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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

Introduction

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

Construction

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

The causeway's visible section on Wheeldale Moor shows the remains of a continuous surface metalled with closely fitted slabs of with flat upper surfaces. The average size of a slab is square, but some examples are in breadth. The purpose of a central ridge along one section of the causeway, described in two independent excavations, is unknown. The stone flags are seated on a cambered base of mixed gravel, clay and either rubble, peat or soil, that forms a raised embankment. The embankment is from wide at its raised surface. Its width in some sections is increased by of ditch to either side, which may or may not be associated with its original construction, making an approximately uniform total width of . Its height above surrounding soil level is approximately . Hayes and Rutter state that such an embankment's primary purpose would have been to provide good drainage for a road surface. Archaeologist states that the structure is crossed by numerous perpendicular drainage s with small becks trickling through them since the ground is often boggy. This could suggest a reason for the embankment, and its early attribution as a —a route across the wetland, normally supported on earth or stone in the form of a raised embankment. Nineteenth-century antiquarian argued that Roman roads in Britain were generally built on embankments regardless of the underlying ground's drainage. He states that the common appellation of "causeway" in the names of Roman roads may, therefore, relate to their embankments rather than indicate that the ground on which they were constructed was ill-drained. Some historians translate 's phrase for Roman military construction of roads, via munire, as "making a causeway". Johnston, historian and landscape historian all agree that an original gravel surface dressing was once present on top of the stone of the Wheeldale structure. Whereas Johnston and Pevsner believe that the gravel was washed away through weathering, Muir states that human agents were primarily responsible for its removal. Both agree that the stonework remaining does not represent the original road surface. Statements by the eighteenth-century antiquary and nineteenth-century topographer that the writers found it to be "paved with a flint pebble" may support this theory, although Hayes and Rutter cast doubt on the accuracy of Drake's reports. Codrington states that in 1817 the causeway consisted of a "strong pavement of stones ... [with] above these another stratum of gravel ...", Hayes and Rutter state that "traces of a surface layer of gravel and small stones" remained visible in the 1960s, and professor of structural engineering states that there remained some evidence of smaller surface-dressing pebbles as late as 1996. Codrington and archaeologist Frank Elgee consider the structure was flanked in a few sections by lateral parallel ditches, but Hayes is doubtful whether they were part of the original construction or if they even existed.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

Extant course

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

The excavated portion of the Wheeldale structure—the only section of a postulated greater extent that remains clearly visible to the naked eye—consists of a section on the eastern edge of Wheeldale Moor, facing Howl Moor. It runs in an approximately north-northeasterly direction between and , and is approximately above sea level. The presence of large quantities of stone on a raised , and the absence of much vegetation on its surface make the presence of the structure indisputable along this section. The causeway's course is linear along its visible section on Wheeldale Moor, consisting of several short, straight sections that occasionally pivot onto new alignments in a way not clearly demanded by the landscape. In 1855, several overgrown fragments of the structure were also reported visible at several points in the vicinity: near Morley Cross; east of Keys Beck; near Hazle houses; at July Park; and Castle Hill.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

To the south

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

It has also been suggested that the structure originally extended southwards from Wheeldale Moor to link up to the Roman (sometimes spelt 'Cawthorn'). In the twentieth century identified two sections of ground on Flamborough Rigg and Pickering Moor as extensions of the Wheeldale structure. Hayes states that the Flamborough Rigg section remained "clearly visible" as late as 1961, and that additional sections near Keys Beck were visible in aerial photography from 1946. The accounts of Hinderwell, Young, and Hayes & Rutter, as well as the 1854 and 2012 maps, appear to corroborate the stated course of the structure along this section. There is further conjecture that the original structure's course may have gone beyond Cawthorne Camp to the Roman settlement of Derventio Brigantum (possibly either Stamford Bridge or modern-day near ). Any postulated extension further south than Cawthorn is contested. Hinderwell reports in 1811 that the late Robert King had found evidence of a continuation of the causeway between "" and (a former township located near ). Hayes and Rutter failed to find any trace of the causeway south of Cawthorn along a route via Amotherby, Barugh or Newsham in their survey in the 1950s, and note that its course could not be determined as early as 1726. Beyond Malton, there is a postulated stretch of Roman road leading towards York, which may be an extension of the causeway. Evidence for it is very slim: Drake mentioned it in 1736, but Codrington could find no trace of it in 1903, and writes that there is "some uncertainty as to the connexion". Archaeologists and reported a possible section of Roman road at Brandrith Farm () in 1928, but it is unknown whether this relates to the same structure as Drake observed, or has any association with the Wheeldale structure.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

Discovery and initial records

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

The sixteenth-century passed through the area in around 1539 when compiling his Itineraries of local English history and mentions the nearby and mythologically-linked "Waddes Grave" – standing stones at near . He appears not to have had Wade's Causeway brought to his attention by local antiquarians since he makes no mention of it. In 1586, antiquarian makes passing note of the fact that, in parts of England, locals take "Roman fabriks to be the work of Gyants," but, although mentioned in the context of Roman roads, this appears to refer to the folklore of the time in general rather than to Wade's causeway specifically. He makes no mention of Wade's causeway by name, despite having toured the area, which—as Drake remarks in 1736—is "odd ... when he was upon the spot". The first modern written record that unquestionably relates to the Wheeldale structure was in 1720 by the antiquarian . This first publication of the structure's existence was followed by debate over the structure's function, course, and history amongst local historians and antiquarians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as its existence came to broader attention. In a private letter dating from October 1724, Thomas Robinson of states that approximately of the structure, which he describes as a road, were visible at that time, stretching south from Dunsley village: Drake personally visited and examined the structure's length and incorporated its description into one of his published works (1736). The causeway was also mentioned in nineteenth-century publications by Walley Oulton (1805), Thomas Hinderwell (1811), George Young (1817), John Phillips (1853), Robert Knox (1855), George Bevan (1884), John Atkinson (1894) and Ralph Horne (1897); and in the twentieth century by Thomas Codrington (1903), Boyd Dawkins, A Austen (1903), Frank Elgee (1912,1923,1933), Kitson Clark (1935), Ivan Margary (1957), Hayes & Rutter (1964) and Nikolaus Pevsner (1966).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

Pre-war excavations

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

The first recorded excavations of the structure are in the . After performing some preliminary clearing of a part of the Wheeldale Moor section of the causeway in the 1890s, Wheeldale Lodge gamekeeper James Patterson persuaded the (now the ) in 1912 to transfer into its stewardship the full stretch of the causeway over Wheeldale Moor. Working alongside from the , members of the and several private individuals, Patterson cleared and excavated the adopted stretch of the causeway between 1910 and 1920. A further section, near Grosmont Priory, was excavated by Hayes between 1936 and 1939.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%27s%20Causeway

Wade's Causeway

As a Roman causeway

Wade's Causeway is a sinuous, linear monument up to 6,000 years old in the national park in , England. The name may refer to either number —a length of stone course just over long on Wheeldale Moor, or to a postulated extension of this structure, incorporating ancient monuments numbers and extending to the north and south for up to . The visible course on Wheeldale Moor consists of an embankment of soil, peat, gravel and loose pebbles in height and in width. The gently cambered embankment is capped with unmortared and loosely abutted s. Its original form is uncertain since it has been subjected to weathering and human damage. The structure has been the subject of in the surrounding area for several hundred years and possibly more than a millennium. Its construction was commonly attributed to a giant known as , a figure from . In the 1720s, the was mentioned in a published text and became known outside the local area. Within a few years, it became of interest to s who visited the site and exchanged commentary on its probable . They interpreted the structure as a causeway across the marshy ground, attributing its construction to the military, an explanation largely unchallenged throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The stretch of the causeway on Wheeldale Moor was cleared of vegetation and excavated in the early twentieth century by a local gamekeeper interested in archaeology. The historian agreed with its identification as a and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in the first edition of his Roman Roads In Britain (1957). The causeway was further excavated and studied by the archaeologist in the 1950s and 1960s, partly funded by the . The results of his investigation concluded that the structure was a Roman road and were published in 1964 by the Scarborough Archaeological and Historical Society. In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, its identification as a Roman road has been questioned by academics, and alternative interpretations suggested for its purpose and date of construction. The monument's co-manager, , in 2012, proposed several avenues of research that might be used to settle some of the questions that have arisen regarding its origins and usage.

The first antiquarians to discuss the site in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries dismissed early folkloric explanations of its origins. were of particular interest to eighteenth-century antiquarians, and they sought to explain the Wheeldale structure in the context of Roman activity in the North York Moors area in the first and second centuries AD. Specifically, it was commonly suggested in their writings that the causeway was most probably constructed to connect the Roman to the south with the Roman garrison fort at Lease Rigg near to the north. The excavated section of the structure does lie linearly approximately between these two sites, which Knight et al. believe lend credence to its being of Roman origin. Its average reported width of approximately plus wide lateral ditches flanking either side matches closely to the width of other Roman roads in Britain (e.g. at ) as well as to the average of for Roman roads internationally; historian , writing in 1812, also states that there is no other plausible alternative for the structure's scale and method of construction than "Roman industry and labour". One objection to identifying the road as Roman was that based on readings of the Iter Britanniarum—the section of the 4th-century that lists major Roman Roads and stations within Britain—there had never been any major Roman roads in the area. In 1817, Young attempted to address this problem by arguing that the course of one of the identified iters (iter 1) had been misinterpreted and ran between Malton and Dunsley, passing through Wheeldale. Such an argument was possible because the Iter Britanniarum was not a map, but rather a list itinerary of roads and their distance between various settlements. Roman names for settlements were used in the document. Since many of these named sites had not been conclusively matched to contemporary settlements, identification of exact routes listed in the Iter was often difficult. There were few other objections at the time to the causeway's identification as a Roman road, and by the twentieth century, the causeway was commonly being referred to as the "Wheeldale Roman Road," or "Goathland Roman Road". There was also support for the identification of the structure as a Roman road on etymological grounds. The early twentieth-century literary scholar argued that the name "Wade's causeway" is an example of Angle and Saxon settlers arriving in Britain and assigning the name of one of their heroes to a pre-existing local feature or area: if his argument that the structure was given its current name sometime during the Saxon era—between approximately 410 and 1066 AD—is accepted, then it must have been constructed before these dates. Atkin reaches a similar conclusion, arguing that the Norse morpheme skeið that is a partial root for Skivick, a local name for a section of the structure, is commonly found amongst Roman structures are discernible by later Saxon or Viking settlers. Hayes and Rutter also identify the structure as a Roman road, but using a quite different etymological argument: they state that there is an absence among the names of settlements along the causeway of the Anglo-Saxon morphemes ceaster and stret and that, as per Codrington, these morphemes would be expected to be found in the names of several sites that lie alongside a former Roman road. They conclude that the absence of settlements with such names along the postulated extended course of Wade's Causeway indicates that the structure must already have been abandoned and of little significance by the Anglo-Saxon period (), most likely by around 120 AD, and must therefore be of early Roman origin. Several authorities who accepted the structure's interpretation as a Roman road attempted to make more precise estimates of the date of its construction by identifying periods of Roman military activity in the region since most Roman roads were of military construction. Historian Albert Norman, writing in 1960, states that the Wheeldale structure most probably dates from either the first or fourth-century AD but most sources appear to favour the first-century date: both historian Brian Hartley and Hayes & Rutter estimate around 80 AD; and Elgee estimates 86 AD. The earlier, first-century estimates assume that the road is Roman and that Roman road-building in the region occurred around the time that was the Roman governor of Britain. Agricola made a concerted effort to expand and consolidate Roman control over lands of the tribes in the North York Moors area in the 80s AD and is thought to have ordered the construction of nearby Lease Rigg fort. The fourth-century estimates, by contrast, assume that the tribes in the North York Moors area were either bypassed or subdued in the first century but that, being of little importance strategically, their lands were not subject to Roman occupation or construction until the fourth century. A second wave of Roman military activity appears to have occurred in the region during this later period in response to new military incursions and raiding by , , and . The east coast of the North York Moors area formed the northern flank of the defences believed to have been constructed against this perceived threat. The above explanations all place the causeway within a Roman military context. An alternative or perhaps secondary, usage for the causeway in Roman times is suggested by landscape author Michael Dunn and others, who state that it may have been constructed for the transport of inland from Whitby. Hayes and Rutter are dismissive, stating that the value of jet mined in the Roman period would not have justified the expense of the causeway's construction. A possible issue with the causeway's identification as a Roman structure in the latter half of the twentieth century was its incorporation of many small bends along its course. Roman military roads are usually straight in both their overall course, and also typically from one vantage point to the next. Both the Foss Way and the , roads of established Roman provenance, have sinuous courses similar to Wade's causeway, so the objection is not conclusive. The use of dressed stone rather than gravel as a surface dressing was occasionally held to be a sign against Roman construction's causeway: the majority of Roman roads that were finished with a material other than simply packed earth were dressed in either packed gravel or pebbles. There are other examples of Roman roads paved with stone blocks, including the section of the —the oldest major Roman route in Italy—near . Historians and state that of the of known Roman roads, over may have been stone-paved. The Roman writer specifically differentiates between via munita, which always had a paved stone surface, and via glareata, which were earthed roads with either gravelled surfaces or a gravelled subsurface and paving on top. The causeway may well have had a gravel surface dressing originally, which has been removed since robbing and natural weathering. Another difference in construction detail between Wade's Causeway and a typical Roman road is its lack of a foundation of large stones. Codrington and archaeologist stress that the structure of Roman roads varied greatly depending upon their situation and the materials available, especially within Britain. For much of the twentieth century, the consensus remained that the road was most probably Roman. It was still referenced as an undoubted Roman road in a 1947 UK Government report. In 1957 Margary, the leading authority on Roman roads at the time, accepted the road as Roman and assigned it the catalogue number 81b in his list of Roman roads in Britain. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, this was a definitive and unquestioned interpretation of the monument. Several works in the 1980s and 1990s stated that Roman-era road construction was still the most probable explanation of the structure.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuroma

