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Germany–United States relations

American images of Germany Before 1917

Today, and the are close and strong allies. In the mid and late 19th century, millions of Germans to farms and industrial jobs in the United States, especially in the . Later, the two nations fought each other in (1917-1918) and (1941-1945). After 1945 the U.S., with the and , occupied and built a demilitarized democratic society. West Germany achieved independence in 1949. It joined in 1955, with the caveat that its security policy and military development would remain closely tied to that of France, the UK and the United States. While was becoming closely integrated with the U.S. and , became an closely tied to the and the . After rule ended in amid the and the , Germany . The reunified Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the (then European Community), NATO and one of the closest allies of the United States. In 2022 Germany is working with NATO and the European Union to defeat the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the process Germany is sharply reducing its dependence on Russian oil and gas. Germany has the fourth-largest economy in the world, after the U.S., and . Today, both the countries enjoy a ".

By 1900 American writers were criticizing German aggressiveness in foreign affairs, and warned against German militarism. Books on anti-German topics including politics, naval power, and diplomacy reached educated audiences. German-Americans stayed neutral and largely ignored Berlin; indeed many of them had left as young men to escape the German draft. The of 1903 focused American media attention on Kaiser , who was increasingly erratic and aggressive. The media highlighted his militarism and belligerent speeches and imperialistic goals. Meanwhile, London was becoming increasingly friendly toward Washington. However, when the U.S. was neutral in the First World War, Hollywood tried to be neutral. No one expected a war in 1914 until the suddenly saw a major war between the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allied (France, Britain and Russia), with smaller nations also involved. The US insisted on neutrality. President Woodrow Wilson's highest priority was to broker a peace and he used his trusted aide, on numerous efforts. For example, on June 1, 1914, House met secretly with the Kaiser in his palace, proposing that Germany, the United States, and Britain unite to ensure peace and develop Third World countries. The Kaiser was mildly interested but Britain was in a major domestic crisis over Ireland and nothing developed. Apart from an element of British descent, America public opinion at first echoed Wilson. The sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among , , and as well as poor white southern farmers, cultural leaders, Protestant churchmen, and women in general. The British argument that the Allies were defending civilization against a German militaristic onslaught gained support after reports of in 1914. Outrage followed the in 1915. Americans increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor who had to be stopped. Former President Roosevelt and many Republicans were war hawks, and demanded rapid American armament. Wilson insisted on neutrality and minimized wartime preparations to be able to negotiate for peace. After the Lusitania was sunk, with over 100 American passengers drowned, Wilson demanded that s follow international law and allow passengers and crew to reach their lifeboats before ships were sunk. Germany reluctantly stopped sinking padenger liners. However, in January 1917, it decided that a on the , coupled with a full-scale attack on all food shipments to Britain, would win the war at last. Berlin realized the resumption of almost certainly meant war with the United States, but it calculated that the small American military would take years to mobilize and arrive, when Germany would have already won. Germany reached out to Mexico with the , offering a military alliance against the United States, hoping that Washington would divert most of its attention to attacking Mexico. London intercepted the telegram, the contents of which outraged American opinion.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations

Germany–United States relations

World War II

Today, and the are close and strong allies. In the mid and late 19th century, millions of Germans to farms and industrial jobs in the United States, especially in the . Later, the two nations fought each other in (1917-1918) and (1941-1945). After 1945 the U.S., with the and , occupied and built a demilitarized democratic society. West Germany achieved independence in 1949. It joined in 1955, with the caveat that its security policy and military development would remain closely tied to that of France, the UK and the United States. While was becoming closely integrated with the U.S. and , became an closely tied to the and the . After rule ended in amid the and the , Germany . The reunified Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the (then European Community), NATO and one of the closest allies of the United States. In 2022 Germany is working with NATO and the European Union to defeat the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the process Germany is sharply reducing its dependence on Russian oil and gas. Germany has the fourth-largest economy in the world, after the U.S., and . Today, both the countries enjoy a ".

When began with the in September 1939, the US was officially neutral until December 11, 1941, when and Washington followed suit. had strongly favored Britain and France over Germany in 1939 to 1941. In 1940–1941, before the US entered the war officially, there was a massive buildup of American armaments, as well as the first peacetime draft for young men. Public opinion was bitterly divided, with isolationism strong at first but growing weaker month by month. German-Americans rarely supported Nazi Germany, but most called for American neutrality, as they had done in 1914–1917. The attack on Pearl Harbor evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. Roosevelt was determined to avoid the mistakes made during the First World War. He made deliberate efforts to suppress anti-German-American sentiments. Private companies sometimes refused to hire any non-citizen, or American citizens of German or Italian ancestry. This threatened the morale of loyal Americans. Roosevelt considered this "stupid" and "unjust". In June 1941 he issued and set up the , which also protected Blacks, Jews and other minorities. President Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs, including General , Admiral , and General . He appointed Republican as a personal representative; Willkie, the son of German immigrants, had been his Republican opponent in the 1940 election. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The US played a central role in the defeat of the and Hitler was bitterly anti-American. Berlin attacked American participation with extensive value. The notorious "LIBERATORS" poster from 1944, shown here, was a revealing example. See [[Anti-Americanism#"Liberators" poster]] It depicts America as a monstrous, vicious war machine seeking to destroy . The poster alludes to many negative aspects of American history, including the , the oppression of Native Americans, and the lynching of blacks. The poster condemns American capitalism and says America is controlled by Jews. It shows American bombs destroying a helpless European village. Roosevelt was cautious about propaganda. The Nazis were targets, not the German people. In sharp contrast with 1917, atrocity stories were avoided. Cold War Following the defeat of the , American forces were one of the occupation powers in postwar . In parallel to and "industrial disarmament" American citizens fraternized with Germans. The from 1948 to 1949 and the (1948–1952) further improved the Germans' perception of Americans. West Germany The emergence of the made the (West Germany) the frontier of a democratic and American military presence became an integral part in West German society. During the Cold War, West Germany developed into the largest economy in Europe and West German-US relations developed into a new . Germany and the US shared a large portion of their culture, established intensive global trade environment, and continued to co-operate on new high technologies. However, tensions remained between differing approaches on both sides of the Atlantic. The and the subsequent marked a new era in German-American co-operation. East Germany Relations between the United States and East Germany were hostile. The United States followed 's , which declared that recognition of East Germany by any country would be treated as an unfriendly act by West Germany. Relations between the two German state thawed somewhat in the 1970s, as part of between East and West and the '' policies of the . United States recognized East Germany officially in September 1974, when was the leader of the ruling . To ward off the risk of internal dissent, General Secretary enlarged the from 43,000 to 60,000 agents. East Germany imposed an official ideology that was reflected in all its and all the . The official line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against and had become the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on ." East Germans had a heroic role to play as a frontline against America. However few Germans believed it since had seen enough of the Soviets since 1945, and half-a-million were still stationed in East Germany with the as late as 1989. Furthermore, East Germans were exposed to information from relatives in the West, broadcasts from the United States, and the . The official Communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially and . The East German regime relied heavily on its tight control of youth organizations to rally them, with scant success, against American popular culture. The older generations were more concerned with the poor quality of food, housing, and clothing, which stood in dramatic contrast to the prosperity of West Germany. Professionals in East Germany were watched for any sign of deviation from the party line; their privileges were at risk. The choice was to comply or to flee to West Germany, which was relatively easy before the crackdown and the of 1961. Americans saw East Germany simply as a puppet of Moscow, with no independent possibilities. Reunification 1989-1990 (1989–1993) played a large part by his constant support of unification, and several US historians argue that Bush had a significant role in ensuring the unified Germany committed to . While Britain and France were wary of a , Bush strongly supported West German Chancellor in pushing for rapid in 1990. Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve U.S. interests, but he also saw reunification as providing a final symbolic end to World War II. After extensive negotiations, Soviet President agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO under the condition that the former territory of the German Democratic Republic would not be remiliterised, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990. This was a situation previously considered unthinkable, given the previous status of the Soviet Union, but it was made feasible by the time of the fall of the East German regime.Philip D. Zelikow, and Condoleezza Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (1995) excerpt Bush paid attention to domestic public opinion. Serious doubts about reunification were voiced by the and communities—whose families had suffered immensely from . However, the largely positive public opinion towards German unification in the United States generally corresponded to the sentiments of the usually passive German-American community. Reunified Germany During the early 1990s, the reunified Germany was called a "partnership in leadership" as the US emerged as the world's sole . Germany's effort to incorporate any major military actions into the 's slowly-progressing did not meet the expectations of the U.S. during the of 1990–1991. Since 2001 After the in 2001, German-American political relations were strengthened in an effort to combat , and Germany sent troops to as part of the NATO force. Yet, discord continued over the , when German Chancellor and Foreign Minister made efforts to prevent war and did not join the US and the UK, which both led .Joschka Fischer interviewed by Gero von Boehm; originally broadcast on in 2010; version with English subtitles on YouTube rose to the surface after the as hostile German intellectuals argued there were ugly links between , , and . In response to the , in which it was revealed that the may have wiretapped major German instutions, including the phone line of Chancellor Merkel, Germany cancelled the 1968 intelligence sharing agreement with the US and UK. Longstanding close relations with the United States flourished especially under the (2009–2017). In 2016 President hailed Chancellor as his “closest international partner.” However relations worsened dramatically during the (2017–2021), especially regarding NATO funding, trade, tariffs, and Germany's energy dependence upon the .Stefan Theil, "Berlin's Balancing Act: Merkel Needs Trump-But Also Needs to Keep Her Distance." Foreign Affairs 96 (2017): 9–16. In May 2017, Merkel met , the paternal grandson of German immigrants. His statements that the U.S. had been taken advantage of in trade deals during previous administrations had already strained relations with several EU countries and other American allies. Without mentioning Trump specifically, Merkel said after a NATO summit "The times when we could completely rely on others are, to an extent, over," This came after Trump had said "The Germans are bad, very bad" and "See the millions of cars they are selling to the U.S. Terrible. We will stop this." In 2021 talks and meetings with Merkel and other European leaders, President spoke of bilateral relations, bolstering through NATO and the European Union, and closely coordinating on key issues, such as , , , , , the and multilateral organizations. In early February 2021, Biden froze the Trump administration's withdrawal of 9,500 troops from U.S. military bases in Germany. Biden's freeze was welcomed by Berlin, which said that the move "serves European and transatlantic security and hence is in our mutual interest." Merkel met Biden in Washington on July 15, 2021, with an agenda covering COVID-19 pandemic, global warming and economic issues. Trump's opposition to the $11 billion Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline remains an unresolved issue under Biden. Perceptions and values in the two countries The exploits of gunslingers on the played a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. The same stories became immensely popular in Germany, which produced its own novels and films about the American frontier. (1842–1912) was a German writer best known for his set in the . His main protagonists are and .Christopher Frayling, Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone (2006) The German fascination with Native Americans dates to the early 19th century, with a volumous literature. Typical writings focus on "Indianness" and authenticity. Germany and the US are . Germany's philosophical heritage and American spirit for "freedom" interlock to a central aspect of and . Even though developed under different geographical settings, the is fundamental to the self-esteem and understanding of both nations. The changed the perception of the US in Germany significantly. A 2013 poll shows found that 35% find American influence to be positive while 39% view it to be negative. Both countries differ in many key areas, such as energy and military intervention. A survey conducted on behalf of the in 2007 showed that Americans continued to regard Germany's failure to support the war in Iraq as the main irritant in relations between the two nations. The issue was of declining importance, however, and Americans still considered Germany to be their fourth most important international partner behind the United Kingdom, and . Americans considered economic cooperation to be the most positive aspect of US-German relations with a much smaller role played by Germany in U.S. politics. Among the nations of Western Europe, German public perception of the US is unusual in that it has continually fluctuated back and forth from fairly positive in 2002 (60%), to considerably negative in 2007 (30%), back to mildly positive in 2012 (52%), and back to considerably negative in 2017 (35%) reflecting the sharply polarized and mixed feelings of the German people for the United States. According to findings from the Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung in 2021 Americans considered Germany to be their fifth most important foreign policy partner, while Germans in turn regarded the US as their most important partner. Hostilities and tensions German observers took a keen interest in American race relations, especially the inferior status of Blacks in the South. Visitors stressed the incongruity of American democratic ideals and the system of segregation prevalent before 1965. While musical connoisseurs deplored the low state of classical music in America, dixieland black jazz music became popular with youth in Berlin and other cities in the 1920s. Germans came to appreciate country music in the 1950s. During World War I, German compositions were dropped from the classical music repertoire temporarily. Dr. , conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was arrested and deported in 1919. The in New York City restored Wagner's "Ring cycle" in 1924. In the 1945–1970, as the United States helped rebuild West Germany, anti-Americanism was weak. However, in the late 1960s, West Germany's youth contrasted the images of —which they liked—and —which they hated. Young rebels turned to violence to destroy the foundations of a society that backed American cultural imperialism. Anti-Americanism reappeared among intellectuals after the attacks on 11 September 2001 because some of them linked globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. The War in Iraq in 2003 was highly unpopular at all levels of German society. During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in East Germany, and pro-American dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but a majority of the population held positive views towards the United States. Germany's refusal to support the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was often seen in the United States itself as a manifestation of anti-Americanism. Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but reemerged in the 21st century especially in the (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of American spying on top German officials, including Chancellor . Military relations History German-American military relations began in the when German troops fought on both sides. , a former in the , was appointed of the and played the major role in training American soldiers to the best European standards. Von Steuben is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the . Another German that served during the was Major General , who served under at the and died as a result of several wounds he sustained during the fighting. About 30,000 German mercenaries fought for the , with 17,000 hired from , about one in four of the adult male population of the principality. The fought under their own officers under British command. , , and were the principal generals who commanded these troops with Frederick Christian Arnold, Freiherr von Jungkenn as the senior German officer. s have been very influential in the American military. Some notable figures include Brigadier General , Major General , General of the Armies , General of the Army , Fleet Admiral , and General Today The United States established a permanent military presence in Germany at the end of the Second World War that continued throughout the , with a peak level of over 274,000 U.S. troops stationed in Germany in 1962, and was drawn down in the early 21st century. The last American tanks were withdrawn from Germany in 2013, but they returned the following year to address a gap in multinational training opportunities. The U.S. had 35,000 American troops in Germany in 2017. Germany and the United States are joint members. Both nations have cooperated closely in the , for which Germany provided more troops than any other nation. Germany hosts the headquarters of the and the , a U.S. Air Force base. The two nations had opposing public policy positions in the ; Germany blocked US efforts to secure UN resolutions in the buildup to war, but Germany quietly supported some US interests in . German soldiers operated military biological and chemical cleanup equipment at in ; ships secured sea lanes to deter attacks by on U.S. Forces and equipment in the ; and soldiers from Germany's deployed all across to US military bases to conduct force protection duties in place of German-based U.S. Soldiers who were deployed to the . The latter mission lasted from 2002 until 2006, by which time nearly all these Bundeswehr were demobilized. U.S. soldiers wounded in Iraq received medical treatment at the , a US military hospital located in . In March 2019, Trump was reportedly drafting a demand several countries, including Germany, to pay the United States 150% of the cost of the American troops deployed on their soil. The proposed demand was criticized by experts. , a retired general and former US ambassador to NATO, said that Trump was using "a misinformed narrative that these facilities are there for the benefits of those countries. The truth is they're there and we maintain them because they're in our interest." In a sharp deterioration of relations, in summer 2020, Washington announced plans to significantly cut the number of US military personnel stationed in Germany, from 34,500 to 25,000. Members of the German government criticized the move, calling it "unacceptable" and stating that current US-German relations are "complicated." President Trump told reporters that US troops: are there to protect Germany, right? And Germany is supposed to pay for it....Germany’s not paying for it. We don’t want to be the suckers any more. The United States has been taken advantage of for 25 years, both on trade and on the military. So we’re reducing the force because they’re not paying their bills. As of August 2020, the plan was to move 11,900 troops out of Germany and reassign them elsewhere in Europe, either immediately or after first returning them to the United States for a while. The movement is estimated to cost billions of dollars. In February 2021 President Biden decided to freeze the withdrawal of the troops initiated by his predecessor for further review of the troop deployment around the world. Economic relations Economic relations between Germany and the United States are average. The between the US and the EU, which was launched in 2007 on Germany's initiative, and the subsequently created open up additional opportunities. The US is Germany's principal trading partner outside the EU and Germany is the US's most important trading partner in Europe. In terms of the total volume of U.S. bilateral trade (imports and exports), Germany remains in fourth place, behind Canada, China and Mexico. The US ranks fourth among Germany's trading partners, after the Netherlands, China and France. At the end of 2013, bilateral trade was worth $162 billion. Germany and the US are important to each other as investment destinations. At the end of 2012, bilateral investment was worth $320 billion, German direct investment in the US amounting to $266billion and U.S. direct investment in Germany $121 billion. At the end of 2012, US direct investment in Germany stood at approximately $121 billion, an increase of nearly 14% over the previous year (approximately $106 billion). During the same period, German direct investment in the US amounted to some $199 billion, below the previous year's level (approximately $215 billion). Germany is the second largest foreign investor in the US, only after the United Kingdom, and ranks third as a destination for US foreign direct investment. In 2019 the announced intention of passing controversial legislation which threatened to place sanctions on German or European Union companies which work to complete a petrol-chemical pipeline between Germany and Russia. Cultural relations was a prolific German writer who specialized in writing . Although he visited America only once towards the end of his life, May was well known for his series of frontier novels, which provided Germans with an imaginary view of America. Notable German-American architects, artist, musicians and writers include: , artist and educator , known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the , writer , architect , architect , architect , composer , architect , conductor , writer , guitarist , politician and writer , writer and illustrator , photographer , writer takes third place after and among the s taught at American secondary schools, colleges and universities. Conversely, nearly half of the German population can speak English well. A was built in , and stands as a symbol of the positive and co-operative relations between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is on the historic axis between the and the on the , the garden borders Constitution Avenue between 15th and 17th Streets, where an estimated seven million visitors pass each year. The garden features plants native to both Germany and the United States and provides seating and cooling fountains. Commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of German immigration to America, the garden was dedicated on November 15, 1988. Research and academia Following the Nazi rise to power in 1933, and in particular the passing of the which removed opponents and persons with one Jewish grandparent from government positions (including academia), hundreds of physicists and other academics fled Germany and many came to the United States. and were among the more notable scientists who ended up in the United States. Many of the physicists who fled were subsequently instrumental in the wartime to develop the . Following the , some of these academics returned to Germany but many remained in the United States.The Forgotten Women Scientists Who Fled the Holocaust for the United States, Lorraine Boissoneault, Smithsonianmag, 9 November 2017 After WWII and during the , was a secret United States (JIOA) program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians (many of whom were formerly registered members of the and some of whom had leadership roles in the ), including Wernher von Braun's rocket team, were recruited and brought to the United States for government employment from post-. , who built the German V-2 rockets, and his team of scientists came to the United States and were central in building the American space exploration program. Researchers at German and American universities run various exchange programs and projects, and focus on , the , , and . Import cooperations are also in the fields of , , and (networks through: , ). The United States and Germany signed a bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation in February 2010. American cultural institutions in Germany In the postwar era, a number of institutions, devoted to highlighting American culture and society in Germany, were established and are in existence today, especially in the south of Germany, the area of the former . They offer courses as well as cultural programs. Resident diplomatic missions Resident diplomatic missions of Germany in the United States () (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) Resident diplomatic missions of the United States in Germany () (Consulate-General) () () (Consulate-General) (Consulate-General) See also Notable organizations References Bibliography Adam, Thomas, ed. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (3 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005), 1300pp of articles by experts excerpt Barclay, David E., and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds. Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776 (Cambridge UP, 1997) excerpt. Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the American People (10th edition 1980) online free to borrow. Gatzke, Hans W. Germany and the United States: A "Special Relationship?" (Harvard UP, 1980); popular history of diplomatic relations. Herring, George. From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776 (2011) Jonas, Manfred. The United States and Germany: a diplomatic history (Cornell UP, 1985), a standard scholarly survey. excerpt Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. The design of the university: German, American, and “world class”. (Routledge, 2016). Trefousse, Hans Louis, ed. Germany and America: essays on problems of international relations and immigration (Brooklyn College Press, 1980), essays by scholars. 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Journal of Modern History 8.4 (1936): 479–488. online, focus on trade wars. Sides, Ashley. What Americans Said about Saxony, and what this Says about Them: Interpreting Travel Writings of the Ticknors and Other Privileged Americans, 1800—1850 (MA Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2008). online Singer, Sandra L. Adventures abroad : North American women at German-speaking universities, 1868-1915 (2003) online Small, Melvin. "The United States and the German 'Threat' to the Hemisphere, 1905–1914." The Americas 28#3 (1972): 252–270. Says there was no threat because Germany accepted the Monroe Doctrine. Trommler, Frank. "The Lusitania Effect: America's Mobilization against Germany in World War I." German Studies Review (2009): 241–266. online Vagts, Alfred. Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik (2 vols.) (New York: Dornan, 1935), a major study of 2000 pages that was never translated. Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 I." Political Science Quarterly 54#4 (1939): 514–535. in JSTOR Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 II." Political Science Quarterly 55#1 (1940): 53–76. in JSTOR Wittke, Carl. Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (1952). at archive.org Wittke, Carl. "American Germans in Two World Wars." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1943): 6–16. online Zacharasiewicz, Waldemar. Images of Germany in American literature (2007). 1933–1941 Bell, Leland V. "The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936–1941." Political Science Quarterly 85#4 (1970): 585–599. in JSTOR Dallek Robert. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 1979) Fischer, Klaus P. Hitler & America (2011) online Freidel, Frank. "FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933-1941" Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 99 (1987), pp. 25–43 online. Frye, Alton. Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941 (1967). Haag, John. "Gone With the Wind in Nazi Germany." Georgia Historical Quarterly 73#2 (1989): 278–304. in JSTOR Heilbut, Anthony. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (1983). Margolick, David. Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling and a World on the Brink. (2005), world heavyweight boxing championship. Nagorski, Andrew. Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power (2012). Norden, Margaret K. "American Editorial Response to the Rise of Adolf Hitler: A Preliminary Consideration." American Jewish Historical Quarterly 59#3 (1970): 290–301. in JSTOR Offner, Arnold A. American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (Harvard University Press, 1969) online edition Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) online pp 636–52, FDR's policies Rosenbaum, Robert A. Waking to Danger: Americans and Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (2010) online Sandeen, Eric J. "Anti-Nazi sentiment in film: Confessions of a Nazi spy and the German-American Bund." American Studies (1979): 69–81, on Hollywood online. Schuler, Friedrich E. Mexico between Hitler and Roosevelt: Mexican foreign relations in the age of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934–1940 (1999). Weinberg, Gerhard L. The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany (2 vols. (1980) Weinberg, Gerhard L. "Hitler's image of the United States." American Historical Review 69#4 (1964): 1006–1021. in JSTOR After 1941 Backer, John H. The Decision to Divide Germany: American Foreign Policy in Transition (1978) Bark, Dennis L. and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963 (1989); A History of West Germany Vol 2: Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 (1989), the standard scholarly history in English Blumenau, Bernhard, 'German Foreign Policy and the 'German Problem' During and After the Cold War: Changes and Continuities'. in: B Blumenau, J Hanhimäki & B Zanchetta (eds), New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Ch. 5. London: Routledge, 2018. . Brady, Steven J. Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009). online review Casey, Stephen, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany (2004) Clark, Claudia. Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel (2021) Costigliola, Frank. "An 'Arm around the Shoulder': The United States, NATO and German Reunification, 1989-90." Contemporary European History (1994) pp: 87–110. online Costigliola, Frank. "Lyndon B. Johnson, Germany, and ‘The End of the Cold War.’." in Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963–1968 (1963) pp: 173-210. Gimbel John F. American Occupation of Germany (Stanford UP, 1968) Granieri, Ronald J. The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949-1966 (Berghahn Books, 2003). Hanrieder Wolfram. West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1979 (Westview, 1980) Höhn, Maria H. GIs and Frèauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (U of North Carolina Press, 2002) Immerfall, Stefan. Safeguarding German-American Relations in the New Century: Understanding and Accepting Mutual Differences (2006) Ingimundarson, Valur. "The Eisenhower Administration, the Adenauer Government, and the Political Uses of the East German Uprising in 1953." Diplomatic History 20.3 (1996): 381–410. online Ingimundarson, Valur. "Containing the Offensive: The 'Chief of the Cold War' and the Eisenhower Administration's German Policy." Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.3 (1997): 480–495. online Junker, Detlef, et al. eds. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 1: 1945–1968; (2004) excerpt and text search; Vol. 2: 1968–1990 (2004) excerpt and text search, comprehensive coverage. Kefferputz, Roderick and Jeremy Stern. "The United States, Germany, and World Order: New Priorities for a Changing Alliance." Atlantic Council: Issue Brief (2021) online Kuklick, Bruce. American Policy and the Division of Germany: The Clash with Russia over Reparations (Cornell University Press, 1972) Langenbacher, Eric, and Ruth Wittlinger. "The End of Memory? German-American Relations under Donald Trump." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 174–192. Large, David Clay. Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era (U of North Carolina Press, 1996). Ninkovich, Frank. Germany and the United States: The Transformation of the German Question since 1945 (1988) Nolan, Mary. "Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany." Politics & Society (2005) 33#1 pp 88–122. Pells, Richard. Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II (1997) online Pettersson, Lucas. "Changing images of the USA in German media discourse during four American presidencies." International Journal of Cultural Studies (2011) 14#1 pp 35–51. Poiger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (2000) Pommerin, Reiner. The American Impact on Postwar Germany (Berghahn Books, 1995) * Smith, Gaddis. American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945 (1965) online Smith Jean E. Lucius D. Clay (1990), scholarly biography excerpt Smyser, William R. Restive Partners: Washington and Bonn Diverge (Routledge, 2019). excerpt Spohr, Kristina. "Precluded or precedent-setting? The 'NATO enlargement question' in the triangular Bonn-Washington-Moscow diplomacy of 1990–1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 14.4 (2012): 4-54. online Stephan, Alexander, ed. Americanization and anti-Americanism: the German encounter with American culture after 1945 (Berghahn Books, 2013). Szabo, Stephen F. "Different Approaches to Russia: The German–American–Russian Strategic Triangle." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 230–243, regarding the Cold War Historiography and memory Adams, Willi Paul. "American History Abroad: Personal Reflections on the Conditions of Scholarship in West Germany." Reviews in American History 14.4 (1986): 557–568. online Depkat, Volker. "Introduction: American History/ies in Germany: Assessments, Transformations, Perspectives." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 337–343. in JSTOR Doerries, Reinhard R. "The Unknown Republic: American History at German Universities." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2005): 99–125. in JSTOR Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild, and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds. Enemy images in American history (Berghahn Books, 1998). Gassert, Philipp. "Writing about the (American) past, thinking of the (German) present: The history of US foreign relations in Germany." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 345–382. in JSTOR Gassert, Philipp. "The Study of U.S. History in Germany." European Contributions to American Studies (2007), Vol. 66, pp 117–132. Schröder, Hans-Jürgen. "Twentieth-Century German-American Relations: Historiography and Research Perspectives" in Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh eds., America and the Germans, Volume 2: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--The Relationship in the Twentieth Century (1985) online Sielke, Sabine. "Theorizing American Studies: German Interventions into an Ongoing Debate." European journal of American studies 1.1-1 (2006) online Stelzel, Philipp. "Working toward a common goal? American views on German historiography and German-American scholarly relations during the 1960s." Central European History 41.4 (2008): 639–671. online Strunz, Gisela. American Studies oder Amerikanistik?: Die deutsche Amerikawissenchaft und die Hoffnung auf Erneuerung der Hochschulen und der politischen Kultur nach 1945 (Springer-Verlag, 2013). Tuttle, William M. "American higher education and the Nazis: the case of James B. Conant and Harvard University's" diplomatic relations" with Germany." American Studies 20.1 (1979): 49-70. online Wilhelm, Cornelia. "Nazi Propaganda and the Uses of the Past: Heinz Kloss and the Making of a" German America"." Amerikastudien/American Studies'' (2002): 55–83. online

