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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhola%20Monastery

Gandhola Monastery

Introduction

Gandhola Monastery (Gaṅdolā, also called Gondla, Gondhla, Kundlah, or Guru Ghantal Gompa) is about before Keylong in Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India on the road from Manali, Himachal Pradesh. It is located on a hill above Tupchiling Village at the sacred junction of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers, which together form the Chandrabhaga or Chenab River. The village is at 3,160 m (10,370 ft) and is famous for its 7-storey tower fort.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhola%20Monastery

Gandhola Monastery

History

Gandhola Monastery (Gaṅdolā, also called Gondla, Gondhla, Kundlah, or Guru Ghantal Gompa) is about before Keylong in Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India on the road from Manali, Himachal Pradesh. It is located on a hill above Tupchiling Village at the sacred junction of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers, which together form the Chandrabhaga or Chenab River. The village is at 3,160 m (10,370 ft) and is famous for its 7-storey tower fort.

The monastery is said to have been founded by Padmasambhava in the 8th century. It is now connected with the Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism, but its history long precedes the formation of that sect. According to local tradition and also the terma, the Padma bka'i thang, discovered in 1326 in the Yarlung Valley by Urgyan Lingpa, the site was associated with Padmasambhava. But the site was a Buddhist establishment even earlier than that: A chased copper goblet dated to the first century BCE was found here in 1857 by a Major Hay and is considered to be evidence of Buddhist monks' cells being located in a cave monastery at that time. The frieze on the vase denotes a chariot procession and is considered one of the oldest examples of metalwork to be decorated in this way in India. Known as the Kulu Vase, it is now kept in the British Museum. A damaged marble head of Avalokiteśvara also found here, is kept in the Guru Ghantal Monastery itself, and is claimed to date back to the time of Nagarjuna in the second century. This seems to be the only monastery in the region other than Sani Monastery in Zanskar which has a history which is claimed to go back to the era of the Kushan Empire. There is also a black stone image of the goddess Vajreśvarī Devī (), and a wooden statue of the Buddha said to have been installed by the monk Rinchen Zangpo (958-1055), a famous lotsawa (translator of Sanskrit Buddhist texts). The monastery was originally probably a larger complex of purely Indian style of which nothing now remains. The present structure is two-storied, 17.3 x 11.6 metres facing the northwest. The Assembly Hall or is on the ground floor. In 1959 the monastery underwent extensive repairs and a small pagoda roof of Kangra slates was added in a rather haphazard manner, which is surrounded by the mud roof which covers the monks' cells and kitchen on the second floor. The monastery has distinctive wooden (as opposed to clay) idols of Padmasambhava, Brijeshwari Devi and several other lamas. Gandhola, like all the Drukpa monasteries in Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti, owes allegiance to the 12th Gyalwang Drukpa, abbot of Hemis Monastery in Ladakh, who, in turn, owes allegiance to the head of the order in Bhutan. Gandhola is also famous for its seven story fort with alternating layers of stone and timber, which was once the seat of the local ṭhākur or chieftain, but is no longer occupied. It is a walk from the village of Tupchilling, in which the monastery is set. it was built by Raja Man Singh, the ruler of the Kulu Kingdom in the early 1700s as a castle for the local ṭhākur.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhola%20Monastery

Gandhola Monastery

References

Gandhola Monastery (Gaṅdolā, also called Gondla, Gondhla, Kundlah, or Guru Ghantal Gompa) is about before Keylong in Lahaul and Spiti district, Himachal Pradesh, India on the road from Manali, Himachal Pradesh. It is located on a hill above Tupchiling Village at the sacred junction of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers, which together form the Chandrabhaga or Chenab River. The village is at 3,160 m (10,370 ft) and is famous for its 7-storey tower fort.

Handa, O. C. (1987). Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. . Kapadia, Harish. (1999). Spiti: Adventures in the Trans-Himalaya. Second Edition. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. . Janet Rizvi. (1996). Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. . Cunningham, Alexander. (1854). LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries. London. Reprint: Sagar Publications (1977). Francke, A. H. (1977). A History of Ladakh. (Originally published as, A History of Western Tibet, (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. Francke, A. H. (1914, 1926). Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi. Rose, H. A., et al. (1911). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Reprint 1990. Asian Educational Services. . Sarina Singh, et al. India. (2007). 12th Edition. Lonely Planet. . Category:Buddhist monasteries in Himachal Pradesh Category:996 establishments Category:Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples Category:Buddhism in Lahaul and Spiti district Category:10th-century establishments in India Category:Buildings and structures in Lahaul and Spiti district

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%20You%2C%20See%20Me

See You, See Me

Introduction

See you, See me is an Educational programme set in Scotland. It aired on BBC2 for several series between 1993 and 2005. The equivalent programme broadcast from London was Zig Zag, as both series focused on the 7 – 9 age group. Some early episodes were 15 minutes in length, while most programmes were 20 minutes. Grant Stott and Wilma Kennedy were the presenters from the beginning until the 2000s. Three series involved exploring Scottish Physical Features which saw the arrival of Goggs the Alien and Tess McCalli. Tess had a call from an American man called Mr Penneny who lived in New York City. Mr Penneny wanted to find out about the Central Lowlands where See you, See me is filmed. Series 4 was Aired in 2005 and starred Katrina Bryan and Gavin Mitchell. The latest series was presented by James MacKenzie who explored the geography and the history of Scotland.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See%20You%2C%20See%20Me

See You, See Me

Episodes

See you, See me is an Educational programme set in Scotland. It aired on BBC2 for several series between 1993 and 2005. The equivalent programme broadcast from London was Zig Zag, as both series focused on the 7 – 9 age group. Some early episodes were 15 minutes in length, while most programmes were 20 minutes. Grant Stott and Wilma Kennedy were the presenters from the beginning until the 2000s. Three series involved exploring Scottish Physical Features which saw the arrival of Goggs the Alien and Tess McCalli. Tess had a call from an American man called Mr Penneny who lived in New York City. Mr Penneny wanted to find out about the Central Lowlands where See you, See me is filmed. Series 4 was Aired in 2005 and starred Katrina Bryan and Gavin Mitchell. The latest series was presented by James MacKenzie who explored the geography and the history of Scotland.

First broadcast in 1994 episodes: Romans in Scotland (15 minute episodes) (repeated in 2000) Programme 1 Frontier people Programme 2 Home Programme 3 Food Programme 4 Health Programme 5 Trade First broadcast in Autumn 1995 episodes: 1960's Programme 1 Entertainment Programme 2 Home life Programme 3 School life Programme 4 Shops and money Programme 5 Transport First broadcast in 1997 episodes: Health 1. Food Is Fun 2. Food Is Fuel 3. Feeling Fine 4. Breathe Easy 5. Being Different Maps 1. Landscape 2. Symbols 3. Farm And Croft 4. Towns 5. Transport Scotland (broadcast Spring 1997) 1. Hill 2. Glen 3. River 4. Moor 5. Sea Loch Weather 1. Weather: Rain And Snow 2. Weather: Sun And Wind 3. Weather Music 4. Weather: Art 5. Weather: Movement First broadcast in 1998 episodes: Vikings 1. Sea (12,13 January 1998) 2. Invaders (19, 20 January 1998) 3. Home And Settlements (26, 27 January 1998) 4. Women And Girls (2, 3 February 1998) 5. Trade And Crafts (9, 10, 16, 17 February 1998) Design 1. Designing Your Clothes (23, 24 February) 2. Designing Your Place (2, 3 March) 3. Designing Your Environment (9, 10 March) 4. Designing To Tell (16, 17 March) 5. Designing To Entertain (23, 24 March) Networks 1. Getting Around Town 2. Getting Out of Town 3. Goods on the Move 1 4. Goods on the Move 2 5. Eurolinks Castles 1. Building A Castle 2. Living in a Castle 3. Castle Under Siege 4. Castle Banquet 5. Castle at Leisure First broadcast in 1999 episodes: Money 1. What Is Money? 2. What Is A Bank? 3. Money at Work Where We Live 1. Falkirk And Stromness 1 2. Falkirk And Stromness 2 First broadcast in 2000 episodes: Farming 1. On The Farm 2. Farmer's Year Space 1. Solar System 2. Sun And Moon 3. Space Quest Scotland's Inventors 1. Communication – John Logie Baird 2. Transport – James Watt 3. Medicine – Alexander Fleming Cycle into Europe 1. Good Cycling 2. In The Town 3. In The Country Buildings of Faith 1. Christian Church 2. Jewish Synagogue 3. Moslem Mosque 4. Sikh Gurdwara Autumn 2001 1 Money Programme 1. What Is Money? Programme 2. What Is A Bank? Programme 3. Money at Work 2 Picts and Scots Programme 1 The Picts Programme 2 The Scotti Programme 3 The New Scots 3 Transport Networks Programme 1 Getting around town Programme 2 Getting out of town Programme 3 Goods on the move I – rail and sea links Programme 4 Goods on the move II – road links Programme 5 Euro links Spring 2002 1 The Vikings Programme 1 The sea Programme 2 Invaders Programme 3 Homes Programme 4 Women and girls Programme 5 Trade and crafts Autumn 2002 1 Scotland's Inventors 2 Weather – People and Place Spring 2003 1 Are you eco-friendly? Programme 1 The seashore Programme 2 The river Programme 3 The town Programme 4 The forest Programme 5 The mountain 2 Castles Programme 1 Building a castle Programme 2 Living in a castle Programme 3 Castle under siege Programme 4 A castle banquet Programme 5 A castle at leisure Autumn 2003 1 Buildings of Faith Programme 1. Christian Church Programme 2. Jewish Synagogue Programme 3. Moslem Mosque Programme 4. Sikh Gurdwara 2 Cycle into Europe Programme One Safe cycling Programme Two in town Programme Three The countryside Autumn 2004 1 Scotland's Inventors Programme 1 Communication Programme 2 Transport Programme 3 Medicine 2 Skara Brae Programme 1 The evidence Programme 2 The discovery 4 Farming 5 Space Programme 1. Solar System Programme 2. Sun And Moon Programme 3. Space Quest Spring 2005 1 Scottish physical features part 2 – The Central Lowlands Programme 1 Powerful Places Programme 2 Restless Rivers Programme 3 Volcanic Scotland 2 Weather – People and place Programme 1. Rain and Snow 17 January: 1030–1050 Programme 2. Sun and Wind 17 January: 1050–1110 Autumn 2005 1 Citizenship: making decisions Programme 1 at home with decisions Programme 2 Out and about with T.O.P.S. 2 Are you eco-friendly? Programme 1 The seashore Programme 2 The river Programme 3 The town Programme 4 The forest Programme 5 The mountain 3 Money Programme 1 What is money? Programme 2 What is a bank? Programme 3 Making and spending money Spring 2006 1 Scottish physical features part 3 – The Southern Uplands 2 Risk Programme 1 Living dangerously Programme 2 Stick to your guns Autumn 2006 1 Castles Programme 1 Building a castle Programme 2 Living in a castle Programme 3 Castle under siege Programme 4 A castle banquet Programme 5 A castle at leisure 2 The Highlands and Islands Programme 6 The Grampian Tour Programme 7 The Northern Tour Programme 8 The Island Tour 3 Farming Programme 9 on the farm Programme 10 The farmer's year Spring 2007 Vikings in Scotland Programme 1 The coming of the Norse Programme 2 The success of the Norse Programme 3 The legacy of the Norse Financial capability – Treasure! Programme 4 The bounty and the budget Programme 5 Debts and doubloons Autumn 2007 Buildings of Faith Programme 1 The Jewish Synagogue (15 October) Programme 2 The Sikh Gurdwara Programme 3 The Christian Church (12 November) Programme 4 The Islamic Mosque (19 November) Spring 2008 1 Skara Brae Programme 1 The evidence (10 January) Programme 2 The discovery (17 January) 2 Birds Programme 1 Urban birds (24 January) Programme 2 Rural birds (31 January) Programme 3 Coastal birds (7 February) 3 Central lowlands Programme 1 Powerful Places (28 February) Programme 2 Restless Rivers (6 March) Programme 3 Volcanic Scotland (13 March) 4 Cycle into Europe Cycle into Europe Programme One Safe cycling (29 February) Programme Two in town (7 March) Programme Three The countryside (14 March) Autumn 2008 Financial Capability Mondays 11:40 3 November 2008 The Bounty and the Budget 10 November 2008 Debts and Doubloons The Romans Fridays 11:40 7 November 2008 Programme 1 14 November 2008 Programme 2 Vikings in Scotland Fridays 11:40 21 November 2008 The Coming of the Norse 28 November 2008 The Success of the Norse 5 December 2008 The Legacy of the Norse BBC Scotland Education Teacher Notes 2001 – 2008 Series One 1993 Historic Scotland 1 – 4 September 1993 Historic Scotland 2 – 11 September 1993 Historic Scotland 3 – 18 September 1993 Series Two 1999 Finding out 1 – 1 January 1999 Finding out 2 – 8 January 1999 Finding out 3 – 15 January 1999 Series Three 2004 Decisions 1 – 22 March 2004 Decisions 2 – 29 March 2004 Decisions 3 – 5 April 2004 Series Four 2005 Powerful places – 7 January 2005 Restless Rivers – 14 January 2005 Volcanic Scotland – 21 January 2005 Series Five 2007 – The Vikings of Scotland – 30 March 2007 The history of Loch-ness – 20 April 2007 Roman Scotland – 27 April 2007 Celtic Scotland – 4 May 2007 Scottish cooking – 11 May 2007 Scottish Castles – 18 May 2007 Unknown Tx date: HEALTH AND SAFE LIVING Look out for yourself Making friends In touch ok/not ok Category:BBC Television shows Category:Scottish television shows

