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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Nordstr%C3%B6m

Tina Nordström

Introduction

Maria Kristina "Tina" Nordström Holmqvist (born 6 August 1973) is a Swedish and from , . She hosted the second season of on stations on American television, replacing as host of the show; she was succeeded by Claus Meyer. She also appeared in a subsequent series featuring the same cast in rotation called "Perfect Day", produced by Tellusworks/Anagram Produktion and directed by Andreas Lindergard. Besides the cookery show Mat ("Food"), which she made together with , she has written s—Tinas mat ("Tina's food"), Tina and Jättegott Tina ("Delicious, Tina"). Nordström won the Swedish television show in 2008. In 2009, she produced Tinas cookalong, with as a guest cook. From 2014, she is part of the jury in , the Swedish version of Masterchef Junior.

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projected-04043610-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20Leoz

Nicolás Leoz

Introduction

Nicolás Leoz Almirón (10 September 1928 – 28 August 2019) was President of (South American Football Confederation) from 1986 to 2013. Leoz assumed the presidency in 1986 (succeeding ) and in February 2006, he was reelected as President for a sixth term. He was an and received in 2008. On April 23, 2013, Leoz resigned from both the FIFA Executive Committee and the CONMEBOL presidency, citing health issues. Before his position as President of CONMEBOL, Leoz was President of the Justice Department of the Paraguayan Basketball Confederation (1957–1959), President of Paraguayan soccer (1969–1970 and 1974–1977), President of the (1971–1973 and 1979–1985) and Vice President of CONMEBOL (1972–1974 and 1980–1986). In November 2010 he was alleged by the to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of . In May 2015, Leoz was banned by the .

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projected-04043616-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan

Zhang Dan

Introduction

Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former . With , she is the , a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion. Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012.

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projected-04043616-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan

Zhang Dan

Later career

Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former . With , she is the , a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion. Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012.

In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at , second at the , and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. They also set the world record score in the short program twice: 71.60 points at the and 74.36 points at the . At the , the Zhangs placed fifth. They also finished fifth at . Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the and the . They finished 4th at the . Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. In 2008, she was 1.63 m and in October 2009, she reached 1.675 m. In August 2011, she was the tallest female in elite pair skating, being 1.695 m in height. Zhang Dan's height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and on May 6, 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition. Zhang Hao formed a new partnership, while Zhang Dan stated that she would focus on her university studies.

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projected-04043616-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan

Zhang Dan

Age controversy

Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former . With , she is the , a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion. Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012.

On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although her International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Dan as born on October 4, 1985, a Chinese skating association website suggested she was born on that day in 1987. This would mean that during the 2001-02 season she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events such as the where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. Her partner's age also came under scrutiny. His ISU bio states that he was born on July 6, 1984 but the Chinese website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982, making him too old to compete in junior events during the 2002-03 season, such as the where they won gold. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O.

20 Y.O.

Background and development

20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer . It was released on September 20, 2006, by . Its title makes reference to her third studio album (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An and album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including , , The Avila Brothers and , in addition to her longtime partners and then-boyfriend . 20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from , with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the , making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a nomination for in 2007. To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on and the . To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by ing images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"", "", and "".

In 2004, Jackson performed at the with guest artist , who accidentally at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, . The album debuted at number two on , was certified Platinum by the (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident. At the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend—record producer , who was commissioned to executive produce the project—in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time, "For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life". 20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with , and marked the end of a thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release , a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, "the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything." In 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including , , , and , but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O.

20 Y.O.

Recording and production

20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer . It was released on September 20, 2006, by . Its title makes reference to her third studio album (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An and album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including , , The Avila Brothers and , in addition to her longtime partners and then-boyfriend . 20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from , with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the , making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a nomination for in 2007. To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on and the . To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by ing images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"", "", and "".

For the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album in 1986. "I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: "A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning." He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of "hunger and excitement" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance. Rather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: "The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet". Jackson stated: "This time it was four of us collaborating – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a bas'e. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa". 20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at in Los Angeles and the in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, "It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it. And I'm giving it to you.'" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. "Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. "Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio", the producer completed. Dupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, "He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I’ve been a big fan of Janet since '!'". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. "It depends on how quick my mind moves. We’re mixing records for [20 Years Old]. We’re not done yet. When I did 's album, the last record I created was ''. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [...] We gotta try to figure it out", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O.

20 Y.O.

Release and promotion

20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer . It was released on September 20, 2006, by . Its title makes reference to her third studio album (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An and album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including , , The Avila Brothers and , in addition to her longtime partners and then-boyfriend . 20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from , with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the , making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a nomination for in 2007. To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on and the . To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by ing images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"", "", and "".

20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006 by ; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called "Weekend" was made available as a "gift" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of "Lookout Weekend", a 1984 single by . It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD. A account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for , , Billboard, , , , Jezebel, , , , Sophisticates Black Hair, , , , Unleashed, Upscale, and . Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover. On September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform "So Excited" at 's Back to School concert, along with past single "". While on , she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in at the on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the show — as part of their Concert Series — three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there. In November, Jackson performed on , while she was interviewed on to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 with a medley of "" and "So Excited". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, "Nasty" and "", which was streamed on ' website. Jackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with , and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became 2008's . Jackson stated: "I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio."

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projected-04043646-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O.

20 Y.O.

Commercial performance

20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer . It was released on September 20, 2006, by . Its title makes reference to her third studio album (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An and album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including , , The Avila Brothers and , in addition to her longtime partners and then-boyfriend . 20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from , with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the , making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a nomination for in 2007. To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on and the . To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by ing images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"", "", and "".

20 Y.O. debuted on the US at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind ' album . This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album , which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the . In its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on and charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies. On the , it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies. In the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175. 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006 in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the , the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Hao%20%28figure%20skater%29

Zhang Hao (figure skater)

Introduction

Zhang Hao (; ; born July 6, 1984) is a Chinese retired . With current partner , he is the silver medalist, champion and 2018 champion. With former partner , he is the silver medalist. With former partner , he is the silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion.

wit-train-topic-002747993

projected-04043658-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Hao%20%28figure%20skater%29

Zhang Hao (figure skater)

Partnership with Peng Cheng

Zhang Hao (; ; born July 6, 1984) is a Chinese retired . With current partner , he is the silver medalist, champion and 2018 champion. With former partner , he is the silver medalist. With former partner , he is the silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion.

In May 2012, Zhang Hao confirmed he had formed a new partnership with Peng Cheng. The pair made their international debut at the . They placed 11th at their first . In the 2013–14 season, Peng/Zhang won their first Grand Prix medals, bronze at the and silver at the , and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth. They were selected for the and finished eighth in . Ending their season, they placed fifth at the in . For the 2014–15 Grand Prix season, Peng/Zhang were assigned to and , where they placed 3rd and 1st, respectively, qualifying for the . They finished 4th at that competition after placing 5th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate. They won the silver medal at the . At the , they earned personal best scores in the free skate and combined total to finish in 4th place overall.

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projected-04043658-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Hao%20%28figure%20skater%29

Zhang Hao (figure skater)

Age controversy

Zhang Hao (; ; born July 6, 1984) is a Chinese retired . With current partner , he is the silver medalist, champion and 2018 champion. With former partner , he is the silver medalist. With former partner , he is the silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) champion.

On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although his International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Hao as born on July 6, 1984, a Chinese skating association website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982. This would mean he was too old to compete in junior events during the 2002–03 season, such as the where they won gold. His partner's age also came under scrutiny. Her ISU bio states that she was born on October 4, 1985 but the Chinese website suggested she was born on that day in 1987, meaning she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events during the 2001–02 season, such as the where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Bofill

Angela Bofill

Introduction

Angela Tomasa Bofill (born May 2, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter of - origins. A New York native, Bofill began her professional career in the mid-1970s. Bofill is most known for singles such as, "", "Angel of the Night", and "I Try". Bofill's career spans over four decades.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Kearney

Hannah Kearney

Introduction

Hannah Angela Kearney (born February 26, 1986) is an American who won a gold medal at the and a bronze medal at the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Cuddy

Jim Cuddy

Introduction

James Gordon Cuddy, (born December 2, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter primarily associated with the band .

wit-train-topic-003418066

projected-04043698-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Crowley

Ryan Crowley

Introduction

Ryan Crowley (born 5 March 1984) is a former professional er who played for the and the in the (AFL). He played as a and specialised in a tagging role.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Introduction

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

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projected-04043715-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Pioneers

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

The first paintings art historians are familiar with are those by Díðrikur í Kárastovu. He was a farmer who commonly was known as (1802–1865). Díðrikur was settled in a small village, , on the island . His subjects were real and imaginary birds in vivid colours. Although not in perfect condition, five of his paintings have been preserved. They are a feature in the permanent exhibition at the national Faroese , . One of his better paintings is entitled Moon Doves. (1871–1951) was the first Faroese landscape painter, a theme which was to become a most common motif in Faroese art. Kruse lived in the village on the island . Kruse was almost completely self-taught. He was fortunate enough to receive some help and advice from an American explorer, , who stayed in the Faroes in 1895. In 1924 one of his works was accepted by a gallery in . This marked a turning point in Faroese art history, as this was the first time ever a painter had succeeded outside of the Islands. Kruse even managed to make a living from his painting, again something which earlier had been unheard of. There were some other painters from this early generation. Both and are worth mentioning. Both of them were well settled in . And again, these two were self-taught landscape painters. As was the case with Kruse, Waagstein received knowledge and advice from Elizabeth Taylor. Later on í Geil received some schooling from Kruse. These two latter, however, never made their living exclusively from painting. These painters were all pioneers in the field of visual art in the Faroes, and they helped to make their fellow countrymen aware of the art of painting. The late 19th century marks the beginning of a Faroese art tradition slowly developing for the first time. There are several reasons for this being so. The arrival of Elizabeth Taylor with her knowledge of art helped to inspired several to start painting. And most importantly the late 19th century sparked the beginning of the national movement. The national revival brought with it the love of the landscape - a brand new theme which was to become a national icon, more so than anywhere in visual art. The theme came to dominate all through the 20th century. With the first painters, the love and affection of the homeland was obvious, and still in the 21st Century the theme is being treated by a new generation of artists. However, several painters contributed to Faroese artists developing a passion for many different styles and subjects.

wit-train-topic-000424741

projected-04043715-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Mothers and fathers of Faroese art

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

The real history of Faroese art starts in 1927, when three young artists held an exhibition in . Two of these were (1906–1979) and (1900–1990). The first, Mikines, came to be known as the father of Faroese art and the first Faroese artist to become internationally recognised. More importantly he was the very first Faroese artist to acquire an artistic degree. Mikines began his education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1928 with Aksel Jørgensen and Ejnar Nielsen as his teachers. Mikines was artistically highly inspired by the artist , and had a great admiration for and . His early paintings are , but later he became an expressive figurative painter. He was very original in his choice of colour and design. Mikines demonstrated a new approach to substance and form in painting which had a profound influence on Faroese art. He painted funerals, steep mountains and landscapes. His paintings of became important to future artists. He introduced the possibility of allowing the landscape to mirror the painter's inner life. William Heinesen was a very different type of artist. Literature was his vocation. Although he considered himself an amateur in visual art, he created some very important works in Faroese art. His imagery doesn't evolve around the landscape. Folktale, satire and everyday life are Heinesen's subjects.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Landscape expressionists