Introduction

Ganglioneuroma is a rare and of the arising from , which are completely cells of the . However, ganglioneuromas themselves are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements. Ganglioneuromas most frequently occur in the abdomen, however these tumors can grow anywhere sympathetic nervous tissue is found. Other common locations include the , paraspinal , posterior , head, and neck. It is contained within the neuroblastic tumors group, which includes: Ganglioneuroma (benign), (intermediate), (aggressive).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuroma

Pathology

Ganglioneuroma is a rare and of the arising from , which are completely cells of the . However, ganglioneuromas themselves are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements. Ganglioneuromas most frequently occur in the abdomen, however these tumors can grow anywhere sympathetic nervous tissue is found. Other common locations include the , paraspinal , posterior , head, and neck. It is contained within the neuroblastic tumors group, which includes: Ganglioneuroma (benign), (intermediate), (aggressive).

Pathologically, ganglioneuromas are composed of , and . Ganglioneuromas are solid, firm tumours that typically are white when seen with the naked eye.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglioneuroma

Ganglioneuroma

Treatment

Ganglioneuroma is a rare and of the arising from , which are completely cells of the . However, ganglioneuromas themselves are fully differentiated neuronal tumors that do not contain immature elements. Ganglioneuromas most frequently occur in the abdomen, however these tumors can grow anywhere sympathetic nervous tissue is found. Other common locations include the , paraspinal , posterior , head, and neck. It is contained within the neuroblastic tumors group, which includes: Ganglioneuroma (benign), (intermediate), (aggressive).

Because ganglioneuromas are benign, treatment may not be necessary, as it would expose patients to more risk than leaving it alone. If there are symptoms or major physical deformity, treatment usually consists of surgery to remove the tumor.

wit-train-topic-001690922

projected-04040147-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural%20Cellular

Rural Cellular

Introduction

Rural Cellular was a that had run the mobile network. It operated in , Northeast, Northwest and the Southern regions of the United States and was bought by on January 25, 2009, for approximately $2.67 billion in cash and assumed debt.

wit-train-topic-003267042

projected-04040150-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sovereign%20states%20and%20dependent%20territories%20in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean

Introduction

This list of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean consists of 38 countries, with 13 in Africa, 22 in Asia, and 1 in Oceania that either border on or are in the , as well as 2 European countries which administer several dependencies or overseas territories in the region.

wit-train-topic-001071724

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sovereign%20states%20and%20dependent%20territories%20in%20the%20Indian%20Ocean

List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean

States with limited or no international recognition

This list of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Indian Ocean consists of 38 countries, with 13 in Africa, 22 in Asia, and 1 in Oceania that either border on or are in the , as well as 2 European countries which administer several dependencies or overseas territories in the region.

The entity listed below has declared itself to be a sovereign state and exercises control over some territory but has limited or no recognition from other states and is not a member state of the .

wit-train-topic-001975294

projected-04040200-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track%20and%20trace

Track and trace

Technology

In the distribution and of many types of products, track and trace or tracking and tracing concerns a process of determining the current and past locations (and other information) of a unique item or property. This concept can be supported by means of reckoning and reporting of the position of vehicles and containers with the property of concern, stored, for example, in a . This approach leaves the task to compose a coherent depiction of the subsequent status reports. Another approach is to report the arrival or departure of the object and recording the identification of the object, the location where observed, the time, and the status. This approach leaves the task to verify the reports regarding consistency and completeness. An example of this method might be the provided by shippers, such as the , , , , , or .

The international standards organization under has ratified the EPC network standards (esp. the EPC information services standard) which codify the syntax and semantics for supply chain events and the secure method for selectively sharing supply chain events with trading partners. These standards for Tracking and Tracing have been used in successful deployments in many industries and there are now a wide range of products that are certified as being compatible with these standards. In response to a growing number of recall incidents (food, pharmaceutical, toys, etc.), a wave of software, hardware, consulting and systems vendors have emerged over the last few years to offer a range of solutions and tools for industry. and s are two common technology methods used to deliver traceability. RFID is synonymous with track-and-trace solutions, and has a critical role to play in supply chains. RFID is a code-carrying technology, and can be used in place of a barcode to enable non-line of sight-reading. Deployment of RFID was earlier inhibited by cost limitations but the usage is now increasing. Barcoding is a common and cost-effective method used to implement traceability at both the item and case-level. Variable data in a barcode or a numeric or alphanumeric code format can be applied to the packaging or label. The secure data can be used as a pointer to traceability information and can also correlate with production data such as time to market and product quality. Packaging converters have a choice of three different classes of technology to print barcodes: (dot on demand or continuous) systems are capable of printing high resolution (300 dpi or higher for dot on demand) images at press speed (up to 1000fpm). These solutions can be deployed either on-press or off-line. marking can be employed to ablate a coating or to cause a color change in certain materials. The advantage of laser is fine detail and high speed for character printing, and no consumables. Not all substrates accept a laser mark, and certain colors (e.g. red) are not suitable for barcode reading. Thermal transfer and direct thermal. For lower speed off-press applications, thermal transfer and direct thermal printers are ideal for printing variable data on labels. Consumers can access web sites to trace the origins of their purchased products or to find the status of shipments. Consumers can type a code found on an item into a search box at the tracing website and view information. This can also be done via a smartphone taking a picture of a 2D barcode and thereby opening up a website that verifies the product (i.e. product authentication).

wit-train-topic-000187097

projected-04040270-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Pullman

Simon Pullman

Introduction

Simon Pullman (15 February 1890 in Warsaw – August 1942 in Treblinka) was a Polish ist, , and founder and Director of the Pullman Ensemble and Orchestra, and a seminal figure in the evolution of performance. Born in , he was a nephew of the famous and a cousin of and . He studied with at the (1905-1909) where he received his diploma. 1913 he continued his studies with at the . Back in Warsaw, he founded and led a chamber orchestra specialised on music of the Vienna Classic (1915 to 1920). In the 1920s and 1930s he taught , , and chamber music at the (Neues Wiener Konservatorium), where he coached several groups including the (led by ). In 1930 he founded the Pullman Ensemble, consisting of 17 string players (4 string quartets with a double-bass), of which the specialty was their performance of 's Op. 133 and . Later, 10 windplayers were added to form the Pullman Orchestra, which performed regularly in and throughout Europe until 1938, when Pullman was able to escape to . According to his students and colleagues, Pullman was a visionary musician; his desire for a kind of revelatory ensemble playing led him to make use of the widest possible range of string tone, to demand a perfect , and to search out highly unorthodox fingerings to match his conceptions of phrasing. Rehearsals were intense and long — however, they functioned as rolling all-day affairs where members came and went as their schedules permitted. Through his pupils , , and others, his ideas influenced the training of generations of chamber music performers in the , (), and elsewhere. In August 1939, he visited in an attempt to sell a house belonging to his wife, and was trapped there by the . Imprisoned in the , he directed (beneath the orchestra founders Marian Neuteich and Adam Furmanski) the Warsaw Ghetto Symphony Orchestra, which included among notable musicians, . The band performed frequently from 1940-1942. Pullman was transported to in early August 1942, and like him all of the members of the orchestra were presumed to have been killed.

wit-train-topic-003449664

projected-04040273-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun%20County%20Public%20Schools

Loudoun County Public Schools

High schools

Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS) is a branch of the , Virginia, United States government, and administers in the county. LCPS's headquarters is located at 21000 Education Court in , an of the county. Due to rapid growth in the region, LCPS is one of the fastest-growing s in Virginia and the third largest school division in the state. For the 2019–2020 school year, LCPS educated approximately 84,000 students.

With the opening of Lightridge High School, Loudoun County has 17 high schools. All but two high schools, Loudoun Valley and Broad Run, are two stories. Loudoun County (1954), the oldest high school, can hold around 1,370 students, Loudoun Valley (1962) and Broad Run (1969) can hold around 1,390–1,410 (Loudoun Valley and Broad Run were built with a similar design), Park View (1976) can hold about 1,370 and Potomac Falls (1997) can hold about 1,400. Potomac Falls' design has been used with every high school in Loudoun County built after it (with the exception of Lightridge High School), with a bigger auditorium and more classrooms. Stone Bridge (2000), Heritage (2002), Briar Woods (2005), Freedom (2005), and Woodgrove (2010) can hold 1,600 students, and Independence High School (2019) can hold 1,576 students. Dominion High School (2003) is an exception to the 1,600 capacity rule; the school is structurally designed for 1,600 students, however, because it is the site of the Academy of Science, the actual student capacity for Dominion High School is 1,350, and the remaining seats are designated for the Academy of Science students. With the opening of Tuscarora High School (2010), and John Champe High School (2012), the new high schools still use the Potomac Falls design template but with an 1800 student capacity. When Riverside High School (HS-8) in 2015, and Rock Ridge High School (HS-7) opened in 2014 it had a 1,600 student capacity not the standard 1,800 because of little increase in student population foreseen in the Ashburn area. The 2019–2020 year introduced Independence High School (HS-11) with a newer and refreshed design of Potomac Falls. The 2020–2021 year introduced Lightridge High School (HS-9) with a new design different from Potomac Falls High School. The school opened to reduce overcrowding at John Champe High School. All high schools serve grades 9–12. , , Ashburn , , , , Ashburn , , Aldie , Leesburg , , Sterling , Sterling , Leesburg , Ashburn , Ashburn , Leesburg , Purcellville

wit-train-topic-004600093

projected-04040273-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun%20County%20Public%20Schools

Loudoun County Public Schools

Middle schools

Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS) is a branch of the , Virginia, United States government, and administers in the county. LCPS's headquarters is located at 21000 Education Court in , an of the county. Due to rapid growth in the region, LCPS is one of the fastest-growing s in Virginia and the third largest school division in the state. For the 2019–2020 school year, LCPS educated approximately 84,000 students.

