanding Health Information Privacy '' . Jump up ^ Genetics Home Reference ( 2013 ) . `` What were some of the ethical , legal , and social implications addressed by the Human Genome Project ? '' . ghr.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ELSI Research Program Fact Sheet - National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) '' . www.genome.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Rheinberger , H.J. ( 2000 ) . Living and Working with the New Medical Technologies . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 20 . Further reading ( edit ) McElheny , Victor K. ( 2010 ) . Drawing the Map of Life : Inside the Human Genome Project . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 03260 - 0 . 361 pages . Examines the intellectual origins , history , and motivations of the project to map the human genome ; draws on interviews with key figures . Collins , F. ( 2006 ) . The Language of God : A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8639 - 1 . OCLC 65978711 . Venter , J. Craig ( October 18 , 2007 ) . A Life Decoded : My Genome : My Life . New York , New York : Viking Adult . ISBN 0 - 670 - 06358 - 4 . OCLC 165048736 . Cook - Deegan , Robert ( 1994 ) . The Gene Wars : Science , Politics , and the Human Genome . New York : WW Norton . External links ( edit ) Human Genome Project -- official information page Wikinews has related news : Mexico presents first population - wide genome map for a Latin country Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Genes , Technology and Policy National Human Genome Research Institute ( NHGRI ) . NHGRI led the National Institutes of Health 's contribution to the International Human Genome Project . This project , which had as its primary goal the sequencing of the three thousand million base pairs that make up human genome , was successfully completed in April 2003 . Human Genome News . Published from 1989 to 2002 by the US Department of Energy , this newsletter was a major communications method for coordination of the Human Genome Project . Complete online archives are available . The HGP information pages Department of Energy 's portal to the international Human Genome Project , Microbial Genome Program , and Genomics : GTL systems biology for energy and environment yourgenome.org : The Sanger Institute public information pages has general and detailed primers on DNA , genes and genomes , the Human Genome Project and science spotlights . Ensembl project , an automated annotation system and browser for the human genome UCSC genome browser , This site contains the reference sequence and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes . It also provides a portal to the ENCODE project . Nature magazine 's human genome gateway , including the HGP 's paper on the draft genome sequence Wellcome Trust Human Genome website A free resource allowing you to explore the human genome , your health and your future . Learning about the Human Genome . Part 1 : Challenge to Science Educators . ERIC Digest . Learning about the Human Genome . Part 2 : Resources for Science Educators . ERIC Digest . Patenting Life by Merrill Goozner Prepared Statement of Craig Venter of Celera Venter discusses Celera 's progress in deciphering the human genome sequence and its relationship to healthcare and to the federally funded Human Genome Project . Cracking the Code of Life Companion website to 2 - hour NOVA program documenting the race to decode the genome , including the entire program hosted in 16 parts in either QuickTime or RealPlayer format . Lone Dog L ( 1999 ) . `` Whose genes are they ? The Human Genome Diversity Project '' . J Health Soc Policy . 10 ( 4 ) : 51 -- 66 . PMID 10538186 . doi : 10.1300 / J045v10n04_04 . Bioethics Research Library Numerous original documents at Georgetown University . Works by archive Works by Human Genome Project at Project Gutenberg Project Gutenberg hosts e-texts for Human Genome Project , titled Human Genome Project , Chromosome Number # ( # denotes 01 - 22 , X and Y ) . This information is raw sequence , released in November 2002 ; access to entry pages with download links is available through https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3501 for Chromosome 1 sequentially to https://www.gutenberg.org/etext/3524 for the Y Chromosome . Note that this sequence might not be considered definitive due to ongoing revisions and refinements . In addition to the chromosome files , there is a supplementary information file dated March 2004 which contains additional sequence information . 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who was the goalie in the mighty ducks

The Mighty Ducks ( film series ) - wikipedia The Mighty Ducks ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Mighty Ducks <Td_colspan="2"> The Mighty Ducks 3 - Pack DVD cover Directed by Stephen Herek ( 1 ) Sam Weisman ( 2 ) Robert Lieberman ( 3 ) Produced by Jon Avnet Jordan Kerner Screenplay by Steven Brill Starring Emilio Estevez ( 1 -- 3 ) Joshua Jackson ( 1 -- 3 ) Joss Ackland ( 1 , 3 ) Lane Smith ( 1 ) Michael Tucker ( 2 ) Jan Rubeš ( 2 ) Kathryn Erbe ( 2 ) Jeffrey Nordling ( 3 ) Heidi Kling ( 3 ) Music by David Newman ( 1 ) J.A.C. Redford ( 2 -- 3 ) Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Mark Irwin ( 2 ) Edited by Larry Brock ( 1 ) John F. Link ( 2 -- 3 ) Eric Sears ( 2 ) Patrick Lussier ( 3 ) Production company Walt Disney Pictures Avnet -- Kerner Productions The Kerner Entertainment Company ( 1 ) Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date 1992 -- 1996 Running time 314 minutes ( 1 -- 3 ) Country United States Language English Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $119,317,844 The Mighty Ducks is a series of three live - action films released in the 1990s by Walt Disney Pictures . The movies revolve around a Twin Cities ice hockey team , composed of young players that stick together throughout various challenges . Despite its negative reviews by movie critics , the trilogy 's commercial success paved the way for the creation of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( now the Anaheim Ducks ) NHL team as well as a related animated series called Mighty Ducks . A `` Mighty Ducks '' area , with related decor , is retained in Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort hotel at Walt Disney World Resort . Basil McRae , Mike Modano , Wayne Gretzky , Luc Robitaille , Chris Chelios , Cam Neely and Paul Kariya have made cameo appearances in the films . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) 1.2 D2 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1994 ) 1.3 D3 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1996 ) 2 Television 3 Common plot threads 3.1 Opponents 3.2 Team Name 3.3 Goals 3.4 NHL Cameos 4 Roster 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Lasting impact 6 References Films ( edit ) The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Mighty Ducks Coach : Gordon Bombay Team Captain : Charlie Conway Rival Team : The Hawks Moral Conscience : Hans After being pulled over for drunk driving , attorney Gordon Bombay ( Emilio Estevez ) is sentenced to community service , coaching hockey . There , he meets the `` District 5 '' peewee hockey team , perennial losers who finish at the bottom of the league standings year after year . They are shut out every game and lose by at least five goals . The players learn Bombay was once a player for the Hawks , an elite team in the same league , but left hockey because of the embarrassment that followed after a failed attempt at a penalty shot at the end of regulation , causing them to lose in overtime , costing them a peewee championship . With the help of Coach Bombay , and a desperately needed infusion of cash and equipment , the players learn the fundamentals of the sport . Soon enough , the District 5 team ( now christened the `` Ducks '' , after Bombay 's employer , Gerald Ducksworth ) start winning games and manage to make the playoffs , reaching the finals and adding new player Adam Banks , an ex-Hawk who is a talented player and an asset for the Ducks . Bombay faces the Hawks , the team he grew up playing for , still led by Jack Reilly ( Lane Smith ) , the same coach Bombay played for . Fittingly , the Ducks win the title game on a penalty shot by Bombay 's protégé , Charlie Conway ( Joshua Jackson ) . The movie was released in the UK , South Africa and Australia as Champions . It was directed by Stephen Herek . D2 : the Mighty Ducks ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : D2 : The Mighty Ducks Coach : Gordon Bombay Team Captain : Charlie Conway Rival Team : Team Iceland Moral Conscience : Jan Inspired by his own players , Bombay decides to try out in the minor leagues and becomes the star player for the fictional Minnehaha Waves , with an easy pathway to the NHL . After a career - ending knee injury , he is offered a chance to coach a team representing the United States in the Junior Goodwill Games . For this , he reunites his Ducks and introduces them to five new players from across the country to form Team USA . However , the lure of celebrity becomes a distraction to both Bombay and the players , and reality kicks in when they lose against Team Iceland in an embarrassing defeat . Frustrated , Bombay drives his players even harder , yet Team USA continues to suffer , until they come across a street hockey team who teaches them how to play like `` the real Team USA '' . New player Russ Tyler ( Kenan Thompson ) , who earlier mocked Team USA during its matches , is recruited into the roster . Bombay realizes the most important thing is to have fun and after a change in attitude , the Ducks redeem themselves by working up the playoff ladder to meet Team Iceland in the finals . Team USA proves to be a match for Iceland , but the game ends in a tie , resulting in a shootout , which resulted in Team USA winning . D3 : the Mighty Ducks ( 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : D3 : The Mighty Ducks Coach : Ted Orion Team Captain : Charlie Conway Rival Team : The Varsity Warriors Moral Conscience : Hans & Bombay The movie shifts focus from Bombay to protégé Charlie Conway ( Joshua Jackson ) . Charlie and his teammates are awarded scholarships to Eden Hall Academy ( a fictitious name from crossing Southwestern suburb Eden Prairie , Cretin - Derham Hall , and Saint Thomas Academy ) , a prestigious Minnesota high school Bombay attended . Their arrival is met with hostility from the varsity team ( mainly consisting of players who are members of rich families , whose younger siblings were cut from the junior varsity team to make room for the Ducks ) , as well as Bombay 's hand - picked successor , Ted Orion ( Jeffrey Nordling ) , whose emphasis on defensive two - way hockey irks Charlie . Not wanting to be on a team led by Orion , who he believes to be a washed - up former professional player , Charlie leaves the team , but rejoins as he learns the truth about Orion from Bombay . Charlie and Orion quickly bond in time for the JV - Varsity Showdown , and thanks in large part to the work of Charlie , the Ducks win on a shorthanded goal in the dying seconds of the game from unlikely goal scorer Greg Goldberg ( who is converted from goalie to defenseman ) . Television ( edit ) In January of 2018 , it was announced that television series based on the films is currently in early stages of development at ABC Signature Studios , with Steven Brill and Jordan Kerner , the screenwriter and producer of the original film trilogy being attached to the project . By February of the same year The Hollywood Reporter revealed that the series is being created as exclusive content for Walt Disney Studios ' upcoming streaming service . Common plot threads ( edit ) Opponents ( edit ) All three films cast an opposing hockey team representing the various obstacles to the team : The rival teams ( always all - male ) mainly consists of large players of a single ethnic or social background , which the Ducks , a team with smaller players of different races and genders , must overcome . All three rival teams in the three films ( the Hawks , Team Iceland and the Varsity Warriors ) wear black uniforms . All three rival teams inflict an early heavy defeat on the Ducks , who later win a second game by a much closer score . However , while the Hawks and Team Iceland beat the Ducks in official games , the Varsity Warriors defeat the Ducks in an unofficial scrimmage . Team name ( edit ) All three films also had the Ducks start off with a different name , but reverts to the Ducks : In D1 , they are `` District 5 '' , then changed to the Ducks because of Bombay 's former boss , Ducksworth . In D2 , the Ducks are known as Team USA . In the third period of the final game , the team changes their jerseys and become the Team USA Ducks . In D3 , the team starts off as the JV Warriors . The team has an unsupervised scrimmage at dawn , where the team shows up as the Ducks . Orion comes in and breaks up a fight between the two teams , and makes the Ducks take off their jerseys claiming , `` The Ducks are dead ! '' Prior to the JV - Varsity showdown , Orion returns their Ducks jerseys and with their victory over the varsity team , Bombay reveals a banner saying `` Eden Hall Ducks . '' Goals ( edit ) Many of the goals the Ducks score are artistic or gimmicky in nature . One of their gimmicks is the Flying V , where all five players skate down the ice in much the same manner as a flock of ducks , the puck being passed around between the squad ( the team manages to score 2 goals with this maneuver : one in D1 and another in D2 ; following this , opposing teams defend successfully against it ) . In the end to each movie , the Ducks prevail over their opponents by a single goal . NHL cameos ( edit ) Each movie showcases a cameo appearance by National Hockey League players : In the first movie , it is Mike Modano and Basil McRae . In the second movie , it is Chris Chelios , Cam Neely , Luc Robitaille , and Wayne Gretzky . In the third movie , it is Paul Kariya who , at the time , also had been captain for the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . Roster ( edit ) The following is the roster of all players for the Ducks , along with jersey numbers , playing positions and appearances in the three films . Seven of the players appear in all three films ( Germaine , Averman , Moreau , Goldberg , Reed , Conway , and Banks ) . Their coaches are Gordon Bombay ( Estevez , D1 and D2 ) and Ted Orion ( Nordling , D3 ) . No . Player Hometown Position D1 D2 D3 Portrayed By 00 Guy Germaine serves as a model player for the Ducks on the ice and is arguably second only to Banks in terms of skill . In D1 , he is part of the `` Oreo Line '' with the Hall Brothers . He and Connie Moreau are in a relationship as seen by a victory kiss at the end of D1 and a near kiss in the beginning of D2 . St. Paul , MN Y Y Y Garette Ratliff Henson Terry Hall only appears in the first movie and is Jesse 's younger brother . Minneapolis , MN Y Jussie Smollett Tommy Duncan only appears in the first movie and is Tammy 's younger brother . Minneapolis , MN Y Danny Tamberelli Dave / Lester Averman serves as a goofball and deadpan snarker of the team . He can contribute on the ice but has trouble dealing with opposing enforcers . Averman is the second most injured person in the series , tied with Guy . Brooklyn Park , MN Y Y Y Matt Doherty 5 Tammy Duncan only appears in the first movie and serves as the team 's figure skater . Minneapolis , MN Y Jane Plank 6 Julie `` The Cat '' Gaffney has the quick glove and is the team 's second goalkeeper . Although she is the better of the two team goalies , Julie does not become the starter until D3 . Her reputation as `` The Cat '' is cemented when she stops Iceland 's Gunner Stahl 's shot to give the Ducks the championship in the Junior Goodwill Games . She is one of the reasons the Ducks won their final games with her miracle saves . Bangor , ME Y Y Colombe Jacobsen 7 Dwayne Robertson is a ranch hand and the best puckhandler . Dwayne provides much of the team 's comic relief with his Texas demeanor and tendency to show off . Austin , TX Y Y Ty O'Neal 9 Jesse Hall is a forward who does not attend Eden Hall with the rest of the Ducks in D3 . His loudmouth , outspoken attitude sometimes gets him into trouble , but at the same time enables the Ducks to form their friendship with new recruits Adam Banks in D1 and Russ Tyler in D2 . Minneapolis , MN Y Y Brandon Quintin Adams 11 Dave Karp only appears in the first movie . Comedic and light - hearted , Karp loves to play pranks . Minneapolis , MN Y Aaron Schwartz 16 Ken Wu is a former Olympic figure skater who dazzles opponents with his acrobatic , stylish techniques and sets up scoring opportunities . After taking what he has learned from Russ Tyler 's LA Street Hockey Team and standing up against an Iceland team member twice his size , Ken became dubbed by Fulton and Portman as `` Little Bash Brother '' . San Francisco , CA Y Y Justin Wong 18 Connie Moreau is the recurring , independent female team player of the Ducks and is extremely proud of it . She and teammates Guy Germaine have a relationship . In the first movie , Averman refers to her as `` the velvet hammer . '' Minneapolis , MN Y Y Y Marguerite Moreau 21 Dean Portman is the team 's heavy enforcer that gives the Ducks a physical presence on the ice . He is close friends with fellow enforcer Fulton Reed and one half of the `` Bash Brothers . '' He does not attend Eden Hall , but does return for the JV - Varsity showdown in the last 15 minutes of the third movie . Chicago , IL Y Y Aaron Lohr 22 Luis Mendoza is the team 's fastest skater , having been clocked 1.9 seconds from blue line to blue line . Unfortunately , Luis has trouble stopping , which causes humorous collisions in the games . He 's only shown being able to stop once in D2 . Miami , FL Y Y Mike Vitar 24 Peter Mark only appears in the first movie . A player with an attitude and induces conflict , he leads a walkout on Coach Bombay . Minneapolis , MN Y J.D. Daniels 33 Greg Goldberg is originally from Philadelphia , but lives in Minnesota . Although the weaker and less skilled goalie than Julie Gaffney , Goldberg has the better stick as opposed to Gaffney 's glove and is known for his flatulence . In D3 , he switches positions from goalie to defenseman . Goldberg also scores winning goal in D3 , with an assist from Conway . Philadelphia , PA G / D Y Y Y Shaun Weiss 44 Fulton Reed is initially an outsider but is recruited by the Ducks when Bombay notices his powerful , but inaccurate ( 1 out of 5 are successful ) slapshot ( it is so devastating it can leave an imprint of the puck in a goalie 's palm ) . Close friends with Dean Portman and fiercely loyal to Charlie Conway , Reed is shy and reserved , but shows his loyalty by standing up for the Ducks when the Hawks bully them . Like Charlie , he has trouble adapting to Coach Orion at the outset of D3 . Reed is the other half of the `` Bash Brothers '' and the only player on the team to have his or her first name on the back of the jersey . Stillwater , MN Y Y Y Elden Henson 56 Russ Tyler is a local boy from Los Angeles who teaches the team how to play `` for real '' following a major upset against Team Iceland in D2 . He is recruited into the roster following Adam Banks ' wrist injury . Russ fashions his trademark `` knucklepuck '' , a slapshot that curves in a sine curve rather than a direct , straight shot , and is very loquacious . Los Angeles Y Y Kenan Thompson 96 - Captain Charlie Conway is the leader , heart and soul of the team . Although not the fastest , skilled nor strongest player , Charlie is extremely loyal to the Ducks and to his coach , possessing the greatest leadership qualities among his teammates . Charlie does have the highest vertical leap out of all the ducks which is demonstrated by his ability to jump over construction apparatus and small hatchbacks . After Adam Banks got injured during the Junior Goodwill Games , he recruited Russ Tyler for the Ducks . Once Adam was able to return right before the last game he chose to be the bench coach so no one had to give up their spot . He views Gordon Bombay as a surrogate father and grieves when his mentor leaves the team . He eventually learns how to lead the Ducks as Team Captain under new coach Ted Orion in D3 and records the game winning assist against the varsity team in D3 . Minneapolis , MN Y Y Y Joshua Jackson 99 Adam Banks is the most talented and skilled player on the team . Originally a Hawk , Adam is forced to join the Ducks when it is discovered he lives in District 5 . Upon his entry , the Ducks envy his wealth and question his heart , nicknaming him `` Cake Eater '' ; only Charlie accepts him into the fold . Adam slowly gains the respect and loyalty of his new teammates . In D3 , Adam 's skill allows him to join the varsity team at Eden Hall Academy , much to his displeasure . Fortunately , Adam returns to his teammates ' side at the JV - Varsity Showdown . Throughout the trilogy , Adam has been the one to sustain the most injuries out of the entire team , the result of being specifically targeted by their opponents . Edina , MN Y Y Y Vincent Larusso Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date US Box office revenue Budget Reference The Mighty Ducks October 2 , 1992 $50,752,337 $10,000,000 D2 : The Mighty Ducks March 25 , 1994 $45,604,206 -- D3 : The Mighty Ducks October 4 , 1996 $22,936,273 -- <Td_colspan="2"> Total $119,292,816 $10,000,000 <Td_colspan="5"> List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical reaction ( edit ) Title Rotten Tomatoes The Mighty Ducks 15 % ( 28 reviews ) D2 : The Mighty Ducks 21 % ( 14 reviews ) D3 : The Mighty Ducks 20 % ( 15 reviews ) Lasting impact ( edit ) More than 20 years later , the Mighty Ducks has become a cult classic for those who grew up in the 1990s . Houston Texans star J.J. Watt and Washington Nationals star Bryce Harper are among the trilogy 's fans . A podcast dedicated to the trilogy , The Quack Attack , has more than 100 episodes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mighty Ducks ' TV Series in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-planning-muppets-reboot-streaming-service-1086800 Jump up ^ `` THE DUCKS '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Mighty Ducks ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D2 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D3 : The Mighty Ducks ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Mighty Ducks '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D2 : The Mighty Ducks '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` D3 : The Mighty Ducks '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by JJ Watt Jun 3 , 2014 at 8 : 47pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Bryce Harper Dec 25 , 2015 at 6 : 58pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Quack Attack Podcast - The definitive Mighty Ducks podcast '' . The Quack Attack Podcast . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . <Th_colspan="2"> The Mighty Ducks Films The Mighty Ducks D2 : The Mighty Ducks D3 : The Mighty Ducks Television Mighty Ducks <Th_colspan="2"> Anaheim Ducks <Td_colspan="2"> Formerly the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Founded in 1993 Based in Anaheim , California Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History History 1993 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Henry and Susan Samueli General manager Bob Murray Head coach Randy Carlyle Team captain Ryan Getzlaf Current roster Arena Honda Center Rivalries Los Angeles Kings Affiliates AHL San Diego Gulls ECHL Utah Grizzlies Media TV Prime Ticket FS West KDOC FS San Diego Radio KLAA ( AM 830 ) Culture and lore Wild Wing The Mighty Ducks movies Mighty Ducks cartoons `` Bro Hymn '' 2011 NHL Premiere 2014 NHL Stadium Series <Td_colspan="2"> WikiProject Anaheim Ducks at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mighty_Ducks_(film_series)&oldid=827707748 '' Categories : English - language films The Mighty Ducks Film series Films adapted into television programs Films shot in Minnesota Screenplays by Steven Brill Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 07 : 04 . 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1. The Mighty Ducks film series 2. Twin Cities ice hockey team 3. Commercial success and lasting impact 4. Characters and plot of the films 5. NHL cameos and box office performance