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

The common denomination “landscape expressionist” comprises a group of diverse artists, solely because the nature and landscape are central themes in their work. (1936), Thomas Arge (1942–1978), (1943), Torbjørn Olsen (1956), Barður Jákupsson (1943) and Amariel Norðoy (1945) all belong to this group, as do many others. This large generation of painters from the 1930s to 1960's has been able to find common stylistic expressions. They exploit the full spectrum of the formal possibilities painting has to offer. They work with the unified whole and detail. Sometimes the subject matter almost disappears in the pure abstraction of the colours and forms, but rarely completely. A reminiscence of the landscape always remains. Not as a true-to-life reproduction, but as a landscape experience which is communicated via a variety of temperaments. So great has their contribution to Faroese art been that for a long time a genuine Faroese painting should preferably be a highly colouristic, expressive and semi abstract landscape, filled with North-Atlantic drama. It is not an unusual criticism that Faroese art relies too heavily on nature as a motif. But when the variety of expression is taken into account, the criticism doesn't seem fair. Zacharias Heinesen has in his paintings explored the light and colours of the landscape and tried to render the ephemeral moment. In Thomas Arge's paintings we get a glimpse of the inner structures, shapes and colours of the landscape. Bárður Jákupsson has found shapes and colours that others probably do not notice in Faroese Nature. In Tróndur Patursson's work it is the sense of immensity of nature that gains significance. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most in Faroese art. In Countless paintings Amariel Norðoy has repeated the motif and shown it contains unlimited possibilities. But despite the light and distinct colours of nature and scenery, Faroese art is not exclusively landscape.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Art galleries

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

In the Faroe Islands there is a great interest in buying Faroese art to decorate your home with. This appreciation means that it is easy to find art galleries round about the islands. Some galleries are dedicated to local artists, while others have regular exhibitions. But the number of art galleries is highest in . In Tórshavn you will find the national . The Art Museum was founded in 1989. The present gallery was opened in 1993. The exhibition building is faced with black tarred wood, and has elements of traditional Faroese building. It is surrounded by trees, as it is situated next to a park. The permanent collection displays some of the best works by William Heinesen, Ingálvur av Reyni and Sámal Mikines. Each year two exhibitions take place that focus exclusively on Faroese artists. The first one is the spring exhibition in May; the second is the annual 's Day exhibition in late July. Whereas the first one exclusively features professional artists, the latter one mainly features . Listahøllin is situated in a green concrete building at Tórshavn Shipyard. In located in the island the southernmost island, there is a . The art museum has artworks (paintings and drawings) made by Ruth Smith. In , the main village on , there is an art museum "Listasavnið á Sandi" with artworks (paintings, sculptures etc.) by various Faroese artists. The art collection and the museum building was donated to the village in 2005 by a Sofus Olsen, who grew up in Sandur, but lived in Tórshavn for many years. The museum opened on his 92nd birthday.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art

Faroese art

Art on stamps

Faroese art is art by artists living in the and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global. With the first Faroese painters the became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.

Several paintings by Faroese artists have been featured on stamps. All Faroese stamp editions are about items relating to the Faroes and most of them are designed by Faroese artists. Faroese art is among the main motifs, both in reproductions of important paintings and in involving the artists in drawing stamps.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%20Post

Guernsey Post

Introduction

Guernsey Post is the postal service for the island of , . It includes a , and regularly issues both and stamps. It also provides postal services for . In contrast to the United Kingdom, Guernsey Post es can be identified by their distinctive blue colour.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%20Post

Guernsey Post

History

Guernsey Post is the postal service for the island of , . It includes a , and regularly issues both and stamps. It also provides postal services for . In contrast to the United Kingdom, Guernsey Post es can be identified by their distinctive blue colour.

The first es in Britain were introduced in the Channel Islands as an experiment in 1852. , the novelist, who was employed by the , trialled pillar boxes in the Channel Islands before introducing them into mainland Britain. He was influenced by roadside letter-receiving pillars used in France. Before the use of pillar boxes, on the mainland, individual would be taken by hand to a letter receiving house or post office, which was often a , a postage stamp purchased and the letter handed to the receiver or , to connect with the and later the railway. In the Channel Islands, people took their letters to the when it was awaiting the in the – then. Pillar boxes allowed letters to be posted at any time and they could then be collected when a steamer was due. They were convenient and immediately successful. However, as with many innovations, the first boxes were introduced into Jersey. One of these original pillar boxes can be seen in Union Street, and has been maintained by Guernsey Post in its traditional red livery. Guernsey stamps were first issued in the island during the of 1940–1945, when there was a great shortage of British stamps, as all ties with mainland Britain had been severed by the German authorities. Guernsey's government, the , took over the running of postal services from the in October 1969 (as did Jersey, forming ). Since then on it has regularly issued Guernsey stamps. Guernsey is postcoded as the , established in 1993 as an extension of the . In 2001, the States of Guernsey commercialised the Post Office, and it became Guernsey Post Ltd and was awarded the licence to operate the reserved sector postal operation and meet the Universal Service Obligation (USO). To monitor Guernsey Post and either encourage competition in the market or where it is missing provide a controlling force the Office of Utility Regulation, otherwise known as the OUR, was created. Guernsey Post is a member of the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town

City of Cape Town

History

The City of Cape Town (; ) is the which governs the city of , and its s and . As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026. The remote are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115.

Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, with the promulgation of a municipal ordinance by the government of the . When it was created, the Cape Town municipality governed only the central part of the city known as the , and as the city expanded, new suburbs became new municipalities, until by 1902 there were 10 separate municipalities in the . During the 20th century, many of the inner suburban municipalities became unsustainable; in 1913 the first major unification took place when the municipalities of Cape Town, and , , , , , , and were unified to create the first City of Cape Town. In 1927 the municipality of was also merged with Cape Town, with the result that all of the were incorporated into the City. Many new municipalities were established during the 20th century. achieved municipal status in 1901, in 1938, in 1939, and in 1940, in 1948, in 1950, in 1955, in 1957, in 1961, in 1970. In 1979 Bellville was upgraded to city status. The areas not included in a municipality were governed by divisional councils. Most of the Cape metropolitan area fell under the Divisional Council of the Cape, while the eastern parts around Brackenfell, Kuils River and the Helderberg area formed part of the Divisional Council of Stellenbosch, and an area in the northeast around Kraaifontein formed part of the Divisional Council of Paarl. In earlier years the right to vote in local elections was not restricted by race (see ), but the policies of the government aimed for complete segregation of local government. A 1962 amendment to the introduced management committees for the areas designated for and residents. These management committees were subordinate to the existing local authorityeither a municipality or the divisional council. From 1972 no new non-white voters could be registered as voters for municipal or divisional councils, and existing non-white voters lost their voting rights when a management committee was established for the area where they lived. In 1982 the created elected town councils for communities. Five such councils were established in the Cape metropolitan areas. They were generally regarded as under-resourced and unsustainable, and were opposed by the and other civic organisations. Turnout in BLA elections was very low. In 1987 the divisional councils of the Cape, Paarl and Stellenbosch were dissolved and the Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) was created in their place. The RSC councils were indirectly elected, consisting of representatives nominated by all the local authorities within its area, including municipalities, management committees and town councils. The Cape Rural Council represented the rural areas of the RSC that were not included in any local authority. Also in 1987, an act of the allowed the creation of local councils for white communities in areas. Thus at the end of in 1994, there were over 50 different local authorities in existence in the metropolitan area, listed below. Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) Cape Rural Council Cities City of Cape Town City of Municipalities Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality Management Committees (indicating in brackets the local authority to which they were subordinated) and District MC (City of Cape Town) MC (RSC) MC (RSC) MC (RSC) MC (RSC) MC (RSC) MC (City of Cape Town) MC (Kraaifontein Municipality) MC (RSC) /Nooitgedacht MC (RSC) // MC (RSC) MC (City of Cape Town) MC (Durbanville Municipality) MC (RSC) MC (City of Bellville) MC (Parow Municipality) / MC (City of Cape Town) MC (City of Cape Town) MC (Kuils River Municipality) MC (City of Cape Town) MC (RSC) MC (RSC) MC (Strand Municipality) MC (City of Cape Town) MC (Gordon's Bay Municipality) / MC (City of Cape Town) // MC (City of Cape Town) Town Councils Town Council iKapa Town Council (, and ) Lingelethu West Town Council () Town Council Town Council Local Councils Industria LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC Board of Management As part of the post-1994 reforms, municipal government experienced a complete overhaul. The existing local authorities, political parties, ratepayers' organisations, and community organisations were brought together into a negotiating forum. This forum agreed on the creation of a two-level local government system consisting of multiple transitional metropolitan substructures (TMSs), brought together in a transitional metropolitan council named the Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC). The CMC would replace the Regional Services Council and take over its responsibilities; it would also be responsible for metro-level planning and co-ordination, improving service delivery in disadvantaged areas, and cross-subsidization of poorer areas with revenue from affluent areas. Initially, in a period called the "pre-interim phase", the existing local authorities would become TMSs but their councils would be replaced by councillors nominated by the members of the negotiating forum. This agreement came into effect, and the pre-interim phase began, on 1 February 1995. The second phase of the transformation, known as the "interim phase" began on . The pre-interim TMSs were dissolved, and six new TMSs were established covering the whole metropolitan area: City of Cape Town (Central), City of Tygerberg, South Peninsula Municipality, Blaauwberg Municipality, Oostenberg Municipality, and Helderberg Municipality. The Cape Metropolitan Council continued with its coordinating functions. In 1998 Parliament enacted legislation (the Municipal Structures Act) determining the final form of local government in post-apartheid South Africa. This legislation determined that metropolitan areas would be governed by unified . ; the Cape Metropolitan Council and the six interim TMSs were dissolved and replaced by the unified City of Cape Town. It is for this reason that the City of Cape Town is sometimes referred to as the "Unicity". At the time of the 2000 election the northern boundary of the metropolitan area was also extended to include , , and the surrounding farmland. The current municipality covers in the south-west, in the south-east, and in the north, and includes .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town

City of Cape Town

Electoral history

The City of Cape Town (; ) is the which governs the city of , and its s and . As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026. The remote are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115.