Loudoun County currently has 17 middle schools, all of which typically feed into one high school currently, or in the near future. Older middle schools such as Simpson, Blue Ridge, Sterling, and Seneca Ridge originally were able to carry about 1,000 students, but have all gone or are going through expansion projects that will allow them to carry 1,200 students once the projects are complete. The older schools are also trying to modernize the building by placing ornamental designs throughout the school. Newer middle schools built since 1995, when Farmwell Station opened, typically have capacities of 1,200 to 1,350 students depending on the age of the building and how fast growth was around the particular school when the school opened. Since the opening of J. Michael Lunsford, all middle schools are built with a two-story design that can carry 1,350 students. Serves grades 6–8. Belmont Ridge Middle School, Leesburg Blue Ridge Middle School, Purcellville Brambleton Middle School, Ashburn Eagle Ridge Middle School, Ashburn Farmwell Station Middle School, Ashburn Harmony Middle School (Formerly Harmony Intermediate School), Harper Park Middle School, Leesburg J. Lupton Simpson Middle School, Leesburg J. Michael Lunsford Middle School, Mercer Middle School, Aldie River Bend Middle School, Sterling Seneca Ridge Middle School, Sterling Smarts Mill Middle School, Leesburg Sterling Middle School, Sterling Stone Hill Middle School, Ashburn Trailside Middle School, Ashburn Willard Middle School (Formerly Willard Intermediate School), Aldie

wit-train-topic-001086297

projected-04040273-012

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun%20County%20Public%20Schools

Loudoun County Public Schools

Instructional centers

Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS) is a branch of the , Virginia, United States government, and administers in the county. LCPS's headquarters is located at 21000 Education Court in , an of the county. Due to rapid growth in the region, LCPS is one of the fastest-growing s in Virginia and the third largest school division in the state. For the 2019–2020 school year, LCPS educated approximately 84,000 students.

Academies of Loudoun, Leesburg Academy of Engineering & Technology (AET) Douglass School, Leesburg (alternative education center)

wit-train-topic-001286459

projected-04040279-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sahara%20Recreation%20Area

Little Sahara Recreation Area

Introduction

The Little Sahara Recreation Area is a large area of , hills and sagebrush flats located in the northeast corner of the in in the west central part of , .

wit-train-topic-003452916

projected-04040279-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sahara%20Recreation%20Area

Little Sahara Recreation Area

Geology

The Little Sahara Recreation Area is a large area of , hills and sagebrush flats located in the northeast corner of the in in the west central part of , .

The Little Sahara sand dunes are remnants of a large river delta formed by the from about 12,500 to 20,000 years ago. The river emptied into ancient near the present day mouth of . After Lake Bonneville receded, winds transported the sand from the river delta to the current location. The dunes are still moving per year. One of the primary barriers to the sand movement are the , which are located entirely within the recreation area and substantially slow the movement of the blowing sand. The sand consists of grains, with minor amounts of , , , and .

wit-train-topic-005264630

projected-04040279-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sahara%20Recreation%20Area

Little Sahara Recreation Area

Recreation

The Little Sahara Recreation Area is a large area of , hills and sagebrush flats located in the northeast corner of the in in the west central part of , .

Little Sahara is one of the most popular locations in the state for (ATV) riding. Riders can enjoy riding on of sand dunes, trails and sage brush flats. Within the Sand Hills is , a wall of sand that challenges experienced riders and the most capable machines. Visitors also enjoy camping, hiking, mountain biking, photography, horseback riding, snowmobiling, stargazing, trail running, sand surfing, sand skiing/snowboarding, paragliding, and sand sledding. There are 255 improved campsites spread across four campgrounds with access to 40 toilets and two sources for potable water. Dispersed camping is common outside of the campground areas. A visitor center is open Thursday - Monday, and closed Tuesday and Wednesday from spring - fall. The recreation area sees the highest number of visitors over holiday weekends from spring to fall.

wit-train-topic-002109794

projected-04040279-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Sahara%20Recreation%20Area

Little Sahara Recreation Area

Wildlife

The Little Sahara Recreation Area is a large area of , hills and sagebrush flats located in the northeast corner of the in in the west central part of , .

The area is home to typical wildlife including mule deer, pronghorn antelope, snakes, lizards and birds of prey. Great horned owls make their home among juniper trees in the Rockwell Natural Area.

wit-train-topic-000715957

projected-04040298-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Cunningham%20%28Nebraska%20politician%29

Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska politician)

Introduction

Glenn Clarence Cunningham (September 10, 1912 – December 18, 2003) was an politician. He was born in on September 10, 1912 and graduated from the in 1935. He sold insurance for a while. From 1946 to 1948 he was a member of the Omaha and a member of Omaha from 1947 to 1948. He was elected from 1949 to 1954. He was a delegate to the and to the . He was elected as a to the and to the six succeeding Congresses serving from January 3, 1957 to January 3, 1971. Cunningham voted in favor of the , , , and , and the , but did not vote on the . He lost his bid for renomination to the in 1970 to then Douglas County Commissioner . He died on December 18, 2003, in Omaha. He was a member of the church and of . was named for Cunningham.

wit-train-topic-000903457

projected-04040340-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo%20Karni%C4%8Dar

Davo Karničar

Introduction

Davorin "Davo" Karničar (October 26, 1962 – September 16, 2019) was a and extreme . As an active mountain skier, Davo was a member of the Yugoslavian national mountain ski team between 1975 and 1982. An alpinist since 1980, he climbed in 1989 to in and in 1993 to , which borders Pakistan and The . In 1995 he made his first ski descent from in and in 1996 he made a ski descent from in Tibet. By 2010 he had accomplished over 1,500 mountain climbs and ski descents. He was the first person to make a complete ski descent from the , less than one month after the first person, (a woman), skied from the top of all of the seven summits, but did not accomplish complete descents on Everest and Denali. Davo was only 38 years old when he became the first person to ski down from the summit of the highest mountain in the world, , on October 7, 2000. His Seven Summits descents were: (8848 m) in Asia on October 7, 2000 (5895 m) in Africa in November 2001 (5642 m) in Europe in May 2002 (6960 m) in South America in January 2003 (2228 m) in Australia in August 2003 (6194 m) in North America in June 2004 (4897 m) in Antarctica on November 11, 2006 The other significant peaks he skied from include the north-east face of and the east face of in Switzerland and , the highest peak in in the border between Italy and France. In February 2001, he guided the first ski school for ese children on the Glacier in Nepal.

wit-train-topic-002370146

projected-04040359-006

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NFL%20season

2007 NFL season

Schedule formula

The 2007 NFL season was the 88th of the . Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30. The campaign kicked off with the defending champion defeating the in the . The became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in . Four weeks after the began on January 5, 2008, the Patriots' bid for a perfect season was dashed when they lost to the in , the league championship game at in on February 3.

Based on the , the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2007 were: Intraconference vs. vs. vs. vs. Interconference vs. vs. vs. vs.

wit-train-topic-000226725

projected-04040359-011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NFL%20season

2007 NFL season

Flex scheduling

The 2007 NFL season was the 88th of the . Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30. The campaign kicked off with the defending champion defeating the in the . The became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in . Four weeks after the began on January 5, 2008, the Patriots' bid for a perfect season was dashed when they lost to the in , the league championship game at in on February 3.

The NFL entered its second year of flexible scheduling in the final weeks of the season. In each of the Sunday night contests from Weeks 11 through 17, NBC had the option of switching its Sunday night game for a more favorable contest, up to 12 days before the game's start. In addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling (because of the conflict with scheduling Christmas Eve the previous season, which NBC did not do (instead opting to air a game on Christmas Day)), the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game; the reason given by the league was to avoid embarrassing the teams switched out for a more compelling game. In 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex scheduling. Also, the network that carries the "doubleheader" week game (either CBS or Fox) will be able to switch one game per week into the 4:15 PM (US ET) time slot, except in the final week, when NBC will select one game for the 8:15 PM slot, and both CBS and Fox will have doubleheader games on December 30. The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the on November 18. The next flexing came when it was announced that the December 23 Washington Redskins– game was moved to 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the –San Francisco 49ers contest, which was moved to 4:05 PM to be aired on Fox. It was announced on December 23 the –Indianapolis Colts game, originally scheduled for a 1 PM kickoff on CBS, would be the December 30 "flex game" and airing at 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the – game, which was moved to 4:15 PM on CBS, along with the – contest. Additionally, the Dallas Cowboys–Washington Redskins game was switched on Fox from 1 PM kickoff to 4:15 PM.

wit-train-topic-003607770

projected-04040359-031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NFL%20season

2007 NFL season

Television

The 2007 NFL season was the 88th of the . Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30. The campaign kicked off with the defending champion defeating the in the . The became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in . Four weeks after the began on January 5, 2008, the Patriots' bid for a perfect season was dashed when they lost to the in , the league championship game at in on February 3.

The 2007 season marked the second year under the league's television contracts with its American broadcast partners. and primarily televised Sunday afternoon and away games, respectively. broadcast , aired , and held the rights to . The pre-game shows made some changes, with former Steelers coach joining host , , and on CBS’ . On Fox, after one season on the road, returned to Los Angeles as took over as full-time host. , who had been doing in-game updates of other NFL games, was reverted to a part-time play-by-play role. The biggest changes were at NBC and ESPN. ’s contract with ESPN was not renewed, and former coach returned to the network after four years as Cowboys head coach. Parcells left before the season ended to become VP of Player Personnel. Another pair of former Cowboys, and also provided roles in the studio for and . At Monday Night Football, was dropped (and would later resign from the network) after seventeen years in the booth between the Sunday and Monday Night packages, and former quarterback and current () president took his place alongside and . Part of the reason that Jaworski replaced Theismann was because of his chemistry with Kornheiser on , where Jaworski was a frequent guest during the football season. NBC’s also made two changes. anchor joined and as another co-host, while exited as a studio analyst, and former running back replaced him. In another change, took over singing “Waiting All Day For Sunday Night” for . In the second year of the NFL Network's “”, and replaced for two games when Collinsworth was unavailable. An unforced change saw miss the Broncos–Texans game December 13 due to a sore throat and NBC announcer step into Gumbel's play-by-play role in what turned out to be more or less a preview of one of NBC's Wild Card Game announcing teams.

wit-train-topic-001969506

projected-04040386-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Brown%20%28footballer%29

Ken Brown (footballer)

Introduction

Kenneth Brown (born 16 February 1934 in , ) is an English former player and manager. As player, he made more than 400 appearances in representing , where he spent the majority of his career, and , and was once for the . As manager, he took charge of , and .

wit-train-topic-002236553

projected-04040410-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Bowler

Peter J. Bowler

Introduction

Peter J. Bowler (born 8 October 1944) is a who has written extensively on the , the history of the , and on the . His 1984 book, Evolution: The History of an Idea is a standard textbook on the history of ; a 25th anniversary edition came in 2009. His 1983 book The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 describes (in a phrase of 's) which led many to minimise the significance of , in the first part of the twentieth century before was reconciled with natural selection in the .

wit-train-topic-000455434

projected-04040431-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs

Mappila songs

History

Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (), in by the of the region in , India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala. The songs often use words from , , and , apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in . They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all communities in and speaking communities of .