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang%27an

Guang'an

Introduction

Guang'an () is a in eastern province. It is most famous as the birthplace of China's former paramount leader . Guang'an lies between the hills of central Sichuan and the gorges area of the east.Guang'an is the only "Sichuan Chongqing Cooperation Demonstration Zone" in Sichuan and the nearest prefecture level city from the main city of Chongqing. It has been incorporated into the 1 hour economic circle of Chongqing. Because of its strategic location, it is called the "Gateway to Eastern Sichuan". Its population as of 2020 census was 3,254,883, of whom 976,370 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin

Tributyltin

Introduction

Tributyltin (TBT) is an for a class of compounds which contain the 3 , with a prominent example being . For 40 years TBT was used as a in , commonly known as , applied to the hulls of oceangoing vessels. Bottom paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of , the growth of organisms on the ship's hull. The TBT slowly leaches out into the marine environment where it is highly toxic toward nontarget organisms. TBT is also an . After it led to collapse of local populations of organisms, TBT was banned.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccella

Moluccella

Introduction

Moluccella is a of and short-lived native to Central + southwestern and the . They are tall, upright, branched plants to 1 meter or more with toothed leaves and small white fragrant flowers. Species (Boiss.) Scheen - Iran, Pakistan (B.Fedtsch.) Ryding - Uzbekistan (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan and Tajikistan L. - Bells of Ireland - Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey; naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Africa, and North America (Regel) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Prain - Pakistan (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan L. - Mediterranean from Spain + Algeria to Turkey + Palestine

wit-train-topic-000134403

projected-04042621-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose

Chip Foose

Introduction

Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of 's series .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose

Chip Foose

Life and career

Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of 's series .

Foose began working on automobiles at age seven for his father's company, Project Design, in . Encouraged by and designer , Foose started to attend the in 1982; however, he dropped out after two years due to financial difficulties. After working for four years at Clenet Coachworks, Foose returned to the Art Center to complete his education. After graduating in 1990, Foose worked full-time for Sterenberger Design and part-time for . In 1993, Foose resigned from Sterenberger to work for at Ford; however, Coddington was able to convince Foose to work for him, instead. Working for Coddington full-time, Foose eventually became the president of Coddington's company, . While working for Coddington, Foose designed many of Coddington's well known creations such as and . In 1998, with Hot Rods by Boyd facing (due to the failure of ), Foose left his position and with his wife Lynne started his own automotive and product design company. He first set up in , where, as his first project car, he rebuilt Boydster II for Chuck Svatos as the roadster, which went on to win the (AMBR) trophy. By 2000, he had established Foose Design in . Foose's departure from Boyd's was not amicable; in a 2006 interview, Foose stated, "Boyd has chosen to not have any relations with me, since I stopped working at his shop." One of the main reasons for the bitter relationship is claimed to be Foose retained many of the talented builders formerly employed by Coddington; Mike and Charley left Coddington's business shortly after Foose had established his shop. Foose gained more exposure in 2003 as a result of a TLC documentary on his design and creation of a modified 2002 called , and due to his work building Ron Whiteside's 2003 -winning '34 . In 2004, the TLC program debuted, with Foose as the star. At the 2005 Specialty Equipment Market Association () show, a unique 1969 Foose-designed Camaro convertible was displayed, to be produced in a 300 car run by Unique Performance of Dallas Texas. Press releases announced UP would also be handling the marketing of Foose's other custom car lines, including , along with Foose's 2006 Mustang Stallion. Foose also designed a paint scheme for 4-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Champion to promote DuPont's Hot Hues paint line. Foose has since severed ties with DuPont and now promotes the Glasurit paint line exclusively. In November 2007, Foose officially severed ties to Unique Performance following police action against UP for alleged illegal activities. In 2006, Foose launched a line of replicas of many of his famous designs partnering with the makers of in the creation of JL Full Throttle. This company produced copies of many of Foose's famous, award-winning designs, including Grand Master and . In 2002, Foose won the coveted at the 50th Anniversary Show of the Detroit Autorama with Bob and Wes Rydell's 35 Chevy Master, otherwise known as the "Grandmaster". Impression subsequently won the prestigious Ridler prize. Also replicated were a number of cars from "Overhaulin'". Announced at the show in 2006 was a pact between Foose and to produce Foose designed Ford vehicles, the first of which was shown at the 2007 New York Auto Show. In 2007, Foose began limited production (50 vehicles in total) of Hemisfear. Also known as the Foose Coupe, Hemisfear was designed by Foose in 1990, during his time at the Art Center, and publicly unveiled at the SEMA trade show in November 2006. An earlier design drawing of Hemisfear inspired the . The 2007 Hemisfear was commissioned by a new model car company JL Full Throttle which had partnered with Foose to build both the scale and 1:1 Hemisfear. A Foose coupe was sold along with a design consultation with Foose at the car auction in Palm Beach, Florida at the end of March 2007. The first Foose Coupe Supercar was auctioned for $340,000; sold to vintage car dealer and avid car collector . Foose was retained as design consultant to provide architects with unique styling elements for the exterior and interior of the $275 million expansion of 's , anticipated to be complete by the end of 2007. Foose helped to start the customizable toy cars business in 2007. As of 2010, Foose continues to operate Foose Design and provide design consultations to the Big Three automakers. Overhaulin' was canceled at the end of 2009, though reruns still air on . Shortly following the launch of the channel , it was announced that the show would return in the fourth quarter of 2012.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose

Chip Foose

Awards and honors

Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of 's series .