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetus%20%28amphibian%29

Capetus (amphibian)

Introduction

Capetus is an extinct genus of temnospondyl from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic. It reached a length of 150 cm.

projected-17325502-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetus%20%28amphibian%29

Capetus (amphibian)

References

Capetus is an extinct genus of temnospondyl from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic. It reached a length of 150 cm.

Sequeira, S. E. K. & Milner, A. R. 1993. The temnospondyl amphibian Capetus from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic. Palaeontology 36, 657–680. Steyer, J. S., Damiani, R., Sidor, C. A., O'Keefe, R., Larsson, H. C. E., Maga, A. & Ide, O. 2006. The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. IV. Nigerpeton ricqlesi (Temnospondyli: Cochleosauridae), and the edopoid colonization of Gondwana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26, 18–28. Category:Carboniferous temnospondyls of Europe Category:Temnospondyls Category:Prehistoric amphibian genera

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Introduction

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

projected-23570740-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Administrator (1787) of the Granville Town Settlement

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

On 14 May 1787, the Province of Freedom was founded by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor for freed slaves. B. Thompson (14 May – September 1787)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Governor (1787–1789) of the Granville Town Settlement

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

On 22 August 1788, the Province of Freedom and land along the Freetown peninsula was granted to Captain John Taylor of . In 1789, it was abandoned. John Taylor (August 1788 – 1789)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Agent (1791–1792) of the new Granville Town Settlement

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

In January 1791, the Granville Town was restored by the St. George Bay Company. Alexander Falconbridge (January 1791 – March 1792)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Superintendent (1792) of the Colony of Sierra Leone and settlement of Freetown

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

In 1792, Freetown was founded as the main town of the newly established Colony of Sierra Leone John Clarkson (March – July 1792)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Governors (1792–1827) of the Colony of Sierra Leone

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

John Clarkson (July – 31 December 1792) William Dawes (31 December 1792 – March 1794) (1st time) Zachary Macaulay (March 1794 – 6 May 1795) (1st time) William Dawes (6 May 1795 – March 1796) (2nd time) Zachary Macaulay (March 1796 – April 1799) (2nd time) John Gray (April – May 1799) (1st time) On 5 July 1799, the Province of Freedom was renamed Sierra Leone. Thomas Ludlam (May 1799 – 1800) (1st time) John Gray (1800 – January 1801) (2nd time) William Dawes (January 1801 – February 1803) (3rd time) William Day (February 1803 – 1803) (1st time) Thomas Ludlam (1803–1805) (2nd time) William Day (1805 – 4 November 1805) (2nd time) On 1 January 1808, Sierra Leone (including coastal area) becomes Crown colony of the United Kingdom, and Sierra Leone Company rule was ended. Thomas Ludlam (1806 – 21 July 1808) (3rd time, acting to 1 January 1808) Thomas Perronet Thompson (21 July 1808 – 12 February 1810) Edward H. Columbine (12 February 1810 – May 1811) Robert Bones (May – 1 July 1811) (acting) Charles William Maxwell (1 July 1811 – July 1815) Charles MacCarthy (July – December 1814) (1st time, acting for Maxwell) J. Mailing (December 1814 – January 1815) (acting for Maxwell) R. Purdie (January – March 1815) (acting for Maxwell) William Appleton (March – June 1815) (acting for Maxwell) Captain Henry Barry Hyde (June – July 1815) (acting for Maxwell) Charles MacCarthy (from 1820, Sir Charles Macarthy) (July 1815 – July 1820) (2nd time, acting to 1 January 1816) Sir Alexander Grant (28 July 1820 – 1 February 1821) (1st time, acting) E. Burke (1 February 1821 – 4 February 1821) (acting) On 17 October 1821, Sierra Leone territory becomes part of British West African Territories. Its Governorship was held simultaneously by Governor (from 1827 until 1837 Lieutenant governor) of Sierra Leone. Sir Alexander Grant (4 February 1821 – 28 November 1821) (2nd time, acting) Sir Charles MacCarthy (November 1821 – 21 January 1824) (3rd time) Daniel Molloy Hamilton (21 January – 5 February 1824) (acting) Major-General Sir Charles Turner (5 February 1824 – 7 March 1826) Kenneth Macaulay (colonialist) and Samuel Smart (1st time) (8 March – August 1826) (acting) Sir Neil Campbell (August 1826 – December 1827)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Lieutenant governors (1827–1837) of the Colony of Sierra Leone

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

Hugh Lumley (December 1827 – 1828) (1st time) Dixon Denham (1828 – 8 May 1828) Hugh Lumley (9 June – July 1828) (2nd time) Samuel Smart (July – November 1828) (2nd time, acting) Major Henry John Ricketts (November 1828 – 1829) (acting) Augustine Fitzgerald Evans (1829–1830) (acting) Alexander Maclean Fraser (1830) (acting) Alexander Findlay (1830 – July 1833) Michael Linning Melville (July – December 1833) (acting) Octavius Temple (December 1833 – 1834) Thomas Cole (1834 – February 1835) (1st time, acting) Henry Dundas Campbell (February 1835 – 1837) Thomas Cole (1837) (2nd time, acting)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