Mappila songs have been in circulation for over seven centuries, with the first dated work Muhyidheen Mala attributed to Qadi Muhammad in 1607 AD. Thereafter a large number of literary materials were produced in this medium; one authority has calculated that of these more than 1600 items, complete or fragmentary, were known by 1976. Over the centuries, various types of Mappila Pattu were composed, in accordance with the religious and political surroundings in the lives of the Mappilas of Malabar. The early centuries were primarily based on devotional works, while the colonial era was marked by the battle song genre called Padappattu. Various other categories also grew during the centuries with subjects ranging from romantic ballads and marriage songs to philosophical ideas, sea journeys and even flood ordeals.

wit-train-topic-000644300

projected-04040431-007

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs

Mappila songs

Moyinkutty Vaidyar

Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (), in by the of the region in , India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala. The songs often use words from , , and , apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in . They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all communities in and speaking communities of .

(1857-1891), often referred to as Mahakavi (great poet) is historically considered one of the most renowned and authentic Mappila poets. Born into an family in 1857 at in district, he was well versed in Sanskrit and Arabic. At a very young age of seventeen, he composed the romantic epic Badarul Munir - Husnul Jamal (1872) . His later works were on totally different themes that were essentially war songs in nature. The Badar Padappattu and Malappuram Padappatt are the most popular songs of this genre. Shabvathul Badarul Kubra(1875), more popularly known as the Badar Padappattu is considered one of the finest compositions of Mappilappattu . It narrates the tale of the by Prophet Muhammed and his companions. The Malappuram Padappattu (1883), also known as the Madhinidhi Mala describes the undercurrents of peasant life and struggles in in the 18th and 19th centuries. The songs of Moyinkutty Vaidyar are distinguished by their depth of imagination, the beauty of the metaphors used, the creativity comparisons involved and the variety of their ishals (tunes/modes).

wit-train-topic-002397523

projected-04040431-011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs

Mappila songs

Social context

Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (), in by the of the region in , India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala. The songs often use words from , , and , apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in . They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all communities in and speaking communities of .

Religious teachings In the early years of Mappilappaattu, the songs were written with a specific purpose of educating the masses about the religious teachings of Islam. In an era that preceded the printing press, oral traditions played an important role in the religious education of the Mappilas, especially those who could not read or write. Some of the early songs written entirely for this purpose included the Mala, Niskaarapaattu, th Mala, Kombinte paattu, Liqa Mala, Amaliyyath Mala etc. Anti-colonial struggles In the context of the against the British rule in in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Pada pattu played an important role in rousing Mappila sentiments of the Mappila peasantry in their struggle. The contribution of these ballads was a vital factor in the growth of a collective consciousness of a heroic tradition amongst the s. After almost every uprising of the 19th and 20th centuries, songs eulogizing the heroism of the participants and idealizing their sacrifice were composed and propagated by Mappila bands which went around the countryside singing them. Ballads were also popularized through group singing at social and domestic functions. These war songs often contained vivid descriptions of carnal pleasures of paradise awaiting the "martyrs". Prior to the launch of an attack, the rebels in aspiration of "martyrdom" used to recite the Mala pattu alongside other preparations. The struggle by the Mappilas against Portuguese invaders in the 16th century led by legends like s were also a major theme of such songs. Another popular theme in these songs were the battles of the early Muslims of Arabia which is evident in songs like Padappattu, Padappattu, Padappattu, and Padappattu. The songs provoked the Mappila population against the British authorities to the extent that a large number of them including the publications of the Cherur Padappattu were confiscated and destroyed by the authorities. These songs also provided an insight for historians into the thoughts and viewpoints of the rebels and have been used for authentic historic compilation. The songs on the Malappuram shahids provide the earliest description of an armed struggle between the s and the landlord class in the pre-Mysore era. , refers to the Cherur Padappattu in the while describing the incident. (Pg 560,Vol 1, Asian Educational Services, 2000). Roland Miller also quotes from this ballad in "Mappila Muslims of Kerala: a study in Islamic trends". (pg 119, Orient Longman, 1992.) The 1921 also spawned a large number of Mappila songs. Many of these songs describe the events at the Khilafat movement in Malabar and offer a view into the conditions in Malabar during the era. A song sung at a Khilafat meeting at in 1921 described the aims of the in a mindset of complete harmony with the National movement led by : Munthiya Banduvay Hinduvum Muslimum (Hindus and Muslims have deep relations) Moulana showathum Doula Khilafathum (The nation of Khilafath that the shows us) Entri Vannavidham Mahatma Gandhi than sahitham (He brought it to us along with the great Gandhi) Ahmed Kutty composed the Malabar Lahala enna Khilafat Patt in 1925 describing the events of the rebellion. Even the prisoners of the rebellion like Tannirkode Ossankoya used to compose songs in their letters to their relatives. Marriage The Mailanchi Pattu, the Oppana Pattu and the Ammayi Pattu belong to the category of Mappila Pattukal dealing with love and marriage. They are sung in chorus in connection with marriage festivals, often accompanied by rhythmic clapping by women. Migration In the years of the 1970s and 80s, mass migration of workers from the Malabar to the oil-rich Gulf states of the Middle East resulted in households where the working men were often separated from their womenfolk and the only means of communication was the letter. This brought about a huge interest in the Kathu pattu (letter song) genre of Mappilappattu. The lyrics of these songs often connected closely to the lives of the migrant workers and their families and it popularized this genre of Mappilappattu. Others Mappila songs occasionally did also narrate stories outside the Muslim community. One such ballad was called the Mappila Ramayana deals with the story of the Hindu mythological figure Sri .

wit-train-topic-001668590

projected-04040431-016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs

Mappila songs

Vaidyar Smarakam

Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (), in by the of the region in , India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala. The songs often use words from , , and , apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in . They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all communities in and speaking communities of .

In 1999, then inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam at the poet's birthplace in as a cultural centre to attract research into Mappilappattu, and its studies and interpretations in . The foundation stone was laid by, then Chief Minister, on 24 December 1994. The centre runs certificate courses in ‘Mappilappattu’ and ‘Mappila kali’. It also has attached to it a folklore study centre, a historical museum, and a reference library containing rare manuscripts in Arabi-Malayalam and other handwritten manuscripts. Each year it conducts the Vaidyar Mahotsavam, a two or three-day festival that includes cultural and literary programmes related to all art forms. The Vaidyar Memorial Lecture is also delivered during the festival. In 2005, a two-volume compilation of his works was released as a book Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar, Sampoorna Krithikal by the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Samithi under the aegis of the Culture Department, . It also published a collection of essays on titled Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Padanangal. On 12 June 2008, , Minister of Education and Culture, Government of Kerala, inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Memorial Center for Studies and Research on Folk and Mappila Arts (SCARF) at the Vaidyar Smarakam complex. A regional centre for study of Mappila folk arts was also set up at in district in 2009.

wit-train-topic-000732624

projected-04040467-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Davidovich%20Lazarev

Ivan Davidovich Lazarev

Introduction

Ivan Davidovich Lazarev (, Hovhannes Davti Lazarian; ; 17 October 1820 – 14 August 1879) was an general of origin.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D

Rihard Jakopič

Introduction

Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a painter. He was the leading painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with , and , he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.

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projected-04040474-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D

Rihard Jakopič

Life

Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a painter. He was the leading painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with , and , he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.

Rihard Jakopič was born in , a suburb of , the capital of in the , now Slovenia. His father, Franc Jakopič, was a well-situated tradesman with agricultural goods. His mother was Neža, née Dolžan. Rihard was the youngest of eight children. Jakopič studied at the from 1879 to 1887. After passing an entry exam, he attended the , for a short time returned home due to an illness, and then resumed his studies in 1888. In 1889, he entered the and in 1890, the Art School in . Then he lived in Ljubljana, where he participated in the establishment of the , and after 1902 in . In 1903, he continued his studies at the . Jakopič returned to Ljubljana in 1906. He was one of the early members of the , founded in 1938. Jakopič died at his home in Ljubljana at 1:45 pm on 21 April 1943 after a long and difficult illness. A wake was held at his residence at New Square () no. 2, and he was buried at (now Žale Cemetery) on 23 April 1943 after a ceremony at 3:30 pm at Saint Joseph's Chapel.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D

Rihard Jakopič

Legacy

Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a painter. He was the leading painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with , and , he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.

Over 1200 paintings and 650 drawings by Jakopič have been preserved. In Ljubljana, Jakopič established the Slovene School of Impressionist Drawing and Painting, the predecessor of the at the . He was an initiator for the foundation of the . In 1908, he built a in , based on plans by the architect . The became the central venue for art exhibitions in the at the time. In 1962, due to the relocation of a railway line, it was demolished.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D

Rihard Jakopič

Selected works

Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a painter. He was the leading painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with , and , he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.

Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana Breze v jeseni (Birches in Autumn) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana Kamnitnik v snegu (Kamnitnik in the Snow) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana Zima (Winter) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana Pri svetilki (By the lamp) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana Študija sonca (A Study of the Sun) (1905), National Gallery, Ljubljana Križanke (1909), National Gallery, Ljubljana Spomini (Memories) (1912), National Gallery, Ljubljana Zeleni pajčolan (The Green Veil) (1915), National Gallery, Ljubljana Večer na Savi (Evening on the Sava River) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana Slepec (Blind man) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas%20III

Abbas III

Introduction

Abbas III (January 1732 – February 1740) () was a son of Shah and Shahpari Begum of the and reigned from 1732 to 1736. After the of his father by Nader Khan (the future ) the infant Abbas was appointed nominal ruler of on 7 September 1732. Nader Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, assumed the positions of deputy of state and viceroy. Abbas III was deposed in March 1736, when Nader Khan had himself crowned as Nader Shah. This marked the official end of the Safavid dynasty. Abbas was sent to join his father in prison in , . In 1738, Nader Shah set out on campaign to and , leaving his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule his realm in his absence. Hearing rumours that his father had died, Reza made preparations for assuming the crown. According to the most "authoritative account", Mohammed Hosein Khan , who had been entrusted with supervising Abbas and his father in captivity, warned Reza that on hearing the news of Nader's death, the townspeople of Sabzevar would rise up in revolt, free Tahmasp II and place him on the throne again. Reza gave Mohammed Hosein orders to execute Tahmasp and his sons to forestall this. Mohammed Hosein strangled Tahmasp, cut the young Abbas down with his sword and also had his brother Esmail killed. According to , the dating of these events is speculative, but they probably took place in May or June 1739. Other sources (, Lockhart) prefer 1740.