In November 1997, Foose became the youngest person to be inducted into the Hot Rod Hall of Fame. Additionally, Foose was inducted into the Darryl Starbird Rod & Custom Car Museum Hall of Fame in 2002, the Grand National Roadster Show Hall of Fame in 2003, the Detroit Autorama "Circle of Champions" Hall of Fame in 2012, and the San Francisco Rod and Custom Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2005. Foose has also won the following awards for his work: in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2015. Most Beautiful Roadster Award in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2014. Some of these cars were designed by Foose and completed by other builders such as , Barry White, and Bobby Alloway. The Street Rod of the Year Award in the years 1990, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2010. Inductee 2009. Best Hot Rod at Performance Show 2011. Best Custom Car - 1954 Chevrolet "Cool Air" NACE Expo 2014

wit-train-topic-003309381

projected-04042684-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX%20Reality%20Synthesizer

RSX Reality Synthesizer

Introduction

The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is a proprietary graphics processing unit (GPU) codeveloped by and for the game console. It is a GPU based on the Nvidia graphics processor and, according to Nvidia, is a G70/G71 (previously known as NV47) hybrid architecture with some modifications. The RSX has separate vertex and pixel shader . The GPU makes use of 256 MB RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz and up to 224 MB of the 3.2 GHz XDR main memory via the CPU (480 MB max). Although it carries the majority of the graphics processing, the , the console's , is also used complementarily for some graphics-related computational loads of the console.

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projected-04042684-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX%20Reality%20Synthesizer

RSX Reality Synthesizer

Specifications

The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is a proprietary graphics processing unit (GPU) codeveloped by and for the game console. It is a GPU based on the Nvidia graphics processor and, according to Nvidia, is a G70/G71 (previously known as NV47) hybrid architecture with some modifications. The RSX has separate vertex and pixel shader . The GPU makes use of 256 MB RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz and up to 224 MB of the 3.2 GHz XDR main memory via the CPU (480 MB max). Although it carries the majority of the graphics processing, the , the console's , is also used complementarily for some graphics-related computational loads of the console.

Unless otherwise noted, the following specifications are based on a press release by Sony at the 2005 conference, slides from the same conference, and slides from a Sony presentation at the 2006 . 550 MHz Pixel shader clock / 500 MHz Vertex shader clock on process (shrunk to in 2008 and to 40 nm in 2010), 300+ million transistors Based on NV47 (Nvidia architecture) 24 texture filtering units (TF) and 8 vertex texture addressing units (TA) 24 filtered samples per clock Maximum Texel fillrate: 13.2 Gigatexels per second (24 textures * 550 MHz) 32 unfiltered texture samples per clock (8 TA * 4 texture samples) 8 render output units (ROPs) / pixel rendering pipelines Peak pixel fillrate (theoretical): 4.4 Gigapixel per second Maximum sample rate: 8.8 Gigasamples per second (2 Z-samples * 8 ROPs * 550 MHz) Maximum dot product operations: 51 billion per second (combined with Cell CPU) 128-bit pixel precision offers 256 MB GDDR3 RAM at 650 MHz 128-bit memory bus width 20.8 GB/s read and write bandwidth Cell FlexIO bus interface Rambus Memory interface bus width: 56bit out of 64bit (serial) 20 GB/s read to the Cell and XDR memory 15 GB/s write to the Cell and XDR memory 576 KB texture cache (96 KB per quad of pixel pipelines) Support for PSGL (OpenGL ES 1.1 + Nvidia ) Support for Other features: Support for Bilinear, , anisotropic, texture filtering, quincunx antialiasing, up to 4x, , Alpha to Coverage and Alphakill.

wit-train-topic-002964417

projected-04042688-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Galer

Robert E. Galer

Introduction

Robert Edward Galer (24 October 1913 – 27 June 2005) was a in the who received the for heroism in aerial combat during the in . He went on to command during the and retired a few years after in 1957.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Galer

Robert E. Galer

World War II and after

Robert Edward Galer (24 October 1913 – 27 June 2005) was a in the who received the for heroism in aerial combat during the in . He went on to command during the and retired a few years after in 1957.

First Lieutenant Galer returned to the continental United States in June 1940 and in July reported to the in , and was assigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 2 (). On 29 August 1940, Galer ditched a , BuNo 0976, c/n 374, off the coast of while attempting a landing on the . (The fighter was rediscovered by a navy submarine in June 1988 and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the ). In January 1941, he was ordered to and promoted to captain in March 1941. Galer was serving at the , , with Marine Fighting Squadron 211 () when the Japanese on 7 December 1941. In May 1942, Galer assumed command of Marine Fighting Squadron 224 () and on 30 August 1942 led the squadron to , where they became part of the . It was while in command of VMF-224 that Galer would be credited with 11 confirmed victories and be awarded the Medal of Honor and a rare British for the same acts of heroism. Following the presentation of the Medal of Honor by President at the on 24 March 1943, Major Galer was ordered to , where he served as assistant operations officer. He was grounded because his superiors did not want to risk losing a Medal of Honor recipient; he had been shot down three times during the war (and once more in the Korean War). Shortly after being promoted to the rank of in November 1943, he was ordered to return to the Hawaiian Islands, where he became chief of staff, Marine Air, Hawaiian Area. In May 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Galer was named as operations officer, . He served as an observer during the and campaigns while on temporary duty from the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. His next assignment found him as training officer of Provisional Air Support Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He again returned to the United States in June 1945 and reported to the Marine Barracks, Naval Air Training Base, , in July as officer in charge of a cadet regiment. He remained in that capacity until August 1947, at which time he was assigned as a student at the in . In June 1948, he reported to the , at the , , where he served as operations and training officer. He joined Headquarters Squadron-2 at that station in April 1949 and was transferred on 26 April 1950 to the , California. He served there as Marine planning officer and, later, as assistant chief of staff for plans, on the staff of the commander, air force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. During his assignment, he was promoted to in March 1951.

wit-train-topic-000832870

projected-04042697-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20%28typeface%29

Banco (typeface)

Introduction

Banco is an inclined . It was designed by for the in 1951. Excoffon did not design a matching lower case alphabet for the capitals. This font is most famously used as the typeface for .

wit-train-topic-002770804

projected-04042706-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health%20Lafayette%20Central

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central

St. Elizabeth's

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, previously known as St. Elizabeth Central, is a 155-bed hospital in , United States, and part of the hospital system. Previously known as the St. Elizabeth Medical Center, the hospital was renamed in 2009 during the construction of . In the 1980s it was known as St. Elizabeth Hospital. It is home to the St. Elizabeth School of Nursing, the only hospital-based nursing school in the state of Indiana.

St. Elizabeth Hospital opened when six members of the came from Germany in 1875 in order to care for the sick in Lafayette, Indiana. The hospital opened in 1876 and was expanded in 1885. St. Elizabeth School of Nursing was launched in 1897 to train members of the order. By 1937, the community’s need for nurses had grown so great that the school began admitting lay students. The building also housed St. Francis High School and St. Francis College. A second wing was added to the hospital in 1921. In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the . In 1998, operation of and St. Elizabeth Hospital merged under an equal partnership known as Greater Lafayette Health Services (GLHS). Each hospital retained its long-established identity and traditions. In 2003, the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services became the sole owners of the non-profit corporation, its two hospitals, and related patient care facilities, retaining the name Greater Lafayette Health Services. Greater Lafayette Health Services announced, in late 2005, plans to close , and construct a new facility to replace it on the city's southeast side, with St. Elizabeth Medical Center remaining open for critical patient care. Work on the new facility commenced in late 2006, with occupation planned to occur in December 2009. In 2007, the GLHS name was changed to St. Elizabeth Regional Health, and later to Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health.

wit-train-topic-001945705

projected-04042727-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monardella

Monardella

Introduction

Monardella is a of approximately 40 species of and native to western North America from to northwestern . They are grown for their highly aromatic foliage, which in some species is used for herbal teas. The two-lipped, tubular flowers are formed in terminal clusters and are most usually red, pink, or purple. Monardella is a honoring the Spanish botanist . Plants in this genus are commonly known as wildmints, coyote mints or monardellas.

wit-train-topic-005272098

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20F.%20Shafroth

John F. Shafroth

Introduction

John Franklin Shafroth (June 9, 1854February 20, 1922) was an American politician who served as a , member of the , and .

wit-train-topic-000112154

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Johannes%20van%20Rhijn

Pieter Johannes van Rhijn

Introduction

Pieter Johannes van Rhijn (24 March 1886 – 9 May 1960) was a Dutch astronomer. Born in , he studied at . He served as director at the Sterrenkundig Laboratorium () in Groningen. He died in . The crater on the is named after him, as is asteroid .

wit-train-topic-004417636

projected-04042755-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29

St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

Introduction

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a of the in , Scotland. The cathedral is part of the worldwide which stretches across 165 countries and many languages. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid on 21st May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30th October 1879. St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral is the of the , one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church. St Mary's was constructed in the late 19th century in Palmerston Place in the city's . Designed in a style to a design by architect Sir , it has attained Category A status and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site The Cathedral building has three spires, instantly recognisable from many viewpoints around Edinburgh. St Mary’s main spire is tall, and makes the building the . The Song School and the Chapter House were added to the Cathedral in later years and the two smaller additional spires were completed in 1917.

wit-train-topic-002378414

projected-04042755-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29

St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

Organists

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a of the in , Scotland. The cathedral is part of the worldwide which stretches across 165 countries and many languages. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid on 21st May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30th October 1879. St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral is the of the , one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church. St Mary's was constructed in the late 19th century in Palmerston Place in the city's . Designed in a style to a design by architect Sir , it has attained Category A status and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site The Cathedral building has three spires, instantly recognisable from many viewpoints around Edinburgh. St Mary’s main spire is tall, and makes the building the . The Song School and the Chapter House were added to the Cathedral in later years and the two smaller additional spires were completed in 1917.

1878 Thomas Henry Collinson 1929 Robert Head 1958 Eric Parsons 1961 1991 1999 Matthew Owens 2005 Simon Nieminski 2007 (to current day) Duncan Ferguson (Master of Music & Organist) 2021 (to current day) Imogen Morgan (Assistant Master of Music & Organist)

wit-train-topic-001293645

projected-04042755-012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29

St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

Memorials

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a of the in , Scotland. The cathedral is part of the worldwide which stretches across 165 countries and many languages. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid on 21st May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30th October 1879. St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral is the of the , one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church. St Mary's was constructed in the late 19th century in Palmerston Place in the city's . Designed in a style to a design by architect Sir , it has attained Category A status and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site The Cathedral building has three spires, instantly recognisable from many viewpoints around Edinburgh. St Mary’s main spire is tall, and makes the building the . The Song School and the Chapter House were added to the Cathedral in later years and the two smaller additional spires were completed in 1917.

Captain V.C. (1842–1879) General Sir Alexander Frank Bt. (1893–1993), erected by the Association Soldiers of the killed overseas 1857–1870 Reclining marble effigy of (1902) by . Barbara and Mary Walker, the philanthropists who funded the church (see above) The war memorial is by (1920).

wit-train-topic-001520929

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Edinburgh%20%28Episcopal%29

St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)

Sir Walter Scott's Pew

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary the Virgin, commonly known as St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, is a of the in , Scotland. The cathedral is part of the worldwide which stretches across 165 countries and many languages. The foundation stone of the Cathedral was laid on 21st May 1874 by the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and the building was consecrated on 30th October 1879. St Mary’s Episcopal Cathedral is the of the , one of seven bishops within the Scottish Episcopal Church. St Mary's was constructed in the late 19th century in Palmerston Place in the city's . Designed in a style to a design by architect Sir , it has attained Category A status and is part of the Old Town and New Town of Edinburgh World Heritage Site The Cathedral building has three spires, instantly recognisable from many viewpoints around Edinburgh. St Mary’s main spire is tall, and makes the building the . The Song School and the Chapter House were added to the Cathedral in later years and the two smaller additional spires were completed in 1917.

’s pew moved to the Cathedral in 2006. Its first location was in St George's Church on York Place and was then moved in 1932 to St Paul's Church across the road when the two congregations amalgamated, and the latter building became . Raised a in the Church of Scotland where he was ordained as an elder, in adult life he also adhered to the doctrine of the .

wit-train-topic-004324035

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citharode

Citharode

Introduction

A kitharode ( citharode) ( and κιτηαρῳδός; ) or citharist, was a professional performer (singer) of the , as one who used the cithara to accompany their singing. Famous citharodes included , , and . "Citharoedus" or "Citharede" was also an epithet of Apollo (Apollo Citharede), and the term is used to refer to .

wit-train-topic-003566152

projected-04042768-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoncliff

Avoncliff

Introduction

Avoncliff is a small village in west , England, in the north of parish about southwest of . It is the point at which the crosses the river and railway line via the , which was built by and chief engineer , between 1797 and 1801. The consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The and s are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times. There is a picturesque weir on the where permission for a electric scheme was applied for from the Environment Agency in 2009, but this is still awaited in 2013. This is a popular starting point for walks along both the canal and the river, and also to Barton Farm Country Park at Bradford-on-Avon. Avoncliff is covered by two ; on the north side of the river and Westwood on the south side. The Cross Guns Inn was built in the late 17th century and is a Grade II .

wit-train-topic-000720187

projected-04042768-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoncliff

Avoncliff

Railway

Avoncliff is a small village in west , England, in the north of parish about southwest of . It is the point at which the crosses the river and railway line via the , which was built by and chief engineer , between 1797 and 1801. The consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with a central elliptical arch of 60 ft (18.3 m) span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft (10.4 m) across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The and s are built in alternate courses of ashlar masonry, and rock-faced blocks. The central span sagged soon after it was built and has been repaired many times. There is a picturesque weir on the where permission for a electric scheme was applied for from the Environment Agency in 2009, but this is still awaited in 2013. This is a popular starting point for walks along both the canal and the river, and also to Barton Farm Country Park at Bradford-on-Avon. Avoncliff is covered by two ; on the north side of the river and Westwood on the south side. The Cross Guns Inn was built in the late 17th century and is a Grade II .