Governors (1837–1961) of the Colony of Sierra Leone

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

Richard Doherty (1837–1840) John Jeremie (1840 – April 1841) John Carr (April – September 1841) (acting) William Fergusson (September 1841 – January 1842) (1st time, acting) George Macdonald (January 1842 – July 1844) William Fergusson (July 1844 – 1845) (2nd time) On 13 January 1850, the British West African Territories was dissolved and Sierra Leone again becomes a separate crown colony. Norman William MacDonald (1845–1852) Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (13 September 1852 – 1854) (1st time) Robert Dougan (1854) (1st time, acting) Sir Stephen John Hill (1854–1855) (1st time) Robert Dougan (1855) (2nd time) Sir Stephen John Hill (1855–1859) (2nd time) Alexander Fitzjames (1859–1860) Sir Stephen John Hill (1860–1861) (3rd time) William Hill and T. H. Smith (1861–1862) (acting) Samuel Wensley Blackall (1862–1865) (1st time) William John Chamberlayne (1865 – 19 February 1866) (acting) On 19 February 1866, Sierra Leone territory becomes part of the British West African Settlements. Its Governorship was held simultaneously by Governor of Sierra Leone. Samuel Wensley Blackall (19 February 1866 – 1867) (2nd time) Gustavus Nigel Kingscote Anker Yonge (1867) (acting) Samuel Wensley Blackall (1867–1868) (3rd time) John Jennings Kendall (1868–1869) (1st time, acting) Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (1869–1871) (2nd time) John Jennings Kendall (1871) (2nd time, acting) Ponsonby Sheppard (1871) (acting) Sir Arthur Edward Kennedy (1871 – January 1872) (3rd time) John Jennings Kendall (January – February 1872) (3rd time, acting) John Pope Hennessy (February 1872 – 7 March 1873) Robert William Keate (7–17 March 1873) Alexander Bravo and Robert William Harley (17 March – 2 October 1873) (acting) Sir Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (2 October 1873 – 4 March 1874) George Berkeley (4 March – 17 December 1874) On 17 December 1874, British West African Settlements was renamed British West Africa Settlements. George French (17 December 1874 – 1875) (acting) Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (1875) (1st time) Sir Samuel Rowe (1875–1876) (1st time) Cornelius Hendricksen Kortright (1876–1877) (2nd time) Horatio James Huggins (1877) (acting) Sir Samuel Rowe (September 1877 – 1880) (2nd time) William Streeten (1880–1881) (acting) Sir Samuel Rowe (1881) (3rd time) Francis Frederick Pinkett (1881) (1st time, acting) Arthur Elibank Havelock (1881–1883) (1st time) Francis Frederick Pinkett (1883) (2nd time, acting) Arthur Elibank Havelock (1883–1884) (2nd time) Arthur M. Tarleton (1884) (acting) Francis Frederick Pinkett (1884–1885) (3rd time, acting) Sir Samuel Rowe (1885–1886) (4th time) Sir James Shaw Hay (1886–1887) (1st time, acting) Sir Samuel Rowe (1887–1888) (5th time) John Meredith Maltby (1888) (1st time, acting) On 28 November 1888, the British West Africa Settlements was dissolved and Sierra Leone again becomes a separate crown colony. Sir James Shaw Hay (1888–1889) (2nd time, acting to 24 November 1888) William Gordon Patchett and Sydney Francis Foster (1889) (acting) John Meredith Maltby (1889–1890) (2nd time) Sir James Shaw Hay (1890–1891) (3rd time) John Joseph Crooks (1891–1892) (acting) William Hollingworth Quayle Jones (1892) (1st time, acting) Francis Fleming (1892–1893) (1st time) William Hollingworth Quayle Jones (1893) (2nd time, acting) Francis Fleming (1893–1894) (2nd time) William Hollingworth Quayle Jones (1894) (3rd time, acting) Frederic Cardew (1894–1895) (1st time) J. E. Caulfield (1895 – 24 August 1895) (1st time, acting) On 24 August 1895, hinterland of Sierra Leone becomes British protectorate, and crown colony was renamed Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate. Frederic Cardew (from 22 June 1897, Sir Frederic Cardew) (24 August 1895 – 1897) (2nd time) James Cassamaijor Gore (1897) (acting) J. E. Caulfield (1897) (2nd time, acting) Sir Frederic Cardew (1897–1899) (3rd time) Matthew Nathan (1899) (acting) Sir Frederic Cardew (1899–1900) (4th time) Caulfield (1900 – 11 December 1900) (3rd time, acting) Sir Charles King-Harman (11 December 1900 – 3 October 1904) Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Thomas Henstock (1902) (acting while King-Harman was in the UK) Colonel John Willoughby Astley Marshall (18 September 1902 – 4 October 1902) (acting while King-Harman was in the UK) Colonel Francis John Graves (4 October 1902 – ) (acting while King-Harman was in the UK) Sir Leslie Probyn (3 October 1904 – 1910) Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (1910–1913) (1st time) Claud Hollis (1913) (acting) Sir Edward Marsh Merewether (1913–1916) (2nd time) Sir Richard James Wilkinson (9 March 1916 – 1921) (1st time) John C. Maxwell (1921) (acting) Sir Richard James Wilkinson (1921 – 4 May 1922) (2nd time) Alexander Ransford Slater (from 1924, Sir Alexander Ransford Slater) (4 May 1922 – 24 September 1927) Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (24 September 1927 – 1929) (1st time) Mark Aitchison Young (1929–1930) (acting) Sir Joseph Aloysius Byrne (1930 – 23 May 1931) (2nd time) Sir Arnold Wienholt Hodson (23 May 1931 – 17 July 1934) Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore (17 July 1934 – 21 May 1937) Sir Douglas James Jardine (21 May 1937 – 5 July 1941) Sir Hubert Craddock Stevenson (5 July 1941 – September 1947) Sir George Beresford-Stooke (September 1947 – December 1952) Sir Robert de Zouche Hall (December 1952 – 1 September 1956) Maurice Henry Dorman (from 2 January 1957, Sir Maurice Henry Dorman) (1 September 1956 – 27 April 1961) In 1961, Sierra Leone achieved independence from the United Kingdom. After independence, the viceroy in Sierra Leone was the Governor-General of Sierra Leone.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

See also

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

History of Sierra Leone President of Sierra Leone List of heads of state of Sierra Leone List of heads of government of Sierra Leone

projected-23570740-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20colonial%20governors%20of%20Sierra%20Leone

List of colonial governors of Sierra Leone

References

This is a list of colonial administrators in Sierra Leone from the establishment of the Province of Freedom Colony by the Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor which lasted between 1787 and 1789 and the list of colonial administrators of the Colony of Sierra Leone and the settlement of Freetown established by the Sierra Leone Company in March 1792 until Sierra Leone's independence in 1961.

Worldstatesmen.org: Sierra Leone Guinness Book of Kings, Rulers & Statesmen, Clive Carpenter, Guinness Superlatives Ltd African States and Rulers, John Stewart, McFarland Sierra Leone Category:British West Africa Category:History of Sierra Leone Category:Political office-holders in Sierra Leone

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Johnson%3A%20Third%20Cowboy%20on%20the%20Right

Ben Johnson: Third Cowboy on the Right

Introduction

Ben Johnson: Third Cowboy on the Right is a 1996 documentary film about the life of actor Ben Johnson. The film was directed by Tom Thurman and written by Thurman and Tom Marksbury.

projected-20461830-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Introduction

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

projected-20461830-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Plot

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

The King (Joo Jin-mo) of Goryeo is married to a Yuan Dynasty princess (Song Ji-hyo), but they do not have any children. There is constant pressure on the King both from the Yuan emperor and his own counselors to produce a crown prince and ensure the continuity of the royal dynasty. The King's palace guard is composed of thirty six young soldiers, led by military commander Hong-rim (Jo In-sung), who is also the King's lover. The King finally decides to charge Hong-rim with a strange commission: penetrate the Queen to impregnate her. Hong-rim and the Queen are uncomfortable accepting the royal order, but they finally comply. However, their relationship does not stop at procreation, but an intense romance soon blossoms between the two, and in this strong intimate relationship there is no place for the King. The two passionate lovers surpass their "official mission" and continue to meet each other at midnight in the library in secret. The King begins to suspect Hong-rim's infidelity and soon gains evidence through his junior commander. To punish them and to also gauge the depth of Hong-rim's affection for the Queen, the King calls the two together to his chamber. The king tells them that he has decided that the Queen will continue to try and beget an heir, but only with another subordinate. The King remains firm in his decision, despite entreaties from both the Queen and Hong-rim. In despair, the Queen attempts to kill herself by slitting her wrists, but fails. In a last-ditch effort to change the King's mind, Hong-rim asks the Queen to stay away from him, and goes to the King to offer his own life in exchange for forgiveness. The King pardons him, believing Hong-rim's claim that his involvement with the Queen was purely lust. He decides to overlook everything that had happened, and instead orders Hong-rim to go away for a while to clear his mind and settle his emotions. The night before Hong-rim's departure, the Queen's personal maid secretly informs him that the Queen wishes to meet him one last time. She also bears news that the Queen has finally conceived a child. Hong-rim sneaks out from the King's bedside to meet the Queen in the library. They end up having passionate sex in the library, but the King realizes what is happening and catches them in flagrante delicto. When the two lovers attempt to save each other by begging the King to kill them and not the other, the King realizes how strong their romantic love for each other is. In a jealous rage, he has Hong-rim castrated and sent to prison. The Queen now realizes that the King will eliminate everyone who knows their secret, so she sends her maid to warn Hong-rim's loyal subordinates, and they manage to free Hong-rim from prison and flee the city with him. Upon learning of the escape, the King demands to know Hong-rim's whereabouts from the Queen, but she refuses to answer. In response, he kills her maid. The King is then informed that the Queen is pregnant, and as the Queen had predicted, he then orders the execution of everyone who knows that he is not the child's father. Only his junior commander, who took over from Hong-rim, is spared. Some time later, and having recovered from his wound, Hong-rim realizes that the Queen is still in the palace and not on the run, as his subordinates were ordered to tell him. Furious, he starts out for the city on horseback, despite their protests, but then he stops in his journey, realizing how futile it would be. However, on returning to the refuge, he finds that his men have been tracked down and captured. At the palace, the King tortures the subordinates to discover the whereabouts of Hong-rim, but they remain silent, so the King has them executed and their heads put up on posts on the palace gates, along with that of the Queen's maid. Her head bears the Queen's necklace, in order to trick Hong-rim into believing the queen is dead and forcing him to return to exact revenge. When Hong-rim returns to the city, he indeed becomes enraged by this sight and determines to kill the King. Disguising himself as a soldier, he enters the palace grounds during the celebrations for the soldier who came back from war and hides out, awaiting his chance to reach the King and kill him. Meanwhile, as the King returns to his private quarters, he encounters the Queen, but he snubs her, and orders his junior commander to escort her back to her room. As the commander is about to leave the Queen's chamber, she warns him that the King will surely have him killed as soon as the baby is born; she then says that if the commander assassinates the King, and her father takes over the throne, she will guarantee that his life will be spared. The junior commander then calls a meeting of his most trusted subordinates and reveals the truth about the King, the Queen and Hong-rim. However, before they can carry out the Queen's plan, Hong-rim goes into action. Ignoring the palace guards, who plead with him to leave before he is captured and killed, he fights his way to the King's quarters, cutting down all who oppose him. Reaching the King's chamber, Hong-rim confronts the King and demands that he fight him. An intense duel ensues, during which Hong-rim slashes through the King's favorite painting, which depicts him and Hong-rim hunting together. As the desperate duel continues, the junior commander and his men arrive (their intentions not entirely clear), but the King orders them not to intervene, and the junior commander holds them back and awaits the outcome of the fight. At the climax of the duel, the King manages to break Hong-rim's sword, and stabs him in the shoulder. While Hong-rim is pinned by his sword, the King asks him a last question: whether or not Hong-rim had ever felt love for him. Hong-rim replies, "No". Hearing this, the King is shocked, giving Hong-rim time to throw himself forward on the blade and kill the King with the remaining half of his own sword. As the King dies, Hong-rim staggers to his feet, pulls the King's sword from his shoulder and charges at the guards, but he is fatally stabbed by the junior commander. Moments later, the Queen arrives at the scene with the guards at her heels, who try to hold her back. Horrified, she tearfully calls out for Hong-rim. As she is taken away by the guards, Hong-rim realizes that the King had not killed her after all. He turns his head from her and dies facing the king, his eyes filled with realization of his test. The junior commander then declares that the King has been killed by an assassin, and he orders his men to quickly remove the bodies, and to tell no one of what has transpired. The final scenes of the film show a flashback to when the King showed young Hong-rim the view of the city and asked if Hong-rim wished to live with him, to which the young Hong-rim replied "Yes." The film ends on a montage of the King and Hong-rim happily hunting together, referring back to a dream the King once had, as depicted in the King's painting.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Main