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projected-04040488-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%20demands%20of%20MKS

21 demands of MKS

Introduction

The 21 demands of MKS () was a list of demands issued on 17 August 1980 by the (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, MKS) in . The first demand was the right to create independent s. Other demands called the government to respect the constitutional rights and freedoms, dismantling the privileges for members, and taking actions to improve the economic conditions of Polish citizens. The demands eventually led to the and creation of . The charter was written up on two wooden boards and hung on the gates of the shipyard on 18 August 1980. To mark the first anniversary of the August unrest, the demands were put on display in Gdańsk’s Maritime Museum. The day after Martial Law was declared one museum worker hid them in his loft, where they remained forgotten until 1996. Now added to the , they can be found housed in Gdańsk’s Roads to Freedom exhibition.

wit-train-topic-001065408

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%20%28archaeological%20site%29

Armeni (archaeological site)

Introduction

Armeni is the archaeological site of an ancient cemetery on , roughly eight kilometers south of the modern town of .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Reinhardt

Fritz Reinhardt

Introduction

Friedrich Rudolph (Fritz) Reinhardt (3 April 1895 – 17 June 1969) was an official in the (NSDAP) and in the government of the , most notably, in the Finance Ministry.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadwick%20Arboretum

Chadwick Arboretum

Introduction

Chadwick Arboretum is a on the Agriculture campus of , in , United States. The main arboretum collection is located just across Lane Avenue from the with its other collections nearby. The arboretum is open daily without charge. The arboretum proper contains roughly 1,000 trees representing over 120 that grow throughout , with special collections of s and s. As of 2005, it contained one Ohio State Champion tree, cephalonica. The arboretum also includes a Learning Garden and specialized gardens for annuals, s, perennials, s, and s. Taken together, these gardens represent one of the most varied collections of flora in the state, with good selections of native Ohio plants, perennials, tropical plants, wildflowers, woody plants, and more than 400 cultivars of annuals.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong%20World%20Industries

Armstrong World Industries

History

Armstrong World Industries, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation incorporated in 1891. It is an international designer and manufacturer of walls and ceilings. Based in , AWI has a global manufacturing network of 26 facilities, including nine plants dedicated to its WAVE joint venture. In 2011, Armstrong's net sales were $2.86 billion, with operating income of $239.2 million. Armstrong World Industries, Inc. emerged from reorganization on October 2, 2006. Its stock began trading on the October 18, 2006, under the ticker symbol AWI. The Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Asbestos Personal Injury Settlement Trust, holds approximately 66% of AWI's outstanding common shares. Armstrong's “Fourth Amended Plan of Reorganization, as Modified,” dated February 21, 2006, and confirmed by U.S. District Court Judge Eduardo Robreno in August 2006, become effective Oct. 2, 2006. The Plan includes a comprehensive settlement resolving AWI's liability by establishing and funding a trust to compensate all current and future asbestos personal injury claimants. The company had filed for reorganization December 6, 2000, with the federal court in for reorganization under Chapter 11 because pending asbestos injury claims appeared to exceed the value of the company, and were growing. “In addition to resolving AWI’s asbestos liability, we used the time in Chapter 11 to restructure our flooring business to make it more competitive,” AWI CEO Michael D. Lockhart said. “We made substantial improvements in our cost structure by closing several plants and streamlining our workforce in the U.S. We have also expanded capacity to manufacture wood flooring, broadened our product lines and improved product quality and customer service.” On March 27, 2007, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. and NPM Capital N.V. entered into an agreement to sell Tapijtfabriek H. Desseaux N.V. and its subsidiaries, the principal operating companies in Armstrong's European Textile and Sports Flooring business segment, to NPM Capital N.V. The sale was finalized in April 2007. On February 15, 2007, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. announced that it was initiating a review of its strategic alternatives.

In 1860, Thomas M. Armstrong, the son of Scottish-Irish immigrants from , joined with John D. Glass to open a one-room shop in , carving bottle stoppers from by hand. Their first deliveries were made in a wheelbarrow. Armstrong was a business pioneer in some respects: he branded each cork he shipped as early as 1864, and soon was putting a written guarantee in each burlap bag of corks he shipped from his big new factory. The company grew to be the largest cork supplier in the world by the 1890s. The company incorporated in 1891. Cork began being displaced by other , but the company introduced insulating and . In 1906, two years before he died, Thomas Armstrong concluded that the solid foundation of the future was covered with , and construction began on a new factory in a at the edge of . In 1909, Armstrong linoleum was first offered to the trade. After corkboard, the logical move was to , and then to ceiling board. Cork tile and linoleum led to vinyl flooring, then , and . In 1917, Armstrong Cork signed with the Batton Company advertising agency, a relationship that continues to this day through their corporate descendants. In 1998, Armstrong acquired Triangle Pacific Corp., a leading manufacturer of hardwood flooring and kitchen/bathroom cabinets. In 2009, Armstrong's annual net Sales Total US$2.8Billion. Armstrong Cabinets is no longer owned by Armstrong World Industries. The business was sold to American Industrial Partners on October 31, 2012. In 2016, Armstrong spun off the flooring business into a new company, . NYSE: AFI

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20andersonii

Prunus andersonii

Introduction

Prunus andersonii is a species of in the , part of as the , , and . Its common names include desert peach and desert almond. It is native to eastern and western , where it grows in forests and scrub in desert and mountains. It was named after by . Prunus andersonii is a shrub approaching 2 meters (80 inches) in height, its tangling branches narrowing to spiny-tipped twigs. Serrated, lance-shaped to oval leaves occur in clusters, each leaf measuring up to long. The shrub is . The is a solitary flower or pair of flowers. Each flower has usually five concave pink petals each just under long, with many whiskerlike s at the center. Flowers bloom before or at the same time as the leaves appear. The fruit is a fuzzy reddish-orange around wide. The fruits are fleshy in years with ample moisture, and dry in drought years. The seed is a heart-shaped stone. The plant reproduces sexually via of the seed, and by sprouting from its . One plant may sprout and resprout from its rhizomes to form a very large which can spread over several s. Many s collect and eat the fruits and the seeds. Among groups, the used this plant for making and , and the considered the fruit a .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelets

Kozelets

Introduction

Kozelets ( ) is an urban-type settlement in , () of northern . It hosts the administration of , one of the s of Ukraine. Kozelets is located on the , a tributary of the . Population: The town was first mentioned in written documents in 1098, but its status as an (a step below that of a ) was granted in 1924. Notable attractions in the city includes the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin designed in the style by architects and . Kozelets also houses several local food industries, and a veterinary .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20O%27Leary

Matt O'Leary

Introduction

Matthew Joseph O'Leary (born July 6, 1987) is an American actor. He made his debut in the Disney Channel Original film (2000), and would go on to star in the thriller (2001) opposite . He also had supporting roles in (2001), and the independent film (2005). In 2011, he starred opposite in the critically acclaimed independent film , followed by a lead role in (2012). He had a minor part in 's (2013), and lead roles in the horror films (2015) and (2017).

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilos%20%28archaeological%20site%29

Stilos (archaeological site)

Introduction

Stylos is an archaeological site of an ancient settlement and cemetery near the modern village of on the island of . Stylos means "column" in . Stylos is near the important archaeological site of in . The site was first excavated by N. Platon and C. Davaras. A potter's , a building with four rooms and a have been excavated.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Imahara

Grant Imahara

Introduction

Grant Masaru Imahara (October 23, 1970 – July 13, 2020) was an American , , and television host. He was best known for his work on the television series , on which he designed and built numerous robots and specialized in operating computers and electronics to test myths. Imahara began his career at , where he worked in the division as an engineer and in the division in . His work has been featured in films from franchises such as , , , and . His first foray into television was on the robot combat series , for which he designed and competed with his robot and later returned as a judge. Imahara was also a chief model maker with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) on such movie projects as . In 2005, Imahara joined the cast of Mythbusters as a member of the Build Team, appearing in over 200 episodes of the series until his departure in 2014. In 2010, he designed the "robot skeleton" to serve as a on . He starred in the 2016 series alongside his MythBusters co-stars and . Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Imahara

Grant Imahara

Other work

Grant Masaru Imahara (October 23, 1970 – July 13, 2020) was an American , , and television host. He was best known for his work on the television series , on which he designed and built numerous robots and specialized in operating computers and electronics to test myths. Imahara began his career at , where he worked in the division as an engineer and in the division in . His work has been featured in films from franchises such as , , , and . His first foray into television was on the robot combat series , for which he designed and competed with his robot and later returned as a judge. Imahara was also a chief model maker with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) on such movie projects as . In 2005, Imahara joined the cast of Mythbusters as a member of the Build Team, appearing in over 200 episodes of the series until his departure in 2014. In 2010, he designed the "robot skeleton" to serve as a on . He starred in the 2016 series alongside his MythBusters co-stars and . Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured .

In addition to his role on , he is known for his appearances on , where he designed and competed with his robot . By 2018, he was selected as one of the judges for the eighth season on BattleBots. He made a cameo appearance on Syfy's Eureka and the web series . Other works include designing the circuit that creates the ic of the arms of the modern ; leading Team ILM to victory in an appearance on ; as well as authoring Kickin' Bot: An Illustrated Guide to Building Combat Robots () Imahara was a cast member and story writer for the short film , created for the 2004 Backyard Film Contest. He was a mentor for the robotics team Biomechs #841 for the , lending his expert guidance on how to create the right robot for the right job. Imahara was profiled in the magazine , in an issue focusing on engineering dream jobs. One of Imahara's independent projects, during early 2010, was constructing a robotic for , host of . The robot, named , was unveiled on The Late Late Show's April 5, 2010 episode. It was controlled and voiced by comedian and voice actor . In 2012, Imahara's likeness was used in the popular webcomic America Jr, in which he appeared as himself as a celebrity judge for a competition to select the country's Surgeon General. Imahara portrayed in all 11 episodes of the web series . He also played Lt. Masaru in the 2015 movie . Imahara was a guest on Triangulation (episode 121) on September 25, 2013. He also partnered with to kick off their "Empowering Innovation Together" campaign, where he hosts several webisodes. In 2014, Imahara appeared in a series of videos showing the behind-the-scenes process of how several foods are made. He made an appearance in the 2015 TV movie Imahara took an active part in advising Team USA in a giant-robot battle between American company MegaBots and Japanese company Suidobashi Heavy Industry. Imahara hosted the second season of the web series , produced by in partnership with . On October 18, 2017, Imahara tweeted that he had been consulting for for six months, for a "top secret" project. On May 21, 2018, he was included as an author on the paper "Stickman: Towards a Human Scale Acrobatic Robot", which explores the creation of "a simple two degree of freedom robot that uses a gravity-driven pendulum launch and produces a variety of somersaulting stunts". On June 29, 2018, Disney revealed that the Stickman prototype had evolved into an innovative, autonomous, self-correcting, acrobatic style of audio-animatronic figure, named , which will be utilized within throughout the world. In March 2020, while Imahara was working as a consultant for Disney Research and a mechanical designer at Spectral Moon, he built a fully model of with the intention of touring s with the lifelike robot to cheer up sick children. Imahara spent three months on the personal project doing the mechanical design, programming and and completed it four months prior to his death.

wit-train-topic-001587546

projected-04040773-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Cohen

Roger Cohen

Introduction

Roger Cohen (born 2 August 1955) is a journalist and author. He was a reporter, editor and columnist for , and the (later re-branded as the ). He has worked as a foreign correspondent in fifteen countries.

wit-train-topic-000283370

projected-04040782-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Adolfo%20de%20Varnhagen%2C%20Viscount%20of%20Porto%20Seguro

Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro

Introduction

Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro (February 17, 1816 – June 26, 1878), was a Brazilian diplomat and historian. He is the patron of the 39th chair of the . He is considered "the father of modern Brazilian historical scholarship."