The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in its present form took shape after the 2000 municipal elections. The old Central Cape Town MLC council had been governed by the (NNP), but they were losing support to the (ANC) and the (DP). Fearing further losses, the NNP agreed to contest the upcoming local election in December 2000 together with the DP by forming the (DA), with DP and NNP members running as DA candidates. The DA won Cape Town with an outright majority, and , also a senior member of the provincial NNP, became mayor of the unicity. However, DA leader 's attempt to remove Marais from his position in 2001 caused the disintegration of the alliance, and NNP came to ally with the ANC. Marais was replaced as mayor by , but Morkel was himself soon ousted during the October 2002 local floor crossing period after a large number of DA councillors had defected to the NNP. of the ANC became mayor supported by an ANC-NNP coalition. In 2004, after a dismal showing in the general elections that year, the NNP prepared for dissolution and merger with the ANC, and most of its councillors joined the governing party. This gave the ANC an outright majority on the council, which lasted until the next election. In the , the DA was the largest single party, ahead of the ANC, but with no party holding a majority. The new (ID) led by was in third place. The (ACDP) initiated negotiations with five other smaller parties who together formed a kingmaker block of fifteen councillors, collectively known as the Multi-Party Forum parties. Despite the ID voting with the ANC, Helen Zille of the DA was elected executive mayor on 15 March 2006 by a very narrow margin with the support of the Multi-Party Forum. of the ACDP was elected executive deputy mayor and of the (FF+) was elected speaker. The initially fragile position of this new DA-led coalition, also known as the Multi-Party Government, was improved in January 2007 with the introduction of the ID following the expulsion of the small for conspiring with the ANC. As a result of the ID's support, the coalition significantly increased its majority, resulting in a much more stable city government. The ID's Charlotte Williams became executive deputy mayor. However, she resigned just a few months later, and the post then went to of the ACDP in late 2007. The DA would also bolster its position through by-election victories and floor crossing defections. With the ID and DA together holding a firm council majority, several of the smaller coalition partners were dropped from the city government by the time of the 2009 general elections, including the ACDP and FF+. The DA's became deputy mayor, while Dirk Smit, who had defected to the DA, retained the position of speaker. Helen Zille left the mayorship the same year to take up the position of premier of the Western Cape, and became mayor. In 2010, the DA and ID formalized an agreement in which the ID would merge into the DA by 2014. This was prompted in part by the ID's disappointing result in the 2009 general election. As per the agreement, ID ceased to exist at the local level after the 2011 municipal elections with ID members running as DA candidates. DA won a large outright majority in the election, and ID leader Patricia de Lille, who had defeated Plato in an earlier internal election, became the new mayor. The party extended its lead even further to win a two-thirds majority of the seats on the City of Cape Town council in the 2016 municipal elections, and De Lille was thus sworn in to serve a second term. It was however cut short following her resignation on 31 October 2018 after an extended battle with her party over accusations of covering up corruption, accusations she strongly denied. The previous mayor Dan Plato was chosen as her successor. The DA's was voted in as mayor after the 2021 local government elections. The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town

City of Cape Town

Planning districts

The City of Cape Town (; ) is the which governs the city of , and its s and . As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026. The remote are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115.

The planning districts are: Blaauwberg, which includes subdistricts: Atlantis, Blouberg, Mamre, Melkboschstrand, Table View, and parts of Cape Farms, Goodwood, Milnerton, and Maitland. Cape Flats, which includes subdistricts: Athlone, False Bay Coastal Park, Grassy Park, Guguletu, Hanover Park, Manenberg, Ottery, Pelican Park, and parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, and Rondebosch. Helderberg, which includes subdistricts: Gordon's Bay, Macassar, Sir Lowry's Pass ,Somerset West, Stellenbosch Farms and Strand. Khayelitsha/Mitchells Plain, which includes subdistricts: Blackheath, Blue Downs, Eerste River, Khayelitsha, Mitchell's Plain, and part of Guguletu Northern, which includes subdistricts: Brackenfell, Durbanville, Eversdal, Joostenbergvlakte, Kenridge, Kraaifontein, Malmesbury Farms, Vredekloof, and Welgemoed. Southern, which includes subdistricts: Bergvliet, Cape Point, Constantia, Fish Hoek, Hout Bay, Kalk Bay, Kommetjie, Newlands, Noordhoek, Ocean View, Plumstead, Simon's Town, Tokai, Wynberg, parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, Rondebosch, and Table Mountain. Table Bay, which includes subdistricts: Camps Bay, Cape Town, Observatory, Pinelands, Robben Island, Sea Point, Signal Hill/Lion's Head, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, Langa, Maitland, and Table Mountain, Tygerberg, which includes subdistricts: Airport, Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Delft, Elsies River, Kalsteenfontein, Kuils River, Parow, Plattekloof, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, and Milnerton.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Square

Old Town Square

Statues and memorials

Old Town Square ( or colloquially ) is a historic square in the quarter of , the capital of the . It is located between and .

The square's centre is home to a statue of religious reformer , who was in for his beliefs. This led to the . The statue known as the was erected on 6 July 1915 to mark the 500th anniversary of his death. In front of the , there is also a memorial to the "martyrs" (including and ) beheaded on that spot during the by , after the . Twenty-seven crosses mark the pavement in their honour. The crosses were installed during the repairs of the Old Town Hall after the , while a nearby plaque which lists the names of all 27 victims dates from 1911. Orthodox Czechs do not trample these crosses out of respect. On 3 November 1918, a that had been erected in the square shortly after the was demolished in celebration of from the . The column was re-erected in 2020.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Square

Old Town Square

Markets

Old Town Square ( or colloquially ) is a historic square in the quarter of , the capital of the . It is located between and .

At and , markets are held on the square; they resemble medieval markets. A tall decorated tree and a musical stage are set up. The Christmas Markets in Old Town Square are the largest Christmas markets in the Czech Republic and are visited by hundreds of thousands of visitors from the Czech Republic and abroad, primarily Germans, Russians, Italians and Britons. In 2016, ranked Prague's Christmas Markets among the 10 best ones worldwide.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Jian

Tong Jian

Introduction

Tong Jian (; born August 15, 1979 in , ) is a retired . With his wife , he is the 2010 , 2006 and 2010 , a five-time (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011) and the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Jian

Tong Jian

Career

Tong Jian (; born August 15, 1979 in , ) is a retired . With his wife , he is the 2010 , 2006 and 2010 , a five-time (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011) and the .

Tong was born into a family in the city of , China, the home of Chinese pair skating. He began skating at age six. He originally competed as a single skater. He then competed as an ice dancer for two years because of his weak jumps. After his short ice dancing career, Tong switched to pairs. He previously competed with Zhang Xiwen. In 1993, coach teamed him up with Qing and they have been skating together ever since. When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again. Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior. Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th. In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th. Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships. After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates & and & . They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it. In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second. During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships. During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on the two win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other person. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again finished the podium. During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship. In the , Pang and Tong set a new for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind and thanks to their teammates world record-setting short program. The broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places. Pang and Tong became the in , . For the season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the and to the . They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the . Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned events, however, returned to competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the in what was their only ISU international event of the season. For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at and first at . They went on to win the bronze at the . They were fifth at the . During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at and first at before winning bronze again at the . They went on to finish fourth at the , their fourth consecutive Olympic Games. For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the and , placing third at both events.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Vedic Sanskrit

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

is the of the , a large of s, s, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the . Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by alone over several centuries before the introduction of , the oldest Aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium. The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the , which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time that began the transition from a first language to a second language of and learning, marking the beginning of .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

History of Tamil

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the 6th millennium BCE. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the complexes of . The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and Old Tamil emerged around the 6th century BCE. The earliest attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter. Among Indian languages, Tamil has one of the ancient Indian literature besides others. Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (400 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Old Tamil

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 6th century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the called . The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the , an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 2nd century BCE. A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as . These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE, which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, and , and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries. Old Tamil preserved some features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants, the syllable structure, and various grammatical features. Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. (காணேன்) "I do not see", (காணோம்) "we do not see"). Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from (பெண்டிர்) "women" + - (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker. Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Middle Tamil

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar into a . In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers. Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the onwards, a number of loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs, and phonology. The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and , into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu. Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature. These include the religious poems and songs of the poets, such as the verses on and on , and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century composed by and the story of 63 known as Periyapurāṇam. , an early treatise on love poetics, and , a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Modern Tamil

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

The remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic. Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the of English. Simultaneously, a strong strain of emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil. It received some support from and who supported . This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

History of Kannada

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

is one of oldest languages in South India. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as . However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1600–1650 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other south Indian languages.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Copper plates and manuscripts

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual s (tamarashaasana) are the Tumbula inscriptions of the dated 444 AD The earliest full-length Kannada tamarashaasana in Old Kannada script (early 8th century) belongs to King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Great Andamanese and Ongan languages

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

On the , language from at least two families have spoken: the and the . The Sentinelese language is spoken on North Sentinel Island, but contact has not been made with the Sentinelis; thus, its language affiliation is unknown. While considered the Great Andamanese languages to be part of a larger , it was not established through the but considered spurious by historical linguists. Stephen Wurm suggests similarities with and others are caused by a . has suggested that the Ongan languages are the sister branch to the in an Austronesian-Ongan family because of sound correspondences between protolanguages.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Kharosthi

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient (a kind of ic script) used by the of ancient northwest to write the and languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of and . Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and s s from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form. The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the , a set of - manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the city of (compare HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the . The manuscripts were donated to the in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India

Linguistic history of India

Siddhaṃ

The languages of India are divided into various , of which the and the are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated such as and , spoken by smaller groups.

Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as . Siddhaṃ is an or alphasyllabary rather than an because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples. The writing of s and copying of s using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in in but has died out in other places. It was who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes overland to India, part of the , were closed by the expanding of the s. Then in the middle of the 9th century, there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras. Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the writing system, which is also associated with Kūkaiwhile the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the principle of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20Stadium%20%28Zambia%29

Independence Stadium (Zambia)

Introduction

Independence Stadium is a in , . It was originally built in the mid-1960s for use in hosting the country's independence celebrations. It is currently used mostly for matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. It is located adjacent to the . In 2004, the stadium was closed by the then national sports minister citing safety concerns due to the age and status of the building. The order was repealed in 2005, though safety concerns remained. As of 2007, the aging stadium is slated to undergo renovations to bring its structure and facilities up to internationally accepted standards as well as deal with its various safety issues. The stadium's west grandstand was demolished in late 2007. A new 70,000-seat stadium, currently referred to as , would have been built next to the Independence Stadium for Lusaka's hosting of the before Lusaka withdrew its hosting duties due to lack of funds. The games were given to Maputo.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20detector

Heat detector

Introduction

A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this . Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature". The heat detector is used to help in the reduction of property damage.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20and%20capital%20punishment

Religion and capital punishment

Orthodox Judaism

The major world s have taken varied positions on the morality of and as such, they have historically impacted the way in which s handle such punishment practices. Although the viewpoints of some religions have changed over time, their influence on capital punishment generally depends on the existence of a religious moral code and how closely religion influences the government. Religious moral codes are often based on a body of teachings, such as the or the . Many ic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of . The explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. There are certain actions in Islam, such as , that are recognized to result in the death penalty. However, not all Islamic nations have the death penalty, for example is an Islamic abolitionist nation. is an Islamic principle whereby the courts and the rulers can apply discretion in the way a certain crime is punished. has changed its perspective on the death penalty over time and different s have different teachings on it. Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty and magistrates who enforced it could be . Attitudes gradually began to relax in the fifth century. In the thirteenth century, argued that capital punishment was a form of "", which became the standard teaching on the issue for centuries. During the , and defended the death penalty, but , , and have opposed it since their founding. Since the , the has generally opposed the death penalty and, in August 2018, revised the to explicitly condemn it in all cases, as an inadmissible attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person. has a strong belief in compassion for the lives of others, as stated in the panca-sila (). There is an understanding of healing people who have committed crimes rather than retaliation against them. For these reasons, Buddhism has generally opposed the death penalty. China and Japan, both historically Buddhist countries, continue to practise the death penalty. has a history of debate over the death penalty but it generally disagrees with the practice. Although the describes over 30 situations where the death penalty would be appropriate, there are many limitations that have made it difficult to implement. Since 1954, Israel has outlawed the use of the death penalty, except in cases of and . has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, but India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. This is likely due to the belief in , or non-violence, which became very apparent during Gandhi's time and was supported by India's ancient Buddhist emperor , who is the only leader in the country's history to openly oppose the death penalty.