is the neolithic revolution the same as the agricultural revolution

Neolithic Revolution - wikipedia Neolithic Revolution This article is about the introduction of agriculture during the Stone Age . For later historical breakthroughs in agriculture , see Agricultural revolution ( disambiguation ) . A Sumerian harvester 's sickle , dated to 3,000 BC The Neolithic Revolution , Neolithic Demographic Transition , Agricultural Revolution , or First Agricultural Revolution , was the wide - scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement , making an increasingly larger population possible . These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants to learn how they grew and developed . This new knowledge led to the domestication of plants . Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals happened in separate locations worldwide , starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,500 years ago . It was the world 's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture . The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available , resulting in a downturn in human nutrition . The Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food - producing techniques . During the next millennia it would transform the small and mobile groups of hunter - gatherers that had hitherto dominated human pre-history into sedentary ( non-nomadic ) societies based in built - up villages and towns . These societies radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food - crop cultivation , with activities such as irrigation and deforestation which allowed the production of surplus food . Other developments found very widely are the domestication of animals , pottery , polished stone tools , and rectangular houses . These developments , sometimes called the Neolithic package , provided the basis for densely populated settlements , specialization and division of labour , more trade , the development of non-portable art and architecture , centralized administrations and political structures , hierarchical ideologies , depersonalized systems of knowledge ( e.g. writing ) , and property ownership . The earliest known civilization developed in Sumer in southern Mesopotamia ( c . 5,500 BP ) ; its emergence also heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age . The relationship of the above - mentioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture , their sequence of emergence , and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate , and varies from place to place , rather than being the outcome of universal laws of social evolution . The Levant saw the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC , followed by sites in the wider Fertile Crescent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agricultural transition 2 Domestication of plants 2.1 In the Fertile Crescent 2.2 In China 2.3 In Africa 2.4 In the Americas 2.5 In New Guinea 3 Domestication of animals 3.1 Domestication of animals in the Middle East 4 Consequences 4.1 Social change 4.2 Subsequent revolutions 4.3 Disease 4.4 Technology 5 Archaeogenetics 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Agricultural transition ( edit ) See also : Ancient grains Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory : the Fertile Crescent ( 11,000 BP ) , the Yangtze and Yellow River basins ( 9,000 BP ) and the New Guinea Highlands ( 9,000 -- 6,000 BP ) , Central Mexico ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP ) , Northern South America ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP ) , sub-Saharan Africa ( 5,000 -- 4,000 BP , exact location unknown ) , eastern North America ( 4,000 -- 3,000 BP ) . Knap of Howar farmstead on a site occupied from 3,700 BC to 2,800 BC The term Neolithic Revolution was coined in 1923 by V. Gordon Childe to describe the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in Middle Eastern history . The period is described as a `` revolution '' to denote its importance , and the great significance and degree of change affecting the communities in which new agricultural practices were gradually adopted and refined . The beginning of this process in different regions has been dated from 10,000 to 8,000 BC in the Fertile Crescent and perhaps 8000 BC in the Kuk Early Agricultural Site of Melanesia . This transition everywhere seems associated with a change from a largely nomadic hunter - gatherer way of life to a more settled , agrarian - based one , with the inception of the domestication of various plant and animal species -- depending on the species locally available , and probably also influenced by local culture . Recent archaeological research suggests that in some regions such as the Southeast Asian peninsula , the transition from hunter - gatherer to agriculturalist was not linear , but region - specific . There are several competing ( but not mutually exclusive ) theories as to the factors that drove populations to take up agriculture . The most prominent of these are : The Oasis Theory , originally proposed by Raphael Pumpelly in 1908 , popularized by V. Gordon Childe in 1928 and summarised in Childe 's book Man Makes Himself . This theory maintains that as the climate got drier due to the Atlantic depressions shifting northward , communities contracted to oases where they were forced into close association with animals , which were then domesticated together with planting of seeds . However , today this theory has little support amongst archaeologists because subsequent climate data suggests that the region was getting wetter rather than drier . The Hilly Flanks hypothesis , proposed by Robert Braidwood in 1948 , suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains , where the climate was not drier as Childe had believed , and fertile land supported a variety of plants and animals amenable to domestication . The Feasting model by Brian Hayden suggests that agriculture was driven by ostentatious displays of power , such as giving feasts , to exert dominance . This required assembling large quantities of food , which drove agricultural technology . The Demographic theories proposed by Carl Sauer and adapted by Lewis Binford and Kent Flannery posit an increasingly sedentary population that expanded up to the carrying capacity of the local environment and required more food than could be gathered . Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food . The evolutionary / intentionality theory , developed by David Rindos and others , views agriculture as an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans . Starting with domestication by protection of wild plants , it led to specialization of location and then full - fledged domestication . Peter Richerson , Robert Boyd , and Robert Bettinger make a case for the development of agriculture coinciding with an increasingly stable climate at the beginning of the Holocene . Ronald Wright 's book and Massey Lecture Series A Short History of Progress popularized this hypothesis . The postulated Younger Dryas impact event , claimed to be in part responsible for megafauna extinction and ending the last glacial period , could have provided circumstances that required the evolution of agricultural societies for humanity to survive . The agrarian revolution itself is a reflection of typical overpopulation by certain species following initial events during extinction eras ; this overpopulation itself ultimately propagates the extinction event . Leonid Grinin argues that whatever plants were cultivated , the independent invention of agriculture always took place in special natural environments ( e.g. , South - East Asia ) . It is supposed that the cultivation of cereals started somewhere in the Near East : in the hills of Palestine or Egypt . So Grinin dates the beginning of the agricultural revolution within the interval 12,000 to 9,000 BP , though in some cases the first cultivated plants or domesticated animals ' bones are even of a more ancient age of 14 -- 15 thousand years ago . Andrew Moore suggested that the Neolithic Revolution originated over long periods of development in the Levant , possibly beginning during the Epipaleolithic . In `` A Reassessment of the Neolithic Revolution '' , Frank Hole further expanded the relationship between plant and animal domestication . He suggested the events could have occurred independently over different periods of time , in as yet unexplored locations . He noted that no transition site had been found documenting the shift from what he termed immediate and delayed return social systems . He noted that the full range of domesticated animals ( goats , sheep , cattle and pigs ) were not found until the sixth millennium at Tell Ramad . Hole concluded that `` close attention should be paid in future investigations to the western margins of the Euphrates basin , perhaps as far south as the Arabian Peninsula , especially where wadis carrying Pleistocene rainfall runoff flowed . '' Domestication of plants ( edit ) Neolithic grindstone or quern for processing grain Further information : History of agriculture Once agriculture started gaining momentum , around 9000 BC , human activity resulted in the selective breeding of cereal grasses ( beginning with emmer , einkorn and barley ) , and not simply of those that would favour greater caloric returns through larger seeds . Plants with traits such as small seeds or bitter taste would have been seen as undesirable . Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity tended not to be gathered at harvest , therefore not stored and not seeded the following season ; years of harvesting selected for strains that retained their edible seeds longer . Several plant species , the `` pioneer crops '' or Neolithic founder crops , were identified by Daniel Zohary , who highlighted the importance of the three cereals , and suggested that domestication of flax , peas , chickpeas , bitter vetch and lentils came a little later . Based on analysis of the genes of domesticated plants , he preferred theories of a single , or at most a very small number of domestication events for each taxon that spread in an arc from the Levantine corridor around the Fertile Crescent and later into Europe . Gordon Hillman and Stuart Davies carried out experiments with wild wheat varieties to show that the process of domestication would have occurred over a relatively short period of between 20 and 200 years . Some of these pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned , sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later : rye , tried and abandoned in Neolithic Anatolia , made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe , thousands of years after the earliest agriculture . Wild lentils presented a different problem : most of the wild seeds do not germinate in the first year ; the first evidence of lentil domestication , breaking dormancy in their first year , was found in the early Neolithic at Jerf el Ahmar ( in modern Syria ) , and quickly spread south to the Netiv HaGdud site in the Jordan Valley . This process of domestication allowed the founder crops to adapt and eventually become larger , more easily harvested , more dependable in storage and more useful to the human population . An `` Orange slice '' sickle blade element with inverse , discontinuous retouch on each side , not denticulated . Found in large quantities at Qaraoun II and often with Heavy Neolithic tools in the flint workshops of the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon . Suggested by James Mellaart to be older than the Pottery Neolithic of Byblos ( around 8,400 cal . BP ) . Selectively propagated figs , wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of Gilgal I , where in 2006 archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by intensive gathering , at strata datable to c. 11,000 years ago . Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East , at sites like Gilgal , were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world . Once early farmers perfected their agricultural techniques like irrigation , their crops would yield surpluses that needed storage . Most hunter gatherers could not easily store food for long due to their migratory lifestyle , whereas those with a sedentary dwelling could store their surplus grain . Eventually granaries were developed that allowed villages to store their seeds longer . So with more food , the population expanded and communities developed specialized workers and more advanced tools . The process was not as linear as was once thought , but a more complicated effort , which was undertaken by different human populations in different regions in many different ways . In the Fertile Crescent ( edit ) Clay human figurine ( Fertility goddess ) Tappeh Sarab , Kermanshah , c. 7000 -- 6100 BC Early agriculture is believed to have originated and become widespread in Southwest Asia around 10,000 -- 9,000 BP , though earlier individual sites have been identified . The Fertile Crescent region of Southwest Asia is the centre of domestication for three cereals ( einkorn wheat , emmer wheat and barley ) , four legumes ( lentil , pea , bitter vetch and chickpea ) , and flax . Domestication was a slow process involving multiple sites for each crop . Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the paleolithic site of Ohalo II in the vicinity of the Sea of Galilee , dated to around 19,400 BP , has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plant food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption . Tell Aswad is the oldest site of agriculture , with domesticated emmer wheat dated to 10,800 BP . Soon after came hulled , two - row barley found domesticated earliest at Jericho in the Jordan valley and Iraq ed - Dubb in Jordan . Other sites in the Levantine corridor that show the first evidence of agriculture include Wadi Faynan 16 and Netiv Hagdud . Jacques Cauvin noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site , but `` arrived , perhaps from the neighbouring Anti-Lebanon , already equipped with the seed for planting '' . The Heavy Neolithic Qaraoun culture has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the River Jordan , but never reliably dated . In China ( edit ) Northern China appears to have been the domestication center for foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ) and broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) with evidence of domestication of these species approximately 8,000 years ago . These species were subsequently widely cultivated in the Yellow River basin ( 7,500 years ago ) . Rice was domesticated in southern China later on . Soybean was domesticated in northern China 4,500 years ago . Orange and peach also originated in China . They were cultivated around 2500 BC . In Africa ( edit ) Play media Nile River Valley , Egypt On the African continent , three areas have been identified as independently developing agriculture : the Ethiopian highlands , the Sahel and West Africa . By contrast , Agriculture in the Nile River Valley is thought to have developed from the original Neolithic Revolution in the Fertile Crescent . Many grinding stones are found with the early Egyptian Sebilian and Mechian cultures and evidence has been found of a neolithic domesticated crop - based economy dating around 7,000 BP . Unlike the Middle East , this evidence appears as a `` false dawn '' to agriculture , as the sites were later abandoned , and permanent farming then was delayed until 6,500 BP with the Tasian and Badarian cultures and the arrival of crops and animals from the Near East . Bananas and plantains , which were first domesticated in Southeast Asia , most likely Papua New Guinea , were re-domesticated in Africa possibly as early as 5,000 years ago . Asian yams and taro were also cultivated in Africa . The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is coffee . In addition , khat , ensete , noog , teff and finger millet were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands . Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include sorghum and pearl millet . The kola nut was first domesticated in West Africa . Other crops domesticated in West Africa include African rice , yams and the oil palm . Agriculture spread to Central and Southern Africa in the Bantu expansion during the 1st millennium BC to 1st millennium AD . In the Americas ( edit ) Further information : New World Crops , Ancient Pueblo Peoples , Oasisamerica , and Proto - Uto - Aztecan Maize ( corn ) , beans and squash were among the earliest crops domesticated in Mesoamerica , with maize beginning about 4000 BC , squash as early as 6000 BC , and beans by no later than 4000 BC . Potatoes and manioc were domesticated in South America . In what is now the eastern United States , Native Americans domesticated sunflower , sumpweed and goosefoot around 2500 BC . Sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the second millennium BC , referred to as the formative period . In New Guinea ( edit ) Evidence of drainage ditches at Kuk Swamp on the borders of the Western and Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea shows evidence of the cultivation of taro and a variety of other crops , dating back to 11,000 BP . Two potentially significant economic species , taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) and yam ( Dioscorea sp . ) , have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present ( cal BP ) . Further evidence of bananas and sugarcane dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BP . This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops , and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier . CSIRO has found evidence that taro was introduced into the Solomon Islands for human use , from 28,000 years ago , making taro cultivation the earliest crop in the world . It seems to have resulted in the spread of the Trans -- New Guinea languages from New Guinea east into the Solomon Islands and west into Timor and adjacent areas of Indonesia . This seems to confirm the theories of Carl Sauer who , in `` Agricultural Origins and Dispersals '' , suggested as early as 1952 that this region was a centre of early agriculture . Domestication of animals ( edit ) Further information : Domestication of animals When hunter - gathering began to be replaced by sedentary food production it became more profitable to keep animals close at hand . Therefore , it became necessary to bring animals permanently to their settlements , although in many cases there was a distinction between relatively sedentary farmers and nomadic herders . The animals ' size , temperament , diet , mating patterns , and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals . Animals that provided milk , such as cows and goats , offered a source of protein that was renewable and therefore quite valuable . The animal 's ability as a worker ( for example ploughing or towing ) , as well as a food source , also had to be taken into account . Besides being a direct source of food , certain animals could provide leather , wool , hides , and fertilizer . Some of the earliest domesticated animals included dogs ( East Asia , about 15,000 years ago ) , sheep , goats , cows , and pigs . Domestication of animals in the Middle East ( edit ) Dromedary caravan in Algeria The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated , such as sheep , goats and pigs . This area was also the first region to domesticate the dromedary . Henri Fleisch discovered and termed the Shepherd Neolithic flint industry from the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon and suggested that it could have been used by the earliest nomadic shepherds . He dated this industry to the Epipaleolithic or Pre-Pottery Neolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic , Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic . The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development . As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier , many of the farmers were forced to leave , taking their domesticated animals with them . It was this massive emigration from the Middle East that would later help distribute these animals to the rest of Afroeurasia . This emigration was mainly on an east - west axis of similar climates , as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they can not grow for reasons of light or rain changes . For instance , wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates , just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates . Some authors , like Jared Diamond , have postulated that this East - West axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the Fertile Crescent to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa , while it did not reach through the North - South axis of Africa to reach the Mediterranean climates of South Africa , where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years . Similarly , the African Zebu of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile - crescent -- separated by the dry sahara desert -- were not introduced into each other 's region . Consequences ( edit ) Social change ( edit ) World population ( estimated ) did not rise for a few millennia after the Neolithic revolution . Despite the significant technological advance , the Neolithic revolution did not lead immediately to a rapid growth of population . Its benefits appear to have been offset by various adverse effects , mostly diseases and warfare . The introduction of agriculture has not necessarily led to unequivocal progress . The nutritional standards of the growing Neolithic populations were inferior to that of hunter - gatherers . Several ethnological and archaeological studies conclude that the transition to cereal - based diets caused a reduction in life expectancy and stature , an increment in infant mortality and infectious diseases , the development of chronic , inflammatory or degenerative diseases ( such as obesity , type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases ) and multiple nutritional deficiencies , including vitamin deficiencies , iron deficiency anemia and mineral disorders affecting bones ( such as osteoporosis and rickets ) and teeth . Average height went down from 5'10 '' ( 178 cm ) for men and 5'6 '' ( 168 cm ) for women to 5'5 '' ( 165 cm ) and 5'1 '' ( 155 cm ) , respectively , and it took until the twentieth century for average human height to come back to the pre-Neolithic Revolution levels . The traditional view is that agricultural food production supported a denser population , which in turn supported larger sedentary communities , the accumulation of goods and tools , and specialization in diverse forms of new labor . The development of larger societies led to the development of different means of decision making and to governmental organization . Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were not otherwise engaged in agriculture , industry or commerce , but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision - making . Jared Diamond ( in The World Until Yesterday ) identifies the availability of milk and cereal grains as permitting mothers to raise both an older ( e.g. 3 or 4 year old ) and a younger child concurrently . The result is that a population can increase more rapidly . Diamond points out that agriculture brought about deep social divisions and encouraged inequality between the sexes . Subsequent revolutions ( edit ) Domesticated cow being milked in Ancient Egypt Andrew Sherratt has argued that following upon the Neolithic Revolution was a second phase of discovery that he refers to as the secondary products revolution . Animals , it appears , were first domesticated purely as a source of meat . The Secondary Products Revolution occurred when it was recognised that animals also provided a number of other useful products . These included : hides and skins ( from undomesticated animals ) manure for soil conditioning ( from all domesticated animals ) wool ( from sheep , llamas , alpacas , and Angora goats ) milk ( from goats , cattle , yaks , sheep , horses and camels ) traction ( from oxen , onagers , donkeys , horses , camels and dogs ) guarding and herding assistance ( dogs ) Sherratt argued that this phase in agricultural development enabled humans to make use of the energy possibilities of their animals in new ways , and permitted permanent intensive subsistence farming and crop production , and the opening up of heavier soils for farming . It also made possible nomadic pastoralism in semi arid areas , along the margins of deserts , and eventually led to the domestication of both the dromedary and Bactrian camel . Overgrazing of these areas , particularly by herds of goats , greatly extended the areal extent of deserts . Living in one spot would have more easily permitted the accrual of personal possessions and an attachment to certain areas of land . From such a position , it is argued , prehistoric people were able to stockpile food to survive lean times and trade unwanted surpluses with others . Once trade and a secure food supply were established , populations could grow , and society would have diversified into food producers and artisans , who could afford to develop their trade by virtue of the free time they enjoyed because of a surplus of food . The artisans , in turn , were able to develop technology such as metal weapons . Such relative complexity would have required some form of social organisation to work efficiently , so it is likely that populations that had such organisation , perhaps such as that provided by religion , were better prepared and more successful . In addition , the denser populations could form and support legions of professional soldiers . Also , during this time property ownership became increasingly important to all people . Ultimately , Childe argued that this growing social complexity , all rooted in the original decision to settle , led to a second Urban Revolution in which the first cities were built . Disease ( edit ) Throughout the development of sedentary societies , disease spread more rapidly than it had during the time in which hunter - gatherer societies existed . Inadequate sanitary practices and the domestication of animals may explain the rise in deaths and sickness following the Neolithic Revolution , as diseases jumped from the animal to the human population . Some examples of infectious diseases spread from animals to humans are influenza , smallpox , and measles . In concordance with a process of natural selection , the humans who first domesticated the big mammals quickly built up immunities to the diseases as within each generation the individuals with better immunities had better chances of survival . In their approximately 10,000 years of shared proximity with animals , such as cows , Eurasians and Africans became more resistant to those diseases compared with the indigenous populations encountered outside Eurasia and Africa . For instance , the population of most Caribbean and several Pacific Islands have been completely wiped out by diseases . 90 % or more of many populations of the Americas were wiped out by European and African diseases before recorded contact with European explorers or colonists . Some cultures like the Inca Empire did have a large domestic mammal , the llama , but llama milk was not drunk , nor did llamas live in a closed space with humans , so the risk of contagion was limited . According to bioarchaeological research , the effects of agriculture on physical and dental health in Southeast Asian rice farming societies from 4000 to 1500 B.P. was not detrimental to the same extent as in other world regions . Technology ( edit ) In his book Guns , Germs , and Steel , Jared Diamond argues that Europeans and East Asians benefited from an advantageous geographical location that afforded them a head start in the Neolithic Revolution . Both shared the temperate climate ideal for the first agricultural settings , both were near a number of easily domesticable plant and animal species , and both were safer from attacks of other people than civilizations in the middle part of the Eurasian continent . Being among the first to adopt agriculture and sedentary lifestyles , and neighboring other early agricultural societies with whom they could compete and trade , both Europeans and East Asians were also among the first to benefit from technologies such as firearms and steel swords . Archaeogenetics ( edit ) The dispersal of Neolithic culture from the Middle East has recently been associated with the distribution of human genetic markers . In Europe , the spread of the Neolithic culture has been associated with distribution of the E1b1b lineages and Haplogroup J that are thought to have arrived in Europe from North Africa and the Near East respectively . In Africa , the spread of farming , and notably the Bantu expansion , is associated with the dispersal of Y - chromosome haplogroup E1b1a from West Africa . See also ( edit ) Anthropocene Aşıklı Höyük , in Anatolia Natufians , a settled culture preceding agriculture Behavioral modernity Broad spectrum revolution Original affluent society Haplogroup G ( Y - DNA ) Haplogroup J2 ( Y - DNA ) Haplogroup K ( mtDNA ) Neolithic tomb Surplus product Göbekli Tepe Mehrgarh , a Neolithic site in Balochistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Bocquet - Appel ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` When the World 's Population Took Off : The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition '' . Science . 333 ( 6042 ) : 560 -- 561 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 333 ... 560B . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208880 . PMID 21798934 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Rosenberg , and Tigor ( 2015 ) . Worlds together , worlds apart concise edition vol. 1 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 23 . ISBN 9780393250930 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Compare : Lewin , Roger ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) ( 1984 ) . `` 35 : The origin of agriculture and the first villagers '' . Human Evolution : An Illustrated Introduction ( 5 ed . ) . Malden , Massachusetts : John Wiley & Sons ( published 2009 ) . p. 250 . ISBN 9781405156141 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 20 . ( ... ) the Neolithic transition involved increasing sedentism and social complexity , which was usually followed by the gradual adoption of plant and animal domestication . In some cases , however , plant domestication preceded sedentism , particularly in the New World . Jump up ^ `` International Stratigraphic Chart '' . International Commission on Stratigraphy . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Graeme Barker ( 2009 ) . The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory : Why did Foragers become Farmers ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 955995 - 4 . 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Holland ( eds . ) Excavations at Jericho 5 , pp. 576 - 621 , British School of Archaeology at Jerusalem , London , 1983 . Jump up ^ Jacques Cauvin ( 27 July 2000 ) . The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture , p. 53 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65135 - 6 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Peltenburg , E.J. ; Wasse , Alexander ; Council for British Research in the Levant ( 2004 ) . Maya Haïdar Boustani , Flint workshops of the Southern Beqa ' valley ( Lebanon ) : preliminary results from Qar'oun * in Neolithic revolution : new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on Cyprus . Oxbow Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84217 - 132 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : L. Copeland ; P. Wescombe ( 1966 ) . Inventory of Stone - Age Sites in Lebanon : North , South and East - Central Lebanon . Imprimerie Catholique . p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Fuller , D.Q. ( 2007 ) . `` Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates : Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World '' . Annals of Botany. 100 ( 5 ) : 903 -- 924 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm048 . PMC 2759199 . PMID 17495986 . Jump up ^ Siddiqi , Mohammad Rafiq ( 2001 ) . Tylenchida : Parasites of Plants and Insects . CABI . Jump up ^ Thacker , Christopher ( 1985 ) . The history of gardens . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05629 - 9 . Jump up ^ Webber , Herbert John ( 1967 -- 1989 ) . Chapter I. History and Development of the Citrus Industry Archived 2016 - 05 - 23 at the Portuguese Web Archive in ORIGIN OF CITRUS , Vol. 1 . University of California ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Jared ( 1999 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel . New York : Norton Press . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31755 - 2 . 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( received July 2005 ) `` Early and mid Holocene tool - use and processing of taro ( Colocasia esculenta ) , yam ( Dioscorea sp . ) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea '' ( Journal of Archaeological Science , Volume 33 , Issue 5 , May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Hoy , Thomas & Matthew Springs ( 1992 ) , `` Direct evidence for human use of plants 28,000 years ago : starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands '' ( Antiquity Volume : 66 Number : 253 Page : 898 -- 912 ) Jump up ^ `` The Development of Agriculture '' . Genographic Project . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ McGourty , Christine ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Origin of dogs traced '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fleisch , Henri. , Notes de Préhistoire Libanaise : 1 ) Ard es Saoude. 2 ) La Bekaa Nord. 3 ) Un polissoir en plein air . BSPF , vol. 63 . Jump up ^ Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . Jared Diamond ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ James C. Scott , Against the Grain : a Deep History of the Earliest States , NJ : Yale UP , ( 2017 ) , `` The world 's population in 10 000 BC , according to a careful estimate was roughly 4 million . A full five thousand years later it has risen only to 5 million ... One likely explanation for this apparent human progress in subsistance techniques together with a long period of demographic stagnation is that epidemologically this was perhaps the most lethal period in human history '' . Jump up ^ Sands DC , Morris CE , Dratz EA , Pilgeram A ( 2009 ) . `` Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant - based foods '' . Plant Sci ( Review ) . 177 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plantsci. 2009.07. 011 . PMC 2866137 . PMID 20467463 . 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Discover Magazine : 64 -- 66 . ^ Jump up to : Sherratt 1981 Jump up ^ Furuse , Y. ; Suzuki , A. ; Oshitani , H. ( 2010 ) . `` Origin of measles virus : Divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries '' . Virology Journal . 7 : 52 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 422X - 7 - 52 . PMC 2838858 . PMID 20202190 . Jump up ^ Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies - Jared Diamond , 1997 Jump up ^ Halcrow , S. ; E. , Harris , N.J. , Tayles , N. , Ikehara ‐ Quebral , R. , & Pietrusewsky , M. ( 2013 ) . `` From the mouths of babes : Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 420 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 22215 . PMID 23359102 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BBC - History - Ancient History in depth : Overview : From Neolithic to Bronze Age , 8000 - 800 BC '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Semino , O ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Origin , Diffusion , and Differentiation of Y - Chromosome Haplogroups E and J : Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 74 ( 5 ) : 1023 -- 34 . doi : 10.1086 / 386295 . PMC 1181965 . PMID 15069642 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Andrew ( 2009 ) . `` Y Haplogroups , Archaeological Cultures and Language Families : a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 5 ( 1 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailey , Douglass. ( 2001 ) . Balkan Prehistory : Exclusions , Incorporation and Identity . Routledge Publishers . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21598 - 6 . Bailey , Douglass. ( 2005 ) . Prehistoric Figurines : Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic . Routledge Publishers . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33152 - 8 . Balter , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Goddess and the Bull : Catalhoyuk , An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization . New York : Free Press . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4360 - 9 . Bellwood , Peter . ( 2004 ) . First Farmers : The Origins of Agricultural Societies . Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 0 - 631 - 20566 - 7 Bocquet - Appel , Jean - Pierre , editor and Ofer Bar - Yosef , editor , The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences , Springer ( October 21 , 2008 ) , hardcover , 544 pages , ISBN 978 - 1402085383 , trade paperback and Kindle editions are also available . Cohen , Mark Nathan ( 1977 ) The Food Crisis in Prehistory : Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 02016 - 3 . Diamond , Jared ( 1997 ) . Guns , germs and steel . A short history of everybody for the last 13,000 years . Diamond , Jared ( 2002 ) . `` Evolution , Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication '' . Nature , Vol 418 . Harlan , Jack R. ( 1992 ) . Crops & Man : Views on Agricultural Origins ASA , CSA , Madison , WI . https://web.archive.org/web/20060819110723/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture03/r_3-1.html Wright , Gary A. ( 1971 ) . `` Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia : A Survey of Ideas '' Current Anthropology , Vol. 12 , No. 4 / 5 ( Oct. -- Dec. , 1971 ) , pp. 447 -- 477 Kuijt , Ian ; Finlayson , Bill . ( 2009 ) . `` Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley '' . PNAS , Vol. 106 , No. 27 , pp. 10966 -- 10970 . 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1. Neolithic Revolution 2. Agricultural transition 3. Domestication of plants and animals 4. Social and technological changes 5. Spread of agriculture worldwide

when does klaus show up in the vampire diaries

Klaus ( the Vampire Diaries ) - wikipedia Klaus ( the Vampire Diaries ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Klaus '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 19 Directed by Joshua Butler Written by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Production code 2J5269 Original air date April 21 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) <Td_colspan="2"> Daniel Gillies ( Elijah Mikaelson ) Joseph Morgan ( Klaus Mikaelson ) Trent Ford ( Trevor ) Dawn Olivieri ( Andie Star ) Lisa Tucker ( Greta Martin ) Gino Anthony Pesi ( Maddox ) <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous `` The Last Dance '' Next → `` The Last Day '' <Td_colspan="2"> The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) List of The Vampire Diaries episodes `` Klaus '' is the 19th episode of the second season of The CW television series , The Vampire Diaries and the 41st episode of the series overall . It originally aired on April 21 , 2011 . The episode was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and directed by Joshua Butler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Feature music 3 Reception 3.1 Ratings 3.2 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Elijah ( Daniel Gillies ) wakes up in the Salvatore basement after Elena ( Nina Dobrev ) removes the dagger from his body . Elena tries to keep him quiet so Damon ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Stefan ( Paul Wesley ) will not hear him . Elijah needs to get out of the house since he is not invited in , and Elena , to convince him that he can trust her , hands him the dagger . Stefan wakes up the next morning and discovers that Elijah 's body is gone while at the same time , Klaus needs his real body and asks Maddox ( Gino Anthony Pesi ) to take care of it . Stefan calls Elena to see if she is okay and asks her where Elijah is . Elena reassures him that she is fine and that Elijah is with her , asking Stefan to trust her and let her do what she thinks best . Stefan , even though he does not agree with her plan , agrees , making Damon unhappy . Elijah explains to Elena how he and Klaus met Katherine and that Klaus is his brother . Jenna ( Sara Canning ) returns home after all the messages `` Elena '' left her about staying away from Alaric and calls Stefan to ask what is wrong . Stefan goes to meet her , only to find out that Alaric / Klaus is already there waiting for him . Damon goes to Alaric 's apartment with Andy ( Dawn Olivieri ) to see if Katherine is there . When they find her , Damon gives her vervain to drink so that Klaus will not be able to compel her . Elijah continues to tell Elena the story of his family , and he reveals her that the curse of the sun and the moon is fake . Klaus and Elijah made that curse up , but there is another curse that is worse and it is on Klaus . That is the curse Klaus wants to break . At the same time , Alaric / Klaus tells Jenna about vampires but Jenna does not believe him . When she attempts to leave , Klaus tries to stop her , and Stefan attacks Klaus , giving Jenna the opportunity to escape . Stefan calls Elena to let her know that Jenna knows the truth , and Elena leaves Elijah to go to Jenna . In a flashback , we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492 . Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth . Then , she goes back to Elijah , asking him to tell her about the curse . Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father , a werewolf , something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf . Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of hybrids . Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf , Elijah explains Elena that the dagger can not kill him , and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition , a moment that makes him weak . Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need , and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon . Through another flashback , we see that Elijah found a way to protect the life of the doppelgänger during the sacrifice , meaning he can protect Elena 's life . Katherine did not know about that ; that is why she ran away from Klaus when she found out what he wanted her for . Elena and Elijah go to the Salvatore house to find Damon and Stefan fighting . Elijah asks for their apology since they tried to kill him ; Stefan apologizes but Damon does not trust Elijah . Stefan explains to Elijah that Damon is angry with him at the moment but he will come around at the end and work with them . The episode ends with Klaus ( Joseph Morgan ) taking his real body back . Feature Music ( edit ) In `` Klaus '' we can hear the songs : `` Compulsion '' by Doves `` Get Some '' by Lykke Li `` Helena Beat '' by Foster the People Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) In its original American broadcast , `` Klaus '' was watched by 2.70 million ; down by 0.11 from the previous episode . Reviews ( edit ) `` Klaus '' received positive reviews . Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave the episode and A - rating saying that the episode was overall entertaining . `` This show has that makes it great , and that 's guts . Not many shows would have the stones to dismiss their entire season 's mythology as false only a few short weeks before the finale . This demonstrates the writers ' extreme confidence not only in the story they are telling but also the inherent entertainment factor of all the episodes leading up to the big reveal . '' E. Reagan of The TV Chick gave the episode and A - rating saying that it was very informative . `` There was obviously not a ton of plot movement , but some for sure . However , we learned an incredible amount of information . I can honestly say that I did n't see it coming about the Klaus vamp / werewolf thing . Nice work people . '' Steve Marsi from TV Fanatic rated the episode with 5 / 5 saying that the episode was stunning and might have been the best to date . `` ( The episode ) delivered so much mythology , but in a way that did n't come off as forced and certainly did n't feel like a letdown . On the contrary , everything about last night felt epic . '' Diana Steenbergen of IGN rated the episode with 8 / 10 saying that the episode felt like a dump of information `` but as usual , there were plenty of twists and turns to keep our heads spinning . Season 2 is definitely coming to a boil . '' Robin Franson Pruter from Forced Viewing rated the episode with 3 / 4 saying that this episode was not easy . `` There are complex things going on with the characters , with the relationships between brothers , and with the mythology of the show . It demands and rewards close attention . The episode is not perfect . Someone searching for flaws can find a number of big ones . But it 's compelling , and it builds anticipation for the final showdown with Klaus , which is what it needs to do . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 2 Episode 19 : `` Klaus '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Vampire Diaries , ' ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Community , ' ' Parks & Recreation ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Raisler , Carrie ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Klaus '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ E. Reagan ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` REVIEW : The Vampire Diaries `` Klaus '' `` . The TV Chick . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries Review : `` Klaus '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steenbergen , Diana ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : `` Klaus '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franson Pruter , Robin ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries , S2E19 : Klaus '' . Forced Viewing . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) ThinkHeroTV 's review for `` Klaus '' on YouTube <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_(The_Vampire_Diaries)&oldid=804224262 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes The Vampire Diaries ( season 2 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 15 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Klaus - The Vampire Diaries episode 2. Plot of "Klaus" episode 3. Elijah and Klaus's relationship 4. Breaking Klaus's curse 5. Positive reviews of "Klaus" episode

when does bendy and the ink machine come out on nintendo switch

Bendy and the Ink Machine - Wikipedia Bendy and the Ink Machine <Th_colspan="2"> Bendy and the Ink Machine <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) TheMeatly Games Publisher ( s ) TheMeatly Games Rooster Teeth Games Designer ( s ) theMeatly Mike Mood Matt Goles Dan Tozer Programmer ( s ) Mike Mood Artist ( s ) TimetheHobo Writer ( s ) theMeatly Bookpast Composer ( s ) Jay Clipperton Ray Gould Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS Linux PlayStation 4 Xbox One Nintendo Switch Release Chapter One : Moving Pictures February 10 , 2017 Chapter Two : The Old Song April 18 , 2017 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall September 28 , 2017 Chapter Four : Colossal Wonders April 30 , 2018 Chapter Five : The Last Reel October 2018 PlayStation 4 , Xbox One & Nintendo Switch October 2018 Bendy in Nightmare Run August 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Bendy and the Ink Machine ( often abbreviated to BatIM ) is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games . The game focuses on Henry , a retired cartoonist , who returns to his old studio upon an invitation from his old friend Joey Drew and discovers a nightmare of cartoon characters seemingly created by the titular Ink Machine . The game 's first chapter was released for Linux , macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10 , 2017 , with a second chapter bundled with a remastered version of the first following on April 18 , 2017 . After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28 , 2017 , both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27 , 2017 . The third chapter was released on September 28 , 2017 and the fourth chapter was released on April 30 , 2018 , after a short delay . Mike Mood , the game 's programmer , describes the game as an `` accidental success '' . Bendy and the Ink Machine was announced to be published by Rooster Teeth Games for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Nintendo Switch sometime in October 2018 after the fifth and final chapter is completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Chapters 2.1 Chapter One : Moving Pictures 2.2 Chapter Two : The Old Song 2.3 Chapter Three : Rise and Fall 2.4 Chapter Four : Colossal Wonders 2.5 Chapter Five : The Last Reel 2.6 Characters 3 Other media 4 References 5 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Bendy and the Ink Machine is a survival horror game that uses a mixture of puzzle solving , environment exploration and combat to aid Henry on his journey through Joey Drew Studios , where he was formerly employed as an animator . Players explore through a first - person view and have limited physical actions such as running and jumping . Different items can be collected , some of which are required to perform various tasks before proceeding . Cans of bacon soup , a reference to the game 's creator TheMeatly and his partner Mike Mood , can also be collected for both achievements and to restore Henry 's health if he is injured . Combat is primarily focused around a variety of different weapons , such as axes , pipes and plungers . In - game enemies all have different strength levels and resilience to damage , forcing players to be tactical about keeping out of reach and striking when necessary . Henry can retreat inside a Little Miracle Station whenever one is nearby in order to recover or remain obscure . If he takes too much damage , he can escape from the ink that consumes him and respawn at one of the numerous statues of Bendy that act as checkpoints . Cardboard cutouts of Bendy , ( known as Bendy cutouts ) will also appear around the character acting as jumpscare attempts In addition , players can find numerous audio logs throughout the studio that give more story details about the fate of the studio and its employees , similar to the systems used in games such as BioShock . Some of these logs can be missed and require further exploration to uncover the secret areas they often reside in . Chapters ( edit ) Chapter One : moving pictures ( edit ) Henry , a retired animator , returns to his old animation studio , Joey Drew Studios , after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer , Joey Drew , to be shown something important . Having not been to the studio in thirty years , Henry finds the place seemingly abandoned . He eventually discovers the titular Ink Machine and decides to turn it on after concluding it is what Joey wanted to show him . During the repair attempts , Henry uncovers hints from old tape recordings from two repair workers , Wally Franks and Thomas Connor , which imply that Joey was taking part in bizarre occult practices . Henry suddenly encounters the gruesome discovery of a corpse in the shape of Boris the Wolf , one of the studio 's characters . After completing the necessary steps to fix the Ink Machine , he finds the path to the machine boarded up . Henry is then suddenly attacked by a humanoid ink monster who sports the same name of the studio 's most popular mascot , Bendy ( presumably a transformed Joey Drew ) . Henry attempts to flee from `` Bendy '' as the studio starts to flood with ink and just before he reaches the exit , the floor collapses underneath him , sending him into a room below . Using an axe to clear the path and approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor , Henry is racked with a vision of the Ink Machine , a wheelchair , and `` Bendy '' before he passes out . Chapter two : the old song ( edit ) After waking up on a pentagram , Henry explores the studio 's music department and infirmary , encountering inky monsters called Searchers . Henry finds several more tape recordings of how the studio fared since his departure , including one by Sammy Lawrence , the musical director for the studio , who seemingly started to worship Bendy as a deity following the ink machine 's installment . Another tape recording from Norman Polk , the studio filmmaker , who hates everyone , mentions how Sammy continually disrupted daily recording sessions by attempting to enter a custom built sanctuary . The chapter also introduces Susie Campbell , a voice actress , who discusses her casting as Alice Angel , a new character in the studio . After activating the pump in Sammy 's office to drain the flooded stairwell of the music department blocking the exit , Henry is then knocked out from behind by Sammy . Upon waking up , he realizes that Sammy 's whole muscular body has been covered with ink and now wears a Bendy mask over his face . Hoping that Bendy , his lord , will restore his humanity , Sammy plots to sacrifice Henry to him . However , Sammy is killed by `` Bendy '' off - screen after he arrives . Henry escapes from `` Bendy '' , only to encounter a living version of Boris , who is presumably a transformed Wally Franks . Chapter three : rise and fall ( edit ) After escaping from Ink Bendy , Henry works with the friendly Boris to find a way out of the studio . They find themselves in Heavenly Toys , the studio 's toy manufacturing department . They even hear a tape from Shawn Flynn , the studio 's toy maker . He explains that Joey got mad when he noticed that the Bendy plushies has crooked smiles . Briefly separated from Boris , Henry encounters a psychotic , aggressive ink creature who sports the same name of the cartoon character Alice Angel , implied via recordings that it is a transformed Susie , as audio recordings reveal she was unceremoniously replaced as Alice 's voice actress with Allison Pendle . Henry reunites with Boris via the Path of the Demon , and they reach `` Alice 's '' lair . There , Henry finds out that `` Alice '' has been harvesting the body parts of other Boris clones and other toons , in order to improve her deformed appearance . `` Alice '' offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands and offers him tools to help . Henry carries out these errands , which involve gathering materials for `` Alice '' , all the while evading `` Bendy '' , Searchers , living versions of the studio 's Butcher Gang characters , and the Projectionist , who is a transformed Norman Polk with an inky body and a film projector for a head . After every task is complete , Henry and Boris are allowed to ascend in an elevator to escape , but `` Alice '' proclaims she wants to use Boris to fix herself , and makes the elevator plummet down and crash to Level S. As Boris tries to awake Henry , he is suddenly pulled away by `` Alice '' . Chapter four : colossal wonders ( edit ) Henry awakens by the remains of the crashed elevator and begins searching for Boris . He journeys through the studio 's archives , beginning to get hallucinations called horror visions , and discovers a large group of harmless ink monsters called the Lost Ones , hinted to be the studio employees transformed by the Ink Machine . In the archives is a recording from Susie , who states that Joey said he had an ' opportunity ' for her , furthering the possibility that she is `` Alice '' . After navigating through the vents of the archives , Henry finds himself in a large underground warehouse that houses prototypes for a Bendy theme park , Bendy Land . Created by park designer Bertrum Piedmont , more audio logs imply that Joey intended to take the credit for the park 's creation , leading Bertrum to become frustrated with the studio owner . Henry comes across a scrambler , actually Bertrum 's physical form , and kills him . Henry encounters the Projectionist again , fleeing into a bomb shelter - like Little Miracle Station , only to witness `` Bendy '' attack and decapitate his pursuer , dragging his corpse away and leaving his head behind . Upon unlocking the ghost train ride , Henry is taunted by `` Alice '' . He is attacked by Boris , who has been turned into a giant monster by `` Alice '' . Henry is forced to kill who used to be his companion , with Brute Boris ' body melting into ink . An angered `` Alice '' runs at Henry in a last - ditch attempt to kill him herself , only to be impaled from behind with a machete and dies . Her killer is revealed to be another Alice Angel named Allison Angel ( most likely a transformed Allison Pendle ) , accompanied by another mechanized Boris named Tom ( most likely a transformed Thomas Connor ) . Chapter five : the last reel ( edit ) The production trailer for this chapter was released on June 4th 2018 . The chapter 's title was revealed during a video by theMeatly on June 12th , which was also when it was revealed that Chapter 5 was set for release in October . It will focus on Henry attempting to escape the studio and stop `` Bendy '' with the help of Allison Angel and Tom . Theories imply that `` Alice '' and Sammy will return in this chapter , despite having been killed . Characters ( edit ) The playable character and protagonist is Henry ( theMeatly ) , a former animator of Joey Drew Studios , who returns to the studio thirty years after resigning from the company . The game is played through a first - person narrative , though Henry 's physical appearance has yet to be seen . Joey Drew ( David Eddings ) , the CEO of the studio , invites Henry back to the studio via a letter . He introduced the Ink Machine to the studio , exhibiting peculiar behaviour around it . Joey is described as a `` man of ideas , but nothing else '' by Henry . Other characters view him as an unethical employer and perfectionist , uncaring towards the working conditions of his colleagues . Though acting like an eccentric dreamer , Chapter 4 proves this is just a ruse via a recording , Joey actually portrayed as a cynical , greedy individual . TheMeatly described Joey 's greatest and worst flaw as his `` unending desire to the make impossible possible . '' Other members of the studio 's staff are introduced via audio recordings . These include Wally Franks ( theMeatly ) , the studio janitor ; Thomas Connor ( Mike Mood ) , a repairman ; Sammy Lawrence ( Aaron Landon ) , the musical director , who serves as an antagonist in Chapter 2 , worshipping Bendy as a deity ; Jack Fain ( Bookpast ) , a lyricist , turned into a `` swollen '' Searcher in the remastered Chapter 2 ; projector operator Norman Polk ( theMeatly ) , transformed into a monster called the Projectionist , appearing in Chapters 3 and 4 , a character that was almost left out of the final version of the third chapter due to time restraints ; accountant Grant Cohen ( Will Ryan ) ; Shawn Flynn ( Seán McLoughlin ) , an Irish toy designer ; Bertrum Piedmont ( Joe J. Thomas ) , a theme park architect , who appears as a boss in Chapter 4 ; engineer Lacie Benton ( Lani Minella ) ; and the voice actresses of the character Alice Angel , Susie Campbell ( Alanna Linayre ) , and her replacement Allison Pendle ( Lauren Synger ) . Susie plays a major antagonistic role in Chapters 3 and 4 , appearing as a malevolent , deformed version of Alice Angel . Through audio recordings , Susie is revealed to have been unceremoniously replaced with Allison as Alice 's voice actress , causing her to blame Joey for deceiving her . Susie kills numerous cartoon characters and harvesting their innards to become a `` perfect '' incarnation of herself , specifically target Boris the Wolf . Allison appears in Chapter 4 as another version of Alice , referred to as `` Allison Angel '' . Throughout the game , Henry encounters numerous staff members , transformed into monsters made from ink , or resembling the studio 's animated characters . A number of these appear in Chapter 4 , referred to as the `` Lost Ones '' , but show no hostility towards the player . The stock enemy in the game are the `` Searchers '' , though other variants appear in boss battles . The studio has created several in - universe cartoon characters who starred in silent animated shorts . The titular character is Bendy the Dancing Demon , the studio mascot , who appears as a recurring antagonist towards Henry throughout the game . Bendy 's name was in fact a typo , created when the 3D modeling program , Blender , saved the character 's model with the name . Boris the Wolf , Bendy 's nemesis in the shorts , appears as several individual characters in the game . In Chapter 2 , the player meets a benevolent version of Boris , who accompanies Henry throughout Chapter 3 . Several other copies of Boris are found dead in the first and third chapters , used by Susie to achieve her `` perfection '' . She captures Boris at the end of the third chapter , reintroducing him in a new , monstrous and aggressive form in Chapter 4 , forcing the player to battle him in a boss battle . Another mechanized Boris appears at the end of Chapter 4 , accompanying Allison . The aforementioned Alice Angel debuts in Chapter 2 , who theMeatly describes as `` quite the gal '' . Chapter 3 introduced the Butcher Gang , a trio of characters who act as enemies to Bendy in his shorts - Charley , a monkey ; Barley , a pirate ; and Edgar , a spider . They appear as antagonists in Chapters 3 and 4 as mutilated versions of themselves , named `` Piper '' , `` Fisher '' and `` Striker '' , respectively . Other media ( edit ) Official videos for a series of animated shorts based on Bendy and the Ink Machine have been released from theMeatly 's YouTube channel , with animation done by animator Timethehobo . The first animated short , Tombstone Picnic , was released as part of the Chapter Three reveal trailer on August 11 , 2017 . The second short , Haunted Hijinx , was uploaded on October 31 , 2017 , to celebrate Halloween . The third short , Snow Sillies , was uploaded on December 24 , 2017 , in celebration of the holiday season . A Halloween crossover mod , Hello Bendy , was released for the game on October 27 , 2017 , for a limited time , featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy Lawrence for Chapter 2 . The mod 's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor . The mod expired by the end of October . A mobile spin - off , Bendy in Nightmare Run , was announced on January 26 , 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS in August 2018 . The game will introduce three playable characters in an endless running - style game , featuring four levels with a different `` boss '' cartoon monster , as well as collectable items and power - ups , including Briar Label Bacon Soup cans that act as currency to buy abilities and upgrades , and possible future updates . Co-creator Mike Mood has talked about wanting to do a crossover with Cuphead , a popular run and gun platformer that follows the same rubber hose animation art style as Bendy and the Ink Machine . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ TheMeatly Games ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` We did it ! ! WE ARE GREENLIT ! ! '' . Steam . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/TylerMcAuleyVallier/20170711/301391/The_CoCreator_of_Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine_Talks_Accidental_Success.php Jump up ^ @ themeatly ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Yup ! It 's official ... # BATIM is coming to consoles ! :D It 's a huge step and I 'm sooooo excited ... ^_^ This amazing community coming together made it all possible . : ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bearner , David ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Bendy And The Ink Machine : Darker Than Ink '' . Early Access Gaming . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` E3 ! - `` HUGE BENDY ANNOUNCEMENTS ! ! '' `` . YouTube . theMeatly. 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` theMeatly on Twitter '' . Twitter . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Asarch , Steven ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Bendy And The Ink Machine Chapter 3 Review : Alice Is Here '' . Player. One . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Asarch , Steven ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` How Bendy And The Ink Machine Lived Up To The Hype '' . Player. One . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Asarch , Steven ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` ' Bendy and the Ink Machine ' Chapter 4 Almost Destroyed Its Creators '' . Newsweek . Player. One . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Asarch , Steven ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` Bendy And The Ink Machine Chapter 3 Review : Alice Is Here '' . Player. One . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` theMeatly on Twitter '' . Twitter . 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) , `` Bendy and the Ink Machine : Chapter Three '' -- Reveal Trailer 2017 , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ theMeatly ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) , Bendy in `` Haunted Hijinx '' -- A Joey Drew Short , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 Jump up ^ @ batimgame ( 7 Oct 2017 ) . `` HELLO BENDY has arrived for Halloween ! Play both games for some spooky surprises. ;) store.steampowered.com/app/521890/Hello_Neighbor/ ... store.steampowered.com/app/622650/Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine/ ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ BendyRun ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` SURPRISE ! :) There 's a new # Bendy game ... FOR YOUR PHONE ! ! :) # BendyinNightmareRun # BINR bendy. run '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ BendyRun ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` An Official Bendy Action Packed Boss Runner coming to your iOS and Android devices soon ! # BINR # BendyInNightmareRun bendy. run '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bendy Co-Creator Talks Cuphead Crossover + MORE , Interview w / BATIM 's Mike Mood '' . YouTube . The Leaderboard. 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bendy_and_the_Ink_Machine&oldid=850421361 '' Categories : Episodic video games Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Horror video games Linux games MacOS games Single - player video games Video games developed in Canada Windows games Hidden categories : Use American English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Bendy and the Ink Machine 2. Survival horror video game 3. Episodic gameplay 4. Ink Machine and cartoon characters 5. Rooster Teeth Games and console release