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

Jo In-sung as Hong-rim Yeo Jin-goo as young Hong-rim Joo Jin-mo as the King Lee Poong-woon as young the King Song Ji-hyo as Queen Han Ik-Bi

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Supporting

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

Shim Ji-ho as Seung-ki Baek Seung-ho as young Seung-ki Lim Ju-hwan as Han-baek Seo Young-joo as young Han-baek Yeo Wook-hwan as Im-bo Song Joong-ki as No-tak Jang Ji-won as Bo-duk Kim Choon-ki as Eunuch Hwang Lee Jong-goo as Tae-sa Kwon Tae-won as Jo Il-moon Do Yong-koo as Ki Won-hong Ko In-bum as Yeon Ki-mok Ham Kun-soo as Yuan Dynasty Four Symbols No Min-woo as Min-woo Do Ye-sung as Choi-Kwan Ham Sung-min as Seong-min Park Jong-soo as Eunuch Shin Son Jong-hak as 밀사 Kang-Poong as 밀사 Jo Yong-hyun as a young eunuch Kim Pil-joong as a young eunuch Jung In-hwa as Court Lady Park Park Jong-bo as Lord Chil-Won Kim Ki-suk as a young Buddhist monk Park Min-kyoo as a young Buddhist monk Kim Ki-bang as a shop owner in Byeollak Province Lee Se-ryang as a shop owner in Hyangnang Lee Ye-na as a Royal consort Hong Ka-yeon as a Royal consort Min Ji-hyun as a Royal consort Lee Jung-joo as a Palace maid who dressed like a man Kim Min-ah as one of Queen Hall's Musuri Lee Jin-ah as one of Queen Hall's Musuri Kim Hee-seon as one of Yeongsu Hall's maid Kim Se-hee as one of Yeongsu Hall's maid Kim Kyung-hee as a Court Lady Choi Seung-hee as a Court Lady Choi Seung-il as a Eunuch Lee Seon-min as a Eunuch Kang Dong-kyoon as a Eunuch Jo Jin-woong as Lord Tae Ahn Im Hyun-sung

projected-20461830-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Production

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

According to historical records, after the death of his Mongolian-born queen, Noguk, King Gongmin descended into a life of homosexual debauchery, hiring a team of handsome male bodyguards of noble birth to serve in the palace in 1372. When one of the bodyguards made King Gongmin's second wife pregnant, Gongmin tried to kill him to quell the scandal, but was killed by the bodyguard's friends instead. But some historians disagree with this account, insisting that Gongmin was slandered in an attempt to justify the founding of the Joseon Dynasty, and that the youths were just bodyguards. A Frozen Flower takes its title from a song of that era which described the sexual relationships between Hong-rim and the Queen. It is the fifth feature film by director Yoo Ha, who wanted to make a change from his previous works by doing a historical film, saying, "I always felt uncomfortable with the genre but I felt I should try to overcome those feelings. It is also a new challenge for me to focus on a melodrama." He also stated that the film was "a love story between men." Jo In-sung was on board from the beginning of the project, and turned down other acting roles to make A Frozen Flower his last work before enlisting for military service. He chose to appear in the film without knowing the exact details, having faith in the director following their earlier collaboration in 2005 on A Dirty Carnival. Jo began training for the role in August 2007, learning martial arts, fencing, horse riding and geomungo. The casting of Joo Jin-mo as the king was announced in December 2007. The budget for A Frozen Flower was $10 million, and the film went into production on 16 April 2008. It was the first film to shoot at the newly built Jeonju Cinema Studio.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

Awards and nominations

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

2009 Baeksang Arts Awards Best Actor - Joo Jin-mo Nomination - Most Popular Actress (Film) - Song Ji-hyo Nomination - Best Film 2009 Grand Bell Awards Best Art Direction - Kim Ki-chul Best Music - Kim Jun-seok Nomination - Best Lighting - Yoon Ji-won Nomination - Best Costume Design - Lee Hye-soon, Jeong Jeong-eun 2009 Blue Dragon Film Awards Nomination - Best Cinematography - Choi Hyun-ki Nomination - Best Art Direction - Kim Ki-chul Nomination - Best Lighting - Yoon Ji-won Nomination - Technical Award - Lee Hye-soon, Jeong Jeong-eun (Costume Design) 2010 Fantasporto Orient Express Section Special Jury Award - Yoo Ha

projected-20461830-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

International

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

The rights of the film were sold to Japan, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg before it was completed, and also a further seven countries at the European Film Market.

projected-20461830-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Frozen%20Flower

A Frozen Flower

See also

A Frozen Flower () is a 2008 South Korean erotic historical film. It is directed by Yoo Ha and stars Jo In-sung, Joo Jin-mo and Song Ji-hyo. The historical film is set during Goryeo Dynasty and is loosely based on the reign of Gongmin of Goryeo (1330–1374), but it does not strictly comply with historical facts. The controversial story is about the characters' violation of royal family protocol and their pursuit of love. It was released in South Korea on 30 December 2008 and was the 6th most attended film of 2008 with 3,772,976 tickets sold.

List of Korean-language films

projected-23570743-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Express%20%281940%29

SS Express (1940)

Introduction

SS Express was a Type C3-E cargo ship of American Export Lines that was sunk by in June 1942 in the Indian Ocean. The ship, built in 1940 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding in Quincy, Massachusetts, was one of eight sister ships built for the United States Maritime Commission on behalf of American Export Lines. Out of a total of 55 men aboard the ship at the time of her torpedoing, 13 were killed; most of the other 42 landed on the coast of Mozambique six days after the sinking.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Express%20%281940%29

SS Express (1940)

Career

SS Express was a Type C3-E cargo ship of American Export Lines that was sunk by in June 1942 in the Indian Ocean. The ship, built in 1940 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding in Quincy, Massachusetts, was one of eight sister ships built for the United States Maritime Commission on behalf of American Export Lines. Out of a total of 55 men aboard the ship at the time of her torpedoing, 13 were killed; most of the other 42 landed on the coast of Mozambique six days after the sinking.

SS Express was a cargo ship laid down (yard no. 1477) by Bethlehem Shipbuilding of Quincy, Massachusetts, for the United States Maritime Commission on behalf of American Export Lines. The ship, one of eight sister ships built for American Export by Bethlehem Shipbuilding, was launched (ship) on 9 March 1940, and delivered to American Export on 18 April. The ship, registered at , was in length, abeam, and drew, . She had three decks, and could accommodate a crew of 10 officers and 35 men. To move her at her reported top speed of , Express was equipped with two steam turbines, both also built by Bethlehem Shipbuilding. At some point near when the United States entered World War II in December 1941, the ship was armed with one deck gun and four machine guns, and carried a complement of ten Naval Armed Guardsmen to man them. On 18 June 1942, Express sailed from Bombay, India, for Cape Town, South Africa, with a cargo of manganese ore, jute, leather, and other goods. At 00:30 on 30 June, while navigating almost due south on a zig-zag course near position , a star shell fired by illuminated the sky at almost the same time that two torpedoes from the same submarine hit their mark on Express. The first torpedo struck the cargo ship at waterline on the starboard side near the no. 7 hatch. The second torpedo, which hit five seconds after the first, hit at the no. 5 hatch. The explosions blew off the hatch covers, knocked out the guns, and destroyed the radio, preventing a distress call. The ship began sinking by the stern almost immediately, and the officers, crew, and Naval Armed Guard detachment took to the lifeboats. Because Express was still underway even while sinking, two of the three boats launched were swamped; the thirteen men aboard the no. 1 boat, one of the pair swamped, all drowned. The no. 2 boat, with 41 men aboard, made landfall on the coast of Mozambique six days after the sinking. Another crewman—who had originally been on a life raft, but moved to a water-filled lifeboat—was rescued by a Dutch tanker and landed at Cape Town.

projected-23570743-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Express%20%281940%29

SS Express (1940)

References

SS Express was a Type C3-E cargo ship of American Export Lines that was sunk by in June 1942 in the Indian Ocean. The ship, built in 1940 by Bethlehem Shipbuilding in Quincy, Massachusetts, was one of eight sister ships built for the United States Maritime Commission on behalf of American Export Lines. Out of a total of 55 men aboard the ship at the time of her torpedoing, 13 were killed; most of the other 42 landed on the coast of Mozambique six days after the sinking.

Category:Type C3-E ships Category:Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts Category:1940 ships Category:World War II merchant ships of the United States Category:Ships sunk by Japanese submarines Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean Category:Maritime incidents in June 1942

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohei%20Miyazaki

Kohei Miyazaki

Introduction

is a former Japanese football player.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohei%20Miyazaki

Kohei Miyazaki

Playing career

is a former Japanese football player.