Avoncliff has a tiny railway station, with a one-carriage-length platform in each direction, which used to be called Avoncliff Halt since it was a , requiring people on the platform to wave down the trains. It has become, as of 2011, a regular stop. Services are hourly, run by , and generally continue on to and in a southerly direction, or and in a northerly direction.

wit-train-topic-000192672

projected-04042771-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlos%20Argui%C3%B1ano

Karlos Arguiñano

Introduction

Karlos Arguiñano Urkiola (born September 6, 1948) is a Spanish , popular and producer, and businessman. His devotion to cuisine started when he was a child and helped at home because he was the eldest of four siblings and had a mother. Before beginning his training in the field of cooking, he worked for , a rail car manufacturer at Beasain. When he was 17 years old, he decided to take part in a course at the Escuela de Hostelería del Hotel Euromar where, over three years, he was taught the main principles of cooking by . There he met some people who have gone on to achieve great success in the world of cuisine, such as and . Arguiñano has had a hotel-restaurant on the beach at since 1978. He was one of the first s in Spain with his , , first on , later on , Argentine , back in Spain with and, since September 2010 on . Arguiñano combines recipe preparation with tips, jokes and amateur singing. His catchphrase is Rico, rico y con fundamento ("Tasty, tasty and with nutritional value") and his trademark is the use of . His sister has also appeared on TV, usually in the dessert section of the show. He has taken over control of the show through his production company . Asegarce also controls a big part of the professional business and is one of the owning companies of the TV channel La Sexta.

wit-train-topic-000967031

projected-04042784-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Williams%20%28Canadian%20Army%20officer%29

Victor Williams (Canadian Army officer)

Army career

Major-General Victor Arthur Seymour Williams (1867 – December 12, 1949) was a Canadian general in the and later the . In June 1916 he was seriously wounded and captured by the Germans. As a he was one of the highest ranked Canadians ever captured by the enemy.

He transferred to the Mounted Infantry in 1889. He married Helen Euphemia Sutherland on October 23, 1890. He eventually took a commission with the in 1893. In 1899 he went to South Africa, serving as a and in command of 'B' Squadron of the Canadian Mounted Rifles during the . Williams was promoted for his overseas service and appointed of the in . In 1907 he was appointed commanding officer of the Royal Canadian Dragoons and Inspector of Cavalry for the Dominion of Canada. In 1911 he commanded the mounted units at the Coronation of . From 1912 to 1914 he was Adjutant-General at Ottawa. He commanded , Quebec, during the mobilization of the , and accompanied the contingent overseas. During the war he served on the general staffs of and the British and . As a , he commanded the of the from December 1915 to June 1916. He was on 30 April 1916 for gallant and distinguished services in the field. He was severely wounded and taken prisoner on June 3, 1916, during the . He was released in a prisoner exchange before the end of the war. He returned to Canada in late 1918. After the war, he was promoted in command of Military District 2 based in Toronto. He then commanded military districts in Kingston and Toronto. He served as the from 1922 to 1939. He died in Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto on December 12, 1949, and was buried in the St. John's Cemetery in Port Hope.

wit-train-topic-003672752

projected-04042786-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives%20of%20the%20Furness%20Railway

Locomotives of the Furness Railway

Preserved locomotives

The Company owned many different types of , built by several locomotive building companies, including . Others were built by the Furness' constituent companies - the , among others.

Three very early Furness Railway locomotives have been preserved: – "Old Coppernob" 0-4-0 tender engine of 1846, preserved at the in . Furness Railway No. 20 – Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1863, now at in . This is Britain's oldest working standard-gauge steam locomotive. It had been converted to a saddle-tank locomotive, but has now been restored to its original tender locomotive design. Furness Railway No. 25 – Sharp Stewart Class A5 0-4-0 tender engine of 1865, now at awaiting restoration. Unlike No. 20 (above), this locomotive remains in its later saddle-tank format. Furness Railway No. 115 – Sharp Stewart Class D1 0-6-0 tender locomotive of 1881. The locomotive was lost when a mine working collapsed at Lindal-in-Furness on 22 September 1892; only the tender was rescued, which was then used on a loco to replace 115. The locomotive remains buried 200 ft underground, but is technically still in existence.

wit-train-topic-003384348

projected-04042797-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpley%20Stoke

Limpley Stoke

Introduction

Limpley Stoke is a village and in , England. It lies in the valley between and , and is both above and below the . The parish is surrounded to the north, west and south by the district and includes the outskirts of the villages of Freshford and . The Avon forms the eastern boundary of the parish, and its tributary the is the boundary in the north and west.

wit-train-topic-002677273

projected-04042797-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpley%20Stoke

Limpley Stoke

History

Limpley Stoke is a village and in , England. It lies in the valley between and , and is both above and below the . The parish is surrounded to the north, west and south by the district and includes the outskirts of the villages of Freshford and . The Avon forms the eastern boundary of the parish, and its tributary the is the boundary in the north and west.

The 18th-century country house at Waterhouse is a Grade II . Limpley Stoke was the westernmost part of the ancient of , and a of Bradford parish, which was divided into civil parishes in 1894. A small chapel was built on Middle Stoke in 1815 and rebuilt in 1888, providing 150 seats. The chapel closed in the 1970s. A was opened on Middle Stoke in 1845; in 1893 there were 51 pupils. The school closed in 1932 owing to low pupil numbers, and the building is now the village hall. In 1886 Messrs E G Browne and J C Margetson acquired a cloth mill, known as Avon Mill, on the banks of the at Limpley Stoke. The previous owners of the mill had originally been timber merchants, but had later diversified into the production of rubber goods. By 1890 the business had transferred to premises in , where it became the leading industry of the town; the company later became . The village's last , The Hop Pole, closed in 2018. The 17th-century was used in 1993 for the filming of with . A landmark , nearby in Friary Wood, is referred to as the Limpley Stoke Water Tower.

wit-train-topic-000057066

projected-04042797-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limpley%20Stoke

Limpley Stoke

Parish church

Limpley Stoke is a village and in , England. It lies in the valley between and , and is both above and below the . The parish is surrounded to the north, west and south by the district and includes the outskirts of the villages of Freshford and . The Avon forms the eastern boundary of the parish, and its tributary the is the boundary in the north and west.

The of dates from the 10th century; it was first dedicated to the Wiltshire saint , but in the 16th century, after some five hundred years, was rededicated to St Mary. The present building was begun in the early 13th century, and the north porch has an arch of that period. The short west tower was added in the 15th century; in 1870 was of limited scope, leading Pevsner to describe the church as "unrestored". When a south aisle and vestry were added in 1921 to designs of , a Saxon arch was incorporated in the arcade. The stone pulpit is from the 15th century. There is one bell, cast in 1596. Stained glass includes a 1932 memorial by . The church was designated as in 1962. The early church was annexed to the church at Bradford. In 1846 the chapelry of Limpley Stoke was joined with that of to form a perpetual curacy; a new parish, Winsley with Limpley Stoke, was created in 1868. In 1970 the parish was uncoupled from Winsley and united with , in the diocese of Bath and Wells. In 1976 the parish of was added, thus today the church is in the parish of Freshford with Limpley Stoke and Hinton Charterhouse, alongside and .

wit-train-topic-002226985

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Bramall%20Lane

St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane

Introduction

St Mary's Church, Bramall Lane is a in the , England.

wit-train-topic-004523525

projected-04042839-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowboarding%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20halfpipe

Snowboarding at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's halfpipe

Introduction

The men's event in at the was held in , a village in the , . Competition took place on 12 February 2006.

wit-train-topic-005082372

projected-04042873-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrassMunk

BrassMunk

Introduction

BrassMunk was a Canadian group from , . It was formed in 1997 by S-Roc (Dwayne King), Clip (Jason Balde), May One 9 (Randy Brookes) and DJ/producer (Ajene Griffith). May 19 was replaced by King Reign (Kai Thomas) in 2006. Brassmunk independently released their first EP (variations on the singles "One, 2" and "Stop, Look, Listen") in 1999. Their title track from their second EP, Live Ordeal!, received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year. The track "El Dorado', from their 2002 EP, also received a Juno nomination for Rap Recording of the Year. Also in 2002, they released the EP Dark Sunrise. The following year, Dark Sunrise was re-released worldwide on Battleaxe Records as an LP, and included their previous independent releases. Dark Sunrise was nominated for Rap Recording of the Year at the . Their follow-up album, FEWturistic, was released on March 20, 2007, and featured several additional artists including and . In 2008, the album earned them another Juno nomination. The band's best known singles are "Big", produced by of and "Oh Supaman", produced by Agile. BrassMunk has been inactive since 2008. Reign died of a heart attack in 2016, at age 40.

wit-train-topic-001410251

projected-04042906-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20P.%20Hill

Nathaniel P. Hill

Introduction

Nathaniel Peter Hill (February 18, 1832 – May 22, 1900) was a professor at , a mining executive and engineer, and a politician, including serving in the . Originally from the state of , he came to following the to try his hand at mining. He traveled to Europe to investigate ways to smelt ore and developed processes to make mining more profitable. He was the mayor of before becoming a United States Senator.

wit-train-topic-003707123

projected-04042906-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel%20P.%20Hill

Nathaniel P. Hill

Personal life

Nathaniel Peter Hill (February 18, 1832 – May 22, 1900) was a professor at , a mining executive and engineer, and a politician, including serving in the . Originally from the state of , he came to following the to try his hand at mining. He traveled to Europe to investigate ways to smelt ore and developed processes to make mining more profitable. He was the mayor of before becoming a United States Senator.

He married Alice Hale of , on July 26, 1860 (she was born January 19, 1840, and died July 19, 1908). Alice's father was Isaac Hale, born in the town of Newbury County of on Sept. 17, 1807. Her mother, Harriet Johnson, daughter of David Johnson and Lucy Towne, was born in the town of Newbury, VT, July 29, 1814. David Johnson was a son of Col. Thomas Johnson, who distinguished himself during the . Hill and Alice had three children, (who was married to ), Isabel, and Gertrude. He died in Denver on May 22, 1900, from a stomach disease and was interred in .

wit-train-topic-003347879

projected-04042913-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Chicago%29

Western Avenue (Chicago)

Introduction

Western Avenue is a street within the city of . Western Avenue extends south as a continuous road to the at Sibley Boulevard () in , giving the road a total length of . Western Avenue, after turning into Asbury Ave, runs out on the north side at Green Bay Road in Evanston and on the south side at Crete-Monee Road in Crete. However, Western Avenue extends intermittently through the to the / county border in unincorporated . Within Chicago's grid street system, Western Avenue is 2400 West, three miles west of (0 East/West). Western Avenue becomes Asbury Avenue at at the Chicago/ border and continues north to Isabella Street on the Evanston/ border. Unlike , which was originally Crawford Avenue in both the city and suburbs, Western was always the name in the city. Asbury is only used in Evanston. In the suburbs, Western Avenue constitutes the boundary between several of Cook County's southern townships. North of 135th Street, is on the west and is on the east; from 135th to 183rd Streets, is on the west and is on the east; and south of 183rd Street, is on the west and is on the east.

wit-train-topic-001063668

projected-04042918-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Hayden

Sophia Hayden

Introduction

Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in at .

wit-train-topic-002522493

projected-04042918-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Hayden

Sophia Hayden

Early life

Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in at .

Sophia Gregoria Hayden was born in , . Her mother, Elezena Fernandez, was from Chile, and her father, George Henry Hayden, was an American dentist from Boston. Hayden had a sister and two brothers. When she was six, she was sent to , a neighborhood of Boston, to live with her paternal grandparents, George and Sophia Hayden, and attended the Hillside School. While attending (1883–1886) she found an interest in architecture. After graduation Hayden's family moved to , but she returned to Boston for college. She graduated from in 1890 with a degree in architecture, with honours.

wit-train-topic-001343301

projected-04042918-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia%20Hayden

Sophia Hayden

Education

Sophia Hayden (October 17, 1868 – February 3, 1953) was an American architect and first female graduate of the four-year program in at .

Hayden shared a drafting room with , a fellow female architect at (MIT). Hayden's work was influenced by MIT professor Eugène Létang. After completing her studies Hayden may have had a hard time finding an entry level apprentice position as an architect because she was a woman so she accepted a position as a mechanical drawing teacher at a Boston high school.

wit-train-topic-000956636

projected-04042929-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibeji

Ibeji

Introduction

Ibeji (known as Ibejí, Ibeyí, or Jimaguas in ) is the name of an representing a pair of in the of the (originating from , an area in and around present-day ). In the diasporic Yoruba spirituality of Latin America, Ibeji are syncretized with . In culture and spirituality, twins are believed to be magical, and are granted protection by the Orisha . If one twin should die, it represents bad fortune for the parents and the society to which they belong. The parents therefore commission a to carve a wooden Ibeji to represent the deceased twin, and the parents take care of the figure as if it were a real person. Other than the sex, the appearance of the Ibeji is determined by the sculptor. The parents then dress and decorate the ibeji to represent their own status, using clothing made from , as well as beads, coins and paint. Ibeji figures are admired by collectors and many have made their way into western collections. The world's largest collection of Ibejis is at the , London. The firstborn of the twins is known as while the second one is called . In Yoruba culture the second twin is considered the elder twin; the reason for this is that Taiwo is sent by Kehinde to judge if the world is fit and beautiful before he/she descends, in accordance with Yoruba belief.

wit-train-topic-002507903

projected-04042947-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelepte

Thelepte

Introduction

Thelepte () was a city in the of , now in western . It is located near the border with about 5 km north from the modern town of and 30 km south-west of the provincial capital .

wit-train-topic-000735743

projected-04042957-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

History

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in . According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of , where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly ). is listed as one of the six official languages of the , an autonomous province that traditionally fosters , and .

Parts of the region were included in the medieval in the 10th century, and then began to settle in the region, which before that time was mostly populated by . During the Hungarian administration, Hungarians formed the largest part of the population in northern parts of the region, while southern parts were populated by sizable Slavic peoples. Following the conquest and inclusion of Vojvodina into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, most Hungarians fled the region. During Ottoman rule, the Vojvodina region was mostly populated by and Muslim Slavs (). New Hungarian settlers started to come to the region with the establishment of the administration at the beginning of the 18th century, mostly after the .

wit-train-topic-003149370

projected-04042957-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

Settlement

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in . According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of , where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly ). is listed as one of the six official languages of the , an autonomous province that traditionally fosters , and .

Count settled Hungarians in his possessions in in 1712. In 1745, Hungarian colonists settled in , in 1750 in , in 1752 in , in 1772 in , in 1760 in , in 1764 in , in 1767 in , in 1776 in , in 1786 in and , in 1787 in , and in 1789 in . Between 1782 and 1786, Hungarians settled in and , and in 1794 in . Hungarians of Roman Catholic faith originated mostly from , while those of Protestant faith originated mostly from . Between 1751 and 1753, Hungarians settled in and (Those originated mostly from and ). In 1764–1767, Hungarians settled in , and , and in 1770 again in , , and , as well as in , and . In , the settling of Hungarians started later. In 1784 Hungarians settled in and , in 1776 in , in 1786 in , in 1796 in and , in 1782 in , in 1798 in , in 1773 in and , in 1774 in , in 1755–1760 in , and in 1766 in . In 1790, 14 Hungarian families from settled in . In the 19th century, the Hungarian expansion increased. From the beginning of the century, the Hungarian individuals and small groups of settlers from constantly immigrating to . In the first half of the 19th century, larger and smaller groups of the colonists settled in (in 1805), as well as in , and (in 1806). In 1884, Hungarian colonists settled in and in near . In 1889, Hungarians were settled in near and in 1892 in , while another group settled in Gomboš in 1898. Many Hungarian settlers from Gomboš moved to . After the abolishment of the , Hungarian colonists were settled in , , , , and . In 1883 around 1,000 Hungarians settled in , , and . In 1800, smaller groups of Hungarian colonists from Transdanubia settled in , while in the same time colonists from and counties settled in the area around and , where they at first lived in scattered small settlements. Later they formed one single settlement – . In 1824, one group of colonists from also settled in . In 1829 Hungarians settled in , and in 1880 an even larger number of Hungarians settled in this municipality. In 1804, Hungarian colonists from Csongrád county settled in (which was then joined with ), as well as in and . Even a larger group of Hungarians from Csongrád settled in 1804 in . In 1817–1818 Hungarians settled in , and in 1820–1840 smaller groups of Hungarians settled in . In 1826, colonists from and settled in near . In 1830, Hungarians from settled in , in 1831 in , in 1832 in near , in 1839 and 1870 in , in 1840 in and , in 1840–1841 in , in 1841 in , in 1859 in , in 1869 in (later moved to Skorenovac), and in 1890 in . In 1883-1886, Hungarians from were settled in , , and . The total number of Székely colonists was 3,520. In the southern region of , the first Hungarian settlers moved there during the 1860s from neighbouring counties, especially from Bačka. According to the 1900 census, the Hungarians were the largest ethnic group in the and made up 42.7% in the population (the second largest were with 25.1%, and the third largest group were Serbs with 18.2%). The Hungarians were third largest group in the (West Banat) with 18.8% (after Serbs with 31.5% and Germans with 30,2%). In the next census, in 1910, the Hungarians were the largest group in the with 44,8% in the population (followed by Germans with 23.5% and Serbs with 17.9%), and the third largest in the Torontál County with 20.9% (Serbs with 32.5%, Germans with 26.9%). The new temporary borders established in 1918 and permanent ones defined by the in 1920 put an end to Hungarian immigration. After , present-day Vojvodina was included into the newly formed (later known as the ), and many Hungarians of Vojvodina wanted to live in the post-Trianon Hungarian state; thus, some of them immigrated to Hungary, which was a destination for several emigration waves of Hungarians from Vojvodina. As a result, the interwar period was generally marked by a stagnation of the Hungarian population. They numbered around 363,000 (1921 census) – 376,000 (1931 census), and they constituted about 23-24% of the entire population of Vojvodina. The outbreak of the caused some changes in population numbers, but more importantly, it created tensions between the Hungarian and Serb communities.

wit-train-topic-000949114

projected-04042957-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

World War II

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in . According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of , where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly ). is listed as one of the six official languages of the , an autonomous province that traditionally fosters , and .