In it is held that in theory the death penalty is a correct and just punishment for some crimes. However, in practice the application of such a punishment can only be carried out by humans whose system of justice is nearly perfect, a situation which has not existed for some time. Orthodox Yosef Edelstein writes "So, at least theoretically, the Torah can be said to be pro-capital punishment. It is not morally wrong, in absolute terms, to put a murderer to death ...However, things look rather different when we turn our attention to the practical realisation of this seemingly harsh legislation. You may be aware that it was exceedingly difficult, in practice, to carry out the death penalty in Jewish society ...I think it's clear that with regard to Jewish jurisprudence, the capital punishment outlined by the Written and Oral Torah, and as carried out by the greatest Sages from among our people (who were paragons of humility and humanity and not just scholarship, needless to say), did not remotely resemble the death penalty in modern America (or Texas). In theory, capital punishment is kosher; it's morally right, in the Torah's eyes. But we have seen that there was great concern—expressed both in the legislation of the Torah, and in the sentiments of some of our great Sages—regarding its practical implementation. It was carried out in ancient Israel, but only with great difficulty. Once in seven years; not 135 in five and a half." (, Director of the Savannah Kollel) Orthodox Rabbi writes: "In practice, however, these punishments were almost never invoked, and existed mainly as a deterrent and to indicate the seriousness of the sins for which they were prescribed. The rules of evidence and other safeguards that the Torah provides to protect the accused made it all but impossible to actually invoke these penalties...the system of judicial punishments could become brutal and barbaric unless administered in an atmosphere of the highest morality and piety. When these standards declined among the Jewish people, the Sanhedrin...voluntarily abolished this system of penalties" ( in Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume II, pp. 170–71). On the other hand, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, in a letter to then New York Governor Hugh Carey states: "One who murders because the prohibition to kill is meaningless to him and he is especially cruel, and so too when murderers and evil people proliferate they [the courts] would [should?] judge [capital punishment] to repair the issue [and] to prevent murder – for this [action of the court] saves the state."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%20Qing

Pang Qing

Introduction

Pang Qing (; born December 24, 1979 in , ) is a retired . With her husband , she is the 2010 , the 2006 and 2010 , a five-time (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 & 2011) and the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrau%20State%20Park

Flandrau State Park

Introduction

Flandrau State Park is a of , United States, on the adjacent to the city of . Initially called Cottonwood River State Park, it was renamed in 1945 to honor , a leading citizen of early Minnesota who commanded defenses during the in the . The park was originally developed in the 1930s as a to provide a recreational . However the dam was repeatedly damaged by floods and was removed in 1995. Along with the dam, crews from the (CCC) and (WPA) built several structures in the style. In a unique twist on the mandate to harmonize with the local environment, the buildings were designed to reflect the heritage of New Ulm. The WPA barracks were reused during World War II as Camp New Ulm, housing German . All of these structures are listed as a district on the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrau%20State%20Park

Flandrau State Park

Camp New Ulm

Flandrau State Park is a of , United States, on the adjacent to the city of . Initially called Cottonwood River State Park, it was renamed in 1945 to honor , a leading citizen of early Minnesota who commanded defenses during the in the . The park was originally developed in the 1930s as a to provide a recreational . However the dam was repeatedly damaged by floods and was removed in 1995. Along with the dam, crews from the (CCC) and (WPA) built several structures in the style. In a unique twist on the mandate to harmonize with the local environment, the buildings were designed to reflect the heritage of New Ulm. The WPA barracks were reused during World War II as Camp New Ulm, housing German . All of these structures are listed as a district on the .

During World War II, the empty group camp built by the WPA was used to house . Late in the war, Great Britain was short on space and resources to provide for captured enemy combatants; meanwhile, much of the U.S. labor force was off serving in the military. The U.S. established camps throughout the country from which 450,000 POWs were employed in non-defense industries. Nine POW camps were established in Minnesota — including one other state park, — all managed from a regional headquarters in . About 160 German POWs arrived at Camp New Ulm in June 1944. Mostly members of the (the German Air Force), they ranged in age from 18 to 25. Twelve men from the U.S. Army served as their guards. The POWs primarily worked in the nearby town of at a cannery, which paid the rent on the camp. After the harvest season, prisoners worked at brick and tile factories and a poultry processing plant. Ochs Brick in Springfield was one. Small groups were hired out to local farms, unguarded, as short-term s. The POWs spent the winter at the regional main camp in Algona and returned in spring 1945. That year their use on farms expanded considerably, encompassing worksites in eight counties, while prisoners at the cannery were instrumental in packing Sleepy Eye's largest-ever pea crop. The location of Camp New Ulm outside a town with a strong German heritage was a lucky break for the POWs. Many locals still spoke German and were sympathetic toward the prisoners (and hoping in many cases for news of relatives and the old country). German-speaking church officials held Lutheran and Catholic services in the camp and gathered donations of reading material. Although the guards warned civilians that they were not to have contact with the POWs, food was slipped over the fence, cannery workers shared ice cream and beer, and young women waded across the river at night to flirt at the camp's edge. POWs out on weeklong farm details fared best of all, often receiving full home-cooked meals at the family dinner table. Prisoner Helmut Lichtenberg, who had become friendly with a farm family he'd worked for, arranged to slip out of camp and spend much of a weekend with them. Mindless of the severity of the infraction, the farmer and his mother-in-law drove Lichtenberg into camp Sunday afternoon, where they were stopped by guards. Lichtenberg was punished with ; the Americans were ultimately both fined $300 and lectured by the judge. Their testimony indicated that other prisoners undertook such forays, but this was the camp's only documented escape incident. For recreation the POWs had a clubhouse with a fireplace and library, a camp store, a sport field, and a workshop where they made their own furniture and sporting equipment. They were allowed to swim and fish in part of Cottonwood Lake. Further entertainments included newspapers, radios, and weekly movie screenings. Some musical instruments were gathered, and locals came to listen and sing along to Sunday afternoon concerts. Camp New Ulm closed in December 1945 and all of the internees were eventually repatriated to Germany. One of the former prisoners later immigrated to the United States, settling in Wisconsin. The camp remains in use as the state park's group center, one of the country's few World War II POW camps that are still maintained. When the camp is not occupied, visitors can ask at the park office to access the grounds.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Simon

Marge Simon

Education and career

Marge Baliff Simon (born 1942) is an American artist and a writer of and .

She received her BA and MA degrees from the , and then continued her studies at the . Deciding against a career as a commercial artist, she began working as an art teacher in elementary schools instead. In the mid-1980s, Simon began writing and illustrating for the small press and went on to become an award-winning writer. Simon's poems, short fiction, and illustrations have appeared in hundreds of publications, including , Nebula Awards 32, , The Pedestal Magazine, Chizine, Niteblade, Vestal Review, and Daily Science Fiction. Simon is a former president of the Small Press Writers and Artists Organization and of the (SFPA). She is additionally a former editor of Star*Line, the SFPA's bimonthly journal. In 2013, Simon began editing the column "Blood and Spades: Poets of the Dark Side" for the monthly newsletter of the . She serves as the Chair of the HWA Board of Trustees.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98%20B-Line

98 B-Line

Richmond

The 98 B-Line was a line in , , . It linked to , with a connection to . It travelled mainly along in Vancouver and a dedicated bus lane on No. 3 Road in Richmond. It was operated by and was funded by . The route was long. The line carried over 18,000 passengers daily. It was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the opening of the , which replaced it.

– Transfer point to the #424 bus, which was a shuttle to Vancouver International Airport's main terminal. Also served the neighbourhood of Sea Island, and was a transfer point to the #620 bus to the . Airport Station was closed the same day the 98 B-Line was discontinued. Sea Island Way – Served , the largest casino in . Capstan Way – Served Yaohan Centre, Union Square Shopping Centre, and also the Asian shopping district along Capstan Way itself. Aberdeen – Served the main Asian shopping district, including , Empire Centre, , President Plaza, and south side of Yaohan Centre. Alderbridge – Served the northern part of the shopping mall as well as the Alexandra Road restaurant district. Lansdowne – Served the southern part of and the Richmond campus of Westminster Highway – Popular transfer point to the #401 and #407 buses to along No. 1 Road and Gilbert Road, respectively. Many passengers used those routes to reach Richmond Hospital and the headquarters of WorkSafe B.C., the workers' compensation and safety board. Richmond Centre – The unofficial terminus of the line (owing to the fact that the bus's destination signs read "98 RICHMOND CENTRE"). Stops outside of the shopping mall and is the main transfer point to almost all of the bus routes in Richmond. – The southern terminus of the line. Served the Richmond City Hall and the Brighouse area (particularly the Minoru cultural centre, which is home to the , the local and the local .)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Slavnov

Sergei Slavnov

Introduction

Sergei Gennadyevich Slavnov (; born 11 March 1982) is a Russian . He is best known for his partnership with , with whom he competed from 2003 to 2007. Together, they are the 2005 . Previously, Slavnov competed with , with whom he is the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Slavnov

Sergei Slavnov

Career

Sergei Gennadyevich Slavnov (; born 11 March 1982) is a Russian . He is best known for his partnership with , with whom he competed from 2003 to 2007. Together, they are the 2005 . Previously, Slavnov competed with , with whom he is the .

Sergei Slavnov began skating at age 5, originally as a single skater, and switched to at age 16. Slavnov originally skated with and won silver at the . They were coached by at the in . In 2002, Slavnov began dating , who trained at the same rink, and in August 2003 they decided to skate together and to switch coaches to , who also worked at Yubileyny. At the , shortly after 's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a , but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the and were fifth at the . During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds. At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas / Slavnov decided to return to the Velikovs, with Ludmila Velikova as their main coach. The pair won bronze at and finished 6th at . At the , they won the silver medal and were sent to the where they finished 4th. They did not compete at . The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at . In autumn 2008, Slavnov participated in the ice show Star Ice (Звёздный лёд), skating with the Russian actress . Obertas / Slavnov did not compete at Russian Nationals and ended their career. Obertas / Slavnov performed some quadruple in competition. Slavnov joined the Russian Ice Stars company in 2011.

wit-train-topic-003151612

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Dankers

Arne Dankers

Background

Arne Dankers (born June 1, 1980) is a .