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projected-04040795-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20Council%20for%20Monterey%20County

Arts Council for Monterey County

Introduction

Arts Council for Monterey County, formerly known as The Cultural Council for Monterey County (CCMC), is the official s for . Arts4MC, a non-for-profit organization promotes and supports arts education, appreciation and excellence in the arts throughout Monterey County. Formed in 1982, the nonprofit agency also serves as Monterey County's officially designated local partner to the . In 1985, the County of Monterey first contracted with the council to provide cultural services to improve the economic health of the region — with funding from the county's Tourism Occupancy Tax. James Alinder, Ilene Tuttle, George De Groat, Todd Lueders, George Faul, and Helen Kingsley, along with the support of Ansel Adams, created the Council in 1982 as part of a nationwide movement powered by the National Endowment for the Arts, “to develop and assist art and cultural programs, and to promote the employment of artists within the county.”

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clindamycin/benzoyl%20peroxide

Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide

Mechanism of action

Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide is a topical gel used for the treatment of . It is a combination of , an , and , an . Common side effects include peeling, itching, and dryness of the skin where the gel was applied. Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2000. It is available as a generic medication.

Clindamycin phosphate is a water-soluble of the semi-synthetic antibiotic clindamycin, which is synthesized from lincomycin. Like the antibiotics, it acts as a agent by interfering with the subunit of the of , inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and preventing bacteria from replicating. C. acnes plays a role in the development of acne. Benzoyl peroxide also kills C. acnes, but by releasing free radical oxygen species, thus oxidizing bacterial proteins. Also, it dries out the area by reducing production, prevents , and is a agent. Since benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, not an antibiotic, it is not subject to C. acnes resistance unlike clindamycin. Both ingredients have been shown to reduce the number of acne lesions with statistical significance.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28Freemasonry%29

Knights Templar (Freemasonry)

Administration

The Knights Templar, full name The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta, is a affiliated with . Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular , which (in most s) only require a belief in a regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in . One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith. The word "United" in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the , the Knights of the Red Cross. Like the Masonic being inspired by the and the being inspired by the , the Masonic order of Knights Templar derives its name from the medieval . However, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.

Depending upon the geographical jurisdiction, the Knights Templar exist either as part of the York Rite or as an independent organization. Though the York Rite and the independent versions share many similarities there are key differences which are described below. Outside the York Rite, membership is by invitation only. Candidates are required to be , and , and to sign a declaration that they profess the Doctrine of the Holy and Undivided . In some Australian States, the requirement of being a Royal Arch Mason no longer applies. Local bodies of Knights Templar are known as ; local bodies of Knights of St Paul are known as Chapters; local bodies of Knights of Malta are known as Priories; all operate under a Grand or Great , often with an intermediate level of Provincial Priories. Although some jurisdictions maintain a separate Great Priory of the Temple and Great Priory of Malta (as, for example, in England), the Grand Master and other officers of both Great Priories hold simultaneous equal office in both bodies. Three degrees are administered in this system: The Degree of Knight Templar (Order of the Temple) The Degree of Knight of St. Paul (incorporating the Mediterranean Pass) The Degree of Knight of Malta (Order of Malta) In England and Wales, the "Great Priory of England and Wales" for the Masonic Knights Templar is administrated from .

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projected-04040841-008

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28Freemasonry%29

Knights Templar (Freemasonry)

The Degree of Knight of St Paul (or Mediterranean Pass)

The Knights Templar, full name The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta, is a affiliated with . Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular , which (in most s) only require a belief in a regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in . One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith. The word "United" in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the , the Knights of the Red Cross. Like the Masonic being inspired by the and the being inspired by the , the Masonic order of Knights Templar derives its name from the medieval . However, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.

This degree is conferred as a prerequisite to becoming a Knight of Malta, in both the York Rite and independent 'stand-alone' versions of Knight Templar Freemasonry. The "Preliminary Declarations" of the Order of Malta ritual in England state of a candidate for the Order of Malta: "He must also have received the Degree of Knight of St Paul, including the Mediterranean Pass". The exact status of the 'Mediterranean Pass' has at times led to confusion as to whether this is the 'stub' of a separate degree. The English ritual book clarified this in its 1989 edition (and subsequent editions) by stating: "The Mediterranean Pass is one of the secrets of the Degree of Knight of St Paul". This degree is close to being a true 'side degree', in that a small group (usually three) of members of the degree take the candidate "to one side" (i.e. apart on his own) and simply communicate the secrets of the degree to him, without actually working the ceremonial ritual of the degree. The only respect in which the degree fails to meet the definition of a true 'side degree' is that a Chapter of the Order would be formally opened and closed by the presiding officer, on either side of the secrets being communicated.

wit-train-topic-004984850

projected-04040841-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28Freemasonry%29

Knights Templar (Freemasonry)

The Degree of Knight of Malta (Order of Malta)

The Knights Templar, full name The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta, is a affiliated with . Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular , which (in most s) only require a belief in a regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in . One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith. The word "United" in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the , the Knights of the Red Cross. Like the Masonic being inspired by the and the being inspired by the , the Masonic order of Knights Templar derives its name from the medieval . However, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.

This degree is universally associated with the Masonic Knights Templar. In the York Rite system it is conferred before the Templar Degree; in the 'stand-alone' tradition it is conferred subsequently to the Templar Degree. It is known by varying degrees of formality as the Order of Malta, or the Order of Knights of Malta, or the Ancient and Masonic Order of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes, and Malta. In practice this last and fullest version of the name tends to be reserved to letterheads, rituals, and formal documents. The ceremony for conferring the degree (which is always worked in full) contains a mixture of masonic tradition, historical accounts of the Order of St John, moral teaching, and the communication of modes of recognition between members. A series of banners is employed in the ceremony, each representing one of the great battles of the historic medieval Order of St John, whose story is the basis of the moral teachings of the degree.

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projected-04040841-013

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28Freemasonry%29

Knights Templar (Freemasonry)

Degrees of the York Rite in the United States

The Knights Templar, full name The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta, is a affiliated with . Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular , which (in most s) only require a belief in a regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in . One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith. The word "United" in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the , the Knights of the Red Cross. Like the Masonic being inspired by the and the being inspired by the , the Masonic order of Knights Templar derives its name from the medieval . However, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.

In the United States, a Knights Templar is traditionally the final body that a member joins in the after the and a council of . Some jurisdictions, however, allow members to skip over membership in a council. A local Knights Templar commandery operates under a state-level Grand Commandery, however commanderies also operate under The Grand Encampment of the United States. This is less common among American Masonic bodies, as many report to the state level alone. While a chapter bestows the Royal Arch degrees, and a council bestows the Cryptic degrees, a Knights Templar commandery bestows three orders and one preparatory degree onto its members. This is opposed to the standard degree system found elsewhere in Freemasonry, and they are the only ones not to deal with the . The York Rite orders are: The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross The Degree of Saint Paul (or the Mediterranean Pass) The Order of the Knights of Malta (or simply Order of Malta) The Order of the Temple

wit-train-topic-001421738

projected-04040896-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Honeyman

John Honeyman

In service as Washington's spy

John Honeyman (1729August 18, 1822) was an and for , primarily responsible for spreading and gathering the crucial to Washington's victory in the .

Sometime before 1775, Honeyman moved to Philadelphia and supposedly met who was attending meetings of the . Although Honeyman had served the British well during the French and Indian War, he was sympathetic to the American cause and promptly presented his services to Washington. Washington, astute at finding good talent, accepted Honeyman's services. In the early part of 1776, Honeyman moved with his family to , in , . It is unknown, however, whether this move was a result of his meetings with Washington. When Washington's was retreating across New Jersey in 1776, Washington wanted to "get some person into " as an . He called upon Honeyman for a meeting at in November and there, Honeyman agreed that he would act the part of a spy for the American cause in that part of New Jersey where he was most familiar. Washington told Honeyman to use the of a . The fact that he served under Wolfe, as proven by his discharge papers as well as Wolfe's letter requesting his services as his bodyguard, guaranteed his acceptance by the enemy in Trenton. Posing as a Tory, Honeyman, continuing his trade as a butcher and weaver, commenced his trade with the British. He was instructed to continue trading as much as possible behind the American lines in Griggstown and, if necessary, to flee to Trenton on the pretext of the danger posed to his family due to his double-dealing. The deceptive plan was so believable that a mob of angry American raided Honeyman's house in Griggstown. Fortunately, his family were saved from certain harm by a signed letter from Washington guaranteeing its safety, but nevertheless calling Honeyman "a notorious Tory". His credibility as a Tory now well-established, he moved to Trenton where his trade enabled him to move freely within the town and gather intelligence about the garrison. Having amassed enough information, he arranged to be captured by the Continental forces, who had been ordered to watch for him and bring him straight to Washington unharmed. After receiving the information Honeyman had gathered, Washington ordered the guards to feed the "Tory" and lock him up in a small hut used as a prison. Shortly afterward, a fire broke out in the vicinity providing an opportunity for Honeyman to "escape". Making his way back to Trenton, he told the commander, Colonel , of his capture and reported that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton. Even though the Hessians had been on heightened alert for the past two weeks, they believed Honeyman's story and so felt confident enough to relax security on December 26. In the meantime, Honeyman made his way to . On the night of December 25–26, 1776, with 2,400 troops, Washington made the well known from Pennsylvania to New Jersey north of Trenton. The next morning, the Continental forces surprised the Hessians in a rout, giving the Americans a much-needed victory at the . With Washington, Honeyman had arranged for his mission to be confined in New Jersey and since the British were driven from the colony in 1777 his services were little needed, if at all. It had further been agreed upon, however, that Honeyman would continue to maintain his cover as a Tory to prevent any reprisals by the British against him and his family until the end of the war. As a consequence, he did not return to Griggstown until after hostilities ended four years later.

wit-train-topic-001725412

projected-04040952-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans%20Memorial%20Bridge%20%28Tallahassee%29

Veterans Memorial Bridge (Tallahassee)

Introduction

The Veterans Memorial Bridge is a flyover that carries two lanes of traffic onto southbound () from southbound U.S. Route 319/ (Thomasville Road) on the north side of . It was built for the purpose of alleviating traffic congestion in the left-turn lanes on Thomasville Road and was opened to the public in 1997. A 2002 Florida state bill proposed that this bridge (number 550122) would be named Veterans Memorial Bridge.

wit-train-topic-003706642

projected-04040953-004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%20Pearce

Christie Pearce

International career

Christie Patricia Pearce (formerly Rampone; born June 24, 1975) is an American former professional player who played as a . She is the former captain of the . Pearce is a three-time Olympic gold medalist, and also a two-time world champion in . Pearce has played in five finals and four . She is a and champion, and a three-time having won championship titles at the , and . She finished no lower than third place in each of the World Cup or Olympic tournaments in which she competed. Pearce played in the from 1997 through 1998. She played in two American professional leagues the entire time they were in operation; from 2001 through 2003 in the and from 2009 through 2011 in the . In 2009, while playing for , she simultaneously served as coach of the club while winning the , and was named . Pearce was the oldest player to appear in a FIFA Women's World Cup game (at age 40) until competed in the at the age of 41. With 311 caps, Pearce is also the third-most capped player, male or female, in U.S. and world history, after and . On June 9, 2021, it was announced that Pearce was to be inducted into the in her first year of eligibility.