With the onset of World War II, the Hungarian-Serb relations were low. , in accordance to its "" plan, , and subsequently, Axis Hungarian forces occupied Bačka. Hungary annexed this region, and it was settled by new Hungarian settlers, at which time the number of Hungarians in the area grew considerably. In contrast, at the same time, many Serbs were expelled from Bačka. The brutal conduct of the Axis Hungarian occupying forces, including the Hungarian army and , has polarized both Hungarian and Serb communities. Under the Axis Hungarian authority, 19,573 people were killed in Bačka, of which the majority of victims were of Serb, and origin. Although most of the local Hungarian population supported Hungarian Axis authorities, some other local Hungarians opposed Axis rule and fought against it together with Serbs and other peoples of Vojvodina in the organized by the . In some places of Vojvodina (, ), most of the members of the communist party were ethnic Hungarians. In , the party secretary and most of the leadership were either ethnic Hungarians or Hungarian-speaking Jews. In the Bačka Topola municipality, 95% of communists were ethnic Hungarians. One of the leaders of the partisan resistance movement in Vojvodina was , an ethnic Hungarian, who was captured by the Axis authorities, sentenced to death by the court in and executed. Among the other actions of the resistance movement, the first s were burned near by five communists, of whom two were ethnic Hungarians – brothers and . Antal was killed there, together with his Serb comrade, fighting against gendarmes. At the same time, his brother was captured and killed in Novi Sad because he refused to reveal any information about the resistance movement. The corn stacks were soon also burned near Subotica. The communists that burned these corn stacks were arrested, tortured and sent to court. Two of them were sentenced to death ( and ), while five others were sentenced to prison (because they were underage). The Axis authorities also arrested a sizable number of Hungarian communists in Bačka Topola, Čantavir, Senta, Subotica and Novi Sad. Many of them were sent to the investigation centre in Bačka Topola, where some were killed, while some committed suicide. Among those Hungarian communists who were sent to the centre were , , and . Because of the size of the communist movement among Hungarians, new investigation centres were opened in Čantavir, Senta, Ada and Subotica. In the investigation centre in Subotica, almost 1,000 people were tortured, and part of them killed, among whom were and . Among those communists sentenced to death were Otmar Majer, and from Subotica, from Senta, as well as Đula Varga, , Pal Karas and Janoš Koči from Novi Sad. In , was killed during his attempt to escape. These actions of the Axis authorities were a hard strike on the resistance movement in Bačka, especially on its Hungarian component. The Hungarian component of the resistance movement was struck so hard that it could not recover until the war's end. In 1944, the and the Yugoslav partisan took control of Vojvodina. New communist authorities initiated purges against one part of the local population that either collaborated with the authorities or was viewed as a threat to the new regime (see: ). During this time, Partisans brutally massacred about 40,000 Hungarian civilians. In October 1944, 3,000 inhabitants of Hungarian nationality in Srbobran were executed by the Serbian communist partisans from the village of 18,000 inhabitants. In Bečej killing of the Hungarians began on 9 October 1944. In the city of Sombor in October 1944, the murdering of the Hungarians started at once based on the death list previously made. The Hungarians were taken to the Palace of Kronich. Next to the race-course, the common graves were dug in which 2,500 Hungarians were buried. Several other common graves can be found in the outside districts of the city. The inhabitants of the Hungarian city were fully exterminated. In total, 5,650 Hungarians were executed. A Soviet officer in prevented the extirpation of the whole Hungarian population of the village. Hungarian human loss of the village was 480 people. During the first week, about 1500 Hungarians were shot down into the in under the leadership of . On 3 November 1944 in , Hungarian male inhabitants of the village between 16 and 50 years were driven to a sports ground. 118 men were shot down by machine pistol to the Danube. 2830 Serbian communist partisans who made the murder belonged to the 12th "Udarna" Brigade of the . Strangely, the stopped further executions as they were also horrified at the massacre. On 3 December 1944, 56 Hungarian citizens were executed on the bank of the river in . In , 2,000 Hungarian citizens were killed. In during the 1944-45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarian) were killed by as retribution for supporting Hungary re-taking the city. At the end of the war, detachments of Serbian Partisans occupied and murdered 3000 local ethnic Hungarian residents. The surviving ethnic Hungarian residents of the village were deported to detention camps and were never allowed to return. Ethnic Hungarians Germans were declared to be collaborators or exploiters. Those suspected of not supporting the emerging or who belonged to a "wrong" ethnic group were the targets of persecution.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

Demographics

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in . According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of , where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly ). is listed as one of the six official languages of the , an autonomous province that traditionally fosters , and .

Almost all Hungarians in Serbia are to be found in , and especially in its northern part ( and districts, respectively) where majority (57.17%) of them live. Hungarians in the five municipalities form the absolute majority: (85.13%), (79.09%), (75.04%), (57.94%), and (53.91%). The ethnically mixed municipalities with relative Hungarian majority are (49.66%), (46.34%) and (35.65%). The multiethnic city of Subotica is a cultural and political centre for the Hungarians in Serbia. Protestant Hungarians form the plurality or majority of population in the settlements of , , , and .

wit-train-topic-003254209

projected-04042957-012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians%20in%20Serbia

Hungarians in Serbia

Born after 1920 in Yugoslavia and Serbia

Hungarians (, ) are the second-largest ethnic group in . According to the 2011 census, there are 253,899 ethnic composing 3.5% of the population of Serbia. The vast majority of them live in the northern autonomous province of , where they number 251,136 or 13% of the province's population, and almost 99% of all Hungarians in Serbia. Most Hungarians in Serbia are by faith, while smaller numbers of them are Protestant (mostly ). is listed as one of the six official languages of the , an autonomous province that traditionally fosters , and .

, Hungarian-born sprint canoer , sport shooter, bronze medal winner in Women's Air Rifle in the 1992 Summer Olympics , Croatian table tennis player , a former colonel of the Yugoslav Army who shot down an F-117 Nighthawk during the , basketball player , table tennis player , wrestler , tennis player , table tennis player , sprint canoer , handball goalkeeper , Hungarian politician in Fidesz , wrestler , cyclist , politician, former leader of the Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians , strongman competitor , Hungary national football team player , footballer playing for Yugoslavia and the United States , politician, close associate of Slobodan Milošević , gymnast , Hungarian national football team player , sprint canoer , violinist and composer , Hungarian Chess Grand Master , Hungarian composer , basketball player and coach , Hungarian tenor singer , FR Yugoslav volleyball player, Olympic champion , volleyball player , sprint canoeist , footballer , wrestler , wrestler , Roman Catholic bishop of Zrenjanin (Nagybecskerek) , footballer , table tennis player , footballer , sprint canoeist , Roman Catholic bishop of Subotica (Szabadka) , table tennis player , actress, writer, painter , Hungarian basketball coach , singer, winner of the third season of (Hungarian Idol) , wrestler , swimmer , former World No.1 female tennis player , world champion handball goalkeeper , Serbian Olympic swimmer , German author, translator, and literary critic , Hungarian national football team player, a gold medal winner at the 1968 Summer Olympics , sprint canoer , wrestler, bronze medal winner at the 1984 Summer Olympics , Hungarian footballer and a legend of , playing for the national team in the 1954 World Cup Final , legal scholar former Minister of Justice of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (July-December 1992)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina

Pertamina

The 1970s

PT Pertamina (Persero), formerly abbreviated from Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara (lit. 'State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company'), is an Indonesian and corporation based in . It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established 1957). In 2020, the firm was the third-largest crude oil producer in Indonesia behind US-based companies 's Mobil Cepu Ltd and . In 2013, Pertamina was included for the first time in the list of companies, ranked at 122 with revenues of $70.9 billion, it was also the sole Indonesian company to be featured in the list. According to the 2020 list, Pertamina is .

After the merge, Pertamina's production rose considerably (about 15% each in 1968 and 1969, and nearly 20% in 1973). By the end of 1973, it directly produced 28.2% of Indonesia's oil, with agreements of and to produce the rest (67.8% and 3.6%, respectively). Its assets included seven , s, 116 , 102 other vessels and an airline. It was also active in , , , , s, , a estate, and . The 1974 oil price increases produced revenues of $4.2 billion in that year, equivalent to approximately one-sixth of Indonesia's gross domestic product. Much of this revenue was used by Sutowo to expand Pertamina's interests far beyond oil production to include investments in oil tankers, steel and construction. Pertamina built the , the presidential executive office building in . The global oil crisis of the 1970s greatly increased oil prices and profits. Pertamina initially provided a fiscal lift to the hopes of . For President and other members of the ruling elite revenue from Pertamina was "an ongoing source of funding" without accountability. "They ran this cash-cow into the ground, using it for both military and personal ends." Historian describes the endemic corruption at Pertamina: At each stage of the transaction chain, somebody was getting a percentage... If accidents occurred, as in 1972 when eighty impoverished people died... they could be covered up. In 1973, the government's ability to borrow money from overseas was constrained, and Pertamina was no longer providing revenues to the state. Instead, the massive enterprise turned out not to be making money but compiling exponentially large losses. In February 1975, Pertamina could no longer pay its American and Canadian creditors. An investigation followed, which revealed over 10 billion in debts, mismanagement, and corruption within the company. This debt was equivalent to approximately thirty per cent of Indonesia's at the time. Others offer a figure of a $15 billion debt. A public investigation hurt the reputation of the national elite both among Indonesians and foreigners. The charges against were dismissed. and his family were among the richest and most powerful in Indonesia, into the 21st century. The government took over the operation of the company and sought means by which to repay its debts. Pertamina's debt problems were eventually solved through a large government bail-out, which nearly doubled Indonesia's foreign debt.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertamina

Pertamina

Refineries

PT Pertamina (Persero), formerly abbreviated from Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara (lit. 'State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company'), is an Indonesian and corporation based in . It was created in August 1968 by the merger of Pertamin (established 1961) and Permina (established 1957). In 2020, the firm was the third-largest crude oil producer in Indonesia behind US-based companies 's Mobil Cepu Ltd and . In 2013, Pertamina was included for the first time in the list of companies, ranked at 122 with revenues of $70.9 billion, it was also the sole Indonesian company to be featured in the list. According to the 2020 list, Pertamina is .

Pertamina has not built any new refineries since the Balongan refinery was opened in West Java in the mid-1990s. and Pertamina signed into partnership to build a new petrochemical complex in Indonesia for an estimated cost of US $4 to 5 billion. Currently (2013) Pertamina owns six which have a total combined capacity of around of oil per day: Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia. (Note: By world standards, none of Indonesia's refineries are large. The world's largest refinery, at in India, has a production capacity of over per day. As a rule of thumb, refineries need to produce at least per day to reach reasonable international standards of efficiency.) There are several other refineries in Indonesia which Pertamina has responsibilities for: Source: Indonesian Ministry of Energy and Resources, 2012 Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia. In addition to the refineries which Pertamina owns, Pertamina has invested in two operating companies that manage output from LNG plants. PT Badak LNG operates a plant in , East Kalimantan, with 8 trains having a total capacity of 22.5 million tons per annum. PT Donggi Senoro LNG in Uso Village, Batui Subdistrict, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, with 1 train with a capacity of 2 million tons per annum. Pertamina also invested in the PT Arun 6 LNG trains near , Aceh, which had a total capacity of 12.5 million tons per annum. They closed down due to a lack of feed gas in 2014, and now Arun has used an LNG import terminal. During 2012 and early 2013, it was announced several times that there were plans to build two more large fuel refineries, each with a capacity of around per day, perhaps in Balongan, West Java (or, alternatively, in Bontang, East Kalimantan) and in Tuban, East Java. The first facility was planned to be built by Pertamina in partnership with , while the second was expected to be built by Pertamina in co-operation with . Total investment was expected to be around $20 billion. One main problem holding up an agreement to build the refineries was the issue of financial concessions to be provided for the foreign investors. Eventually, in September 2013 it was announced that the plans for the first refinery had been cancelled. At the same time, the government said that there were plans for yet a different refinery project which would be constructed solely by Pertamina and funded by the state. The crude oil for this alternative project was expected to be supplied from Iraq. Pending further progress on these large investment plans, Pertamina has announced (late 2014) plans to upgrade the existing refineries so as to add around per day to Pertamina's current refining capacity of around per day. Pertamina also has two gas reserves and a petrochemical company. Pertamina's products include a great variety of fuels, chemicals, additives, and retail products.