Dankers was born to Peter Dankers and Marja Verhoef, who are both Dutch. The family moved to Canada when he was two years old. Dankers graduated from the with a master's degree in Electrical Engineering and later completed a PhD at the . Dankers was a member of the Canadian team that set the team pursuit world record of 3:39.69 in Calgary, Canada on November 12, 2005. The Canadian team, of which Dankers was a part, was not able to duplicate this performance at the 2006 Turin Olympics. The Italian team now holds the Olympic team pursuit record of 3:43.64.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt%20Quadrangle

Hewitt Quadrangle

Introduction

Hewitt University Quadrangle, commonly known as Beinecke Plaza, is a plaza at the center of the campus in , . It is the home of the university's administration, main auditorium, and dining facilities. The quadrangle was created with the construction of the university's Bicentennial Buildings and Woodbridge Hall in 1901. Until 1917, it was known as University Court. The completion of the created subterranean library facilities beneath the courtyard, establishing the present appearance of the paved plaza and sunken courtyard.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt%20Quadrangle

Hewitt Quadrangle

Bicentennial Buildings

Hewitt University Quadrangle, commonly known as Beinecke Plaza, is a plaza at the center of the campus in , . It is the home of the university's administration, main auditorium, and dining facilities. The quadrangle was created with the construction of the university's Bicentennial Buildings and Woodbridge Hall in 1901. Until 1917, it was known as University Court. The completion of the created subterranean library facilities beneath the courtyard, establishing the present appearance of the paved plaza and sunken courtyard.

The Bicentennial Buildings–University Commons, the Memorial Rotunda, and Woolsey Hall–were the first buildings constructed for Yale University as opposed to one of its constituent entities (, , or others), reflecting a greater emphasis on central administration initiated by Presidents and . Constructed in 1901-2 for the University's bicentennial, the limestone buildings linked the College buildings on the with the buildings on . They were designed by and of . The University Commons, simply known as "Commons" on campus, is a timber-trussed banqueting hall. It served as the university-wide dining hall until the completion of the , , and in the 1930s. Woolsey Hall was the University's first large secular assembly hall, with 2,691 seats. It holds one of the largest organs in the world: the , a 1928 . The Rotunda, with tablets on the walls commemorating Yale's war dead is a double-sized, domed, colonnaded version of 's built in 1502 on the site of St. Peter's martyrdom in Rome. Above the memorial is the President's Room, used for donor and ceremonial receptions.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewitt%20Quadrangle

Hewitt Quadrangle

Sculpture

Hewitt University Quadrangle, commonly known as Beinecke Plaza, is a plaza at the center of the campus in , . It is the home of the university's administration, main auditorium, and dining facilities. The quadrangle was created with the construction of the university's Bicentennial Buildings and Woodbridge Hall in 1901. Until 1917, it was known as University Court. The completion of the created subterranean library facilities beneath the courtyard, establishing the present appearance of the paved plaza and sunken courtyard.

Before the colonnade of the Commons is a memorial . Its inscription reads: Behind the cenotaph, one can see inscribed the names of battles of , , , , , and . Woodbridge Hall, located on the west side of the plaza, was designed by the firm of and is French Renaissance in style. It contains the central administration of the University. The building was named for Reverend Timothy Woodbridge, one of the founders of Yale College. The Beinecke Library's sunken courtyard, visible but not accessible from the plaza, contains 's sculpture The Garden (Pyramid, Sun, and Cube). The three marble sculptures represent time, the sun, and chance. 's sculpture Gallows and Lollipops stands on the plaza. The sculpture Lipstick Ascending on a Caterpillar Tread (now located in ) was once on the plaza.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitger%20organ%20%28Hamburg%29

Schnitger organ (Hamburg)

Introduction

The organ of the (St. James' Church) in , was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, . The boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitger%20organ%20%28Hamburg%29

Schnitger organ (Hamburg)

New build by Schnitger in 1693

The organ of the (St. James' Church) in , was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, . The boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved.

Arp Schnitger used the existing instrument and kept 27 of the stops (including some of the oldest pipes of the original 1516 organ) for his project. Schnitger built the rest of the stops himself. He then expanded the four-manual instrument to 60 stops. Despite the advice of one of the most prominent organists at the church of St. Katharinen in Hamburg, Johann Adam Reincken, Schnitger installed both a Principal 32' and Posaune 32' into the pedal. This brought a tremendous prestige factor to the instrument. The total costs for this project was 29.108 Marks. The different divisions have the following (German) names: Werck (Hauptwerk), Rückpositiv, Oberpositiv, Brustpositiv and Pedal. The prospect of the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi is the largest existing example of the so-called "Hamburg Prospects": those having many-tiered divisional structures that was developed by the organ builder family Scherer in Hamburg around 1600. Typical for these fronts are the symmetrical case with the large pedal towers at each side and the staggered arrangement of the manual divisions, although the Oberpositiv did not appear in these frontal prospects. Instead, it was located in a higher position behind the Great (having no back panel). The directness of the sound is in part created by the wide downward shaping arches of the building. These create excellent acoustics. The figures on the prospect were cut by Christian Precht and belong to his latest known works. In 1720, applied for the position of organist at St. Jacobi. However Bach, despite being a famed organist, did not get the position. Instead it was awarded to Johann Joachim Heitmann, who was able to pay the required high sum of 4000 Mark into the church fund and also marrying the pastor's daughter. In the records of Johann Mattheson we find part of a rather severe sermon by the pastor of St. Jacobi at the time, Erdmann Neumeister: "He believed with certainty that – if one of the angels were to descend from heaven and, wanting to become an organist of St. Jacobi, played divinely – but if this angel from Bethlehem had no money, they would simply have to fly away again." It is confirmed that Bach also played the organ in the neighbouring church of St. Katharinen. Apparently the condition of the St. Jacobi instrument was (temporarily) not very good. He therefore left before playing the official audition for the post. The disposition of 1721 was notated by organbuilder : Disposition of 1721 2 tremulants , Trommel 5 stop valves, 1 main valve

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitger%20organ%20%28Hamburg%29

Schnitger organ (Hamburg)

Restorations

The organ of the (St. James' Church) in , was built from 1689 to 1693 by the most renowned organ builder of his time, . The boasts four manuals and pedal with 60 stops, 15 of which are reeds – and has approximately 4000 sounding pipes. All in all, from the organ's original installation and its condition today (despite the partial destruction during World War II) not much of its conception has changed. The old pipework and the prospect pipes have been preserved in almost original format. It is the largest organ in existence from before 1700 and is one of the most eminent Baroque instruments that have been preserved.

In 1917 there was a serious invasion of the tonal quality of the instrument. This happened when the tin prospect pipes had to be taken down and handed over to the army administration's metal collection during the First World War. After World War I, Hans Henny Jahnn and Gottlieb Harms discovered and realized the value of this instrument. They advocated for the repair and replacement of the missing front pipes. Substantial funds were raised for this purpose with a series of benefit concerts (called Ugrino concerts) in 1922. Jahnn managed to secure Günther Ramin, organist of the Leipzig Thomaskirche, for these concerts. Ramin brought back compositions of Hamburg organists of the 17th century alongside works of Buxtehude and Bach to the concert space for the first time in a long while. At the organ convention, initiated by Jahnn in Hamburg and Lübeck in July 1925, the Schnitger organ in St. Jacobi became a great focus of interest in the organ scene of Northern Europe. It became known as a model instrument for Baroque and pre-Baroque organ music. Because the wind chests, pipework and carvings were removed in 1942, this prevented these sound-producing parts of the organ from being destroyed in World War II. When the church completely burned down, Schnitger's case, the bellow enclosure and the console of 1774 were lost. The southern nave was only slightly destroyed, and after its restoration in 1950 the Lübeck organ workshop Kemper made a provisional installation. Kemper had already carried out the restoration work of previous decades under the direction of and cooperation with Hans Henny Jahnn. Another step along the way towards restoration was at the old site in the west of the main nave, completed in 1961. It included a new case for the old divisions, a new console with carved heads for register knobs (1950), an extension of the keyboard ranges with the necessary technical adjustments and an extremely stiff action by Kemper. This effort resulted in a sound that was phonetically uneven, and an action that was unsatisfactory. The use of different wind pressures in the manual divisions and the pedal did not correspond to historical building practice. The pipework had been shortened in different ways during the course of the 19th and 20th centuries to emulate modern pitch. Many pipes on the wind chests became displaced. The sound of the principal choir was too similar to that of the flutes. The reeds had no stability. Furthermore, the proportions of the case were incorrect, because the keyboard extensions led to many additional large pipes that had to be considered. Despite all this, the sound quality of the instrument was still recognizable and continued to fascinate listeners. The push for a fundamental restoration of the organ came from St. Jacobi organist Rudolf Kelber in 1982. He wanted to get rid of all the technical defects and problems in sound quality. A consensus was reached to restore it to the old state i.e. that of the Jacobi organ as it was in the late 18th century, with all its surviving components. These included the registers by Johann Jacob Lehnert from the year 1761 (the Viola di Gamba 8 'in the Werck and the Trommet 8' in the Rückpositiv). No attempt was made to reconstruct the console from 1774. Instead it made more sense to return to the concept of Schnitger, with the short octave in the manual keyboards. This was done according to the model of the Schnitger console received from the Lübeck Dom organ. The recovery of the original case proportions with original Schnitger wind chest dimensions was essential. A compromise here was the addition of the note D sharp (or E flat) in the bass octave of the pedal. This was placed on an auxiliary chest outside the case. The wind supply was set up with six wedge bellows located in the upper area of the tower space, behind the organ. , regarded as a connoisseur of Schnitger organs (and who had all the resources needed for this project in his workshop) was commissioned for this project. The materials included a provision of wood that had been stored up for decades. Three hundred years after the completion of the organ built by Arp Schnitger, the restored instrument was inaugurated in 1993. Cornelius H. Edskes, the leading Dutch organologist and Schnitger specialist, made sure the restoration was done as fundamentally secure as possible by creating the meticulous documentation needed. The result was a collection of more than 60,000 pieces of data. The discussion regarding the tuning of the organ led to the decision for modified mean tone temperament. It is a compromise between the standard pure thirds of the mean tone tuning and the requirements for playing organ literature from the 17th and 18th centuries in keys that contain multiple sharps/ flats. The discovery of the mean tone temperament was read off of the pipe lengths of the inner pipes of the Principal 32' in the pedal. The Schnitger organ in Hamburg's main church of St. Jacobi has become one of the most influential models for organ building in the last 100 years.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CipSoft

CipSoft

TibiaME

CipSoft GmbH is a German based in . Founded in 2001, it is the developer of . As of April 2021, the company employs 95 people.

is the first online role playing game for mobile phones. The story of TibiaME is inspired by the PC game Tibia. As a knight or a sorcerer, the players develop the skills of their selected characters. By exploring large varieties of areas, they will come upon exciting quests and dangerous dungeons where hundreds of players can set their forces together. Communicating and interacting with other players in a diplomacy is only one attractive aspect of TibiaME. The player can log out at any moment of the game and log in later.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen%20Street

Aberdeen Street

Introduction

Aberdeen Street is a border street dividing and on , Hong Kong. It ascends from to in . The street is named after , at the time of the to the United Kingdom in 1842.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boil-water%20advisory

Boil-water advisory

History

A boil-water advisory, boil-water notice, boil-water warning, boil-water order, or boil order is a advisory or directive issued by governmental or other health authorities to consumers when a community's is or could be contaminated by s. Under a boil-water advisory (BWA), the recommends that water be brought to a rolling for one minute before it is consumed in order to kill protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. At altitudes above , boiling should be extended to 3 minutes, as the lower at high altitudes requires more time to kill such organisms. BWAs are typically issued when monitoring of water being served to consumers detects or other microbiological indicators of sewage contamination. Another reason for a BWA is a failure of distribution system integrity evidenced by a loss of system pressure. While loss of pressure does not necessarily mean the water has been contaminated, it does mean that pathogens may be able to enter the piped-water system and thus be carried to consumers. In the United States, this has been defined as a drop below .