Christie Pearce has represented the United States at the , , , , and finals, in addition to the , , , and . After training with the during her senior year at Monmouth, she switched to playing as a . Pearce's first game was February 28, 1997 versus . She tallied her first national team goal on May 2, 1997, in a match versus . Pearce started 16/18 games in her first season and finished with two goals and three assists. The following year, Pearce helped her team to its first undefeated season and led the United States to gold in the by starting in both matches. Pearce played 2540 minutes with the national team in 2000, including five games at the in . The team finished with the silver medal. In 2001, Pearce tore her and missed a majority of the limited national team season. Pearce was back with the team for two training camps in 2002, but focused on recovering from her surgery. In 2003, she started in 15/17 national team games and all four World Cup matches to lead her team to the bronze medal. In the , she helped the United States win gold after defeating in what would be the final Olympic Games for a few of her senior teammates: , and . It was in this same year that Pearce would become the fifth most capped defender in United States history. Pearce returned to the team in 2006, after taking off the 2005 season to have her first child. In 2006, Christie returned to the team just 112 days after giving birth for China's . 2007 brought Pearce's busiest year to date, starting in all 20 games in which she played and she became the most capped defender and second-most capped played on the team. She started in all six matches of the World Cup. In 2008, Pearce was named captain of the Women's National Team and led the United States to the Gold medal once again, earning her 200th National Team cap at the . With the retirement of teammate in 2010, she became the most active player in the world. Pearce captained the USA team to win second place at , losing to Japan 1–3 in the penalty shoot-out, having drawn the final match at 2–2 at the end of extra-time. She played all 600 minutes in all 6 matches USA played. In , Pearce captained the USA team to a 2–1 gold medal win over Japan in the final; playing all 570 minutes in 6 matches and was a key free kick taker throughout the tournament. Pearce also saved a shot off the line from Japan in the Olympic final. The USA team won all six matches it played at the 2012 London Olympics, including 3 . As of September 20, 2015, Christie Pearce is currently second on the all-time cap list with 311. On July 5, 2015, she became the oldest woman to play in a FIFA Women's World Cup final, and in any tournament game, at age 40 years, 11 days, when she entered the against Japan during the 86th minute. In she played against Korea DPR in the group stage, and in she played against Nigeria in the group stage, and in the final against Japan.

wit-train-topic-000881812

projected-04040971-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Keith

Sandra Keith

Introduction

Sandra Keith (born December 11, 1980) is an for . She was part of Canada's team in the in . Keith retired after the .

wit-train-topic-004705981

projected-04040986-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-eyed%20fig%20parrot

Double-eyed fig parrot

Introduction

The double-eyed fig parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma), also known as the blue-faced fig parrot, red-faced fig parrot, dwarf fig parrot, and the two-eyed fig parrot, primarily inhabits forests on and nearby islands, but is also found in isolated communities along the tropical n coast, east of the . With an average total length of about , it is the smallest parrot in Australia. Most of the double-eyed fig parrot are , with males having more red (less silvery and blue) to the face than the females. It is predominantly green with a very short tail, a disproportionately large head and bill, and red and blue facial markings. Its name is derived from a blue spot on the , which in New Guinean birds is roughly the same size as the eyes. Although assessed as of by the , certain subspecies are under threat. (C. d. coxeni) is of one Australia's rarest and least known birds, having been recorded on fewer than 200 occasions since being described by in 1866. It is classified as Endangered in (), (New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995), and also nationally in Australia () as it has declined due, at least in part, to the clearing of lowland subtropical rainforest over its range.

wit-train-topic-004121546

projected-04040986-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-eyed%20fig%20parrot

Double-eyed fig parrot

Subspecies

The double-eyed fig parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma), also known as the blue-faced fig parrot, red-faced fig parrot, dwarf fig parrot, and the two-eyed fig parrot, primarily inhabits forests on and nearby islands, but is also found in isolated communities along the tropical n coast, east of the . With an average total length of about , it is the smallest parrot in Australia. Most of the double-eyed fig parrot are , with males having more red (less silvery and blue) to the face than the females. It is predominantly green with a very short tail, a disproportionately large head and bill, and red and blue facial markings. Its name is derived from a blue spot on the , which in New Guinean birds is roughly the same size as the eyes. Although assessed as of by the , certain subspecies are under threat. (C. d. coxeni) is of one Australia's rarest and least known birds, having been recorded on fewer than 200 occasions since being described by in 1866. It is classified as Endangered in (), (New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995), and also nationally in Australia () as it has declined due, at least in part, to the clearing of lowland subtropical rainforest over its range.

C. d. aruensis (Aru double-eyed fig parrot) C. d. coccineifrons (Astrolabe Mountain fig parrot) C. d. coxeni () C. d. diophthalma C. d. inseparabilis (Tagula fig parrot) C. d. macleayana (Macleay's fig parrot or ) C. d. marshalli () C. d. virago ()

wit-train-topic-000487140

projected-04041024-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Storstad

SS Storstad

Introduction

Storstad was a built in 1910 by of for of , . The ship was primarily employed as an ore and coal carrier doing during her career. In May 1914 she collided with the ocean liner ; the liner sank, killing over 1,000 people.

wit-train-topic-000160210

projected-04041024-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Storstad

SS Storstad

Collision with RMS Empress of Ireland

Storstad was a built in 1910 by of for of , . The ship was primarily employed as an ore and coal carrier doing during her career. In May 1914 she collided with the ocean liner ; the liner sank, killing over 1,000 people.

On 28 May 1914 at 16:27 , commanded by Captain Henry Kendall, departed from Quebec City with 1,057 passengers and 420 crew members on board bound for Liverpool. At around 01:30 on 29 May the liner, being just downstream of came close to the shore to drop off her pilot near , and continued down the . At the same time, Storstad who sailed from Sydney to loaded with about 10,400 tons of coal on 26 May, was a short distance away down the river on her way to pick up the pilot. At around 01:38 a lookout on Empress of Ireland observed a ship off the starboard side about six miles east. Captain Kendall ordered to alter the course slightly in order to pass the oncoming ship starboard to starboard. As the course was changed, a thick fog bank rolled in and the liner was ordered Full Astern and three short blasts were given indicating she was reversing. Storstad replied with one long whistle which appeared to be coming from the starboard side. He then ordered Full Stop and gave two more blasts, informing the oncoming vessel that Empress of Ireland was dead in the water, Storstad, with First Officer Alfred Toftenes on duty, again responded with one long blast. The watch crew on Storstad initially observed the liner green light on their port side and assumed she would continue to hold her course and pass green-to-green. However, as the liner approached, the freighter's crew sighted the lights moving as if the oncoming ship was making a maneuver changing her course. First Officer Toftenes assumed the oncoming ship was trying to pass them red-to-red instead, and ordered a slight change of course to port and stopped the engines. Fearing the current would carry his ship into the liner's path he soon ordered the engines to be restarted. Around 01:55 Empress of Ireland crew suddenly saw Storstad appear out of the fog, heading directly for them. Moments later, Storstad and Empress of Ireland collided at around a 40° angle, with the much sturdier Storstad tearing a roughly 16-ft. wide gash in the liner's starboard side between her funnels and immediately shutting down the liner's engines. Captain Kendall, hoping to use Storstad as a plug, directed the freighter by megaphone to keep going Full Ahead, but due to her onward momentum and the strong current, Empress of Ireland kept slowly moving forward, while Storstad started drifting sideways and backwards, and the two vessels soon separated. As the ships moved apart, the water gushed in at a rate of about 60,000 gallons per second, quickly filling the liner, whose watertight doors were not closed. Fourteen minutes later, Empress of Ireland sank to the riverbed, taking 1,012 people down with her. Due to the rapidity of the sinking, only 7 lifeboats were lowered from the liner. Storstad stood by and assisted the survivors, lowering her own lifeboats and pulling 485 people from the ice cold waters of the river. Twenty of them later died from hypothermia on board the freighter. Another steamship, SS Lady Evelyn, came by later to help with the rescue and took the survivors to Rimouski. Storstad had her bow smashed in and twisted but managed to limp into the port of Montreal where she was detained. The , which owned Empress of Ireland, filed a $2,000,000 lawsuit for damages against , the owners of Storstad. A. F. Klaveness & Co. could not pay the $2,000,000, resulting in the Storstad itself being awarded to the CPR as recompense. The CPR sold the Storstad to Prudential Trust, an insurance company acting on behalf of A. F. Klaveness & Co., for $175,000.

wit-train-topic-005136614

projected-04041043-009

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemospilia

Anemospilia

Further reading

Anemospilia () is the of an ancient temple on .

Sakellarakis, J. and E. Crete, Archanes (Guidebook) Sakellarakis, Yannis and Efi Sarpouna-Sakellaraki. Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light, Volume I. Ammos Publications, 1994. Myers, J. W., Myers, E. E. and Cadogan, G. "Archanes-Anemospilia" The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete Hughes, D.D., Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece (Routeledge, 1991) Steel, Luise, Time, Tradition, and Society in Greek Archaeology: Bridging the 'Great Divide''' (ed. Nigel Spencer), first publ. Routledge 1995, Dickinson, Oliver, The Aegean Bronze Age'', Cambridge University Press, 1994,

wit-train-topic-004664697

projected-04041064-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube%20house

Cube house

Introduction

Cube houses () are a set of innovative houses built in and in the Netherlands, designed by architect and based on the concept of "living as an urban roof": high density housing with sufficient space on the ground level, since its main purpose is to optimise the space inside. Blom tilted the of a conventional house corner upwards, and rested it upon a -shaped . His design represents a village within a city, where each house represents a tree, and all the houses together, a forest. The central idea of the cube houses around the world is mainly optimizing the space, as a house, to a better distribution of the rooms inside.

wit-train-topic-001272949

projected-04041064-001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube%20house

Cube house

Helmond

Cube houses () are a set of innovative houses built in and in the Netherlands, designed by architect and based on the concept of "living as an urban roof": high density housing with sufficient space on the ground level, since its main purpose is to optimise the space inside. Blom tilted the of a conventional house corner upwards, and rested it upon a -shaped . His design represents a village within a city, where each house represents a tree, and all the houses together, a forest. The central idea of the cube houses around the world is mainly optimizing the space, as a house, to a better distribution of the rooms inside.

In 1972 Piet Blom was assigned to fill in an empty site in the city center of Helmond, with a meeting center. Blom proposed a plan that intertwined the special with the ordinary, cultural facilities with houses, a theater amidst 188 houses. After the underground parking garage was taken out of the plans, the forest was reduced to 60 houses. But the city council wasn't convinced. Then Minister , born in Helmond, subsidised the building of 3 test houses in the Wilhelminalaan in 1974. The project also received the national status of 'Experimental Housing', which helped to realise () with a forecourt surrounded by 18 cube houses, at the Piet Blomplein, in 1977. The theatre burned down on December 29, 2011. The two damaged cube houses were restored in 2013/2014.

wit-train-topic-003350227

projected-04041064-002

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube%20house

Cube house

Rotterdam

Cube houses () are a set of innovative houses built in and in the Netherlands, designed by architect and based on the concept of "living as an urban roof": high density housing with sufficient space on the ground level, since its main purpose is to optimise the space inside. Blom tilted the of a conventional house corner upwards, and rested it upon a -shaped . His design represents a village within a city, where each house represents a tree, and all the houses together, a forest. The central idea of the cube houses around the world is mainly optimizing the space, as a house, to a better distribution of the rooms inside.