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projected-04042984-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Introduction

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

wit-train-topic-003016133

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Mounds and plaza area

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

spread along the lower and its tributaries between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. The largest Mississippian settlement was , the capital of a major chiefdom that built a six-mile-square city east of the Mississippi River that now is St. Louis, Missouri, in present-day southern Illinois. Archeological studies have revealed that Mississippian culture extended from the to the , along the Ohio River, and into both the lowland and mountain areas of the Southeast. Mississippian settlements were known for their large earthwork, (usually truncated pyramids), surmounted by temples, the houses of warrior kings and priests, and the burial houses of the elite. The mounds were arranged around large, constructed flat plazas believed to be used for ceremonial community gathering and ritual games. Archaeological research has shown that Mississippian settlements such as Cahokia and Spiro took part in a vast trading network that covered the eastern half of what is now the U.S. and parts of what is now the western U.S. as well. The Spiro site includes twelve earthen mounds and 150 acres of land. As in other Mississippian-culture towns, the people built a number of large, complex . These included s surrounding a large, planned and leveled central , where important religious rituals, the politically and culturally significant game of , and other important community activities were carried out. The population lived in a village that bordered the plaza. In addition, have found more than twenty related village sites within five miles of the main town. Other village sites linked to Spiro through culture and trade have been found up to a away. Spiro has been the site of human activity for at least 8,000 years. It was a major Mississippian settlement from 800 to 1450 AD. The cultivation of during this period allowed accumulation of crop surpluses and the gathering of more dense populations. The town was the headquarters of a regional , whose powerful leaders directed the building of eleven s and one in an area on the south bank of the . The heart of the site is a group of nine mounds surrounding an oval plaza. These mounds were the bases of the homes of important leaders or formed the foundations for religious structures that focused the attention of the community. Brown Mound, the largest platform mound, is located on the eastern side of the plaza. It had an earthen ramp that gave access to the summit from the northern side. Here, atop Brown Mound and the other mounds, the inhabitants of the town carried out complex rituals, centered especially on the deaths and burials of Spiro's powerful rulers. Archaeologists have shown that Spiro had a large resident population until about 1250. After that, most of the population moved to other towns nearby. Spiro continued to be used as a regional ceremonial center and burial ground until about 1450. Its ceremonial and mortuary functions continued and seem to have increased after the main population moved away.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

The Great Mortuary

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

Craig Mound – also called "The Spiro Mound" – is the second-largest mound on the site and the only burial mound. It is located approximately southeast of the plaza. A cavity created within the mound, approximately high and wide, allowed for almost perfect preservation of fragile artifacts made of wood, , and copper. The conditions in this hollow space were so favorable that objects made of perishable materials such as , woven fabric of plant and animal fibers, lace, fur, and feathers were preserved inside it. In historic tribes, such objects have traditionally been created by women. Also found inside were several examples of made from Missouri and s, all thought to have originally come from the site in . The "Great Mortuary", as archaeologists called this hollow chamber, appears to have begun as a burial structure for Spiro's rulers. It was created as a circle of sacred sunk in the ground and angled together at the top similarly to a . The cone-shaped chamber was covered with layers of earth to create the mound, preventing collapse. Some scholars believe that minerals percolating through the mound hardened the log walls of the chamber, making them resistant to decay and shielding the perishable artifacts inside from direct contact with the earth. No other Mississippian mound has been found with such a hollow space inside it, nor with such spectacular preservation of artifacts. Craig Mound has been called "an American ". Between 1933 and 1935, Craig Mound was excavated by a commercial enterprise that had bought the rights from local landowners to excavate and to keep or sell the artifacts they recovered. Tunneling into the mound and breaking through the Great Mortuary's log wall, they found many human burials, together with their associated grave goods. They discarded the human remains and the fragile artifacts—made of textile, basketry, and even feathers—that were preserved in these extremely unusual conditions. Most of those rare and priceless objects disintegrated before scholars could reach the site, although some were sold to collectors. When the commercial excavators finished, they dynamited the burial chamber and sold the commercially valuable artifacts, made of stone, pottery, copper, and conch shell, to collectors in the United States and overseas. Probably, most of these valuable objects are lost, but some have been returned through donation and have been documented by scholars. Funded by the (WPA), archaeologists from the University of Oklahoma parts of the site between 1936 and 1941. The Oklahoma Historical Society established the Spiro Mounds Archaeological Center in 1978 that continues to operate. The site is listed on the and is preserved as Oklahoma's only Archeological State Park and only pre-contact Native American site open to the public.

wit-train-topic-000072877

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Southeastern Ceremonial Complex

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

Spiro Mounds people participated in what and archaeologists call the (SECC), a network of ceremonial centers sharing the Mississippian culture and similar , cosmology, , and cult objects. The complex was a vast trading network that distributed exotic materials from all across North America that were used in the making of ritual objects. These materials included colored from New Mexico, copper from the , conch (or ) shells from the , and from the Carolinas. Other Mississippian centers also traded in these prized resources, but apparently, Spiro was the only trading center that acquired from Mexico. Using these valued materials, Mississippian artists created exquisite works of art reflecting their and their complex spiritual beliefs. When commercial excavators dug into Craig Mound in the 1930s, they found many beautifully crafted ritual artifacts, including , polished stone , finely made , polished stones, copper effigy axes, (), mica effigy cut outs, elaborately engraved conch , pearl bead necklaces, stone s, wood carvings inlaid with shell, and specially made mortuary pottery. The shells were fashioned into s and drinking cups with intricate designs representing costumed humans, real and mythical animals, and geometric , all of which had profound symbolic significance. The Spiro Mounds ceremonial objects are among the finest examples of art in North America. Later, archaeologists recognized that the ritual artifacts at Spiro were similar to comparable objects excavated at other powerful Mississippian towns that also participated in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. These include in Illinois, the largest Mississippian town; and in ; and in . In economic terms, Spiro seems to have been a gateway town that funneled valuable resources from the and other western regions to the main Mississippian ceremonial centers farther east. In return, it received valuable goods from those other centers. Spiro's location on the , one of the principal tributaries of the , gave the Spiro traders access to the Mississippian heartland. Spiro and other Mississippian towns clearly looked to the great city of , in what now is southern Illinois, as a cultural model to be emulated. Located about 400 miles northeast of Spiro near the confluence of the and Rivers, Cahokia was the largest and most impressive of all the Mississippian towns. analysis of some of the most beautiful stone effigy pipes found at Spiro, including the famous "Grizzly Man" or "Kneeling Rattler" pipe, have shown they came from Cahokia, based on the material from which they were made. Cahokia also influenced the styles of the artifacts made at Spiro. Archaeologists have identified four distinct styles: the Braden Style characteristic of artifacts brought from and the Craig A, B, and C styles that are local derivatives of the Braden Style. and first defined the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the 1940s, according to a series of distinct cultural traits. Since the late 1980s, archaeologists have adopted a new classification scheme that is based on their greatly improved understanding of Mississippian cultural development. The new scheme divides the SECC into five periods, or , each defined by the appearance of new ritual objects and cultural motifs connected with new developments in politics and long-distance trade. Archaeologists have determined that Spiro was at the peak of its cultural importance in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Mississippian iconography

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

Anthropologists have tried in recent years to interpret the meaning of the ritual artifacts and artistic imagery found at Spiro and other Mississippian sites. While reaching firm conclusions about the meanings of works of art made centuries ago by people of an extinct culture is difficult, they have made some compelling interpretations by comparing Mississippian artistic imagery with the s, s, art, and of historic groups. One of the most prominent symbols at Spiro is the , a winged human figure representing a warrior or chunkey player. was a game played in the Mississippian period, but also in historic times by the , , , and other tribes throughout the Eastern Woodlands. Based upon these historic records, the game consisted of players rolling a stone disk for a considerable distance and then hurling spears as close as they could to the point where the stone stopped. Another Spiro is the , a being said to inhabit the Under World, the spiritual domain on the opposite side of the Mississippian universe. The Great Serpent is portrayed in Mississippian art with a serpent's body, but also with wings or horns. Similar beings were the subject of myth in historic times among the , , , , , , and other Native American tribes, appearing in tribes of at least three major language families. The spiritual beings of the Under World were thought to be in constant opposition to those in the Upper World. Humans had to fear these beings, according to Native American mythology, but they could also gain great power from them in certain circumstances. Mississippian art also features the motifs, which researchers have interpreted as the , the point at which the three parts of the Mississippian spiritual universe come together: the Upper World, the Under World, and the Middle World where humans dwell. Often, the cedar tree, or the striped-center-pole, is found on engraved conch s, with human or animal figures positioned on either side. The concept of an — the point where different cosmic domains converge — is found in many cultures around the world. It is frequently represented as a tree (including the ), since trees pass through the surface of the earth and connect the subsurface and the sky. The fact that the Great Mortuary at Spiro was built with cedar (or ) posts suggests that the burial chamber was meant to be a point of departure from one spiritual domain to another, as cedar was a sacred wood. Archaeologists found that one of the conch shell cups from Craig Mound had a black residue in the bottom. This suggests that the Spiro people may have practiced a version of the , a purification ritual that was also performed in historic times by their descendants - the southeastern tribes. Participants drank a tea made from the from conch shell cups.

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projected-04042984-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiro%20Mounds

Spiro Mounds

Caddoan Mississippians

Spiro Mounds () is an archaeological site located in present-day eastern that remains from an indigenous Indian culture that was part of the major northern culture. The 80-acre site is located within a floodplain on the southern side of the . The modern town of developed approximately seven miles to the south. Between the ninth and fifteenth centuries, the local indigenous people created a powerful religious and political center, culturally linked to the identified by anthropologists as the (MIIS). Spiro was a major western outpost of , which dominated the Mississippi Valley and its tributaries for centuries. In the 1930s during the , treasure hunters bought the rights to tunnel into Craig Mound—the second-largest mound on the site—to mine it for artifacts. Without concern for scientific research, they exposed a hollow burial chamber inside the mound, a unique feature containing some of the most extraordinary artifacts ever found in the United States. The treasure hunters sold the artifacts they recovered to art collectors, some as far away as Europe. The artifacts included works of fragile, perishable materials: textiles and feathers that had been uniquely preserved in the conditions of the closed chamber. Later, steps were taken to protect the site. This site has been significant for North American archaeology since the 1930s, especially due to its many preserved textiles and a wealth of shell carving. Later, some of the artifacts sold by treasure hunters were returned to regional museums and the , but many artifacts from the site have never been accounted for. Since the late twentieth century, the Spiro Mounds site has been protected by the and it is listed on the .

Most authorities agree that the people of Spiro were Caddoan speaking, but their descendants in historic times are difficult to identify. Anthropologists speculate that the , , , or non-Caddoan , could be their descendants. However, the cultures of all these peoples, when encountered by the Spanish and French in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were substantially different from that of Spiro. Under the , the and the are recognized by the U.S. Federal government, cultural anthropologists, and archaeologists as the cultural descendants of the builders of Spiro Mounds. When the Spanish led a military expedition into what is now the southeastern United States in the 1540s, he including the , who lived near the Arkansas River. de Soto's forces also encountered numerous Caddo villages. Composed of many tribes, the Caddo were organized into three confederacies, the , , and , which were all linked by similar languages. At the time of de Soto's conquest, the Caddoan peoples occupied a large territory. It included what now is eastern , western , northeastern , and northwestern . Anthropologists have thought that the Caddo and related peoples had been living in the region for centuries and that they had their own local variant of Mississippian culture. Recent excavations have revealed more cultural diversity than scholars had expected within that region. The sites along the Arkansas River, in particular, seem to have their own distinctive characteristics. Scholars still classify the Mississippian sites found in the entire Caddo area, including Spiro Mounds, as "". The Caddoan Mississippian region contained many towns in addition to Spiro, including the . Scholars have determined that Battle Mound, lying along the Great Bend of the in southwest Arkansas, was a larger site than Spiro. Little excavation has been conducted there to date. The Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the east. They also lacked the wooden fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoan may have faced fewer military threats from their neighbors. Also, their societies may have had a somewhat lower level of . The Spiro people probably were speakers of one of the many . The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include , , , , and s. Wichita and Kitsai are both extinct.

wit-train-topic-004723383

projected-04042987-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokua%20Kanza

Lokua Kanza

Introduction

Lokua Kanza (born April 1958) is a singer-songwriter from the . He is known for his soulful, folksy sound.

wit-train-topic-001386236

projected-04043000-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quba%20Khanate

Quba Khanate

History

The Quba Khanate (also spelled Qobbeh; ) was one of the most significant semi-independent that existed from 1747 to 1806, under suzerainty. It bordered to the east, to the north, to the west, and and s to the south. In 1755 the khanate conquered Salyan from the .

The khans of Quba were from the Qeytaq tribe, which was divided into two branches, the Majales and the Yengikend. The origin of the tribe is obscure. First attested in the 9th-century, only their chieftain and his family were Muslims, according to the historian (died 956). The chieftain bore the title of Salifan, as well as the title of Kheydaqan-shah. According to the 17th-century historian, (died 1682), the Qeytaq spoke , but this was dismissed as a "hoax" by the (died 1966), who demonstrated that Çelebi copied the alleged Mongolian speech of the Qeytab from the texts of (died after 1339/40). The German historian and , (died 1930), quoting from a earlier source, refers to the chieftain as Adharnarse. The khans of Quba were descended from Hosein Khan of the Majales branch, who was given the governorship of and Quba by () in the second half of the 1680s. The khanate achieved its greatest prominence under , whose governorship lasted from 1758 to 1789. He seized Derbent, and divided Shirvan with of Shaki. After Fath Ali Khan's death, the khanate's influence declined. As a result of 's conquests and the devastation it had brought, the Alliance of Northern khanates disintegrated. The khanate was conquered by Russia in 1806, and was fully incorporated into newly created by 1846.

wit-train-topic-002382442

projected-04043032-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanagudi

Basavanagudi

Introduction

Basavanagudi is a residential and commercial locality in the Indian city of . It is located in South Bangalore, along the borders of . The name "Basavanagudi" refers to the , which contains a monolith statue of the . The word Basava in means bull, and gudi means temple.Basavanagudi is one of the oldest and poshest areas of Bangalore. 4.6 km far from and , and 38.7 km to . The main commercial street of Basavanagudi is DVG Road, which is home to numerous retail businesses - several of them dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. Towards the middle of DVG Road is Gandhi Bazaar, known for its markets which sell fresh flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The neighbourhood includes several historic restaurants, notably , a vegetarian restaurant which was opened in 1943.

wit-train-topic-004123903

projected-04043032-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basavanagudi

Basavanagudi

Education

Basavanagudi is a residential and commercial locality in the Indian city of . It is located in South Bangalore, along the borders of . The name "Basavanagudi" refers to the , which contains a monolith statue of the . The word Basava in means bull, and gudi means temple.Basavanagudi is one of the oldest and poshest areas of Bangalore. 4.6 km far from and , and 38.7 km to . The main commercial street of Basavanagudi is DVG Road, which is home to numerous retail businesses - several of them dating back to the 1920s and 1930s. Towards the middle of DVG Road is Gandhi Bazaar, known for its markets which sell fresh flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The neighbourhood includes several historic restaurants, notably , a vegetarian restaurant which was opened in 1943.

, B P Wadia Road National College, Basavanagudi National School Basavanagudi Vijaya College, R.V. Road, Basavanagudi Sree Saraswathi Vidhya Mandir

wit-train-topic-003813208

projected-04043055-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20holder

Film holder

Sheet film holders

A film holder is a accessory that holds one or more pieces of film, for insertion into a or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner or a flatbed scanner with film scanning capabilities. The widest use of the term refers to a device that holds for use in cameras, but it can also refer to various interchangeable devices in or even camera systems.

The most common instance of film holder is the sheet film holder. Also referred to as a dark slide or double dark slide, they are flat devices, slightly larger than the films they hold, which commonly hold one sheet of film on each side. The plate holder, which is a very similar device, holds instead of sheet film. A dark slide, from which the device derives its alternate name, is simply a dark cover that slides into a recess in the holder to protect the film (or plate) from exposure to light. Many dark slides have differently colored bands or handles on each side, one usually light and the other dark, so the photographer can distinguish between exposed and unexposed film. Traditionally, sheet film and glass plate holders have been made out of wood. Wooden holders, properly treated, can last a very long time, and apart from possible warpage, many very old specimens are still in service. Some companies continue to make wood models today, particularly for more uncommon film sizes, and as many are mostly handmade, they can be quite expensive. The majority of new sheet film holders are now made out of plastic. When using a sheet film holder, the device is inserted into the camera, often a , and the dark slide is withdrawn, making the film available for exposure. After the exposure has been made, the dark slide is reinserted into the film holder, and the device is removed from the camera for later processing of the exposed film.

wit-train-topic-000800585

projected-04043055-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20holder

Film holder

Multi-sheet holders

A film holder is a accessory that holds one or more pieces of film, for insertion into a or optical scanning device such as a dedicated film scanner or a flatbed scanner with film scanning capabilities. The widest use of the term refers to a device that holds for use in cameras, but it can also refer to various interchangeable devices in or even camera systems.