Miyazaki was born in Yamaga on February 6, 1981. After graduating from high school, he joined J1 League club Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 1999. Although he played several matches in 2001, he could hardly play in the match at the club in 3 seasons. In 2002, he moved to J2 League club Avispa Fukuoka. He played many matches as regular player and the club was promoted to J1 from 2006. Although his opportunity to play decreased from 2006 and the club was relegated to J2 in a year. In 2008, he moved to J2 club Montedio Yamagata. He played many matches and the club was promoted to J1 from 2009. His opportunity to play decreased from 2010 and the club finished at bottom place in 2011 and was relegated to J2 from 2012. In 2012, he moved to J2 club Tokushima Vortis. He played many matches and the club was promoted to J1 from 2014. Although his opportunity to play decreased and the club finished at bottom place in 2014 and was relegated to J2 from 2015. He retired end of 2014 season.

projected-23570755-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswall

Crosswall

Introduction

Crosswall is a street in the City of London. At its western end, the street begins at a junction with Crutched Friars and Cooper's Row. At its eastern end, the street is a turn off Minories. It is home to America Square, the City of London Medical Centre, and a number of bar-restaurants and offices. Crosswall was named as it crossed the old Roman wall, which was discovered after the bombing of 1940. Previously the street had been named John Street, after King John. The nearest mainline railway station is Fenchurch Street, and the nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill.

projected-23570755-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosswall

Crosswall

References

Crosswall is a street in the City of London. At its western end, the street begins at a junction with Crutched Friars and Cooper's Row. At its eastern end, the street is a turn off Minories. It is home to America Square, the City of London Medical Centre, and a number of bar-restaurants and offices. Crosswall was named as it crossed the old Roman wall, which was discovered after the bombing of 1940. Previously the street had been named John Street, after King John. The nearest mainline railway station is Fenchurch Street, and the nearest London Underground station is Tower Hill.

Category:Streets in the City of London

projected-23570779-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Government

People's Government

Introduction

People's Government might refer to: Central People's Government (since 1949), the central government of the People's Republic of China New People's Government (1929–1931), a Korean anarchist organization in Manchuria Fujian People's Government (1933–1934), anti-Kuomintang government in the Fujian Province of the Republic of China People's Government of Lithuania (1940), Soviet-backed government to legitimize the Soviet occupation of Lithuania Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946), Soviet-backed client state in northern Iran People's Revolutionary Government (1979–1983), government of Grenada after a revolution by New Jewel Movement The People's Government (2019–2022), a name for the Second Johnson ministry used by Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Conservative government of the United Kingdom after the 2019 UK general election.

projected-23570781-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebrook%20Halt%20railway%20station

Whitebrook Halt railway station

Introduction

Whitebrook Halt was a request stop on the former Wye Valley Railway. It was built in 1927 to serve the village of Whitebrook and opened in February that year. It was closed in 1959 when passenger services were withdrawn from the Wye Valley Railway. The station came too late to make full use out of the village's industry. Whitebrook had once been home to three paper mills. However, paper making ceased in Whitebrook in the early 1880s, only four years after the line opened in 1876. The halt was not built until long after the closure of the paper mills.

projected-23570781-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitebrook%20Halt%20railway%20station

Whitebrook Halt railway station

References

Whitebrook Halt was a request stop on the former Wye Valley Railway. It was built in 1927 to serve the village of Whitebrook and opened in February that year. It was closed in 1959 when passenger services were withdrawn from the Wye Valley Railway. The station came too late to make full use out of the village's industry. Whitebrook had once been home to three paper mills. However, paper making ceased in Whitebrook in the early 1880s, only four years after the line opened in 1876. The halt was not built until long after the closure of the paper mills.

Category:Disused railway stations in Monmouthshire Category:Transport in Monmouthshire Category:History of Monmouthshire Category:Former Great Western Railway stations Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1927 Category:Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1959

projected-20461846-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

Introduction

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

projected-20461846-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

History

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

The gun was effectively a larger version of the successful RBL 12 pounder 8 cwt Armstrong gun. There were different versions for land and sea service.

projected-20461846-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

Sea service

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

The RBL 20 pounder of 13 cwt and 15 cwt for sea service was introduced in 1859. It is 2½ feet shorter than the land version giving it a bore of only 54 inches (14.43 calibres), and hence a short stubby appearance. Its short barrel only allowed it to attain a muzzle velocity of 1,000 ft/second. The 15 cwt gun, identifiable by the raised coil in front of the vent slot, was intended for broadside use in sloops. The more lightly constructed 13 cwt gun was known as a pinnace gun and was intended for boat use.

projected-20461846-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

Land service

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

The RBL 20 pounder of 16 cwt for land service was introduced in 1860. It has a bore of 84 inches (22.36 calibres) and hence has the appearance of a typical field gun. After it became obsolete for regular Royal Artillery use, a small number were re-issued to Volunteer Artillery Batteries of Position from 1889, alongside 16-pounder RML guns and 40 Pounder RBL guns. The 1893 the War Office Mobilisation Scheme shows the allocation of twelve Artillery Volunteer position batteries equipped with 20 Pounder guns which would be concentrated in Epping, Essex in the event of mobilisation.

projected-20461846-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

Surviving examples

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

An unrestored 13 cwt pinnace gun at Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence A 16 cwt gun on board HMS Warrior at Portsmouth, UK A 13 cwt gun dated 1859 at the Artillery Museum, North Head, Sydney, Australia Sea Service Pattern at Explosion! Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport

projected-20461846-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

See also

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

Armstrong gun List of field guns List of naval guns

projected-20461846-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBL%2020-pounder%20Armstrong%20gun

RBL 20-pounder Armstrong gun

Bibliography

The Armstrong Breech Loading 20-pounder gun, later known as RBL 20-pounder, was an early modern 3.75-inch rifled breech-loading light gun of 1859.

Treatise on the construction and manufacture of ordnance in the British service. War Office, UK, 1877 Text Book of Gunnery, 1887. London : Printed for his Majesty's Stationery Office, by Harrison and Sons, St. Martin's Lane Alexander Lyman Holley, A treatise on Ordnance and Armor published by D Van Nostrand, New York, 1865 Lieutenant-Colonel C H Owen R.A., The principles and practice of modern artillery, published by John Murray, London, 1873

projected-20461866-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Build%20This%20Garden%20for%20Us

I Build This Garden for Us

Introduction

"I Build This Garden for Us" is the second single by American rock musician Lenny Kravitz from his debut album, Let Love Rule, and released in 1990 by Virgin Records.

projected-20461866-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Build%20This%20Garden%20for%20Us

I Build This Garden for Us

Track listing

"I Build This Garden for Us" is the second single by American rock musician Lenny Kravitz from his debut album, Let Love Rule, and released in 1990 by Virgin Records.

"I Build This Garden for Us" – 6:16 (Kravitz) "Flower Child" – 2:56 (Kravitz) "Fear" – 5:25 (Kravitz, Lisa Bonet)

projected-20461866-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Build%20This%20Garden%20for%20Us

I Build This Garden for Us

Members

"I Build This Garden for Us" is the second single by American rock musician Lenny Kravitz from his debut album, Let Love Rule, and released in 1990 by Virgin Records.

Lenny Kravitz – vocals, guitar, drums Jean McClain – backing vocals Yolanda Pittman – backing vocals Tisha Campbell – backing vocals Nancy Ives – cello Henry Hirsch – bass, organ, electric piano (Rhodes piano) Eric Delente – violin

projected-23570784-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

Introduction

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

projected-23570784-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

Extent

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

The division covers the town of Henfield; and the villages of Cowfold, Dial Post, Partridge Green, Shermanbury and West Grinstead. It comprises the following Horsham District wards: Cowfold, Shermanbury & West Grinstead Ward and Henfield Ward; and of the following civil parishes: Cowfold, the northern part of Henfield, Shermanbury and West Grinstead.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

2013 Election

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

Results of the election held on 2 May 2013:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

2009 Election

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

Results of the election held on 4 June 2009:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

2005 Election

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

Results of the election held on 5 May 2005:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henfield%20%28electoral%20division%29

Henfield (electoral division)

References

Henfield is an electoral division of West Sussex in the United Kingdom and returns one member to sit on West Sussex County Council. The current County Councillor, Lionel Barnard, is also Deputy Leader of West Sussex County Council.

Election Results - West Sussex County Council

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo%20libro%20di%20toccate%20%28Frescobaldi%29

Secondo libro di toccate (Frescobaldi)

Introduction

Il secondo libro di toccate ("The Second Book of Toccatas") is a collection of keyboard music by Girolamo Frescobaldi, first published in 1627. A work of immense historical importance, it includes the first known chaconne and passacaglia, as well as the earliest set of variations on an original theme (i.e. not a popular song, as in all earlier music). Il secondo libro di toccate is widely regarded as a high point in Frescobaldi's oeuvre.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo%20libro%20di%20toccate%20%28Frescobaldi%29

Secondo libro di toccate (Frescobaldi)

History

Il secondo libro di toccate ("The Second Book of Toccatas") is a collection of keyboard music by Girolamo Frescobaldi, first published in 1627. A work of immense historical importance, it includes the first known chaconne and passacaglia, as well as the earliest set of variations on an original theme (i.e. not a popular song, as in all earlier music). Il secondo libro di toccate is widely regarded as a high point in Frescobaldi's oeuvre.

Like Frescobaldi's first book of toccatas (1615), Il secondo libro di toccate contains compositions in various forms: 11 toccatas 6 canzonas 4 hymns 3 Magnificats 5 gagliarde (galliards) 6 correntes 4 partitas Accordingly, the full title of the collection is Il secondo libro di toccate, canzone, versi d'hinni, Magnificat, gagliarde, correnti et altre partite d'intavolatura di cembalo et organo. It was first published in Rome in 1627, when Frescobaldi worked as organist of St. Peter's Basilica. The print was engraved by Nicolò Borbone, musician and instrument builder with whom Frescobaldi had worked since at least 1613. The composer dedicated the book to Monsignor Luigi Gallo, Bishop of Ancona and nuncio of Savoy, a skilled keyboard player who may have been one of his pupils. A second printing appeared in 1637, identical to the first, except without the ostinato variations. Il secondo libro di toccate introduces two important deviations from Frescobaldi's usual practice. First and foremost, it contains several liturgical pieces, the composer's first forays into the field of sacred keyboard music (although he did compose sacred vocal music: two collections of motets, one of which is lost, were published in late 1620s, and standalone motets survive in manuscripts; Frescobaldi would later publish a large volume of liturgical organ pieces, Fiori musicali, one of his most highly regarded and influential works). Secondly, the book contains Frescobaldi's only known intabulation (of Jacques Arcadelt's madrigal Ancidetemi, pur), perhaps included as a homage to one of the oldest forms of keyboard music.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondo%20libro%20di%20toccate%20%28Frescobaldi%29

Secondo libro di toccate (Frescobaldi)

References

Il secondo libro di toccate ("The Second Book of Toccatas") is a collection of keyboard music by Girolamo Frescobaldi, first published in 1627. A work of immense historical importance, it includes the first known chaconne and passacaglia, as well as the earliest set of variations on an original theme (i.e. not a popular song, as in all earlier music). Il secondo libro di toccate is widely regarded as a high point in Frescobaldi's oeuvre.