's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of the in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil water advisory. Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. Snow later went so far as to accurately propose in his 1855 edition of the work that the structure of cholera was that of a cell. Snow's ideas were not fully accepted until years after his death in 1858. The first known modern boil-water advisory based solely on and unfettered by extraneous and irrelevant advice was distributed in 1866 during that ravaged London in the 19th century.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanitrocubane

Heptanitrocubane

Introduction

Heptanitrocubane is an experimental based on the cubic eight-carbon molecule and closely related to . Seven of the eight atoms at the corners of the cubane molecule are replaced by groups, giving the final molecular formula . As with octanitrocubane, not enough heptanitrocubane has been synthesized to perform detailed tests on its stability and energy. It is hypothesized to have slightly better performance than explosives such as , the current high-energy standard explosive, based on chemical energy analysis. While in theory not as energetic as octanitrocubane's theoretical maximum density, the HNC that has been synthesized so far is a more effective explosive than any ONC that has been produced, due to more efficient crystal packing and hence higher density. Heptanitrocubane was first synthesized by the same team who synthesized octanitrocubane, and Mao-Xi Zhang at the , in 1999.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Obertas

Julia Obertas

Introduction

Julia Nikolayevna Obertas, married name: Horak (, ; born 19 June 1984) is a former who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career. She is best known for her partnership with , with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007. They are the 2005 . Earlier, she competed with for Russia and for Ukraine. With Palamarchuk, she became a two-time (1998–1999) .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Obertas

Julia Obertas

Partnership with Slavnov

Julia Nikolayevna Obertas, married name: Horak (, ; born 19 June 1984) is a former who represented Ukraine until 2000 and then Russia until the end of her career. She is best known for her partnership with , with whom she competed from 2003 to 2007. They are the 2005 . Earlier, she competed with for Russia and for Ukraine. With Palamarchuk, she became a two-time (1998–1999) .

Obertas had begun dating another one of the Velikovs' students, , and in August 2003, they decided to skate together, switching coaches to who also worked at Yubileyny. At the , shortly after 's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a , but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the and were fifth at the . During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds. At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas/Slavnov decided to return to Ludmila Velikova. The pair won bronze at and finished 6th at . At the , they won the silver medal and were sent to the where they finished 4th. They did not compete at . The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at . In autumn 2008, Obertas participated in the ice show Star Ice (), skating with the Russian actor Alexander Peskov. Obertas/Slavnov did not compete at Russian nationals and ended their career. Obertas/Slavnov performed some quadruple in competition.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana%20Paluzzi

Luciana Paluzzi

Film

Luciana Paluzzi (born 10 June 1937) is an Italian actress. She is perhaps best known for playing assassin in the fourth film, , but she had important roles in notable films of the 1960s and 1970s in both the Italian film industry and Hollywood, including , , , , and .

Paluzzi was born in and was brought up there. She went to Milan and studied naval engineering for two years at the Scientific Academy of Milan, being the only woman in her class. One of her first roles was an uncredited walk-on part in (1954), which she got by chance through a friend of her father's who was invited for dinner and happened to be looking for a young actress doing a very short two-line role for director , thinking Paluzzi might be a fit. Negulesco had not been satisfied with the other actresses so far, but when Paluzzi, who did not plan to become an actress, recited the English line the next day (it was the only English she spoke at that time) she got the role. Paluzzi went on to appear in many movies, most of which were made in her native Italy. In her early films, she is credited as Luciana Paoluzzi. In 1957, she came to England to appear in the British war film (also known as Tank Force) alongside where she was directed by . She was then cast in the British action drama as the Spanish-born Josita, who is fought over by and 's characters. In 1959, Paluzzi went to Hollywood under contract with to star as a regular in the series , which was cancelled after three months. Paluzzi then played Rafaella, the wife of Brett Halsey's character Ted Carter, in 1961's . From 1963 to 1965, Paluzzi almost exclusively appeared in Italian productions. In 1965, Paluzzi was cast as SPECTRE villainess, , "" is "fox" in Italian, in Terence Young's (1965), for which she is best known. She had auditioned for the part of the lead , , but producers instead cast , changing the character's name from an to a , renaming her Dominique Derval. Initially crestfallen when informed she did not get the part, Paluzzi rejoiced when told her consolatory prize was the part of Fiona Volpe, originally planned to be Fiona Kelly, which she said was "more fun" to play. Paluzzi later claimed being a was a double-edged sword. In the documentary , Paluzzi expressed amazement at the level of fame, publicity, and recognition she received from Thunderball; but as a result of being in such an outlandish film, she felt she was taken less seriously as an actress when returning to the Italian film industry. Paluzzi appeared in such films as (1964) and (1967). She co-starred in the 1969 , and as a in the 1974 Hollywood drama (with her voice dubbed by American actress ), again for Terence Young.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Mill%20State%20Park

Old Mill State Park

Introduction

Old Mill State Park is a small on the between and on an ancient beach of glacial in in the northwestern part of the state. It is a park.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia

Nile tilapia

Introduction

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of , a fish native to the northern half of and the Levante area, including , and . Numerous populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the (Sarotherodon galilaeus).

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projected-04044132-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia

Nile tilapia

Subspecies

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of , a fish native to the northern half of and the Levante area, including , and . Numerous populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the (Sarotherodon galilaeus).

Although considers the species as , several distinctive populations often are recognized as valid : O. n. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – most of species' range O. n. baringoensis Trewavas, 1983 – in Kenya O. n. cancellatus (Nichols, 1923) – Awash basin in Ethiopia O. n. eduardianus (Boulenger, 1912) – O. n. filoa Trewavas, 1983 – hot springs in Awash basin in Ethiopia O. n. sugutae Trewavas, 1983 – Karpeddo soda springs at Suguta River in Kenya O. n. tana Seyoum & Kornfield, 1992 – Lake Tana in Ethiopia O. n. vulcani Trewavas, 1933 – Lake Turkana in Ethiopia and Kenya While the species is overall very widespread and common, the considers O. n. baringoensis as , O. n. sugutae as , and O. n. filoa as . A population found in appears to be an subspecies. The forms referred to as Oreochromis (or Tilapia) nyabikere and kabagole seem to belong to this species, too. An undescribed population found at, for example, , , and seems to be a close relative.

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projected-04044132-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia

Nile tilapia

Aquaculture

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of , a fish native to the northern half of and the Levante area, including , and . Numerous populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the (Sarotherodon galilaeus).

Tilapia, likely the Nile tilapia, was well known as food fish in and commonly featured in their art (paintings and sculptures). This includes a 4000-year-old tomb illustration that shows them in man-made ponds, likely an early form of . In modern aquaculture, Nile tilapia are not farmed very often because the dark color of their flesh is undesirable for many customers, and because of the reputation the fish has as being a . However, they are fast-growing and produce good s; ("red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed to counter the consumer distaste for darker meat. stock is also used in aquaculture; Nile × hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.

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projected-04044132-010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile%20tilapia

Nile tilapia

As food

The Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a species of , a fish native to the northern half of and the Levante area, including , and . Numerous populations exist outside its natural range. It is also commercially known as mango fish, nilotica, or boulti. The first name leads to easy confusion with another tilapia which is traded commercially, the (Sarotherodon galilaeus).

The red-hybrid Nile tilapia is known in the as pla thapthim (), meaning " fish" or " fish". This type of tilapia is very popular in , where it is prepared in a variety of ways. The black-and-white-striped tilapia pla nin (), meaning "Nile fish", has darker flesh and is commonly either salted and grilled or deep-fried, and it can also be steamed with lime (pla nin nueng manao). Nile tilapia, called bulṭī in , is (being native to Egypt) among the most common fish in , and probably the most common in regions far from the coast. It is generally either battered and pan-fried whole ( bulṭī maqlī ]) or grilled whole ( bulṭī mashwī ]). Like other fish in Egypt, is generally served with cooked with onions and other seasonings to turn it red. In , Nile tilapia is commonly fried, grilled or baked with vegetables herbs and spices and eaten with or pilafs. It is also baked in the oven with tahini sauce drizzled over it with es, s, , sweet peppers or es and flavored with sumac and dried mint. Tilapia, often farmed, is a popular and common supermarket fish in the United States. In India, Nile tilapia is the most dominant fish in some of the South Indian reservoirs and available throughout the year. O. niloticus grows faster and reaches bigger sizes in a given time. The littoral areas of Kelavarappalli Reservoir are full of nests of Nile tilapia and they breed during south-west monsoon (July–September). The fish mainly feed on detritus. Zooplankton, phytoplankton, and macrophytes also were recorded occasionally from the gut of Nile tilapia. The demand is heavy, especially from local poor people, as this fish is affordable to the lowest income group in this area.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway

Great Laxey Mine Railway

Introduction

The Great Laxey Mine Railway (: Raad Yiarn Meain Mooar Laksaa) was originally constructed to serve the 's , a located in . The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge and the main to coast road.

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projected-04044135-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway

Great Laxey Mine Railway

History

The Great Laxey Mine Railway (: Raad Yiarn Meain Mooar Laksaa) was originally constructed to serve the 's , a located in . The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge and the main to coast road.

The Great Laxey Mine was an extensive system of mine shafts and tunnels, which descended to a depth of 2,200 feet underground. The uppermost level of mine workings, known as the adit, was a series of tunnels extending to a mile and a half, which entered the hillside at ground level, and connected the heads of all the working mine shafts. Within this adit level a railway was provided from 1823, to allow transportation of mined ores from the mine shafts out to the external washing floors and mine yards. The railway was originally hand-operated, with miners pushing small wagons. In 1827 a pit pony was purchased to haul the wagons, and the number of ponies grew as the mines expanded. By the 1870s there was a clear need for more modern motive power, and the two steam locomotives Ant and Bee were delivered in 1877. The mine closed in 1929. The railway remained in place for the following six years, but in 1935 all parts of the railway above ground, including the locomotives and rolling stock, were scrapped. In the 1970s the adit level was reopened and explored for historical evidence. It was discovered that parts of the underground section of the railway were still intact, and in one tunnel an entire train (consisting of six open ore wagons) was found, abandoned underground when work in the mine had finished. The wagons were returned to ground level and restored. In the late 1990s momentum began to grow for the restoration of the railway's above-ground section, and in 2000 restoration work commenced. The restored railway was re-opened in 2004.

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projected-04044135-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway

Great Laxey Mine Railway

Locomotives

The Great Laxey Mine Railway (: Raad Yiarn Meain Mooar Laksaa) was originally constructed to serve the 's , a located in . The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge and the main to coast road.