Some film holders can hold more than two sheets. One of the most common is the Grafmatic, manufactured by , which holds six sheets of film in individual septums. They were available in "23" and "45" models, corresponding to 6×9 cm (2×3 inches) and 4×5 inch sheets. It takes little effort to quickly cycle through all six sheets, which makes the Grafmatic ideal for usage. produced a similar device called the Kinematic, which holds 10 sheets, though was only available in 4×5 inch format. Graflex also produced the Film Magazine. It is commonly referred to as a "bag magazine" (or "bag mag"), and uses a leather bag that hangs on the side of the frame to exchange the septums from front to back. It is a much more manual device than the Grafmatic, as exchanging a septum is done manually through the bag, rather than by a simple manipulation of the magazine's dark slide. They were sold in separate versions for film and glass plates, and held 12-18 sheets/plates, depending on the model. They are found in 3×4, 4×5, and 5×7 inch formats. Though all are superficially similar (a "bag mag" film (not plate) septum is the same thickness as a Grafmatic septum, but has slightly different width and length; a Kinematic septum appears almost identical to a Grafmatic septum but is in fact considerably thinner) in fact use of a septum from a different type of holder in any of these multi-sheet holders is very likely to jam the entire magazine and bend internal parts, which can then damage yet another holder if used with it. As replacement parts are no longer available one must be careful not to interchange pieces of different types of multi-sheet holders. created a 4×5 system in the late 1990s called QuickChange, which is somewhat similar to a Grafmatic in principle. It is made of plastic rather than metal, making it lighter, and less prone to bent septums, but also less durable. It can hold 8 shots, and inserts are purchased already loaded with film. Though not sold as such, these inserts can be reloaded a limited number of times with standard sheet film. Because, like Grafmatic or "bag mag" holders, the Fuji holders used sheet film of normal thickness, they offered higher image quality than the older "film packs" (see below), but never became widely popular before brought much production of traditional large-format materials to a halt.

wit-train-topic-001674323

projected-04043105-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Avenue%20%28Los%20Angeles%29

Western Avenue (Los Angeles)

Introduction

Western Avenue is a major four-lane street in the city of Los Angeles (west of ) and through the center portion of . It is one of the longest north–south streets in Los Angeles city and county, apart from . It is about long.

wit-train-topic-002166054

projected-04043136-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Marsa

La Marsa

Introduction

La Marsa ( ) is a coastal town in far north eastern near the capital . The population is estimated as 92,987, as of 2014. The old summer capital of pre-colonial Tunisia, it is today a popular vacation spot for many wealthy Tunisians. It is connected to Tunis by the railway. is adjacent to El Marsa further up the coast.

wit-train-topic-003870214

projected-04043136-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Marsa

La Marsa

Transport

La Marsa ( ) is a coastal town in far north eastern near the capital . The population is estimated as 92,987, as of 2014. The old summer capital of pre-colonial Tunisia, it is today a popular vacation spot for many wealthy Tunisians. It is connected to Tunis by the railway. is adjacent to El Marsa further up the coast.

(TGM) is a 19 km light rail line linking the capital with El Marsa via . The TGM was the first in Tunisia and inaugurated in 1872. Since 1905 it has been known as the TGM. It is part of the transportation system of the Tunis area, and together with the light rail of Tunis (Le métro léger de Tunis) managed by the Société des transports de Tunis (Transtu). Transtu was founded in 2003 by joining the Société du métro léger de (SMLT, founded 1981) and the Société nationale de transports (SNT, founded 1963). Transports that passes through the N9 Highway: The bus line N°20 from Tunis Passage to La Marsa El Riadh, managed by the Société des transports de Tunis (Transtu) The bus line TCV from Tunis Passage to La Marsa Sidi Abdelaziz managed by a private company (Transport En Commun De Voyageur) The collective taxi (Taxi jama3i), it is the fastest way to go to La Marsa from Tunis

wit-train-topic-003957783

projected-04043140-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Marsa%2C%20Algiers

El Marsa, Algiers

Introduction

El Marsa is a town in , . The population is 11,860.

wit-train-topic-001931761

projected-04043152-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-2

VFA-2

Introduction

Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2) also known as the "Bounty Hunters" is a strike fighter squadron based at , California. Their tail code is NE and their callsign is "Bullet". They are attached to (CVW-2), a composite unit made up of a wide array of aircraft performing a variety of combat and support missions that deploy aboard the .

wit-train-topic-002981727

projected-04043152-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-2

VFA-2

1970s

Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2) also known as the "Bounty Hunters" is a strike fighter squadron based at , California. Their tail code is NE and their callsign is "Bullet". They are attached to (CVW-2), a composite unit made up of a wide array of aircraft performing a variety of combat and support missions that deploy aboard the .

VF-2, known as the "Bounty Hunters," was established on 14 October 1972 flying the . VF-2 completed aircrew training and received its first Tomcats in July 1973, attaining full strength of 12 F-14As in the spring of 1974. VF-2's initial deployment was in 1974 with her sister squadron aboard . The squadron flew over in support of , the evacuation of US personnel in April, 1975. Deployed on USS Enterprise Westpac 1978 Ports of call: Pearl Harbor Hawaii, Subic Bay Philippines, Singapore, Perth Australia, Hong Kong

wit-train-topic-004664148

projected-04043152-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-2

VFA-2

1990s

Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2) also known as the "Bounty Hunters" is a strike fighter squadron based at , California. Their tail code is NE and their callsign is "Bullet". They are attached to (CVW-2), a composite unit made up of a wide array of aircraft performing a variety of combat and support missions that deploy aboard the .

The unit participated in , flying over 500 combat mission from USS Ranger operating in the Persian Gulf. VF-2 performed escort, reconnaissance and Combat Air Patrol (CAP) missions. After the 1992-1993 cruise, USS Ranger was decommissioned (along with VF-2’s sister squadron ), and VF-2 was switched to the . At the same time, VF-2 transitioned to the F-14D Tomcat. Several months after the 1995 cruise, VF-2 was awarded the battle "E" and relocated from to due to a (BRAC) decision to make Miramar a Marine Corps Air Station. In April 1996, VF-2's F-14Ds were modified to carry the infrared targeting pod, giving them precision strike capabilities. During their 1999 cruise, VF-2 supported and on September 9, attacked sites and anti-aircraft guns around . The same day, a VF-2 Tomcat engaged 2 ’s that were heading south into the from , west of with es. The missiles did not score as the MiGs turned north once they detected the missile launch.

wit-train-topic-005217115

projected-04043152-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-2

VFA-2

2000s

Strike Fighter Squadron 2 (VFA-2) also known as the "Bounty Hunters" is a strike fighter squadron based at , California. Their tail code is NE and their callsign is "Bullet". They are attached to (CVW-2), a composite unit made up of a wide array of aircraft performing a variety of combat and support missions that deploy aboard the .

In mid 2001, VF-2 deployed aboard in support of . During the 2002-2003 deployment, the final cruise with the Tomcat, VF-2 participated in flying a wide range of missions including reconnaissance, close air support, CAP and strike missions. On February 28, 2003, during Operation Southern Watch, a VF-2 aircraft delivered the 1st Tomcat in combat. During this deployment, VF-2 flew 483 sorties and dropped 294 's/JDAMs/MK-82 bombs. On 1 July 2003, VF-2 was redesignated VFA-2, and began transition to the receiving its first aircraft on 6 October 2003. VFA-2 deployed to the Western Pacific aboard with CVW-2 in October, 2004. They returned in March 2005 after supporting which provided humanitarian support to after the . In 2006, VFA-2 and CVW-2 embarked on a WESTPAC deployment. On 13 March 2008, VFA-2 embarked with CVW-2 aboard USS Abraham Lincoln on a 7-month deployment to the Persian Gulf, returning home on 8 October.

wit-train-topic-001982496

projected-04043191-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20126

British Rail Class 126

Introduction

The British Rail Class 126 was built by BR in 1959/60 to work services from Glasgow to Ayrshire and comprised 22 3-car sets and were a development of the earlier Swindon-built trainsets that had been introduced in 1955 to work the Edinburgh Waverley - Glasgow Queen St services. These vehicles formed the first Inter City service to be operated by diesel units in Great Britain. The introduction of these early diesel multiple units originated in a report of 1952 that suggested the trial use of diesel railcars. BR's were chosen to design and build express units for the ex- Edinburgh Waverley to route.

wit-train-topic-005035018

projected-04043193-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender-class%20boat

Defender-class boat

Introduction

{| {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= Defender class |Builders= |Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses=Defender "A" Class Defender "B" Class Defender "C" Class |Operators= See |Cost= |Built range= |In service range=2002–Present |In commission range= |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed= 800 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= 800 |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships preserved= }} |} The Defender-class boat, also called Response Boat – Small (RB-S) and Response Boat – Homeland Security (RB-HS), is a standard boat introduced by the in 2002. The boats serve a variety of missions, including , and law enforcement duties and replaces a variety of smaller non-standard boats. The design length of the hull is 25 feet and the boat is officially referred to as such. However, the overall length with engines mounted is approximately . Powered by twin s, they are capable of speeds in excess of and have a range of 150 to , depending on the class. The boat requires a minimum crew of two persons, but has a carrying capacity for 10 persons. The boat is easily trailerable and can be transported by a aircraft or truck. Although similar in appearance to a , the Defender is actually an -hulled vessel, equipped with a rigid foam-filled flotation collar. The first generation of boats were built by '' (Secure All-around Flotation Equipped) of , a vendor of government and law enforcement boats. The replacement second generation was ordered in 2011 from .

wit-train-topic-003965790

projected-04043193-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender-class%20boat

Defender-class boat

A class

{| {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= Defender class |Builders= |Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses=Defender "A" Class Defender "B" Class Defender "C" Class |Operators= See |Cost= |Built range= |In service range=2002–Present |In commission range= |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed= 800 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= 800 |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships preserved= }} |} The Defender-class boat, also called Response Boat – Small (RB-S) and Response Boat – Homeland Security (RB-HS), is a standard boat introduced by the in 2002. The boats serve a variety of missions, including , and law enforcement duties and replaces a variety of smaller non-standard boats. The design length of the hull is 25 feet and the boat is officially referred to as such. However, the overall length with engines mounted is approximately . Powered by twin s, they are capable of speeds in excess of and have a range of 150 to , depending on the class. The boat requires a minimum crew of two persons, but has a carrying capacity for 10 persons. The boat is easily trailerable and can be transported by a aircraft or truck. Although similar in appearance to a , the Defender is actually an -hulled vessel, equipped with a rigid foam-filled flotation collar. The first generation of boats were built by '' (Secure All-around Flotation Equipped) of , a vendor of government and law enforcement boats. The replacement second generation was ordered in 2011 from .

The Defender A class or Response Boat - Homeland Security (RB-HS) was the first version of the Defender class and entered service in 2002. Some A-class boats in service with the (MSRT) have gray collars instead of the more common orange.

wit-train-topic-002467094

projected-04043193-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender-class%20boat

Defender-class boat

C class

{| {{Infobox ship class overview |Name= Defender class |Builders= |Class before= |Class after= |Subclasses=Defender "A" Class Defender "B" Class Defender "C" Class |Operators= See |Cost= |Built range= |In service range=2002–Present |In commission range= |Total ships building= |Total ships planned= |Total ships completed= 800 |Total ships cancelled= |Total ships active= 800 |Total ships laid up= |Total ships lost= |Total ships retired= |Total ships preserved= }} |} The Defender-class boat, also called Response Boat – Small (RB-S) and Response Boat – Homeland Security (RB-HS), is a standard boat introduced by the in 2002. The boats serve a variety of missions, including , and law enforcement duties and replaces a variety of smaller non-standard boats. The design length of the hull is 25 feet and the boat is officially referred to as such. However, the overall length with engines mounted is approximately . Powered by twin s, they are capable of speeds in excess of and have a range of 150 to , depending on the class. The boat requires a minimum crew of two persons, but has a carrying capacity for 10 persons. The boat is easily trailerable and can be transported by a aircraft or truck. Although similar in appearance to a , the Defender is actually an -hulled vessel, equipped with a rigid foam-filled flotation collar. The first generation of boats were built by '' (Secure All-around Flotation Equipped) of , a vendor of government and law enforcement boats. The replacement second generation was ordered in 2011 from .

The Defender C class, sometimes known as the Response Boat Small - Charlie, is a modification of the B class and was designed as a replacement for the aging (TPSB) currently used by s. The C class has a gray foam collar, a cabin climate control system, and an increased armament of one .50-caliber machine gun on a modified forward mount and two M240B machine guns on port and starboard mounts just aft of the cabin. The first C-class boats were delivered to Port Security Unit 305 in May 2008 for testing and entered operational service at , Cuba in 2009.

wit-train-topic-001035540

projected-04043211-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20D.%20Nicholson

Samuel D. Nicholson

Introduction

Samuel Danford Nicholson (February 22, 1859March 24, 1923) was a from . Born in , , , he attended the public schools there and moved to and then to and later, in 1881, to . Nicholson became interested in , and advanced from miner to foreman, superintendent, manager, and then president of the . He discovered the that bears his name, . From 1893 to 1897, Nicholson was the of Leadville; he moved to in 1902. In 1914 and 1916, he was an unsuccessful candidate for . During the , he served as State chairman of the and campaigns, and was a member of the . He was elected as a to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1921, until his death in Denver on March 24, 1923. His interment was in in Denver.

wit-train-topic-000261649

projected-04043237-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delair%20Bridge

Delair Bridge

21st century rehabilitation

The Delair Bridge (officially the Delair Memorial Railroad Bridge) is a railroad bridge with a section that crosses the between , , and , , just south of the . The two-track bridge is part of and is jointly used by and freight trains, as well as by the service.

In December 2011, an $18.5 million (TIGER) grant was awarded to by the , partially for rehabilitation of the bridge. The improvements were completed.

wit-train-topic-003367929

projected-04043300-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitheroe%20railway%20station

Clitheroe railway station

Introduction

Clitheroe serves the town of in , . The station is the northern terminus of the / Clitheroe Line operated by and is north of . The station forms part of , which has won a number of awards.

wit-train-topic-001142605

projected-04043300-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitheroe%20railway%20station

Clitheroe railway station

Facilities

Clitheroe serves the town of in , . The station is the northern terminus of the / Clitheroe Line operated by and is north of . The station forms part of , which has won a number of awards.

The station had a ticket office, which was next to the old station building (which is used as an art gallery). The ticket office, operated by Lancashire County Council rather than operator Northern permanently closed from February 2020. It was staffed Monday to Friday. All tickets must now be purchased via mobile device or from the ticket machine on Platform 1. There are waiting shelters on both platforms (which are offset from each other) and train running details are provided via digital screens, signage, customer help points and automatic announcements. Step-free access is available on both sides.

wit-train-topic-001681966

projected-04043300-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitheroe%20railway%20station

Clitheroe railway station

Services

Clitheroe serves the town of in , . The station is the northern terminus of the / Clitheroe Line operated by and is north of . The station forms part of , which has won a number of awards.

All train services are operated by . There is generally an hourly service daily from Clitheroe to via and with some extra trains during weekday peak hours. Northern used to operate a variety of train types on the route, including Class 142 units but now Northern only operate a variety of trains, including Class 150, Class 153, Class 156, Class 158 units. For much of 2017 and 2018, Saturday and Sunday services to Manchester have either been partially replaced by buses south of Bolton or diverted via and due to the being closed for electrification work. On Sundays, one or two trains operate from Preston along the Ribble Valley Line via Clitheroe to Hellifield and onwards towards via the . This improves on the previous service that only ran in the summer. Due to overcrowding at certain times, there are plans from the to increase services from 1 tph to 2 tph; however, the funding for this may not be available.

wit-train-topic-000733471

projected-04043311-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20110

British Rail Class 110

Introduction

The Class 110 s were built by the in conjunction with the to operate services on the former main line. They originally entered service uniquely in this region, which earned them the name of the sets. They were an updated version of the , with more powerful engines, a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames.

wit-train-topic-003849047

projected-04043321-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strode%27s%20College

Strode's College

Introduction

Strode's College is a located in , . Its history began in 1704 when Henry Strode bequeathed £6,000 to set up a free school in his native parish of Egham. In the twentieth century Strode's became a boys' before being designated a sixth form college in 1975. At present it has a roll of 1100 students aged 16 to 18. It achieved an overall pass rate of 98% at A Level and 100% success in 28 A Level subjects, with over a third of its A Level students achieving either one or more A* or A grades. The college also provides a wide range of day and evening Adult Education courses. In September 2016, the college announced its intention to merge with in February 2017. Alumni of the college are sometimes referred to as Old Strodians .

wit-train-topic-002819826

projected-04043368-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalley%20railway%20station

Whalley railway station

Introduction

Whalley railway station serves the village of in , . The station lies on the north of . The station has two platforms, slightly offset from each other. It is unstaffed, with shelters on each platform. Immediately beyond its eastern end, the line crosses the River Calder on a long, brick viaduct of 48 arches.

wit-train-topic-002883022

projected-04043371-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz

Rascalz

Introduction

Rascalz are a group from , , who played a crucial role in the artistic and commercial development of as well as specifically for the Westcoast scene in Vancouver popularizing the term “Van City”. The group consists of Red1 and Misfit, and DJ Kemo. rs Zebroc and Dedos were also part of the group.

wit-train-topic-002911246

projected-04043371-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz

Rascalz

Later releases

Rascalz are a group from , , who played a crucial role in the artistic and commercial development of as well as specifically for the Westcoast scene in Vancouver popularizing the term “Van City”. The group consists of Red1 and Misfit, and DJ Kemo. rs Zebroc and Dedos were also part of the group.