Alexander Silbiger. "Girolamo Frescobaldi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, grovemusic.com (subscription access).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen%20Pade

Steen Pade

Introduction

Steen Pade (born 1956) is a Danish composer. He studied composition with Ib Nørholm, Per Nørgård, and Karl Aage Rasmussen. From 1992 to 2007 he was director (principal) of the Royal Danish Academy of Music.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-muscled%20cattle

Double-muscled cattle

Introduction

Double-muscled cattle refers to breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth. Additionally, these mutations reduce the superficial and internal fat deposits, causing the meat to be less marbled and lower in fat content. Animals homozygous for myostatin mutation (inheriting a mutant copy of myostatin from both sire and dam) also have improved meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-muscled%20cattle

Double-muscled cattle

History

Double-muscled cattle refers to breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth. Additionally, these mutations reduce the superficial and internal fat deposits, causing the meat to be less marbled and lower in fat content. Animals homozygous for myostatin mutation (inheriting a mutant copy of myostatin from both sire and dam) also have improved meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section.

Some breeds of cattle do not possess the myostatin gene that helps regulate muscle growth. This causes them to have more muscle mass and yields more meat for the cattle farmers. Two of the breeds that possess the double muscle gene are the Piedmontese and the Parthenais. The Piedmontese was discovered in Italy 1897, and the Parthenais were found in France in 1893. The Belgian Blue is another cattle that can lack myostatin and have double muscles. The Belgian Blue originates from central and upper Belgium. The breed was established in the early 20th century. The Belgian Blue was once divided into two strains, one for beef and the other for milk. The Belgian Blue is now primarily beef. The Belgian Blue is relatively new to the U.S. but has gained acceptance from breeders. Myostatin was discovered by Se-Jin Lee and Alexander McPherron in 1997. They found that myostatin was lacking in mice and causes the size of the mice to increase by two or three times the size of mice that did not lack the myostatin. Later that year McPherron and Lee also saw that Piedmontese and Belgian Blue cattle were hypermuscular. The cattle had naturally occurring disruption of myostatin locus. Lee went on to extensively study myostatin. During this research he noted the loss of white fat that occurred when hyper muscularity by myostatin would happen. He also showed that myostatin was sufficient to cause a phenotype reminiscent of cachexia. "Dr. Lee has shown that other molecules in the TGF-B pathways, notably the activins and follistatin, also regulate muscle mass." Lee's contributions also demonstrated so potential that myostatin could be therapeutic, the clinical setting that myostatin blockade would be useful has not yet been found but it may be beneficial in some areas. People are now trying to use myostatin as a medicine. "The research has produced several muscle-building drugs now being tested in people with medical problems, including muscular dystrophy, cancer and kidney disease." Double-muscled breeding is done to get more meat and less fat. Backfat is generally found to be less in double-muscled cattle than in cattle with normal muscling. Animals that are double-muscled have a higher carcass yield but this does come with new problems for the cattle. The meat from double muscled cattle is tenderer. "There is a persisting trend to improve carcass quality in specialized beef breeds. A higher meat yield and more lean meat are desirable for the meat industry."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-muscled%20cattle

Double-muscled cattle

Controversy

Double-muscled cattle refers to breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth. Additionally, these mutations reduce the superficial and internal fat deposits, causing the meat to be less marbled and lower in fat content. Animals homozygous for myostatin mutation (inheriting a mutant copy of myostatin from both sire and dam) also have improved meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section.

The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section. Affected breeds include: Belgian Blue Piedmontese Parthenais Maine Anjou Limousin

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-muscled%20cattle

Double-muscled cattle

See also

Double-muscled cattle refers to breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth. Additionally, these mutations reduce the superficial and internal fat deposits, causing the meat to be less marbled and lower in fat content. Animals homozygous for myostatin mutation (inheriting a mutant copy of myostatin from both sire and dam) also have improved meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section.

Myostatin Cattle

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-muscled%20cattle

Double-muscled cattle

Further reading

Double-muscled cattle refers to breeds of cattle that carry one of seven known mutations that limits and reduces the activity of the myostatin protein. Normally, myostatin limits the number of muscle fibers present at birth, and interfering with activity of this protein causes animals to be born with higher numbers of muscle fibers, consequently augmenting muscle growth. Additionally, these mutations reduce the superficial and internal fat deposits, causing the meat to be less marbled and lower in fat content. Animals homozygous for myostatin mutation (inheriting a mutant copy of myostatin from both sire and dam) also have improved meat tenderness in some cuts of meat. The enlarged muscles of dam and calf at birth leads to increased difficulty of calving, and in some breeds frequently necessitates birth by cesarean section.

Category:Cattle

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

Introduction

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

Under Elizabeth I

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

The Act was enforced with great severity in the last decades of Elizabeth's reign. It may well be that at first the English Government believed that deporting priests would be an adequate solution to the Catholic problem (this was certainly to be King James I's view later): if so they quickly decided that harsher measures were necessary. About 200 English Catholics perished between 1584 and 1603, of whom the great majority were priests, despite the Government's protests that no one was being persecuted solely on account of their religion. The justification for rigorous enforcement of the statute was that during the war with Spain, the loyalty of all English Catholics, and especially priests, must be regarded as suspect. However, the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 did not, as might have been expected, lead to relaxation of the persecution, as the war with Spain dragged on into the next reign. Of the laity who suffered under the Act of 1584, probably the best known is Margaret Clitherow of York. Charged in 1586 with harbouring priests, (among them Francis Ingleby) she refused to plead to her indictment (probably to shield her children from being interrogated or tortured), and was executed by the gruesome process of peine forte et dure (being pressed to death). Such severity towards a lay person, especially a woman, was unusual. For example, there is no record of any legal proceedings being taken against Anne, Lady Arundell, widow of Sir John Arundell of Lanherne, for harbouring the Catholic martyr Father John Cornelius, who was executed in 1594: Lady Arundell retrieved his body to give him a proper burial.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

After Elizabeth I

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

After the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 the statute gradually fell into disuse. The Stuart dynasty which succeeded her was in general disposed to religious toleration, and the Treaty of London of 1604 which ended the Anglo-Spanish War removed one obvious justification for persecution, as it could no longer be argued that English Catholics were potential agents for a hostile foreign power. Although James I felt it politically prudent to give his assent to the Act of 1604, which strengthened the statute of 1584, and as a result, a number of priests were put to death, of whom probably the best known is Father John Sugar, the King by his own admission was opposed to the execution of priests. There was a brief revival of anti-Catholic sentiment caused by the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot in 1605, but it seems to have largely died away by 1612. Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the dominant figure in the English government from 1603 to 1612, detested the Jesuits, but admitted that he had qualms about enforcing the statute of 1584 against other priests, most of whom he thought were loyal enough at heart. King James shared these scruples, saying that he thought banishment a sufficient punishment. Prosecutions of members of the Catholic laity for harbouring priests ceased after about 1616. Protestant sheriffs and justices of the peace were notably unwilling to enforce the law against their Catholic neighbours, even in such blatant cases as the Welsh squire Thomas Gunter of Gunter Mansion, Abergavenny, who, in 1678, told the local vicar cheerfully that "he had kept a priest in Oliver Cromwell's time, and would keep one now". This tolerant attitude made it impossible to enforce the Penal Laws against the upper classes: in 1613 the justices of the peace of Northamptonshire remarked casually that due to their high regard for Sir Thomas Brudenell (later the 1st Earl of Cardigan), they had repeatedly dismissed charges of recusancy against him and numerous members of his family. No priests were executed in the period 1618-1625, only one was executed in the period 1625-1640, and after a brief revival of stringent persecution during the English Civil War, only two more were executed between 1646 and 1660.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

The Popish Plot

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

Following the Restoration of Charles II, under the tolerant rule of a monarch who was himself inclined to the Catholic religion, the Government was content to periodically issue orders for all priests to leave England, without any expectation that the orders would be complied with. The statute of 1584 was regarded as effectively a dead letter, until the outbreak of the Popish Plot in the autumn of 1678 led to its unexpected revival. Despite the King's known Catholic sympathies, the public atmosphere of hysteria was such that he had no choice but to revert to strict enforcement of the Penal Laws. Under a Proclamation of 20 November 1678 all priests were to be arrested. They were to be denied the usual 40 days of grace to leave the country: instead, they were to be held in prison "in order to their trial". As J.P. Kenyon remarks, these five simple words launched a vicious pogrom against the Catholic priesthood which continued for the next two years. Priests who had been working undisturbed in England for decades suddenly found themselves facing the death penalty. In theory, Scots and Irish priests were exempt from the statute, if they could show that their presence in England was temporary. Even during the Popish Plot, a number of priests were acquitted on that ground, although the Irish Franciscan Father Charles Mahoney was executed in 1679, despite his plea that at the time of his arrest he was passing through England on his way to France. An Irish priest might also be able to plead that he had signed the Remonstrance of 1671, by which he gave his primary allegiance to the King, not the Pope. These priests, known as the Remonstrants, were left in peace even at the height of the Plot hysteria. Although it was not technically a defence under the statute of 1584, a priest who could prove that he had taken the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown was unofficially entitled to a reprieve: Charles Carne, Andrew Bromwich and Lionel Anderson were among those who successfully pleaded that they had taken the Oath. During the Plot pleas for clemency were generally rejected out of hand, but in a few cases, such as David Kemiss and William Atkins, the accused was spared the death penalty on the grounds of extreme old age. Even the vehemently anti-Catholic Lord Chief Justice Sir William Scroggs approved of the Crown showing mercy in such cases, in order "that the world may not say that we are grown barbarous and inhumane". No serious effort was made to revive prosecutions of the laity for harbouring priests. The Government did issue two proclamations reminding the public that this was a felony which in theory rendered them liable to the death penalty, but no action was taken against those laymen, like Thomas Gunter, Gervaise Pierrepont, Sir John Southcote and Sir James Poole, 1st Baronet, in whose houses priests were arrested. Anti-Catholic sentiment gradually died away, more speedily in the provinces where many of the priests who died were venerable and respected local figures. In June 1679 the King issued an order that all priests condemned under the statute of 1584 after 4 June should be reprieved until his further will was known. Kenyon suggests that the Government at this point simply had no idea what to do next. In the event, the reprieve for priests condemned after that date became permanent. This however was too late to save those already condemned, and over the summer of 1679, despite mounting public unease, at least fourteen priests were executed or died in prison. Persecution continued to wane in 1680: at least ten more priests were prosecuted under the statute of 1584, but it seems that all of them were acquitted or reprieved.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