Following the periods of hand operation and then pony haulage, a pair of steam locomotives were delivered from of in 1877. Ant and Bee were 0-4-0 tank locomotives made unusually narrow, in order to fit within the adit. They were high and only wide. Their two 4×6 in inside cylinders had and a geared drive to the rear axle, but coupling rods between the axles. The arrangement of the water tanks was particularly unusual, being a front tank ahead of the smokebox, in order to reduce width. The boilers were , as were commonly used for small locomotives with insufficient space between the frames for a conventional firebox. Around 1905, a replacement locomotive was considered and were asked for a design. This was similar to the Lewins design, but more conventional. A saddle tank was used and conventional cylinders with connecting rods to the axle. The power cylinders were however mounted inside the frames and the Bagnall-Price valvgear and slide valves mounted outside. This new locomotive was never constructed, although Bagnalls did instead build two new boilers for the existing locomotives. Both survived the closure of the mine, but were scrapped in 1935, six years afterwards. Replicas of both locomotives were constructed for the re-opening of the line as a tourist attraction. They now operate the line, together with a battery electric locomotive named Wasp, which previously worked in a mine in Cornwall.

wit-train-topic-005189894

projected-04044135-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Laxey%20Mine%20Railway

Great Laxey Mine Railway

Rolling stock

The Great Laxey Mine Railway (: Raad Yiarn Meain Mooar Laksaa) was originally constructed to serve the 's , a located in . The gauge railway runs from the old mine entrance to the along a right of way that passes through the Isle of Man's only remaining railway tunnel (another at Dhoon West Quarry is disused) under the gauge and the main to coast road.

The railway operates two . Owing to the narrow gauge and low clearances the carriages are long and narrow, with passengers sitting on longitudinal transverse benches, and effectively travelling sideways when the train is in motion. Carriage 1, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2004. Carriage 2, built by Alan Keef Ltd in 2007. The railway's freight wagons were originally constructed locally, and took the form of high-sided four-wheeled open ore wagons. A full train of these wagons was discovered underground in the mid-1970s. Six original ore wagons, now preserved in museum locations on the island. Six replica ore wagons, built at the Laxey Blacksmith in 2000, in regular service on the restored railway. 4-wheel tipping ore truck (not serviceable), static exhibit at Valley Gardens station. Additionally, some rail vehicles are available for use by volunteer permanent way engineers on the railway, for construction and maintenance duties. 4-wheel tipping wagon, convertible to flatbed format, unofficially named Freddy (acquired second-hand in 2010). 4-wheel light maintenance trolley, unofficially named Jimmy, built in 2006. Single-wheel rail barrow - a single flanged wheel allows the barrow to be hand-operated along one rail of the running line. Liveried in engineering black and yellow wasp stripes.

wit-train-topic-004249111

projected-04044170-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Gandy

Kim Gandy

Introduction

Kim Gandy (born January 25, 1954) is an who from 2001 to 2009 was the president of the . Since 2012, she has been the president and CEO of the National Network to End Domestic Violence. In 2009, Gandy was a resident fellow at the Institute of Politics at the at in , . From January 2010 to October 2012 she was vice president and general counsel at the in , .

wit-train-topic-002877840

projected-04044175-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Buntin

Craig Buntin

Introduction

Craig Buntin (born May 27, 1980) is a Canadian former . He is the co-founder and CEO of , an AI-powered sports analytics company based in Montreal, Quebec. With former partner , he is the , the 2008 & 2010 Canadian bronze medallist, and the 2010 . With , he represented , where they placed 11th.

wit-train-topic-004396259

projected-04044207-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Abernathy

Anne Abernathy

Introduction

Julianne “Anne” Abernathy (born April 12, 1953) is a athlete from the and is the oldest female athlete to compete in the . The were her sixth. Despite her age, she is a strong competitor with numerous international podium finishes, and she is consistently ranked in the top 20 world rankings. She is known within luge circles as "Grandma Luge." She is training for the 2024 Summer Olympics as an archer.

wit-train-topic-005216139

projected-04044210-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Matthew%27s%20Church%2C%20Hamburg

St. Matthew's Church, Hamburg

Introduction

St. Matthew's Church () in , , is a brick church built from 1910 to 1912 in the style. The church is adorned with the colorful windows of , who also made the stained-glass windows for the main church of and for in . St. Matthew's windows were created 1961 to 1971,

wit-train-topic-000176718

projected-04044212-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie%20Marcoux

Valérie Marcoux

Introduction

Valérie Marcoux (born April 1, 1980 in , ) is a Canadian former . With partner , she is a three-time Canadian national champion. Prior to teaming up with Buntin in 2002, she skated with . Marcoux announced her retirement from competitive figure skating on April 24, 2007.

wit-train-topic-001528167

projected-04044277-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy%20Newquist

Jimmy Newquist

Introduction

James P. Newquist (born May 10, 1970) is an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist, best known as lead singer for the band . Born in , and raised in , he is one of eight children. Newquist started writing songs at an early age and moved to to further his music career. In 1993, he formed Caroline's Spine with college friend Mark Haugh – the band's name being a reference to a character in a story Newquist wrote about a comatose girl whose doctor nonchalantly inquires, "How's Caroline's spine today?" His major label debut, "Monsoon" by Caroline's Spine, was released by Hollywood Records in 1997. Newquist has since released numerous albums under the Caroline's Spine moniker as well as his own name.

wit-train-topic-004030631

projected-04044278-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Introduction

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

wit-train-topic-001748886

projected-04044278-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce%20Davison

Bryce Davison

Career

Bryce Davison (born January 29, 1986, in ) is an American- former competitive . With former partner , he is a three-time (2007, 2009, 2010) , the 2008 and the 2009 . They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics.

Davison began skating at age three. He competed with Jessie McNeil at the pre-novice and juvenile levels. They were the 2000 Canadian Juvenile national champions. He later competed with Claire Daugulis on the novice and junior levels. Davison teamed up with in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the and 7th at the that same season. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the . After an on-ice accident at the (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at . They lost the national title to and at the , but two months later at the , they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Davison suffers from , which led to his sustaining a serious knee injury in practice in October 2010, forcing the pair to withdraw from the . He underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. The recovery period was estimated at 18 months. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. He had felt they needed to make changes but Dubé was unwilling and suggested parting ways. Davison left open the possibility that he might continue skating if he finds the right partner. In July, it was reported that Davison had completed his Level I Coaching Certification and would begin coaching young skaters in . At the time, Davison said he might compete again, but in December 2011, he confirmed that he had retired from competition. He is the director of skater development at the Hamilton Skating Club. Davison competed in singles until 2007. He is a member of the Hamilton Skating Club in .

wit-train-topic-002248387

projected-04044298-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Introduction

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

wit-train-topic-002009849

projected-04044298-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Dub%C3%A9

Jessica Dubé

Partnership with Davison

Jessica Dubé (born October 29, 1987) is a Canadian former competitive figure skater who is best known for her with . They are the bronze medallists, the silver medallists, and three-time champions (2007, 2009, 2010). They represented Canada at the and Winter Olympics. With later partner , Dubé is the silver medallist.

Dubé teamed up with in July 2003. The two had a successful junior career before moving up to the senior level in 2005–06. They placed 10th at the and 7th at the that same season. She has also competed in singles skating. Her highest finish in the senior ladies' event at the was 6th in 2008; internationally, she was a medallist at two junior Grand Prix events. In the summer of 2006, Dubé suffered an injury in practice and was removed from the ice on a backboard; she had knee surgery in September. They trained both short and long programs for nationals, while Jessica also trained a short program for the singles event. They won their first national crown in Nova Scotia at the . After an on-ice accident at the (see below), they made a comeback a month later at the World Championships, where they again finished seventh. Dube and Davison had a breakthrough season in 2007–08. They won their first Grand Prix medals, including a gold at . They lost the national title to and at the , but two months later at the , they won the bronze medal after finishing second in the long program; they set personal best scores in each segment of the event and overall. The next two seasons did not prove as successful, and while they regained and then defended their national title, the pair were unable to repeat their success at the World Championships. Their top placement during this time was a second-place finish at the 2009 Four Continents Championships. Dube and Davison were part of Team Canada at the inaugural World Team Trophy in April 2009. In the 2009–10 Olympic season, they medalled at both Grand Prix events but did not qualify for the Grand Prix final. They were sixth at the Olympics and at Worlds. Dubé and Davison withdrew from after Davison suffered a knee injury. Davison underwent season-ending surgery to reattach a broken piece of bone. Dubé elected to compete as a singles skater in 2010–11. She qualified for , and competed in the ladies' event for the first time in three years, her last appearance being in 2008 when she finished 6th. Despite falling ill with a virus on the morning of the free skate, she skated to a 6th-place finish in 2011. Dubé and Davison announced the end of their partnership on March 10, 2011. Dubé said she intended to continue as a singles skater but did not rule out returning to pair skating in the future.

wit-train-topic-004348696

projected-04044326-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%20Academy

Concord Academy

Introduction

Concord Academy, established in 1922, is a , for nine through twelve in . The school enrolls 378 boarding and day students as of 2013–14. In 1971, Concord Academy became the first all-girls' in New England to shift to a coeducational model.

wit-train-topic-001555844

projected-04044339-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Mary%27s%20Church%2C%20Fuhlsb%C3%BCttel%2C%20Hamburg

St. Mary's Church, Fuhlsbüttel, Hamburg

Introduction

St. Mary's Church (Kirchengemeinde St. Marien) is a church in the quarter of . It was designed by local architects Bernhard Hopp and Rudolf Jäger. The church was dedicated on February 14, 1960. The twelve small stained-glass s in the choir loft were made by , who also created the windows for the main church of and the parish church of in the quarter of .

wit-train-topic-000068418

projected-04044374-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Goodman

Louise Goodman

Introduction

Louise Goodman is a British reporter and presenter who worked on 's coverage until it ceased at the . She now co-presents ITV's coverage of the British Touring Car Championship. Her late partner was , a former team manager who died of a heart attack in 2004.

wit-train-topic-003364631

projected-04044375-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ridgely%20State%20Park

Fort Ridgely State Park

Introduction

Fort Ridgely State Park is a of , USA, on the south of . It preserves , site of the during the . It was the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole , which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek. The park was established in 1911. The Rustic Style buildings within the state park, built between 1934 and 1936, are listed on the . In September 2016, the golf course was closed due to declining revenue. A group of local residents launched a campaign hoping to raise enough money to lease the course from the (DNR) and re-open it. However the group failed to win the support of the Fairfax City Council. The DNR plans to plow the course under and .

wit-train-topic-000082844

projected-04044410-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C5%BEine

Plužine

Population

Plužine (: Плужине, ) is a town in northwestern . In 2011 it has a population of 1,341.