Rascalz released Global Warning in 1999. The album contained the hit single "Priceless" (a collaboration with ). In 2001 the group performed in Charlottetown, PEI, with Kardinal Offishall, IRS and Jelleestone. The hit song "Crazy World" (featuring and Sazon Diamante) appeared on 2002's album Reloaded. They also recorded a song called "Top of the World" from the Global Warning album, and it featured and . Red1 released a solo album, Beg For Nothing on March 6, 2007, through his own Killawatt Records. The original release of Really Livin was pressed for first time on limited release vinyl in 2019 on Smoke In Records. The Rascalz have officially retired from producing new music for over a decade, however still perform occasionally. In 2021, the Rascalz were credited with their first guest appearance for a Canadian artist in over a decade on the track 'Note To The City' by Boslen. The song appeared on his album album 'Dusk to Dawn' and was released by Chaos Club Digital/ Capitol Music Group. The actual segment is a sample of Red1's verse on Blind Wid Da Science off their 1997 Cash Crop album. Discography Independent albums Really Livin''' (1992) Studio albums Really Livin (1993) (reworked major label re-release) (1997) (1999) (2002) Solo projects Red1 – Beg for Nothing'' (2007)

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projected-04043407-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20River%E2%80%93Turnpike%20Toll%20Bridge

Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge

Introduction

The Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge is a four-lane, steel crossing the between , , and , , . As a part of , it is a major highway link between and . The bridge also connects the 's east-west mainline with the main trunk of the , via the (formerly known as the Pennsylvania Extension). Tolls are collected only in the west/southbound direction via .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20River%E2%80%93Turnpike%20Toll%20Bridge

Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge

Maintenance

The Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge is a four-lane, steel crossing the between , , and , , . As a part of , it is a major highway link between and . The bridge also connects the 's east-west mainline with the main trunk of the , via the (formerly known as the Pennsylvania Extension). Tolls are collected only in the west/southbound direction via .

The Turnpike Connector bridge is operated jointly by the PTC and the NJTA, neither of which is subject to the interstate rules and regulations of the other dual-state authorities — (DRPA); (BCBC); (DRBA); and the (DRJTBC) — which operate nearly all other bridges across the Delaware River (except for the , which is privately owned). Each state is responsible for its half of the bridge up to the state line (as evident in a recent redecking project in which the PTC redecked its half of the bridge with fresh concrete first, with the NJTA following later in a separate project). In 2011, the NJTA and PTC undertook an investigation of the existing suspender system on the main span. Based on destructive testing of suspenders from the similar , consultants determined that the Delaware River bridge's suspenders had limited remaining service life and needed to be replaced. At each suspender location, the load from each original wire rope was transferred into a set of four new wire ropes, after which the original suspender was cut. The project was completed in August 2013.

wit-train-topic-002766475

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST%20Angelicum%20College

UST Angelicum College

Integration with University of Santo Tomas

The UST Angelicum College is a private basic and higher education institution run by the Philippine Dominican Province of the located in Quezon City, , . It was founded in July 1972 by the Dominican priest Rev. Fr. Rogelio B. Alarcon, OP who became its first rector. UST Angelicum is an official member of the Dominican Network. It attained Level II Primary Accreditation conducted by

In academic year 2018-19, Angelicum College was renamed University of Santo Tomas – Angelicum College as per a memorandum of agreement signed on June 29, 2017. The renaming was part of plans to oversee and integrate with other Dominican educational institutions in the Philippines. The existing Board of Trustees of Angelicum was dissolved and a new one was formed composed of 12 members, 9 from UST Manila and 3 from Angelicum College but retained its independence in handling its own administrative and financial affairs. UST Rector Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. became Chief Executive Officer and College Rector while former Angelicum College Rector Fr. Ferdinand Bautista, O.P. became Chief Operating Officer. As part of the integration process, Rev. Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. planned to implement new policies and programs to improve Angelicum College's approach to education.

wit-train-topic-001320163

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20111

British Rail Class 111

Introduction

The Class 111 DMUs were based on , but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character box was fitted above the front cab windows, with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.

wit-train-topic-005166128

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette%20Castro

Bernadette Castro

Introduction

Bernadette Castro (born July 10, 1944 in ) is an American businesswoman and former politician who served in the Cabinet of former New York . She is a partner with her family in Castro Properties. In the early 1960s, she pursued a singing career with mild success. Castro recorded several singles, the 1964 "His Lips Get in the Way" among others. After earning her master's degree at the University of Florida, Bernadette worked in the advertising and promotions department of Castro Convertibles. While raising her four children, Bernadette worked in the business on a limited basis and later moved into her role as the company CEO when they were grown. In 2009 Bernadette bought back the Castro Convertibles furniture business with her family.

wit-train-topic-001663843

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Tikhonov

Alexei Tikhonov

Introduction

Alexei Vladimirovich Tikhonov (; born 1 November 1971) is a Russian . With partner , he is the 2000 and a two-time (1999, 2000) .

wit-train-topic-002336626

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Fergus

Saint Fergus

Introduction

Saint Fergus (also Fergustian) (died c. 730 ) was a who worked in as a .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Fergus

Saint Fergus

Life

Saint Fergus (also Fergustian) (died c. 730 ) was a who worked in as a .

Ten saints of this name are mentioned in the martyrology of Donegal. No one knows for certain when Fergus was born or where. He was a contemporary of St. and St. . The name is of Pictish origin and he is recorded as Fergus, a Pictish bishop, so it is generally considered he was from the north east of what is now called Scotland. In the he is called Fergustian and "he occupied himself in converting the barbarous people." He is thought to have trained in Ireland or the south of Scotland, possibly both. Known in the Irish martyrologies as St. Fergus Cruithneach, or the Pict, the Breviary of Aberdeen states that he had been a bishop for many years in Ireland when he went on a mission to Alba with some chosen priests and other clerics. He settled first near , in Upper Strathearn, in Upper Perth, and erected three churches in that district. The churches of Strageath, Blackford, and Dolpatrick are found there dedicated to St. Patrick. He next evangelized Caithness and established there the churches of Wick and Halkirk. The church Fergus built at Glamis would have been in the Celtic "mud and wattle" style, not far from the present kirk. He may have been the who went to in 721, but such a contention relies solely on the similarity of a common name. He died about 730 and was buried at , , where the recently restored St Fergus' Well can be visited. The village church at is dedicated to Saint Fergus; the noted has been moved to that church.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

Introduction

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first and the . He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a at the age of sixteen. Serving with at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of during the . Macdonough achieved fame during the , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the , part of the larger , which helped lead to an end to that war.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

First Barbary War

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first and the . He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a at the age of sixteen. Serving with at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of during the . Macdonough achieved fame during the , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the , part of the larger , which helped lead to an end to that war.

Aboard Constellation in January 1802, Macdonough served with distinction in naval operations against during the . This was the same ship that his brother James had served on a few years earlier. In 1803, Navy Secretary selected Macdonough to serve aboard , a 38-gun frigate, commanded by . Macdonough was aboard this ship when it captured the Moroccan ship Mirboka on August 26, 1803. Shortly before Philadelphia ran aground and was consequently captured by the Tripolitans, Macdonough had gone ashore on leave. He was reassigned on October 31 to the 12-gun sloop under the command of Lieutenant . Macdonough volunteered to join Decatur's into the harbor of Tripoli. On February 6, 1804, they succeeded in burning and destroying Philadelphia. Having just served on Philadelphia, Macdonough's familiarity made his role in the operation a crucial one. For his heroic actions he was promoted to acting lieutenant. Macdonough also accompanied Decatur when they hunted down the murderer of Decatur's brother, , who was killed by the commander when he boarded a Tripolitan ship that had pretended to be surrendering. After catching up with and pulling alongside the ship involved, Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members. Decatur, Macdonough and the rest of the crew were outnumbered 5 to 1 but were determined, organized and kept their form, fighting furiously side by side, killing the commander and most of the crew along with capturing the Tripolitan ship.

wit-train-topic-000846201

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

War of 1812

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first and the . He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a at the age of sixteen. Serving with at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of during the . Macdonough achieved fame during the , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the , part of the larger , which helped lead to an end to that war.

At the beginning of the American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances into the and northern New York . The roles played by commanders like at and at and Thomas Macdonough at all proved vital to the naval effort on the lakes that was largely responsible for preserving American territory during that war. Assigned to USS Constellation, as , Macdonough returned to active service just prior to the outbreak of the war in June 1812. The ship at this time was being outfitted and supplied in Washington, DC, for its next mission, but was still months away from being ready. Moreover, it did not escape from the British blockade at the until 1814. Requesting transfer to a more active front, Macdonough was assigned the command of a squadron of gunboats defending . His stay there was brief when he received new orders from Secretary of the Navy . Macdonough was reassigned to to command U.S. naval forces in Lake Champlain in October 1812. Taking leave from his assignment at Lake Champlain Macdonough married Lucy Anne Shaler on December 12, 1812, at the Christ Church in Middletown by Bishop Abraham Jarvis. On June 2, 1813, Macdonough sent Lieutenant Sidney Smith with , along with Sailing Master Loomis with , to guard against British advances at the Canada–US border at the . The impatient Smith sailed into British waters, an action which was contrary to his orders, and at once found himself overpowered by the British squadron. After enduring four hours of battle, Smith was finally forced into surrendering.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

Later days

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first and the . He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a at the age of sixteen. Serving with at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of during the . Macdonough achieved fame during the , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the , part of the larger , which helped lead to an end to that war.

Macdonough relieved of command of the on July 1, 1815. In command there for three years, he returned to the in 1818 and was appointed commander of , a of 44 guns and later transported to the Court of St. Petersburg in Russia stopping in ports in England, Elsineur and Copenhagen along the way. In April Macdonough was stricken with but he still remained on duty for as long as possible. After returning to America later in the year, he was given command of a , bearing 74 guns under construction in New York harbor. From 1818 to 1823 Macdonough served as her captain. In the fall of 1822 Macdonough toured western New York State visiting and then battling the rapids sailed down the to in a After submitting several requests for active sea duty, Macdonough received command of the 44-gun in 1824. However, his health continued to worsen. On October 14, 1825, Macdonough had to relieve himself of his command. On October 14 he turned command of Constitution over to Captain at Gibraltar. Intending to return to New York, Macdonough departed the Mediterranean in the merchant brig . The day before his death, in the presence of Dr. Turk, Macdonough drew up and signed a will leaving a small sum of money to his servant, his wife having died several months beforehand. On November 10, 1825, Thomas Macdonough died aboard ship while it was passing . Macdonough's body was returned to the United States and was buried in . He was laid to rest alongside his wife Ann Shaler, a lady of a prominent family in Middletown, she having died just a few months earlier.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough

Thomas Macdonough

Legacy

Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first and the . He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near . He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a at the age of sixteen. Serving with at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of during the . Macdonough achieved fame during the , commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the , part of the larger , which helped lead to an end to that war.

Several ships have been named in his honor. In 1937, at the urging of , the U.S. Post Office issued a series of five s honoring the U.S. Navy and various naval heroes in American history. and Thomas Macdonough (right) appearing on the two-cent denomination, were among the few chosen to appear in this commemorative series. The annual Commodore Macdonough sailboat race (a nonstop overnight event sponsored by the Lake Champlain Yacht Club of ) has been held on the lake every September since 1968. The New York State University of New York located at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, N.Y. has a dormitory with the name Macdonough Hall; the hall being the oldest dormitory, and the initial dorm building. McDonough, NY and East McDonough, NY, and the greater Town of McDonough, Chenango County, NY are named after the war hero. Macdonough Hall, at the , is home to the boxing, , water polo, and gymnastics programs, as well as housing a gymnasium, racquetball courts, a swimming pool, and recreational weight rooms for Midshipmen. There is a that is located across from City Hall in Plattsburgh, N.Y. known as the Macdonough Monument which honors the victory of American soldiers and sailors in the Battle of Plattsburgh. In 1925, a Macdonough Monument was erected in the in Vergennes, Vermont to commemorate the building of the USS Saratoga and other ships at Otter Creek that were used in the Battle of Plattsburgh. (formerly known as Macdonough Island), Washington. , during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, named the island in honor of Macdonough in tribute to his victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh (aka Battle of Lake Champlain) that ended the War of 1812. is named after Thomas Macdonough, its seat being . Two elementary schools, one in and one in are named in honor of Macdonough. MacDonough Street in the Stuyvesant Heights section of Brooklyn, New York is named after Thomas Macdonough. MacDonough Street runs parallel to Decatur Street, one block away, named after Stephen Decatur, with whom Macdonough served during the Barbary War. , the of , is named in honor of Macdonough. McDonough Street in is named for Macdonough. It runs parallel to streets named after other Barbary War/War of 1812 naval Heroes: Bainbridge Street, named for ; Decatur Street, named for ; Hull Street, named for ; Lawrence Street, named for and Perry Street, named for . The was listed on the in 1978. In October 1814 a fort was constructed on Westport Island, Maine near Clough Point and named after Thomas MacDonough (McDonough) the fort was actiive till the end of the war of 1812.

wit-train-topic-001688416

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%20W.%20Means

Rice W. Means

Political career and later life

Rice William Means (November 16, 1877January 30, 1949) was an American who became a leader and a from .

Means was elected as a to the United States Senate on November 4, 1924, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by Nicholson's death. During the campaign, his Democratic opponent nicknamed him "Puffed Rice", but this did not hinder Means' election. Means was one of several candidates reported to have benefited from the support of the state's Ku Klux Klan organization. He served in the Senate from December 1, 1924, to March 3, 1927, chairing the Committee on Claims (). During his tenure, he authored legislation deeming (later called ) a in the United States. During this time, Means also became directing head of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. In 1926 he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection, as he was again defeated in the Republican primary, this time by , who "rode to victory on the wave of anti-klan sentiment". In 1926 and 1927, Means was commander in chief of the United Spanish War Veterans, and in 1927 he became president of the National Tribune Corporation and publisher of the and in . Means fiercely criticized the FDR administration in response to the enactment of the initial measures in 1933, declaring them to be the product of "ruthless, vicious propaganda" and "a stain upon the honor of the United States". Means retired in 1937, and died in Denver on January 30, 1949, following a six-month bout with heart problems. He was interred in Denver's .

wit-train-topic-002030898

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Garza%20%28musician%29

David Garza (musician)

Introduction

David Garza (pronounced Dah-veed; born February 4, 1971) is a Grammy winning based singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, composer, and .

wit-train-topic-004971871

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny%20Street

Kearny Street

Introduction

Kearny Street () in , runs north from to . Toward its south end, it separates the from the and districts. Further north, it passes over , interrupted by a gap near .

wit-train-topic-002797754

projected-04043584-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespesia%20grandiflora

Thespesia grandiflora

Introduction

Thespesia grandiflora is a tree in the family of the clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout where it is endemic. Although originally to the humid mountains of limestone in the western and north-central portions of the Island, today it grows everywhere in Puerto Rico due to its extensive cultivation. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in , , and in various islands. The maga is mostly used as an ornamental plant, but like the related its wood is also valued for its durable timber. The flower was declared the national symbol of Puerto Rico on August 7, 2019.

wit-train-topic-004102086

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Steere

Arthur Steere

Further reading

Arthur Wallace Steere (1865–1943) was a politician and prominent businessman and landowner.

"Arthur Wallace Steere," The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical,(NY: The American Historical Society, 1920) 121-122. "Arthur Wallace Steere," Representative men and old families of Rhode Island : genealogical records and historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the old families. (Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1908). James Root, Steere Genealogy, (Providence: Riverside Press, 1890). The Providence Journal, "The Will of Mr. Henry J. Steere in Detail," November 1, 1889, pg. 3. The Providence Journal, "Obituary: Henry J. Steere," October 29, 1889, pg. 8.

wit-train-topic-002942061