After the Plot

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

Under the openly Catholic King James II, all persecution of Catholics ceased early in 1685. A revival of anti-Catholic feeling after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 caused the Government to pass one final Penal Law, the Popery Act 1698. This sought to strengthen the statute of 1584 by providing that anyone who apprehended a Catholic priest should receive a reward of £100: in effect, this was a bounty for catching priests. The severity of this provision was mitigated by Section III, commuting the death sentence for priests to perpetual imprisonment. There is little evidence that the 1698 Act was enforced strictly. Kenyon suggests that the obvious decline in numbers of the English Catholic community in the eighteenth century was due to financial penalties, such as the double land tax imposed on Catholics in 1692, rather than to overt persecution.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

The end of the Penal Laws

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

The "bounty" provisions of the 1698 Act were repealed by the first Catholic relief measure, the Papists Act 1778. However, the 1778 Act produced a revival of anti-Catholic feelings which erupted in the Gordon Riots of 1780, in which hundreds of people died. This reaction may have delayed further relief measures, but by 1791 the Government felt it safe to finally legalise the Catholic priesthood. Under the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 the Elizabethan Laws were repealed, and it became lawful, although under strictly controlled conditions, to act as a priest in England and to celebrate Mass.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

1995 court case

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

The execution of a Catholic priest under the Act in 1594 became the subject of a court case 401 years later. In 1995 a church applied to the consistory court in Durham for a faculty (planning permission) to display a memorial plaque on the church door, in memory of the dead priest. Even though the 1584 Act had been repealed long ago, the priest's conviction had not been quashed, and so the court could not permit it: In 2008 the Oxford Consistory Court (presided over by the same judge) declined to follow that case as a precedent, on the grounds that "that decision had failed to take account of the commemoration of English saints and martyrs of the Reformation era in the Church of England's calendar of festivals. As such a commemoration was permitted in an authorised service, it would have been inconsistent not to permit commemoration of similar persons by a memorial."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits%2C%20etc.%20Act%201584

Jesuits, etc. Act 1584

See also

An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make an example of them, they might be executed for treason. Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason.

High treason in the United Kingdom Religion Act 1580 Safety of the Queen, etc. Act 1584 (27 Eliz.1, c. 1) Penal law (British)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Dean Lake (Annapolis)

Introduction

Dean Lake Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Dean Lake (Annapolis)

See also

Dean Lake Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

List of lakes in Nova Scotia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Dean Lake (Annapolis)

References

Dean Lake Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

National Resources Canada Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%20County%29

Folly Lake (Annapolis County)

Introduction

Folly Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

projected-23570810-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%20County%29

Folly Lake (Annapolis County)

See also

Folly Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

List of lakes in Nova Scotia

projected-23570810-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folly%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%20County%29

Folly Lake (Annapolis County)

References

Folly Lake is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

National Resources Canada Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia

projected-23570813-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Cranberry%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Little Cranberry Lake (Annapolis)

Introduction

Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

projected-23570813-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Cranberry%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Little Cranberry Lake (Annapolis)

See also

Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

List of lakes in Nova Scotia

projected-23570813-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Cranberry%20Lake%20%28Annapolis%29

Little Cranberry Lake (Annapolis)

References

Little Cranberry Lake, Annapolis is a lake of Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, Canada.

National Resources Canada Category:Lakes of Nova Scotia

projected-20461884-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett

Robert Howlett

Introduction

Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering British photographer whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of Crimean War heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the iconic picture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper Illustrated Times to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS Great Eastern. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at New Bond Street, London. Howlett made photographic studies for the artist William Powell Frith to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting The Derby Day (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1858. Howlett was commissioned by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to photograph the frescoes in the new drawing-room at Buckingham Palace, make copies of the paintings by Raphael and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day." Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company.

projected-20461884-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett

Robert Howlett

Early life and education

Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering British photographer whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of Crimean War heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the iconic picture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper Illustrated Times to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS Great Eastern. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at New Bond Street, London. Howlett made photographic studies for the artist William Powell Frith to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting The Derby Day (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1858. Howlett was commissioned by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to photograph the frescoes in the new drawing-room at Buckingham Palace, make copies of the paintings by Raphael and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day." Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company.

Howlett was the second of four sons of Reverend Robert Howlett and Harriet Harsant. Two brothers died in infancy and his younger brother Thomas became a farmer. He was born in Theberton, Suffolk and the family had moved to Longham, Norfolk by the time he was 9 years old. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Harsant, a surgeon, constructed telescopes, microscopes, electrical machines, implements and instruments. Robert built his own microscope when a child. Thomas Harsant died in 1852 and left him £1000 plus his "turning lathe and all the apparatus and tools belonging thereto". Thus he was able to move to London.

projected-20461884-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett

Robert Howlett

Career

Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering British photographer whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of Crimean War heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the iconic picture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper Illustrated Times to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS Great Eastern. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at New Bond Street, London. Howlett made photographic studies for the artist William Powell Frith to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting The Derby Day (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1858. Howlett was commissioned by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to photograph the frescoes in the new drawing-room at Buckingham Palace, make copies of the paintings by Raphael and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day." Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company.

In London Howlett rose to prominence while working for the Photographic Institution at 168 New Bond Street, London, which was a leading establishment for the commercial promotion of photography through exhibitions, publications, and commissions. Although the Photographic Institution was established in 1853 by Joseph Cundall and Philip Henry Delamotte, it is believed that Howlett replaced Delamotte, who became professor of drawing at King's College London. He was elected to membership of the Photographic Society of London, later the Royal Photographic Society, in December 1855 and remained a member until his death. By 1856 Howlett was mentioned in the photographic press. He sent prints to the annual exhibitions of photographic societies in London, Manchester, and Norwich. These included landscape studies, In the Valley of the River Mole, Mickleham, and Box Hill, Surrey, which are presumed to have been taken in 1855. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and in 1856 published a booklet "On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation". He also designed and sold 'dark room tents' and worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at 168 New Bond Street, London. Howlett undertook the first of a number of commissions for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1856, working for the Photographic Institution. These included copying the works of Raphael for Prince Albert, and making a series of portraits of heroic soldiers from the Crimean War. These were first exhibited in 1857 as 'Crimean Heroes' at the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. In 2004 Cundall and Howlett's portraits of Crimean war veterans, were used by the Royal Mail for a set of six postage stamps to mark the 150th anniversary of the conflict. Howlett's studio portraits at 'The Photographic Institute' included eminent 'fine artists' such as William Powell Frith, Frederick Richard Pickersgill, John Callcott Horsley, and Thomas Webster which were among a larger group exhibited at the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857. Howlett was commissioned to make photographic studies of the crowd at the 1856 Epsom Derby for the painter William Powell Frith, who used them in 1858 for his painting of The Derby Day which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Art in 1859. The photographs were taken from the roof of a cab.

projected-20461884-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Howlett

Robert Howlett

The Great Eastern

Robert Howlett (3 July 1831 – 2 December 1858) was a pioneering British photographer whose pictures are widely exhibited in major galleries. Howlett produced portraits of Crimean War heroes, genre scenes and landscapes. His photographs include the iconic picture of Isambard Kingdom Brunel which was part of a commission by the London-based weekly newspaper Illustrated Times to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS Great Eastern. He exhibited at the London Photographic Society and published On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation. He worked in partnership with Joseph Cundall at "The Photographic Institution" at New Bond Street, London. Howlett made photographic studies for the artist William Powell Frith to assist him on his vast modern panorama painting The Derby Day (1856–58; Tate, London) which was exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1858. Howlett was commissioned by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to photograph the frescoes in the new drawing-room at Buckingham Palace, make copies of the paintings by Raphael and make a series of portraits called 'Crimean Heroes' which was exhibited in 1857 the Photographic Society of London's annual exhibition. Howlett died in 1858, aged 27. His death was apparently due to typhoid (rather than as a result of over-exposure to dangerous chemicals, as was suggested by some at the time, a myth that has continued to this day). The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day." Prints from Howlett's photographs were published posthumously by his late partners Cundall & Downes under their own name, and by the London Stereoscopic and Photographic Company.