what did it cost to make solo a star wars story

Solo : a Star Wars Story - Wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story 2018 American epic space opera film in the Star Wars franchise <Th_colspan="2"> Solo : A Star Wars Story <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell John Williams ( Han Solo theme and original Star Wars music ) Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $275 million Box office $342 million Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo . Directed by Ron Howard , it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016 's Rogue One . The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope , and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca , as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . George Lucas began development on the film in 2012 . He commissioned Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay , which was completed by his son Jonathan after Kasdan was hired to write Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . With an estimated budget of at least $250 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made and will need to gross at least $500 million to break even . The film had its world premiere in Los Angeles on May 10 , 2018 , and also screened on May 15 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , before its United States release on May 25 , 2018 in RealD 3D and IMAX 3D . It has grossed $342 million worldwide and received generally favorable reviews from critics , with praise for the cast ( particularly Ehrenreich and Glover ) , visuals and action sequences , although many noted that the film added `` nothing new '' to the Star Wars franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other territories 5.2 Critical response 6 Possible sequels 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On Corellia , orphaned children are made to steal in order to survive . Lovers Han and Qi'ra make an escape from the clutches of a local gang . They bribe an Imperial officer with a stolen sample of coaxium , a powerful hyperspace fuel , in exchange for passage on an outgoing transport , but Qi'ra is apprehended by their pursuers before she can board . Han vows to return for her and joins the Imperial Navy as a flight cadet . When the recruiting officer asks for his surname , Han says he is alone with no family , and the recruiter gives him the last name `` Solo '' . Three years later , Han is expelled from the Imperial Flight Academy for insubordination and is serving as an infantryman on Mimban . He encounters a group of criminals posing as Imperial soldiers led by Tobias Beckett . Han attempts to blackmail them into taking him with them , but Beckett has him arrested for desertion and thrown into a pit to be fed to a beast -- a Wookiee named Chewbacca . Able to understand Chewbacca 's language , Han persuades him to cooperate to escape . Beckett rescues and enlists them in the gang to steal a shipment of coaxium on Vandor - 1 . The plan goes awry when the Cloud Riders show up , led by Enfys Nest , resulting in the deaths of two crew members , Rio Durant and Beckett 's wife Val , and the destruction of the coaxium . Beckett reveals he was ordered to steal the shipment for Dryden Vos , a high - ranking crime boss in the Crimson Dawn syndicate . Han and Chewbacca volunteer to help him steal another shipment to repay the debt . They travel to Vos 's yacht where Han finds Qi'ra , who has joined Crimson Dawn and is Vos 's top lieutenant . Han suggests a risky plan to steal unrefined coaxium from the mines on Kessel ; Vos approves but insists that Qi'ra accompany the team . She leads them to Lando Calrissian , an accomplished smuggler and pilot who she hopes will lend them his ship . Han challenges Lando to a game of sabacc , with the wager being Lando 's ship . Lando cheats to win but agrees to join the mission in exchange for a share of the profits . After reaching Kessel in Millennium Falcon and infiltrating the mine , Lando 's droid co-pilot L3 - 37 instigates a slave revolt . In the confusion , they steal the coaxium , but L3 is severely damaged and Lando is injured during the escape . With the help of L3 's navigational computer , hotwired into the ship 's systems , Han pilots the ship through a dangerous uncharted route to elude an Imperial blockade . The Falcon , badly damaged , lands on the planet Savareen to process the coaxium . During a confrontation with Enfys , who tracked the team from Vandor , Lando flees in the Falcon . Enfys explains to Han that she and her crew are not pirates , but rebels trying to prevent the syndicates and Empire from gaining power . Han becomes sympathetic to their cause and tries to trick Vos , but Beckett has already alerted him to the double - cross . Vos sends his guards to kill Enfys , but the Cloud Riders overpower them instead , leaving Vos defenseless . Having anticipated Vos 's strategy , Han tries to take the coaxium , only for Beckett to betray Vos , escaping with it and taking Chewbacca hostage . Qi'ra kills Vos and sends Han after Beckett ; once alone , she contacts Vos 's superior , Maul , to inform him of the mission 's failure and claim Vos 's position . She avoids speaking of Han 's involvement , instead blaming everything on Beckett . Han catches up to Beckett and confronts him . Han shoots Beckett first before he can shoot him , and with his dying words Beckett tells Han he made the smart choice . Qi'ra leaves in Vos ' yacht , while Han and Chewbacca turn the coaxium over to Enfys . She offers Han a chance to join the rebellion against the Empire ; when he declines , she gives him a vial of coaxium , enough to buy a ship of his own . Han and Chewbacca locate Lando and challenge him to a rematch in sabacc , once again wagering the Falcon . Han wins , having stolen the card Lando was keeping up his sleeve in order to cheat , and he and Chewbacca leave for Tatooine , where a `` big - shot gangster '' is putting together a job . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo : A cynical smuggler who is a part of Beckett 's crew . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated , `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' Harrison Ford , who previously portrayed the character in the original and sequel trilogy saga films , met with Ehrenreich , giving him some insight and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett : A criminal and Han 's mentor . The character of Beckett was based on Long John Silver from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra : Han 's former lover . Describing her character , Clarke said : `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian : A smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . The original Lando actor , Billy Dee Williams , met with Glover , giving him some insight and words of advice about the character . Thandie Newton as Val : Beckett 's wife , a fellow criminal and member of her husband 's crew . Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 : Lando 's droid companion and navigator . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca : Han 's Wookiee sidekick and best friend , who also serves as his first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos : A ruthless crime lord who has a history with Beckett . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a scarred near - human alien lifeform . Erin Kellyman appears as Enfys Nest , the leader of a gang of pirates called Cloud Riders . Jon Favreau voices Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character '' and member of Beckett 's crew , and Linda Hunt voices Lady Proxima , the serpent - like leader of the gang to which teenage Han and Qi'ra belong . Ian Kenny portrays Rebolt while Clint Howard portrays Ralakili . Additionally , Anthony Daniels cameos as Tak , enslaved alongside Chewbacca , Kiran Shah plays Karjj and Warwick Davis briefly reprises his role from the film The Phantom Menace as Weazel , a Cloud Rider . Ray Park reprises his role as Maul , with Sam Witwer providing the character 's voice , reprising the role from the Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels animated TV series . Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portrayed Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively -- two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars Legends comics published by Dark Horse Comics . The scene was not included in the finished film . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012 , George Lucas had already started development on a film about a young Han Solo , and hired veteran Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay . When Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan , who had been helping him , in charge of writing Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , written by Kasdan and Simon Kinberg , respectively . Shortly thereafter , it was reported that Disney was working on two films , featuring Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the sequel trilogy : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project was to be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's Wookiee friend Chewbacca was also set to appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting ( edit ) In January 2016 , a list of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist for the role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time , '' adding that they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi , where he shared it with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming ( edit ) Ron Howard took over directing duties midway through production , reshooting 70 % of the film . Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . By February 10 , the film had spent $54.5 million on production . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Monte Piana in the Dolomites in Veneto , Italy , and to the Canary Islands . Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia and hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich because they were unhappy with his performance . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller announced the directors had left the project , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo only to add `` a comedic touch '' . Lucasfilm also felt the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word '' , Lord and Miller shot several takes exactly as written , then shot additional takes . Lord and Miller refused to compromise on certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than Lucasfilm expected , thereby reducing the options available in editing . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage so far . It was reported that Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who had previously turned down an offer from Lucas to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done and help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 ; the production did not want to wait for his availability to make a release in May 2018 . Lucas , Howard 's friend , mentor and collaborator , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage Howard on his first day shooting . Intended as a short meeting , Lucas spent the whole day with the crew . While Lucas had not meant to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' ; Howard included his suggestion . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed , and revealed the title of the film . During production , Howard utilized rear - projection visual effects for the Millennium Falcon cockpit scenes , an updated version of what was used in the Original Trilogy . In March 2018 , after it was reported Howard had reshot around 70 % of the film , it was announced that Lord and Miller would not challenge for director credit and instead agreed to executive producer credits . Post-production wrapped on April 22 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) John Williams ' involvement was actually a huge factor in my wanting to take this gig . I have such respect -- perhaps awe is a better term -- for the musical history of this series that being able to have the film - scoring equivalent of Yoda be part of it was a massive incentive , and an obvious advantage that I could not let pass . The actual experience of being allowed to see into John 's process ? I could n't imagine a greater gift . -- John Powell on agreeing to score Solo . In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams composed and conducted the Han Solo theme , `` The Adventures of Han '' , for the film . Powell began writing the music in late 2017 after finishing his work on Ferdinand . In December 2017 , Williams wrote two musical pieces and combined them to create Han 's theme . The following month , Williams recorded the demos with the Recording Arts Orchestra of Los Angeles at the Newman Scoring Stage . Powell interpolated Williams ' new theme into his score , as well as incorporating music by Williams from previous films , including the Star Wars main title , and several motifs and cues from A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and The Phantom Menace . Powell revealed the track listing on his Instagram page . Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25 . <Th_colspan="2"> Solo : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> Film score by John Powell Released May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 17 : 11 Label Walt Disney Producer John Powell <Th_colspan="2"> John Powell chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Ferdinand 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2018 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Star Wars soundtrack chronology <Td_colspan="2"> The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) Solo2018 <Td_colspan="2"> All music composed by John Powell , except where noted . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` The Adventures of Han '' John Williams 3 : 52 2 . `` Meet Han '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 2 : 22 3 . `` Corellia Chase '' John Powell 3 : 36 4 . `` Spaceport '' John Powell 4 : 09 5 . `` Flying with Chewie '' John Powell 3 : 34 6 . `` Train Heist '' John Powell 4 : 51 7 . `` Marauders Arrive '' John Powell 5 : 16 8 . `` Chicken in the Pot '' John Powell 2 : 12 9 . `` Is This Seat Taken ? '' John Powell 2 : 39 10 . `` L3 & Millennium Falcon '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 3 : 19 11 . `` Lando 's Closet '' John Powell 2 : 14 12 . `` Mine Mission '' John Powell 4 : 14 13 . `` Break Out '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 18 14 . `` The Good Guy '' John Powell 5 : 28 15 . `` Reminiscence Therapy '' ( Includes `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Fanfare '' , `` TIE Fighter Attack '' , `` The Asteroid Field '' , and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 14 16 . `` Into the Maw '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 4 : 52 17 . `` Savareen Stand - Off '' John Powell 4 : 28 18 . `` Good Thing You Were Listening '' John Powell 2 : 11 19 . `` Testing Allegiance '' John Powell 4 : 23 20 . `` Dice & Roll '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 1 : 59 <Td_colspan="3"> Total length : 77 : 11 Release ( edit ) Cast , director and producer promoting the film at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . Solo : A Star Wars Story had its world premiere on May 10 , 2018 in Los Angeles , and also screened on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film debuted in selected countries on May 23rd and had its US release on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of the release of Star Wars : Episode IV -- A New Hope , in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Marketing ( edit ) A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film . Both characters became unlockable on May 17 , 2018 , via a two - day limited - time event titled `` Preparation Perfection '' . Home Media ( edit ) Solo : A Star Wars Story will be released on digital streaming platforms , as well as on Blu - ray and DVD , in September 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of June 18 , 2018 , Solo : A Star Wars Story has grossed $194.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $147.1 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $342 million . With an estimated production budget of around $250 million ( and some sources listing it at more than $300 million ) , the film will need to gross at least $500 million worldwide in order to break even . A week after its worldwide debut of just $147.5 million , Variety wrote that the film would lose Disney `` tens of millions of dollars '' off a projected final total gross of $400 -- 450 million while The Hollywood Reporter estimated the losses would range from $50 -- 80 million . In June 2018 , in response to the film 's poor commercial performance , director Ron Howard tweeted he was proud of the film , and sorry that fans were not turning out to see it , but was happy for those who had enjoyed it . United States and Canada ( edit ) Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing around $170 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . Deadline Hollywood noted that it was tracking higher than the previous Star Wars spin - off film , Rogue One ( which debuted to $155 million ) , and had more interest from audiences than the likes of fellow blockbusters Spider - Man : Homecoming and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . After its first day of pre-sales , Fandango announced the film was the second - best seller of advance tickets in 2018 , after Avengers : Infinity War . At the week of its release , projections had the film making $135 -- 170 million over the four - day frame , with Disney predicting a $130 -- 150 million debut . The film opened in 4,381 theaters , the ninth - highest total ever , including 3,300 3D locations and 400 IMAX screens . It grossed $14.1 million from Thursday night previews , the lowest of the Disney Star Wars films but the best - ever for Memorial Day weekend , besting the $13.2 million made by Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 . Including Thursday previews , the film made $35.6 million on its first day , lowering weekend projections to $115 million . It grossed just $84.4 million in its opening weekend ( and $103 million over the four -- day weekend ) , far below projections and marking the lowest Star Wars debut since Attack of the Clones in 2002 , although it did set a new career - high opening for Howard . Deadline Hollywood compared the below - expectations opening to Justice League the previous November , and attributed it to fan negativity toward the concept and the behind - the - scenes problems , as well as competition from Deadpool 2 and Avengers : Infinity War . Many analysts and publications , including Deadline , The Atlantic and CNN , interpreted the low box office returns as a case of `` Star Wars fatigue '' , since Solo was the fourth film of the series released in 29 months , and came just five months after The Last Jedi . Other analysts attributed the film 's underperformance to lackluster marketing . It dropped 65 % in its second weekend to $29.3 million , the worst sophomore frame for any Star Wars film since the original trilogy . It dropped another 46 % in its third weekend to $15.7 million , finishing second , behind newcomer Ocean 's 8 . Other territories ( edit ) Worldwide the film was expected to make $285 -- 340 million in its opening weekend , including $150 -- 170 million internationally . It opened in 43 markets on the Wednesday and Thursday prior to its US release and made a total of $11.4 million , including $3.3 million in China . It went on to open to just $65 million overseas and $147.5 million worldwide . It grossed $10.3 million in the United Kingdom , and also finished first in Australia ( $5 million ) , Germany ( $4.3 million ) , France ( $3.9 million ) , Russia ( $3.6 million ) , Spain ( $2.6 million ) , Mexico ( $2.5 million ) , Italy ( $2.2 million ) and Brazil ( $1.3 million ) . However , despite being the second - largest foreign opening , it made just $10.1 million in China , far below the other three Disney Star Wars films . The film held a better - than - expected 47 % in its second weekend , making $30.3 million from 54 countries and remaining the top film in several , including Australia , Spain and the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) Donald Glover 's performance as Lando Calrissian was praised by critics . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Solo has an approval rating of 71 % based on 350 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A flawed yet fun and fast - paced space adventure , Solo : A Star Wars Story should satisfy newcomers to the saga as well as longtime fans who check their expectations at the theater door . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89 % overall positive score and a 73 % `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , complimenting the cast but criticizing the lack of creativity , saying , `` somehow Han Solo -- the roguish Star Wars hellion famous for breaking all the rules -- finds himself in a feel - good movie that does n't break any . '' Bernard Boo of PopMatters wrote , `` If what you want from a Star Wars movie is an action - adventure romp , and the last two movies in the franchise ( The Last Jedi and Rogue One ) felt a little too dreary and heavy on pathos , Solo is sure to lift your spirits and give you more thrills than you can handle . Some of the action sequences are seriously breathtaking and will keep you teetering on the edge of your seat . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said , `` It does n't take itself too seriously , but it also holds whatever irreverent , anarchic impulses it might possess in careful check . '' He noted that it is `` a curiously low - stakes blockbuster , in effect a filmed Wikipedia page '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter praised the cast and production values but felt the film as a whole felt too safe , writing , `` while Ehrenreich 's Solo proves adept at maneuvering the Millennium Falcon out of some tight spots , the picture itself follows a safely predictable course . Missing here are the sort of plot - related or visual curveballs thrown by Rian Johnson 's The Last Jedi or Gareth Edwards with Rogue One . '' For the New York Post , Johnny Oleksinski gave the film one star out of a possible four , writing that while Glover was `` amusing '' in his role , Ehrenreich was `` given an impossible task : to make us forget about Harrison Ford , easily the most iconic action hero in modern cinema . '' Kevin Scott from Exclaim ! echoed the sentiment that Ehrenreich did not have the same `` ineffable everyman '' quality that Ford had , giving the film 4 / 10 and saying , `` The villain is a generically icy figure with vague plans and hollow threats , the twists and turns are fairly predictable and the entire story is one that -- unlike superior fellow Star Wars stand - alone Rogue One -- has few meaningful connections to other Star Wars stories beyond the hollow reverence for what has come before . '' Possible sequels ( edit ) Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contract deal to appear as Han Solo extended for two additional films , giving the studio the option to pursue a sequel to Solo : A Star Wars Story , or feature him in other anthology films in a supporting capacity . Ehrenreich said he would like any sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies by being standalone , in the vein of the Indiana Jones films , rather than direct follow - ups . Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development , it was up to the fans to decide . Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels . Solo writer Jon Kasdan said that he would include bounty hunter Bossk ( who briefly appears in Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back and is mentioned in Solo ) if he were to write a sequel for the film . Kennedy also said that a film focusing on Lando Calrissian could happen , but was not a priority . Donald Glover also expressed interest in a spin - off film , saying he would imagine it as Catch Me If You Can in space . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film '' . StarWars.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff : Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Solo -- Smuggler . Scoundrel . Hero . A New Star Wars Story Begins '' . Star Wars.com . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Recoups A Quarter Of $4 Billion Star Wars Purchase Price '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story lifts off as a space Western while playing it safe '' . The Georgia Straight . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Pabico , Jonathan ( 2018 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story is an entertaining space Western adventure '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Josh ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's where Solo fits into the chronology of the Star Wars universe '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Agar , Chris ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Cost More Than The Force Awakens '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Bullard ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story is a ' Kicky , Kinetic Heist Movie ' for Some ; Just ' So - So ' for Other Critics '' . SyFy . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Stone ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Turns Up Mixed Early Reviews '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Lands The Lead In Star Wars Han Solo Film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Utichi , Joe ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Alden Ehrenreich Introduced As Han Solo Stand - Alone Pic & Episode VIII Teased At Star Wars Celebration '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : New Images Reveal Droids , Cleavage , and the Millennium Falcon '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford was a covert adviser to Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson Signs on For Young Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . January 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Khosla , Proma ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson reveals his Star Wars character name '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . 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February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover on charming the hell out of Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film '' . StarWars.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Kenneth Williams ' Role Cut From ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Amid Reshoots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael K. Williams ' `` Half - Mountain Lion '' SOLO Character You Wo n't Get to See `` . nerdist.com . March 8 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Han Solo Spin - Off Adds Paul Bettany to Replace Michael K. Williams '' . / Film . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Casey ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Rebel Girl In ' Solo ' Could Be One Of The Most Debated Characters In All Of Star Wars '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jon Favreau Twitter status 983034660509777920 '' . Twitter.com . February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Jon Favreau to Voice an `` Important Alien Character '' `` . Collider.com . 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Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Han Solo Film : Tessa Thompson and Zoe Kravitz Among Those Testing for Female Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . November 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo 's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson 's Star Wars Role '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Is A Billion - Dollar Blockbuster For Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Inside SOLO 's Millennium Falcon : Old School Meets New Sschool '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zach Johnson ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story : Why Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Were Really Fired '' . E ! News . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Composer John Powell Reveals His Process for Tackling a ' Star Wars ' Movie '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available May 25th '' . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . PR Newswire . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Tracklist for Solo : A Star Wars Story 's Soundtrack Album ! Available on May 25 ! # JohnWilliams ( link in bio ) '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Record $160 M - Plus Memorial Day Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie . `` The Road Ahead : April 5 , 2018 '' . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burwick , Kevin ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Solo Blu - ray , DVD , SteelBook Details Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang and Rebecca Rubin ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : How Big a Box Office Dud Is the ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ? '' . Variety . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Will Lose $50 M - Plus in First Defeat for Disney 's ' Star Wars ' Empire '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bruce Haring ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Director Ron Howard Responds To Fan 's ' Star Wars ' Lament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars On Tracking To Potential $170 M+ Four - Day Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Advance Ticket Sales Already Breaking Records , Besting ' Black Panther ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Could Break $139 M Stateside Memorial Day Opening Record ; Global Conquest Eyes $305 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May 25 - 27 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard : Director '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disis , Jill ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` '' Solo '' had a rough start . This weekend is make or break `` . CNN Money . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` With Solo , Has Star Wars Fatigue Set In ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , David ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' A No - Go Due To `` Poor Marketing , '' Not Franchise Fatigue , Analyst Says `` . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Nick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Solo Underperformed At The Box Office '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues At The B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Ocean 's 8 ' dethrones ' Solo ' '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Starts Offshore With $11.4 M ; China Grounds Han '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $65 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Review : Origin Story of ' Star Wars ' No. 1 Rogue Plays It Way Too Safe '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boo , Bernard ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Against All Odds , ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars '' . PopMatters . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review : ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Answers Questions You May Not Have Asked '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : AStar Wars Story ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnny Oleksinski ( May 15 , 2018 ) ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' is a long , boring space slog , NYPost.com , accessed May 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Directed by Ron Howard '' . exclaim.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Alden Ehrenreich Will Return as Han Solo After ' Solo ' '' . April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Alden Ehrenreich Wants Solo Franchise to Follow Indiana Jones Path '' . May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why ' Solo ' Sequels Will Depend on ' Star Wars ' Fan Response '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Sequels Seem Really Likely , According to Critics '' . Jump up ^ `` Bossk is a MUST For Han Solo Sequel if Jonathan Kasdan is Involved '' . May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lando Calrissian Star Wars spinoff could happen , says Lucasfilm president ( update ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover Thinks His Lando Movie Should Be Catch Me If You Can in Space '' . MovieWeb . May 15 , 2018 . 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1. Solo: A Star Wars Story 2. Han Solo 3. Ron Howard 4. Alden Ehrenreich 5. Star Wars franchise

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Blade Runner - wikipedia Blade Runner Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1982 film . For other uses , see Blade Runner ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Blade Runner <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Ridley Scott Produced by Michael Deeley Screenplay by Hampton Fancher David Peoples Based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? by Philip K. Dick Starring Harrison Ford Rutger Hauer Sean Young Edward James Olmos Music by Vangelis Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth Edited by Terry Rawlings Marsha Nakashima Production companies The Ladd Company Shaw Brothers Blade Runner Partnership Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 06 - 25 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $28 million Box office $33.8 million Blade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott , written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples , and starring Harrison Ford , Rutger Hauer , Sean Young , and Edward James Olmos . It is a loose adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? by Philip K. Dick . Set in a dystopian Los Angeles in 2019 , the film depicts a future in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bioengineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off - world colonies . When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty ( Hauer ) escape back to Earth , burnt - out cop Rick Deckard ( Ford ) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down . During his investigations , Deckard meets Rachael ( Young ) , an advanced replicant who causes him to question his work . Blade Runner underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics ; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals , while others were displeased with its unconventional pacing and plot . However , it subsequently became an acclaimed cult film , and is now regarded as one of the all - time best science fiction movies . Hailed for its production design depicting a `` retrofitted '' future , Blade Runner remains a leading example of neo-noir cinema . The soundtrack , composed by Vangelis , was critically acclaimed , and was nominated in 1983 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score . The film has been highly influential on many science fiction films , video games , anime , and television series . The film brought the work of Philip K. Dick to the attention of Hollywood , and several later films were based on his work . Scott regards Blade Runner as `` probably '' his most complete and personal film . In the year after its release , the film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and in 1993 it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A sequel , Blade Runner 2049 , was released in October 2017 . Seven versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes made at the request of studio executives . A director 's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint . This , in conjunction with the film 's popularity as a video rental , made it one of the first movies to be released on DVD . In 2007 , Warner Bros. released The Final Cut , a 25th - anniversary digitally remastered version , and the only version over which Scott retained artistic control . The Final Cut was shown in selected theaters and released on DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Development 4.3 Design 4.3. 1 Voigt - Kampff machine 4.4 Music 4.5 Special effects 5 Release 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Versions 6 Legacy 6.1 Cultural impact 6.1. 1 American Film Institute recognition 6.2 In other media 6.3 Documentaries 7 Sequels 7.1 Books 7.2 Film 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot Note : Since there are several versions of Blade Runner , this summary excludes version - specific events . In 2019 Los Angeles , former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by officer Gaff and brought to his former supervisor , Bryant . Deckard , whose job as a `` blade runner '' was to track down bioengineered beings known as replicants and `` retire '' ( kill ) them , is informed that four are on Earth illegally . Deckard starts to leave , but Bryant ambiguously threatens him and he stays . The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the `` Voigt - Kampff '' test , which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional response to questions . The test subject , Leon , shoots Holden on the second question . Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and the other three Tyrell Corporation Nexus - 6 replicants : Roy Batty , Zhora , and Pris . Bryant has Deckard meet with Eldon Tyrell so he can administer the test on a Nexus - 6 to see if it works . Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first , and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael . After a much longer than normal test , Deckard concludes Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human . Tyrell explains she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an emotional `` cushion '' . Searching Leon 's hotel room , Deckard finds photos and a synthetic snake scale . Roy and Leon investigate a replicant eye - manufacturing laboratory and learn of J.F. Sebastian , a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell . Deckard returns to his apartment where Rachael is waiting . She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo , but after Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell 's niece , she leaves his apartment in tears . Meanwhile , Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust . A photograph from Leon 's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club where Zhora works . After a confrontation and chase , Deckard kills Zhora . Bryant orders him to also retire Rachael , who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation . After Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd , he is attacked by Leon , who knocks Deckard 's pistol from his hand and then begins to kill Deckard , but Rachael uses Deckard 's pistol to kill Leon . They return to Deckard 's apartment , and , during an intimate discussion , he promises not to track her down ; as she abruptly tries to leave , Deckard restrains her , forcing her to kiss him . Arriving at Sebastian 's apartment , Roy tells Pris the others are dead . Sympathetic to their plight , Sebastian reveals that because of `` Methuselah Syndrome '' , a genetic premature aging disorder , his life will also be cut short . Sebastian and Roy gain entrance into Tyrell 's secure penthouse , where Roy demands more life from his maker . Tyrell tells him that it is impossible . Roy confesses that he has done `` questionable things '' , but Tyrell dismisses this , praising Roy 's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life . Roy kisses Tyrell , then kills him . Sebastian runs for the elevator , followed by Roy , who rides the elevator down alone . Deckard is later told by Bryant that Sebastian was found dead . At Sebastian 's apartment , Deckard is ambushed by Pris , but he kills her as Roy returns . Roy 's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan approaches . He chases Deckard through the building , ending on the roof . Deckard tries to jump to an adjacent roof , but is left hanging between buildings . Roy makes the jump with ease , and as Deckard 's grip loosens , Roy hoists him onto the roof , saving him . Before Roy dies , he delivers a monologue about how his memories `` will be lost in time , like tears in rain '' . Gaff arrives and shouts to Deckard about Rachael : `` It 's too bad she wo n't live , but then again , who does ? '' Deckard returns to his apartment and finds Rachael asleep in his bed . As they leave , Deckard notices an origami unicorn on the floor , a calling card that recalls for him Gaff 's earlier statement . Deckard and Rachael leave the apartment block . Cast Harrison Ford as Rick Deckard Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty Sean Young as Rachael Edward James Olmos as Gaff M. Emmet Walsh as Harry Bryant Daryl Hannah as Pris Stratton William Sanderson as J.F. Sebastian Brion James as Leon Kowalski Joe Turkel as Dr. Eldon Tyrell Joanna Cassidy as Zhora Salome James Hong as Hannibal Chew Morgan Paull as Dave Holden Kevin Thompson as Bear John Edward Allen as Kaiser Hy Pyke as Taffey Lewis Kimiko Hiroshige as Cambodian lady Robert Okazaki as Howie Lee Carolyn DeMirjian as saleslady Ben Astar as Abdul Ben Hassan Source : Blade Runner : The Final Cut Themes Main article : Themes in Blade Runner The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels . It employs some of the conventions of film noir , among them the character of a femme fatale ; narration by the protagonist ( in the original release ) ; chiaroscuro cinematography ; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook -- extended to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity . It is a literate science fiction film , thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris . It also draws on Biblical images , such as Noah 's flood , and literary sources , such as Frankenstein . Linguistically , the theme of mortality is subtly reiterated in the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell , supposedly based on the famous Immortal Game of 1851 ( though Scott has said this was merely coincidental ) . Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past , using literature , religious symbolism , classical dramatic themes , and film noir techniques . This tension between past , present , and future is mirrored in the `` retrofitted '' future depicted in the film , one which is high - tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere . In an interview with The Observer in 2002 , director Ridley Scott described the film as `` extremely dark , both literally and metaphorically , with an oddly masochistic feel '' . He also said that he `` liked the idea of exploring pain '' in the wake of his brother 's death from skin cancer : `` When he was ill , I used to go and visit him in London , and that was really traumatic for me . '' A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film : corporate power looms large ; the police seem omnipresent ; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings ; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored -- especially regarding replicants ' implanted memories . Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale , and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life ; for example , artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors . This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to `` off - world '' ( extraterrestrial ) colonies . The dystopian themes explored in Blade Runner are an early example of the expansion of cyberpunk concepts into cinema . Eyes are a recurring motif , as are manipulated images , calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it . These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner 's central theme of examining humanity . In order to discover replicants , an empathy test is used , with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals -- seemingly an essential indicator of one 's `` humanity '' . The replicants appear to show compassion and concern for one another and are juxtaposed against human characters who lack empathy , while the mass of humanity on the streets is cold and impersonal . The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be an android , in the process forcing the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human . The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film 's release . Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human , while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity . Ridley Scott has confirmed that in his vision , Deckard is a replicant . Deckard 's unicorn - dream sequence , inserted into the Director 's Cut and concomitant with Gaff 's parting gift of an origami unicorn , is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant -- because Gaff could have accessed Deckard 's implanted memories . The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters , whether human or replicant , share the same dreams and recognize their affinity , or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film 's main theme . The film 's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty , as well as its textual richness , have permitted viewers to see it from multiple perspectives . Production Casting See also : List of Blade Runner characters Casting the film proved troublesome , particularly for the lead role of Deckard . Screenwriter Hampton Fancher envisioned Robert Mitchum as Deckard and wrote the character 's dialogue with Mitchum in mind . Director Ridley Scott and the film 's producers spent months meeting and discussing the role with Dustin Hoffman , who eventually departed over differences in vision . Harrison Ford was ultimately chosen for several reasons , including his performance in the Star Wars films , Ford 's interest in the Blade Runner story , and discussions with Steven Spielberg who was finishing Raiders of the Lost Ark at the time and strongly praised Ford 's work in the film . Following his success in films like Star Wars ( 1977 ) and Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) , Ford was looking for a role with dramatic depth . According to production documents , several actors were considered for the role , including Gene Hackman , Sean Connery , Jack Nicholson , Paul Newman , Clint Eastwood , Tommy Lee Jones , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Al Pacino , and Burt Reynolds . One role that was not difficult to cast was Rutger Hauer as Roy Batty , the violent yet thoughtful leader of the replicants . Scott cast Hauer without having met him , based solely on Hauer 's performances in Paul Verhoeven 's movies Scott had seen ( Katie Tippel , Soldier of Orange and Turkish Delight ) . Hauer 's portrayal of Batty was regarded by Philip K. Dick as , `` the perfect Batty -- cold , Aryan , flawless '' . Of the many films Hauer has made , Blade Runner is his favorite . As he explained in a live chat in 2001 , `` Blade Runner needs no explanation . It just ( is ) . All of the best . There is nothing like it . To be part of a real masterpiece which changed the world 's thinking . It 's awesome . '' Hauer rewrote his character 's `` tears in rain '' speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming . Blade Runner used a number of then - lesser - known actors : Sean Young portrays Rachael , an experimental replicant implanted with the memories of Tyrell 's niece , causing her to believe she is human ; Nina Axelrod auditioned for the role . Daryl Hannah portrays Pris , a `` basic pleasure model '' replicant ; Stacey Nelkin auditioned for the role , but was given another part in the film , which was ultimately cut before filming . Casting Pris and Rachael was challenging , requiring several screen tests , with Morgan Paull playing the role of Deckard . Paull was cast as Deckard 's fellow bounty hunter Holden based on his performances in the tests . Brion James portrays Leon Kowalski , a combat replicant , and Joanna Cassidy portrays Zhora , an assassin replicant . Edward James Olmos portrays Gaff . Olmos used his diverse ethnic background , and personal research , to help create the fictional `` Cityspeak '' language his character uses in the film . His initial address to Deckard at the noodle bar is partly in Hungarian and means , `` Horse dick ( bullshit ) ! No way . You are the Blade ... Blade Runner . '' M. Emmet Walsh plays Captain Bryant , a hard - drinking , sleazy , and underhanded police veteran typical of the film noir genre . Joe Turkel portrays Dr. Eldon Tyrell , a corporate mogul who built an empire on genetically manipulated humanoid slaves . William Sanderson was cast as J.F. Sebastian , a quiet and lonely genius who provides a compassionate yet compliant portrait of humanity . J. F. sympathizes with the replicants , whom he sees as companions , and shares their shorter lifespan due to his rapid aging disease ; Joe Pantoliano was considered for the role . James Hong portrays Hannibal Chew , an elderly geneticist specializing in synthetic eyes , and Hy Pyke portrays the sleazy bar owner Taffey Lewis with ease and in a single take , something almost unheard - of with Scott whose drive for perfection resulted at times in double - digit takes . Development The Bradbury Building in Los Angeles was a filming location . Interest in adapting Philip K. Dick 's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? developed shortly after its 1968 publication . Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel , but never optioned it . Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s , but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb 's son Robert : `` Jaffe 's screenplay was so terribly done ... Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project . And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was , ' Shall I beat you up here at the airport , or shall I beat you up back at my apartment ? ' '' The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977 . Producer Michael Deeley became interested in Fancher 's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it . Scott had previously declined the project , but after leaving the slow production of Dune , wanted a faster - paced project to take his mind off his older brother 's recent death . He joined the project on February 21 , 1980 , and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US $13 million to $15 million . Fancher 's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion , which are prominent in the novel and Scott wanted changes . Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S. Burroughs for Alan E. Nourse 's novel The Bladerunner ( 1974 ) , titled Blade Runner ( a movie ) . Scott liked the name , so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles . Eventually he hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21 , 1980 , although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites . Having invested over $2.5 million in pre-production , as the date of commencement of principal photography neared , Filmways withdrew financial backing . In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three - way deal between The Ladd Company ( through Warner Bros . ) , the Hong Kong - based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions . Dick became concerned that no one had informed him about the film 's production , which added to his distrust of Hollywood . After Dick criticized an early version of Fancher 's script in an article written for the Los Angeles Select TV Guide , the studio sent Dick the Peoples rewrite . Although Dick died shortly before the film 's release , he was pleased with the rewritten script and with a 20 - minute special effects test reel that was screened for him when he was invited to the studio . Despite his well - known skepticism of Hollywood in principle , Dick enthused to Scott that the world created for the film looked exactly as he had imagined it . He said , `` I saw a segment of Douglas Trumbull 's special effects for Blade Runner on the KNBC - TV news . I recognized it immediately . It was my own interior world . They caught it perfectly . '' He also approved of the film 's script , saying , `` After I finished reading the screenplay , I got the novel out and looked through it . The two reinforce each other , so that someone who started with the novel would enjoy the movie and someone who started with the movie would enjoy the novel . '' The motion picture was dedicated to Dick . Principal photography of Blade Runner began on March 9 , 1981 , and ended four months later . In 1992 , Ford revealed , `` Blade Runner is not one of my favorite films . I tangled with Ridley . '' Apart from friction with the director , Ford also disliked the voiceovers : `` When we started shooting it had been tacitly agreed that the version of the film that we had agreed upon was the version without voiceover narration . It was af * * king ( sic ) nightmare . I thought that the film had worked without the narration . But now I was stuck re-creating that narration . And I was obliged to do the voiceovers for people that did not represent the director 's interests . '' `` I went kicking and screaming to the studio to record it . '' The narration monologues were written by an uncredited Roland Kibbee . In 2006 , Scott was asked `` Who 's the biggest pain in the arse you 've ever worked with ? '' , he replied : `` It 's got to be Harrison ... he 'll forgive me because now I get on with him . Now he 's become charming . But he knows a lot , that 's the problem . When we worked together it was my first film up and I was the new kid on the block . But we made a good movie . '' Ford said of Scott in 2000 : `` I admire his work . We had a bad patch there , and I 'm over it . '' In 2006 Ford reflected on the production of the film saying : `` What I remember more than anything else when I see Blade Runner is not the 50 nights of shooting in the rain , but the voiceover ... I was still obliged to work for these clowns that came in writing one bad voiceover after another . '' Ridley Scott confirmed in the summer 2007 issue of Total Film that Harrison Ford contributed to the Blade Runner Special Edition DVD , and had already recorded his interviews . `` Harrison 's fully on board '' , said Scott . The Bradbury Building in downtown Los Angeles served as a filming location , and a Warner Bros. backlot housed the LA 2019 streets . Other locations included the Ennis - Brown House and the 2nd Street Tunnel . Test screenings resulted in several changes including adding a voice - over , a happy ending and the removal of a Holden hospital scene . The relationship between the filmmakers and the investors was difficult , which culminated in Deeley and Scott being fired but still working on the film . Crew members created T - shirts during filming saying , `` Yes Guv'nor , My Ass '' that mocked Scott 's unfavorable comparison of U.S. and British crews ; Scott responded with a T - shirt of his own , `` Xenophobia Sucks '' making the incident known as the T - shirt war . Design Ridley Scott credits Edward Hopper 's painting Nighthawks and the French science fiction comics magazine Métal Hurlant , to which the artist Mœbius contributed , as stylistic mood sources . He also drew on the landscape of `` Hong Kong on a very bad day '' and the industrial landscape of his one - time home in northeast England . The visual style of the movie is influenced by the work of futurist Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia . Scott hired Syd Mead as his concept artist who , like Scott , was influenced by Métal Hurlant . Moebius was offered the opportunity to assist in the pre-production of Blade Runner , but he declined so that he could work on René Laloux 's animated film Les Maîtres du temps -- a decision that he later regretted . Production designer Lawrence G. Paull and art director David Snyder realized Scott 's and Mead 's sketches . Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich supervised the special effects for the film . Blade Runner has numerous deep similarities to Fritz Lang 's Metropolis , including a built - up urban environment , in which the wealthy literally live above the workers , dominated by a huge building -- the Stadtkrone Tower in Metropolis and the Tyrell Building in Blade Runner . Special effects supervisor David Dryer used stills from Metropolis when lining up Blade Runner 's miniature building shots . The extended end scene in the original theatrical release shows Rachael and Deckard traveling into daylight with pastoral aerial shots filmed by director Stanley Kubrick . Ridley Scott contacted Kubrick about using some of his surplus helicopter aerial photography from The Shining . `` Spinner '' is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in the film . A spinner can be driven as a ground - based vehicle , and take off vertically , hover , and cruise using jet propulsion much like vertical take - off and landing ( VTOL ) aircraft . They are used extensively by the police to patrol and survey the population , and it is clear that despite restrictions wealthy people can acquire spinner licenses . The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an `` aerodyne '' -- a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet , and anti-gravity '' Mead 's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 working vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield . A spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle , Washington . Voigt - Kampff machine A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body . The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect . The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements . -- Description from the original press kit . The Voigt - Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool , originating from the novel . The Voigt - Kampff is a polygraph - like machine used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant . It measures bodily functions such as respiration , blush response , heart rate and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy . ( Tyrell states : `` Capillary dilation of the so - called blush response ? Fluctuation of the pupil ? Involuntary dilation of the iris ? '' ) In the film two replicants take the test , Leon and Rachael , and Deckard tells Tyrell that it usually takes 20 to 30 cross-referenced questions to distinguish a replicant ; in contrast with the book , where it is stated it only takes `` six or seven '' questions to make a determination . In the film it takes more than one hundred questions to determine that Rachael is a replicant . Music Main article : Blade Runner ( soundtrack ) The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film - noir retro - future envisioned by Ridley Scott . Vangelis , fresh from his Academy Award - winning score for Chariots of Fire , composed and performed the music on his synthesizers . He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos . Another memorable sound is the haunting tenor sax solo `` Love Theme '' by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey , who performed on many of Vangelis 's albums . Ridley Scott also used `` Memories of Green '' from the Vangelis album See You Later , an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me . Along with Vangelis ' compositions and ambient textures , the film 's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia -- `` Ogi no Mato '' or `` The Folding Fan as a Target '' from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music -- and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from `` Harps of the Ancient Temples '' on Laurel Records . Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1983 for a BAFTA and Golden Globe as best original score , and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film , the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade . There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner . In light of the lack of a release of an album , the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original . Some of the film tracks would , in 1989 , surface on the compilation Vangelis : Themes , but not until the 1992 release of the Director 's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film 's score see commercial release . These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years . A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings , and in 1993 `` Off World Music , Ltd '' created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis ' official CD in 1994 . A set with three CDs of Blade Runner - related Vangelis music was released in 2007 . Titled Blade Runner Trilogy , the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release , the second features previously unreleased music from the movie , and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis , inspired by , and in the spirit of the movie . Special effects The film 's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best of all time , using the available ( non-digital ) technology to the fullest . In addition to matte paintings and models , the techniques employed included multipass exposures . In some scenes , the set was lit , shot , the film rewound , and then rerecorded over with different lighting . In some cases this was done 16 times in all . The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers . Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Release Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25 , 1982 . That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest - grossing films ( Star Wars and Alien ) had a similar opening date ( May 25 ) in 1977 and 1979 , making the 25th of the month his `` lucky day '' . Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales according to contemporary reports ; earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters . The film was released close to other major sci - fi / fantasy releases such as The Thing , Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , Conan the Barbarian and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Critical reception Initial reactions among film critics were mixed . Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film 's special effects , and did not fit the studio 's marketing as an action / adventure movie . Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time . Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace . Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it `` Blade Crawler '' , and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as `` science fiction pornography '' . Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci - fi vision , yet criticized the film 's lack of development in `` human terms '' . Academics began writing analyses of the film almost as soon as it was released , and the boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film , which scholars have dissected for its dystopic aspects , its questions regarding `` authentic '' humanity , its ecofeminist aspects , and its use of conventions from multiple genres . Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released . Roger Ebert praised the visuals of both the original and the Director 's Cut versions and recommended it for that reason ; however , he found the human story clichéd and a little thin . He later added The Final Cut to his `` Great Movies '' list . Critic Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin theorized that Blade Runner changed cinematic and cultural discourse through its image repertoire , and subsequent influence on films . In 2012 , Time film critic Richard Corliss surgically analyzed the durability , complexity , screenplay , sets and production dynamics from a personal , three - decade perspective . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , Blade Runner holds an approval rating of 90 % based on 106 reviews , with an average rating of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Misunderstood when it first hit theaters , the influence of Ridley Scott 's mysterious , neo-noir Blade Runner has deepened with time . A visually remarkable , achingly human sci - fi masterpiece . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 89 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Denis Villeneuve , who directed the sequel , Blade Runner 2049 , cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others . Accolades Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards : Year Award Category Nominee Result 1982 British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography Jordan Cronenweth Nominated Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Cinematography Won British Academy Film Awards Best Cinematography Won Best Costume Design Charles Knode and Michael Kaplan Won Best Editing Terry Rawlings Nominated Best Film Music Vangelis Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Marvin Westmore Nominated Best Production Design Lawrence G. Paull Won Best Sound Peter Pennell , Bud Alper , Graham V. Hartstone , and Gerry Humphreys Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull , Richard Yuricich , and David Dryer Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation Blade Runner Won London Film Critics ' Circle Special Achievement Award Lawrence G. Paull , Douglas Trumbull , and Syd Mead Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Vangelis Nominated Academy Awards Best Art Direction - Set Decoration Lawrence G. Paull , David Snyder , and Linda DeScenna Nominated Best Effects , Visual Effects Douglas Trumbull , Richard Yuricich , and David Dryer Nominated Saturn Award Best Director Ridley Scott Nominated Best Science Fiction Film Blade Runner Nominated Best Special Effects Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich Nominated Best Supporting Actor Rutger Hauer Nominated Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Ridley Scott Nominated Versions Main article : Versions of Blade Runner Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown . The original workprint version ( 1982 , 113 minutes ) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982 . Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U.S. theatrical version . The workprint was shown as a director 's cut without Scott 's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990 , at an AMPAS showing in April 1991 , and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles NuArt Theater and the San Francisco Castro Theatre . Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director 's cut . A San Diego Sneak Preview was shown only once , in May 1982 , and was almost identical to the U.S. theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version , including the 2007 Final Cut . Two versions were shown in the film 's 1982 theatrical release : the U.S. theatrical version ( 117 minutes ) , known as the original version or Domestic Cut ( released on Betamax , CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983 , and on LaserDisc in 1987 ) , and the International Cut ( 117 minutes ) , also known as the `` Criterion Edition '' or `` uncut version '' , which included more violent action scenes than the U.S. version . Although initially unavailable in the U.S. and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Video Laserdisc releases , the International Cut was later released on VHS and Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America , and re-released in 1992 as a `` 10th Anniversary Edition '' . Ridley Scott 's Director 's Cut ( 1991 , 116 minutes ) was made available on VHS and Laserdisc in 1993 , and on DVD in 1997 . Significant changes from the theatrical version include the removal of Deckard 's voice - over ; the re-insertion of the unicorn sequence , and the removal of the studio - imposed happy ending . Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros. through film preservationist Michael Arick , who was put in charge of creating the Director 's Cut . Scott 's The Final Cut ( 2007 , 117 minutes ) was released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5 , 2007 , and subsequently released on DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray Disc in December 2007 . This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control . Year Award Category Nominee Result Fantasporto International Fantasy Film Award Best Film -- Ridley Scott ( Director 's Cut ) Nominated Saturn Award Best Genre Video Release Blade Runner ( Director 's Cut ) Nominated 2008 Saturn Award Best DVD Special Edition Release Blade Runner ( 5 - Disc Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) Won Legacy A police spinner flying beside enormous skyscrapers , some with electronic billboards on them . Special effects such as these were benchmarks , and have been highly influential on the aesthetics of subsequent sci - fi movies . A `` spinner '' ( police variant ) on display at Disney - MGM Studios in 2006 Cultural impact See also : Tears in rain monologue While not initially a success with North American audiences , Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following . The film 's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films , video games , anime , and television programs . For example , Ronald D. Moore and David Eick , the producers of the re-imagining of Battlestar Galactica , have both cited Blade Runner as one of the major influences for the show . The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses . In 2007 , it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society . The film has also been the subject of parody , such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics , Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci , and the Red Dwarf 2009 three - part miniseries `` Back to Earth '' . Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns , and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time . It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists . Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell film series , which itself has been highly influential to the future - noir genre . Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunk movement . It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk , which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering . The dialog and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century . The 2009 album I , Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film , and even features a track titled `` Replicant '' . Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector , designer of the video game Deus Ex , which displays evidence of the film 's influence in both its visual rendering and plot . Indeed , the film 's look -- and in particular its overall darkness , preponderance of neon lights , and opaque visuals -- are easier to render than complicated backdrops , making it a popular reference point for video game designers . It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher ; Rise of the Dragon ; Snatcher ; the Tex Murphy series ; Beneath a Steel Sky ; Flashback : The Quest for Identity ; Bubblegum Crisis ( and its original anime films ) ; the role - playing game Shadowrun ; the first - person shooter Perfect Dark , and the Syndicate series of video games . Among the folklore that has developed around the film over the years , there is a belief that Blade Runner cursed the companies whose logos were displayed prominently as product placement . While they were market leaders at the time , Atari , Bell , Cuisinart , and Pan Am all experienced setbacks after the film 's release . The Coca - Cola Company suffered losses when it introduced New Coke in 1985 , but soon regained market share . Media recognitions for Blade Runner include : Year Presenter Title Rank Notes The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th Century 94 2002 Online Film Critics Society ( OFCS ) Top 100 Sci - fi Films of the Past 100 Years Sight & Sound Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 45 <Td_colspan="2"> 50 Klassiker , Film None 2003 <Td_colspan="2"> 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die Entertainment Weekly The Top 50 Cult Movies 9 The Guardian , Scientists Top 10 Sci - fi Films of All Time 2005 Total Film 's Editors 100 Greatest Movies of All Time 47 Time Magazine 's Critics `` All - TIME '' 100 Best Movies None 2008 New Scientist All - time favorite science fiction film ( readers and staff ) Empire The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 20 IGN Top 25 Sci - Fi Movies of All Time Total Film 100 Greatest Movies of All Time None 2012 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 critics top 250 films 69 Sight & Sound Sight & Sound 2012 directors top 100 films 67 2014 Empire The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time 11 American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- No. 74 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 97 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 6 Science Fiction Film In other media Before filming began , Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M. Sammon to write an article about Blade Runner 's production which became the book Future Noir : The Making of Blade Runner . The book chronicles Blade Runner 's evolution , focusing on film - set politics , especially the British director 's experiences with his first American film crew ; of which producer Alan Ladd , Jr. has said , `` Harrison would n't speak to Ridley and Ridley would n't speak to Harrison . By the end of the shoot Ford was ' ready to kill Ridley ' , said one colleague . He really would have taken him on if he had n't been talked out of it . '' Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences , and photographs of the film 's production and preliminary sketches . A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007 . Philip K. Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization , saying : `` ( I was ) told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve - year - old audience '' and it `` would have probably been disastrous to me artistically '' . He added , `` That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization -- they were just furious . They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel , even though it cost them money . It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles . '' Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? was eventually reprinted as a tie - in , with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title . Additionally , a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner : A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982 . Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation , A Marvel Super Special : Blade Runner , published in September 1982 . There are two video games based on the film , one from 1985 for Commodore 64 , Sinclair ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC based on the music by Vangelis ( due to licensing issues ) , and another action adventure PC game from 1997 by Westwood Studios . The 1997 video game featured new characters and branching storylines based on the Blade Runner world . Eldon Tyrell , Gaff , Leon , Rachael , Chew , and J.F. Sebastian appear , and their voice files are recorded by the original actors . The player assumes the role of McCoy , another replicant - hunter working at the same time as Deckard . The PC game featured a non-linear plot , non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI , and an unusual pseudo-3D engine ( which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements ) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game . The television film Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin - off of the film Total Recall , and would eventually be transformed into a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner . The Total Recall film was also based on a Philip K. Dick story , `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ; many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted , as well as apparent inspiration from Isaac Asimov 's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo . Documentaries The film has been the subject of several documentaries . On the Edge of Blade Runner ( 2000 , 55 minutes ) was directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted / written by Mark Kermode . Interviews with production staff , including Scott , give details of the creative process and the turmoil during preproduction . Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher . Future Shocks ( 2003 , 27 minutes ) is a documentary by TVOntario . It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin , Syd Mead , and the cast , and commentary by science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer and from film critics . Dangerous Days : Making Blade Runner ( 2007 , 213 minutes ) is a documentary directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film . Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews , including extensive conversations with Ford , Young , and Scott . The documentary is presented in eight chapters , with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process . The final chapter examines Blade Runner 's controversial legacy . All Our Variant Futures : From Workprint to Final Cut ( 2007 , 29 minutes ) produced by Paul Prischman , appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector 's Edition and provides an overview of the film 's multiple versions and their origins , as well as detailing the seven - year - long restoration , enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut . Sequels Books Dick 's friend K.W. Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard 's story , attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? These are Blade Runner 2 : The Edge of Human ( 1995 ) , Blade Runner 3 : Replicant Night ( 1996 ) , and Blade Runner 4 : Eye and Talon ( 2000 ) . Film Main article : Blade Runner 2049 Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from Prometheus ( 2012 ) , a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell , Chief Executive Officer of the Tyrell Corporation Blade Runner cowriter David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier , which he referred to as a `` sidequel '' or spiritual successor to the original film ; the two are set in a shared universe . A bonus feature on the DVD for Prometheus , the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe , states that Eldon Tyrell , CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation , was the mentor of Guy Pearce 's character Peter Weyland . On March 3 , 2011 , it was reported that Alcon Entertainment , a production company financed by Warner Bros. , was `` in final discussions to secure film , television and ancillary franchise rights to produce prequels and sequels to the iconic 1982 science - fiction thriller Blade Runner . '' It was also reported that month that Christopher Nolan was desired as director . In August 2011 , Scott was set to direct a new film ; at the same time , producer Andrew Kosove indicated Harrison Ford was unlikely to be involved . Scott outlined that the film was `` liable to be a sequel '' , but that it would not have any actors from the original cast . By February 2015 , Scott had switched to an executive producer 's role , with Denis Villeneuve directing . It was reported Ford would in fact return , along with original writer Hampton Fancher ; the Oscar - nominated cinematographer Roger Deakins was also attached , and Ryan Gosling would be in a starring role . The film entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film . Originally slated for release in January 2018 , Blade Runner 2049 was released on October 6 , 2017 . See also 1980s portal Film portal Greater Los Angeles portal Science fiction portal Arcology Biorobotics Natural City Synthetic biology Tech noir References Informational notes Jump up ^ Sebastian 's death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film . Jump up ^ Some editions of Nourse 's novel use the two - word spacing Blade Runner , as does the Burroughs book . Jump up ^ See also Tears in rain monologue § Music . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` BLADE RUNNER '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 27 , 1982 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blade Runner '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blade Runner -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information , The Numbers , archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 , retrieved December 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ Blade Runner : The Final Cut ( 2007 ) , Box Office Mojo , archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 , retrieved April 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sammon , p. 175 Jump up ^ Blade Runner : The Final Cut ( Ending Credits ) ( DVD ) , Warner Bros. , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , Aaron `` Reel Toads and Imaginary Cities : Philip K. Dick , Blade Runner and the Contemporary Science Fiction Movie '' in Brooker , pp. 43 -- 58 Jump up ^ Jermyn , Deborah `` The Rachael Papers : In Search of Blade Runners Femme Fatale '' in Brooker , pp. 159 -- 172 Jump up ^ Jenkins , Mary ( 1997 ) , `` The Dystopian World of Blade Runner : An Ecofeminist Perspective '' , Trumpeter , 14 ( 4 ) , retrieved July 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kerman , Judith B. `` Post-Millennium Blade Runner '' in Brooker , pp. 31 -- 39 ^ Jump up to : Alessio , Dominic `` Redemption , ' Race ' , Religion , Reality and the Far - Right : Science Fiction Film Adaptations of Philip K. 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Dick 's Do Android 's Dream of Electric Sheep ? , Bowling Green University Popular Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 510 - 5 Jump up ^ Bukatman , pp. 80 -- 83 Jump up ^ Sammon , p. 362 Jump up ^ Peary , Danny ( 1984 ) , `` Directing Alien and Blade Runner : An Interview with Ridley Scott '' , Omni 's Screen Flights / Screen Fantasies : The Future According to Science Fiction , Garden City : Dolphin , pp. 293 -- 302 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19202 - 6 Jump up ^ Kaplan , Fred ( September 30 , 2007 ) , `` A Cult Classic Restored , Again '' , The New York Times , archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 , retrieved July 27 , 2011 , The film 's theme of dehumanization has also been sharpened . What has been a matter of speculation and debate is now a certainty : Deckard , the replicant - hunting cop , is himself a replicant . Mr. Scott confirmed this : ' Yes , he 's a replicant . He was always a replicant . 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( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Blade Runner Sequel Moved Ahead To October 2017 '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2016 . Bibliography Brooker , Will , ed. ( 2005 ) , The Blade Runner Experience , London : Wallflower , ISBN 978 - 1 - 904764 - 30 - 4 Bukatman , Scott ( 1997 ) , BFI Modern Classics : Blade Runner , London : BFI ( British Film Institute ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 623 - 8 Macarthur , David ( 2017 ) , `` '' A Vision of Blindness `` : Bladerunner and Moral Redemption '' , Film Philosophy , Edinburgh University Press , 21 ( 3 ) Sammon , Paul M. ( 1996 ) , Future Noir : the Making of Blade Runner , London : Orion Media , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 105314 - 6 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Blade Runner Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blade Runner . Official website Blade Runner on IMDb Blade Runner at the TCM Movie Database Blade Runner at Box Office Mojo Blade Runner at Rotten Tomatoes Blade Runner at Metacritic Blade Runner at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) <Th_colspan="2"> Blade Runner <Td_colspan="2"> Adaptation of a work by Philip K. Dick Novels Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? The Edge of Human Replicant Night Eye and Talon Feature films Blade Runner themes versions soundtrack tears in rain monologue Blade Runner 2049 soundtrack Short films 2036 : Nexus Dawn 2048 : Nowhere to Run Blade Runner Black Out 2022 Video games Blade Runner ( 1985 ) Blade Runner ( 1997 ) Comics A Marvel Comics Super Special : Blade Runner Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( comic book ) Dust To Dust Characters Rick Deckard Replicants <Td_colspan="2"> Category <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Ridley Scott Feature films The Duellists ( 1977 ) Alien ( 1979 ) Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Legend ( 1985 ) Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) Black Rain ( 1989 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) White Squall ( 1996 ) G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Hannibal ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) A Good Year ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Body of Lies ( 2008 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) Prometheus ( 2012 ) The Counselor ( 2013 ) Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) Other work Boy and Bicycle ( 1965 ; short film ) 1984 ( 1984 ; advertisement ) Unrealized projects <Th_colspan="2"> Films written by David Peoples <Td_colspan="2"> The Day After Trinity ( with Janet Peoples ) ( 1980 ) Blade Runner ( with Hampton Fancher ) ( 1982 ) Ladyhawke ( with Tom Mankiewicz , Michael Thomas and Edward Khmara ) ( 1985 ) Leviathan ( with Jeb Stuart ) ( 1989 ) The Blood of Heroes ( 1989 ) Fatal Sky ( as Anthony Able ) ( 1990 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Hero ( 1992 ) 12 Monkeys ( with Janet Peoples ) ( 1995 ) Soldier ( 1998 ) Unforgiven ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation <Td_colspan="2"> The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) VIAF : 223740890 LCCN : n91079105 GND : 4375475 - 2 SUDOC : 096301678 BNF : cb125682679 ( data ) BIBSYS : 98065801 BNE : XX3638900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blade_Runner&oldid=812336892 '' Categories : 1982 films English - language films Blade Runner American films 1980s science fiction films American science fiction films Neo-noir Android ( robot ) films Biopunk films Cyberpunk films Detective films Dystopian films Postmodern films Warner Bros. films The Ladd Company films Shaw Brothers Studio films Films directed by Ridley Scott Films based on works by Philip K. Dick Screenplays by David Peoples Films scored by Vangelis United States National Film Registry films Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation winning works BAFTA winners ( films ) Biorobotics in fiction Climate change films Flying cars in fiction Genetic engineering in fiction Films about altered memories Films set in 2019 Films set in the future Films set in Los Angeles Films shot in England Films shot in Los Angeles Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 08 : 08 . 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1. Blade Runner (1982 film) 2. Neo-noir science fiction 3. Replicants and bioengineering 4. Dystopian Los Angeles in 2019 5. Ambiguity of humanity and identity