Plužine is administrative centre of Plužine municipality, which in 2011 had a population of 3,235. The town of Plužine itself has 1,341 citizens.

wit-train-topic-002004508

projected-04044444-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Introduction

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

wit-train-topic-004775863

projected-04044444-005

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Rise of Hasidism and internal struggles

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

The Cossack Uprising and the left a deep and lasting impression on the Jewish social and spiritual life. In this time of and overly formal rabbinism came the teachings of , known as the Baal Shem Tov, or BeShT, (1698–1760), which had a profound effect on the Jews of Eastern Europe. His disciples taught and encouraged a new fervent brand of , related to , known as . The rise of Hasidism had a great influence on the rise of , with a continuous influence through its many . A radically different movement was started by in the middle of the 18th century. Frank's teachings were extremely unorthodox (such as purification through transgression, as well as adoption of elements of Christianity), and he was excommunicated along with his numerous followers. They eventually converted to Catholicism.

wit-train-topic-004423338

projected-04044444-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Russian Empire and Austrian rule

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

The traditional measures of keeping the free of Jews were hindered when the main territory of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was annexed during the . During the second (1793) and the third (1795) partitions, large populations of Jews were taken over by the Russian Empire, and established the that included and . During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in after the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first , while according to others (such as the , 1911 ed.) say the first pogrom was the 1859 riot in Odessa. The term became common after a wave of large-scale anti-Jewish violence swept southern Russian Empire, including Ukraine, between 1881 and 1884, after Jews were blamed for the . In May 1882, introduced temporary regulations called May Laws that stayed in effect for more than thirty years, until 1917. Systematic policies of discrimination, strict on the number of Jews allowed to obtain education and professions caused widespread poverty and mass emigration. In 1886, an was applied to the Jews of Kyiv. In 1893–1894, some areas of Crimea were cut out of the Pale. When Alexander III died in Crimea on 20 October 1894, according to : "as the body of the deceased was carried by railway to , the same rails were carrying the Jewish exiles from to the Pale. The reign of Alexander III ended symbolically. It began with pogroms and concluded with expulsions." Odessa became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to account for some 37% of the population.

wit-train-topic-003354054

projected-04044444-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Early 20th century

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur in cities and towns across the Russian Empire such as , , , and many others. Numerous Jewish self-defense groups were organized to prevent the outbreak of pogroms among which the most notorious one was under the leadership of in Odessa. In 1905, a series of pogroms erupted at the same time as the against the government of Nicholas II. The chief organizers of the pogroms were the members of the (commonly known as the ""). From 1911 to 1913, the tenor of the period was characterized by a number of cases (accusations of Jews murdering Christians for ritual purposes). One of the most famous was the two-year trial of , who was charged with the murder of a Christian boy (Lowe 1993, 284–90). The trial was showcased by the authorities to illustrate the perfidy of the Jewish population. From March to May 1915, in the face of the German army, the government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas, which coincide with the Pale of Settlement.

wit-train-topic-005271370

projected-04044444-010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Ukraine

History of the Jews in Ukraine

Ukrainian People's Republic

The history of the in dates back over a thousand years; communities have existed in the territory of from the time of the (late 9th to mid-13th century). Some of the most important Jewish religious and cultural movements, from to , rose either fully or to an extensive degree in the territory of modern Ukraine. According to the , the Jewish community in Ukraine constitutes the third-largest in Europe and the fifth-largest in the world. Whilst at times it flourished, at other times the Jewish community faced periods of persecution and discrimination. In the (1917-1920), was declared a state language, along with Ukrainian and Russian. At that time, the Jewish National Union was created and the community was granted an autonomous status. Yiddish was used on Ukrainian currency in this same period, between 1917 and 1920. Before , slightly less than one-third of Ukraine's urban population consisted of Jews; they were the largest national minority in Ukraine. Ukrainian Jews consist of a number of sub-groups with distinct characteristics, including , , , , , and . In the westernmost area of Ukraine, Jews were mentioned for the first time in records in 1030. During the between 1648 and 1657, an army of massacred and took into captivity large numbers of Jews, Roman Catholics and Uniate Christians. Recent estimates state that 15,000-30,000 Jews were killed or taken captive, and that 300 Jewish communities were completely destroyed. During the 1821 anti-Jewish riots in following the death of the patriarch in Constantinople, 14 Jews were killed. Some sources claim this episode as the first . At the start of 20th century, anti-Jewish pogroms continued to occur, leading to large-scale emigration. When Ukraine was part of the , attitudes were expressed in numerous cases between 1911 and 1913. In 1915, the Russian imperial government expelled thousands of Jews from the Empire's border areas. During the conflicts of the and the ensuing , an estimated 31,071 Jews were . During the establishment of the (1917–21), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In Ukraine, the number of civilian Jews killed by Petliura's forces during the period was estimated at between 35,000 and 50,000 to 100,000 Pogroms erupted in January 1919 in the northwest province of and spread to many other regions of Ukraine. Massive pogroms continued until 1921. The actions of the Soviet government by 1927 led to a growing antisemitism in the area. Total civilian losses during World War II and the are estimated at seven million. More than one million Soviet Jews, of them around 225,000 in , were shot and killed by the and by their many local Ukrainian supporters. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the , of which Ukraine was the biggest part. The major massacres against Jews occurred mainly in the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the . In 1959 Ukraine had 840,000 Jews, a decrease of almost 70% from 1941 totals (within Ukraine's current borders). Ukraine's Jewish population continued to decline significantly during the . In 1989, Ukraine's Jewish population was only slightly more than half of what it was thirty years earlier (in 1959). During and after the in the 1990s, the majority of the Jews who remained in Ukraine in 1989 and moved abroad (mostly ). Antisemitic graffiti and violence against Jews are still problems in Ukraine.

During the establishment of the (1917–1921), pogroms continued to be perpetrated on Ukrainian territory. In the Ukrainian People's Republic, was an official language, while all government posts and institutions had Jewish members. A Ministry for Jewish Affairs was established (it was the first modern state to do so). All rights of Jewish culture were guaranteed. All Jewish parties abstained or voted against the 's of 25 January 1918 which was aimed at breaking ties with and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state, since all Jewish parties were strongly against Ukrainian independence. In Ukraine alone, the number of civilian Jews killed during the period was estimated to be between 35,000 and 50,000. Archives declassified after 1991 provide evidence of a higher number; in the period from 1918 to 1921, "according to incomplete data, at least 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine in the pogroms." The Ukrainian People's Republic did issue orders condemning pogroms and attempted to investigate them. But it lacked authority to stop violence. In the last months of its existence it lacked any power to create social stability. Among the prominent Ukrainian statesmen of this period were , Pinkhas Krasny, Abram Revutsky, Moishe Zilberfarb, and many others. (see ) The autonomy of Ukraine was openly greeted by the Ukrainian Jewish . Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was non-existent and overthrown by the of who ended the experiment in Jewish autonomy.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus

Jewish culture in Belarus

The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. lived in all parts of the lands of modern . Jews were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the (1919-1920), under the terms of the , Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, remained the third largest ethnic group in and comprised more than 40% of the population in cities and towns. The population of cities such as , , , , , and was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the . According to the 2019 national census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus. The Jewish Agency estimates the community of Jews in Belarus at 20,000. However, the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher.

The founding of the s in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when went to in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority, , rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585), (d. 1572), and (d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in ic scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the yeshiva, , of whom but little is known otherwise. At the time of the , Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest Talmudic authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from and . The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the . They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the Eitan ha-Ezrachi (Ostrog, 1796) of (known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by (Responsa, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same responsa, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of (Bayis Hadash, § 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." Decisions by Luria, , and show that the rabbis were acquainted with the and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as Lupka or Lubka was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb = "to love," and not = "to beat" (Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, § 129). Meïr Katz (Geburat Anashim, § 1) explains that the name of is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his responsum expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only——and that also will be written "Brisk."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus

Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire

The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. lived in all parts of the lands of modern . Jews were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the (1919-1920), under the terms of the , Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, remained the third largest ethnic group in and comprised more than 40% of the population in cities and towns. The population of cities such as , , , , , and was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the . According to the 2019 national census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus. The Jewish Agency estimates the community of Jews in Belarus at 20,000. However, the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher.

Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called , a western border region of in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the and included much of present-day , , , , , and parts of western . By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the due to conflicts and s engulfing the and the of the Russian . Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Belarus

History of the Jews in Belarus

Late 20th century to modern days

The history of the Jews in Belarus begins as early as the 8th century. lived in all parts of the lands of modern . Jews were the third largest ethnic group in the country in the first half of the 20th century. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the (1919-1920), under the terms of the , Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, remained the third largest ethnic group in and comprised more than 40% of the population in cities and towns. The population of cities such as , , , , , and was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the . According to the 2019 national census, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus. The Jewish Agency estimates the community of Jews in Belarus at 20,000. However, the number of Belarusians with Jewish descent is assumed to be higher.

In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to (see ), as well as to the . In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see ). The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in . National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Denmark

History of the Jews in Denmark

Integration into Danish life

The history of the in goes back to the 1600s. At present, the Jewish community of Denmark constitutes a small minority of about 6,000 persons within Danish society. The community's population peaked prior to at which time the (with the assistance of many ordinary Danish citizens) took part in a collective effort to from by sea to nearby neutral , an act which ensured the safety of almost all the Danish Jews.

As the reached Denmark in the late 18th century, the king instituted a number of reforms to facilitate integration of Jewish subjects into the larger Danish society. Jews were allowed to join s, study at the university, buy real estate, and establish schools. The and the disastrous brought about a complete emancipation of Danish Jews (while, in contrast, in Norway resulted in a constitutional ban on Jews entering Norway). Still, there were severe riots in Denmark in 1819 that lasted several months, though without any known fatalities. On the other hand, the early 19th century saw a flourishing of Danish-Jewish cultural life. The is a landmark building, designed by the architect . A number of Jewish cultural personalities (or persons of Jewish ancestry who did not necessarily regard themselves as Jews), among them the art benefactor and editor , the writer , and founder of , , his brother literary critic (who had a strong influence on Norwegian playwright ), , and others rose to prominence.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Denmark

History of the Jews in Denmark

Growth and 20th century crises

The history of the in goes back to the 1600s. At present, the Jewish community of Denmark constitutes a small minority of about 6,000 persons within Danish society. The community's population peaked prior to at which time the (with the assistance of many ordinary Danish citizens) took part in a collective effort to from by sea to nearby neutral , an act which ensured the safety of almost all the Danish Jews.

As in many other societies, increasing integration accelerated assimilation of Jews into mainstream Danish society, including higher rates of . In the early twentieth century, events such as the in 1903, the in 1904, and the series of Russian revolutions, led to an influx of approximately 3,000 Jewish refugees into Denmark. The new arrivals changed the character of Danish Jewry significantly. More likely to be socialist than religious, they founded a theater and several Yiddish newspapers. During , in 1918, the set up a central office in Copenhagen in order to present the claims of the Jewish people at the . These proved to be short-lived, however, and Denmark closed its door to further immigration in the early 1920s. A notable Danish Jew from this period was , one of the Chief Rabbis of Copenhagen, who, after immigrating to , founded the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20currency

World currency

Spanish dollar (17th – 19th centuries)

In , a world currency, supranational currency, or global currency is a that would be transacted internationally, with no set borders.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the use of silver s or eight-real coins, also known as "pieces of eight" extended from the westwards to and eastwards to . This then formed the first worldwide currency. Spain's on the world stage, the importance of Spanish commercial routes across the and the , and the coin's quality and purity of silver helped it become internationally accepted for about three centuries. It was legal tender in 's Pacific territories of , and , and later in and other countries, until the mid-19th century. In the it was legal tender in all of (except ) and in the and until the 19th century. The Spanish dollar was legal tender in the United States until the . In Europe it was legal tender in the as well as most of including: , the , Sicily and , in the (), and in the . It was also used in other European states including the n territories. After in 1821, the Spanish dollar continued to be used in many parts of the Americas, together with the from the 1860s onward. The Mexican peso, the , and the all trace their origins back to the Spanish dollar. The trace also included the use of the ($), also known as the dollar sign.

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