Howlett's major work was the commission by The Illustrated Times Weekly Newspaper to document the construction of the world's largest steamship, the SS Great Eastern. His images were translated into wood-engravings by Henry Vizetelly for the Illustrated Times. They reflected and stimulated the widespread interest in this feat of engineering. This project included the well-known portrait of the Great Easterns creator and engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, standing in front of the giant launching chains on the 'checking drum' braking mechanism at John Scott Russell's Millwall shipyard. It was taken to celebrate the launch of the world's largest steamship, in November 1857.Icons, Profile of Robert Howlett This image, which depicts Brunel in an industrial setting instead of a more traditional background for a portrait, has been described as "one of the first examples of environmental portraiture". Death Howlett died in 1858, aged 27, at his home and studio at 10 Bedford Place, Campden Hill, shortly after returning from a trip to France to try out a new 'wide angle lens'. The cause of death was apparently due to typhoid, rather than (as suggested by some at the time) to over-exposure to the chemicals used in the Collodion photographic process invented by Frederick Scott Archer in about 1850. The Illustrated Times praised him as "one of the most skillful photographers of the day". The death certificate simply states febris (fever), 20 days. Howlett had originally told his friend Thomas Frederick Hardwich that he had a cold. Grave Howlett is buried at the church of St Peter and St Paul, Wendling, Norfolk, where his father was perpetual curate. His gravestone is to the east of the chancel. In 2017 a campaign led by his biographer, Rose Teanby, succeeded in having his grave restored, followed by a re-dedication service on 14 October 2017. Galleries showing Robert Howlett London, National Portrait Gallery London, Victoria and Albert Museum New York, Hans P. Kraus, Jr., Fine Photographs San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Cleveland Museum of Art, Bibliography On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon Paper, with Suggestions for Their Preservation, by Robert Howlett Modern tribute In 2008, photojournalist David White recreated both Howlett's camera and the Brunel commission, travelling across south and west England. In 2009, the article The Light Shone and Was Spent: Robert Howlett and the Power of Photography by David White was published. Notes ReferencesNotes' Sources listed at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Roger Taylor, Oxford University Press, 2004.accessed 2 Dec 2008 G. Seiberling and C. Bloor, Amateurs, photography, and the mid-Victorian imagination (1986) Mr Hardwick, Journal of the Photographic Society, 5 (1858–59), 111–12 A. Hamber, A higher branch of the arts (1996) R. Taylor, Critical moments: British photographic exhibitions, 1839–1865', Data base, priv. coll. Death Certificate. · CGPLA Eng. & Wales (1859)

projected-20461889-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones%20Memorial%20Library%20%28Lynchburg%2C%20Virginia%29

Jones Memorial Library (Lynchburg, Virginia)

Introduction

The Jones Memorial Library Building is a historic library building located on Rivermont Avenue at Lynchburg, Virginia. It was designed by the local architectural firm of Frye & Chesterman. It was erected in 1906–07 in the Neo-Classical Revival style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Jones Memorial Library, specializing in historical research and genealogy moved to 2311 Memorial Avenue, Lynchburg, Virginia in 1987.

projected-20461927-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Gartrell

Frederick Gartrell

Introduction

Frederick Roy Gartrell (1914–1987) was an Anglican bishop in the 20th century. He was educated at McMaster University and ordained in 1939. After a curacy at St James the Apostle, Montreal he was Rector of St George's Winnipeg then Archdeacon of the area. From 1962 to 1970 he was Dean of Ottawa. before his elevation to the episcopate as the eighth Bishop of British Columbia.

projected-20461927-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20Gartrell

Frederick Gartrell

References

Frederick Roy Gartrell (1914–1987) was an Anglican bishop in the 20th century. He was educated at McMaster University and ordained in 1939. After a curacy at St James the Apostle, Montreal he was Rector of St George's Winnipeg then Archdeacon of the area. From 1962 to 1970 he was Dean of Ottawa. before his elevation to the episcopate as the eighth Bishop of British Columbia.

Category:1914 births Category:1987 deaths Category:Deans of Ottawa Category:Anglican bishops of British Columbia Category:20th-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops Category:Archdeacons of Winnipeg

projected-20461941-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvallsflyg

Sundsvallsflyg

Introduction

Sundsvallsflyg was a small regional airline based in Sundsvall, Sweden. Their own staff worked partly as ground personnel and as cabin crew on the aircraft, which were operated by Braathens Regional. Sundsvallflyg was part of the now dissolved brand Sverigeflyg which incorporated several small domestic airlines. In 2016, the Sundsvallsflyg brand was, together with several other domestic airline brands, merged into the new BRA Braathens Regional Airlines.

projected-20461941-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvallsflyg

Sundsvallsflyg

Destinations

Sundsvallsflyg was a small regional airline based in Sundsvall, Sweden. Their own staff worked partly as ground personnel and as cabin crew on the aircraft, which were operated by Braathens Regional. Sundsvallflyg was part of the now dissolved brand Sverigeflyg which incorporated several small domestic airlines. In 2016, the Sundsvallsflyg brand was, together with several other domestic airline brands, merged into the new BRA Braathens Regional Airlines.

Sundsvallsflyg operated the following destinations as of February 2015: Stockholm - Stockholm-Bromma Airport Sundsvall - Sundsvall-Härnösand Airport base Visby - Visby Airport seasonal

projected-20461941-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundsvallsflyg

Sundsvallsflyg

Fleet

Sundsvallsflyg was a small regional airline based in Sundsvall, Sweden. Their own staff worked partly as ground personnel and as cabin crew on the aircraft, which were operated by Braathens Regional. Sundsvallflyg was part of the now dissolved brand Sverigeflyg which incorporated several small domestic airlines. In 2016, the Sundsvallsflyg brand was, together with several other domestic airline brands, merged into the new BRA Braathens Regional Airlines.

The Sundsvallsflyg fleet consisted of the following aircraft as of February 2015: 1 Saab 2000 (operated by Braathens Regional)

projected-20461946-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emosi%20Kauhenga

Emosi Kauhenga

Introduction

Emosi Kauhenga (born 27 April 1981 in Folaha, Tonga) is a rugby union footballer. He plays at lock. In 2007 he was named to Tonga's Rugby World Cup squad. In 2009 he was selected for a team to play Ireland.

projected-20461962-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Introduction

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

projected-20461962-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Seeds

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Rankings are as of 28 December 2009.

projected-20461962-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Other entrants

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Carsten Ball John Millman Bernard Tomic The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Oleksandr Dolgopolov Jr. Matthew Ebden Nick Lindahl Julian Reister

projected-20461962-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Seeds

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Rankings as of 28 December 2009.

projected-20461962-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Other entrants

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Casey Dellacqua Justine Henin Alicia Molik The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Ekaterina Ivanova Sesil Karatantcheva Alla Kudryavtseva Galina Voskoboeva

projected-20461962-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Men's singles

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Andy Roddick defeated Radek Štěpánek, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(9–7). It was Roddick's first title of the year and 28th overall.

projected-20461962-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Women's singles

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Kim Clijsters defeated Justine Henin, 6–3, 4–6, 7–6(8–6). It was Clijsters' first title of the year and 36th of her career.

projected-20461962-010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Men's doubles

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Jérémy Chardy / Marc Gicquel defeated Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes, 6–3, 7–6(7–5).

projected-20461962-011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%20Brisbane%20International

2010 Brisbane International

Women's doubles

The 2010 Brisbane International was a joint ATP and WTA tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Brisbane, Queensland. It was the 2nd edition of the tournament and was played at the Queensland Tennis Centre in Tennyson. The centre court, Pat Rafter Arena is named in honour of Australian tennis hero Patrick Rafter. It took place from 3 to 10 January 2010. It was part of the Australian Open Series in preparation for the first Grand Slam of the year. Justine Henin has announced that she will make her return to professional tennis at the 2010 Brisbane International. Television coverage of the tournament was on Channel Seven, with live coverage of the day sessions and delayed coverage of the night sessions between 4 and 10 January.

Andrea Hlaváčková / Lucie Hradecká defeated Melinda Czink / Arantxa Parra Santonja, 2–6, 7–6(7–3), [10–4].

projected-23570824-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth%20Phase

Fourth Phase

Introduction

Fourth Phase (Quarta Fase, QF) is a faction within the Democratic Party (PD), a political party in Italy. The name of the faction was chosen to identify the new stage of left-wing Catholics in Italian politics, the first three being within the Italian People's Party (1919–1926), the Christian Democracy (1943–1994) and the Italian People's Party respectively, and the fourth the current one, with the Democratic Party, a party in which Catholics are a minority. This phase, according to the faction's website, started with the foundation of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (DL), that put together Populars with people coming from different political traditions. The heirs of the left-wing of the late Christian Democracy and later the Italian People's Party (1994–2002), a Christian-democratic party of the Christian left, organized themselves within DL as The Populars. Between 2002 and 2007 the Populars, led by Franco Marini and Ciriaco De Mita, within DL. In the 2007 Democratic Party primary election around 600 Populars were elected to the party Constituent Assembly. As the Populars failed to find a common ground in the new party, they split in different groups. The bulk of the faction (Marini, Dario Franceschini, Giuseppe Fioroni, Antonello Soro and Pierluigi Castagnetti) supported Walter Veltroni as leader of the party. Rosy Bindi and Enrico Letta ran against Veltroni and set up their factions, Democrats Really and 360 Association respectively. Another leading member, Ciriaco De Mita, abandoned the PD over disagreements with Veltroni in early 2008. The failure of The Populars to be a united faction led Fioroni, Franceschini and Soro, backed by Marini, to set Fourth Phase. As of January 2009 the organization of the new faction was completed: Antonello Giacomelli was elected president of the faction, which counts almost 90 Democrat MPs. However also Franceschini and Fioroni, who is the real leader of the group and the heir of Marini, had their differences, the first being a keen supporter of Walter Veltroni and the second more interested in unifying former Christian Democrats and Catholics in general within the party, including the Teodems, the Olivists, the followers of Bindi, the Lettiani and the Social Christians. After the resignation of Veltroni as party secretary and its replacement with Franceschini, Fourth Phase chose to support Franceschini in the 2009 Democratic Party leadership election. Franceschini lost to Pier Luigi Bersani but the Populars of Fourth Phase, who constituted about the 60% of the members elected to the party's national assembly by the Franceschini list, were not eager to oppose Bersani, while Franceschini was more combative. They however joined AreaDem, the united minority faction led by Franceschini. Things turned upside down in mid 2010 when Franceschini started to re-approach with Bersani and Fioroni became very critical of the party's political line instead. When Veltroni organized a "movement" outside Democratic Area, it was joined by Fioroni and 35 Populars around him. This caused a split between this group and the Populars loyal to Franceschini. The future of Fourth Phase, which is however in the hands of Fioroni, is thus unclear.

projected-23570833-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer%20Forest

Mortimer Forest

Introduction

Mortimer Forest is a forest on the Shropshire/Herefordshire border in England, near the town of Ludlow. It covers hilly terrain, including the marilyn of High Vinnalls, rising to .