The houses in Rotterdam are located on Overblaak Street, right above the . The 1977 original plan showed 55 houses, but not all of them were built. There are 38 small cubes and two so called 'super-cubes', all attached to each other. As residents are disturbed so often by curious passers-by, one owner decided to open a "show cube", which is furnished as a normal house, and is making a living out of offering tours to visitors. The houses contain three floors: ground floor entrance first floor with living room and open kitchen second floor with two bedrooms and bathroom top floor which is sometimes used as a small garden The walls and windows are angled at 54.7 degrees. The total area of the apartment is around , but around a quarter of the space is unusable because of the walls that are under the angled ceilings. In 2006, a museum of s was opened under the houses. In 2009, the larger cubes were converted by Personal Architecture into a hostel run by Dutch hostel chain Stayokay. In 2019, the Art cube opened at Overblaak 30. The Art cube is a place where art and architecture come together. With the original living layout intact, this cube house forms the backdrop for the work of various local artists.

wit-train-topic-000272989

projected-04041070-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Pests%20campaign

Four Pests campaign

Introduction

The Four Pests campaign (), was one of the first actions taken in the in China from 1958 to 1962. The four pests to be eliminated were s, , es, and s. The extermination of sparrows is also known as the smash sparrows campaign () or eliminate sparrows campaign (), which resulted in severe imbalance, being one of the causes of the . In 1960, the campaign against sparrows was ended and redirected to bed bugs.

wit-train-topic-004042292

projected-04041101-019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20depressive%20episode

Major depressive episode

Medication

A major depressive episode (MDE) is a period characterized by the symptoms of . Those affected primarily have a for at least two weeks or more, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Other symptoms include feelings of , hopelessness, , worthlessness, , , changes in , problems , remembering details or making decisions, and thoughts of . or , aches, pains, or that are resistant to treatment may also be present. The description has been formalized in psychiatric such as the and . Although the exact origin of depression is still not clear, it is believed to involve biological, psychological, and social aspects. Factors like socioeconomic status, life experience, and personality tendencies play a role in the development of depression and may represent increases in risk for developing a major depressive episode. There are many theories as to how depression occurs. One interpretation is that s in the brain are out of balance, resulting in feelings of worthlessness and despair. Magnetic resonance imaging shows that brains of people who have depression look different than the brains of people not exhibiting signs of depression. A family history of depression increases the chance of being diagnosed. Emotional pain and economic costs are associated with depression. In the United States and Canada, the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to , , and back problems and are greater than the costs of . According to the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, there is a direct correlation between a major depressive episode and unemployment. Treatments for a major depressive episode include and s, although in more serious cases, hospitalization or intensive outpatient treatment may be required.

Medications used to treat depression include s (SSRIs), s (SNRIs), s (NDRIs), s, s (MAOIs), and s such as , which do not fit neatly into any of the other categories. Different antidepressants work better for different individuals, it simply comes down to the person and what they prefer. It is often necessary to try several before finding one that works best for a specific patient. Some people may find it necessary to combine medications, which could mean two antidepressants or an antipsychotic medication in addition to an antidepressant. If a person's close relative has responded well to a certain medication, that treatment will likely work well for him or her. For example, if the depression is familial and the person's mother is prescribed an SSRI, then the same SSRI will most likely benefit the person as well. Antidepressant medications are effective in the acute, continuation, and maintenance phases of treatment, as described above. The treatment benefits of antidepressant medications are often not seen until 1–2 weeks into treatment, with maximum benefits being reached around 4–6 weeks. It is likely that the person will actually experience more negative side effects during the first week or two, and want to stop taking their medication. However, it is crucial that they push through until the 4-6 week mark to know for sure how they feel about it. Most healthcare providers will monitor patients more closely during the acute phase of treatment and continue to monitor at longer intervals in the continuation and maintenance phases. Sometimes, people stop taking antidepressant medications due to side effects, although side effects often become less severe over time. Suddenly stopping treatment or missing several doses may cause withdrawal-like symptoms. Some studies have shown that antidepressants may increase short-term suicidal thoughts or actions, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults. However, antidepressants are more likely to reduce a person's risk of suicide in the long run. Below are listed the main classes of antidepressant medications, some of the most common drugs in each category, and their major side effects: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (, , , , ): major side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and sexual dysfunction such as or Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (, , ): major side effects include nausea, diarrhea, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and tremor Tricyclic antidepressants (, , , , ): major side effects include sedation, low blood pressure when moving from sitting to standing (), tremor, and heart issues like conduction delays or Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (, , ): major side effects include high blood pressure (emergency) if eaten with foods rich in (e.g. cheeses, some meats, and home-brewed beer), sedation, tremor, and orthostatic hypotension

wit-train-topic-001282748

projected-04041157-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine%20aponeurosis

Palatine aponeurosis

Introduction

Attached to the posterior border of the is a thin, firm, fibrous called the palatine aponeurosis, which supports the muscles and gives strength to the . It is thicker above and narrows on the way down where it becomes very thin and difficult to define. Laterally, it is continuous with the . It serves as the insertion for the and , and the origin for the , , and . It provides support for the .

wit-train-topic-003977130

projected-04041186-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reid%20%28soccer%2C%20born%201979%29

Paul Reid (soccer, born 1979)

Introduction

Paul James Reid (born 6 July 1979) is an Australian international who plays as a for in the . Reid previously played for during championship winning seasons before moving to England where he played for six years with and before returning to Australia. Reid has made two appearances for the .

wit-train-topic-002419443

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Reid%20%28soccer%2C%20born%201979%29

Paul Reid (soccer, born 1979)

Sydney FC

Paul James Reid (born 6 July 1979) is an Australian international who plays as a for in the . Reid previously played for during championship winning seasons before moving to England where he played for six years with and before returning to Australia. Reid has made two appearances for the .

In early 2011, Reid had asked former club for a release to join hometown club Sydney FC for their campaign, resulting in a bitter fallout between himself and then manager who would not release him until season's end. In September 2012, it was announced that Reid was on trial with , taking part in two of their pre-season matches against A-League opposition before eventually signing a 1-year deal to join the Sky Blues beginning on 1 October 2012. However, as a result of Sydney FC failing to qualify for the A-League finals, Reid, along with teammates , , , and were released by Sydney FC at the conclusion of the .

wit-train-topic-003867972

projected-04041200-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geldanamycin

Geldanamycin

Introduction

Geldanamycin is a that inhibits the function of (Heat Shock Protein 90) by binding to the unusual ADP/ATP-binding pocket of the protein. HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, , and . Geldanamycin induces the degradation of proteins that are mutated or overexpressed in cells such as , , , and . This effect is mediated via HSP90. Despite its potent antitumor potential, geldanamycin presents several major drawbacks as a drug candidate such as , further, Jilani et al.. reported that geldanamycin induces the of under physiological concentrations. These side effects have led to the development of geldanamycin analogues, in particular analogues containing a derivatisation at the 17 position:

wit-train-topic-001537054

projected-04041205-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall%20Anarchists

Walsall Anarchists

Subsequent arrests and confessions

The Walsall Anarchists were a group of arrested on explosive charges in in 1892. Recent research into police files has revealed that the bombings were instigated by Auguste Coulon, an of Inspector , who would go on to become an early official of what became .

Under the false belief that Charles was an , Deakin made a confession. However, his confession also implicated Auguste Coulon, a French anarchist, who worked as an assistant in the school set up by in order to educate foreign socialists' children in London. He was also involved in trying to organise chemistry classes and translating and circulating information about bomb making. The police also arrested a Swiss inventor called Cavargna, the inventor of a number of small explosives that were used to exterminate , who was released from jail after two days. A further person named McCormack, who had been recently expelled from the socialist club in Walsall, offered to become an informant for the police, who soon decided he was unreliable. He went to where he sold his story to the newspaper for drinking money. After being arrested under charges of , he promptly declared in court next day that the police had employed him to fabricate evidence against the Walsall Anarchists. and were soon also arrested on conspiracy charges. Following his release, Nicoll was raising money for the Walsall anarchists when, by chance, Coulon's brother let slip that Coulon himself was a police agent. The defence brought up the situation at the police court and gave Coulon's address asking why he had not been arrested as well. After Nicoll had set up an anarchist defence fund, set up one which raised money in socialist circles. Their different political outlook was especially noticeable as regards to what extent they felt the whole trial was a case of police provocation.

wit-train-topic-002130112

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Grove%20Cemetery

Spring Grove Cemetery

Notable burials

Spring Grove Cemetery and Arboretum () is a and located at 4521 Spring Grove Avenue, , . It is the third largest cemetery in the United States, after the and and is recognized as a US .

See also . , general , Civil War colonel , Civil War general , Cincinnati Mayor and Ohio Governor , officer. Briefly , botanist , Civil War and U.S. Representative , Civil War colonel , US Senator , , , daughter of Salmon Chase and Washington, D.C. Civil War socialite , , Civil War brevet brigadier general , , Brigadier General during the Civil War; from , physician and writer , manufacturer , , , Judge, Captain , Civil War Brevet Brigadier General, recipient , co-founder of , Civil War general , third baseman , of the , Civil War general , Civil War general and commander of the at the , professional baseball player; Hall of Fame pitcher , Hall of Fame baseball manager of during era , one of the seven founders of , U.S. Army brigadier general during World War I , founder of supermarkets , , Father of American grape culture , art collector and patron, son of Nicholas Longworth , American politician, Speaker of the US House of Representatives, grandson of Nicholas Longworth , 19th century Ohio, general, politician, poet , artist, who was an uncredited assistant to in illustrating , * , general , Episcopal bishop, author, educator and twice Chaplain of the United States Senate , , Congressman and US , poet , co-founder of , men's head coach at the time of his death, former assistant and head men's basketball coach at , , landscape architect, designer of Spring Grove Cemetery , Cincinnati attorney, judge and medal winner , politician, father of , Mayor of Cincinnati and son of President William Howard Taft , second wife of Alphonso Taft and mother of William Howard Taft , of the , Civil War general , pioneering , abolitionist, and

wit-train-topic-003175622

projected-04041287-000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore%20Vieru

Grigore Vieru

Introduction

Grigore Vieru (; 14 February 1935, , , – 18 January 2009, , ) was a poet, writer and advocate. Known for his poems and books for children. His poetry is characterized by vivid natural scenery, patriotism, as well as a venerated image of the sacred mother. Vieru wrote in the . In 1993 he was elected a correspondent member of the .

wit-train-topic-001280148

projected-04041287-003

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore%20Vieru

Grigore Vieru

Creative work

Grigore Vieru (; 14 February 1935, , , – 18 January 2009, , ) was a poet, writer and advocate. Known for his poems and books for children. His poetry is characterized by vivid natural scenery, patriotism, as well as a venerated image of the sacred mother. Vieru wrote in the . In 1993 he was elected a correspondent member of the .

His first publishing debut was in 1957, a booklet of poems for children, «Alarma» («Alarm»), appreciated by literary critics.The following year, Vieru graduated from the in with a degree in history and philology. He was employed as an editor in the magazine called «Scînteia Leninistă» («The Leninist Spark») designed for children, currently it is called «Noi» («We»), and the newspaper «Tînărul leninist» («The Young Leninist»), currently «Florile Dalbe» («Glowing Flowers»). In 1959, he became editor at the «Nistru» («) magazine, currently «Basarabia», a publication of the . From 1960 to 1963, he served as editor in chief of the «Cartea Moldovenească» («Moldavian book») publishing house. In 1967, Vieru's book «Poetry for Readers of All Ages» (published in 1965) was awarded the Moldavian Prize for Youth Literature. The following year, his book «Your Name» became part of the contemporary literature curriculum in Moldavian universities He wrote another children's story/picture book «Bread and Dew» which features Doru, a 4 or 5-year-old boy who lives in Chișinău with his parents. Many moldavian composers were inspired by the poetry of Grigore Vieru (songbook «Poftim de intrați», «Cine crede» etc.), the poet himself is the author of a lot of melodies («Să crești mare» etc.) and since 1964 he began to collaborate with composer («Soare, soare», «Clopoțeii», «Stea-stea, logostea», «Ramule-neamule», «Cîntînd cu iubire» etc.). He was a frequent guest of the «Poetry House»in village, . The famous book for preschoolers «Albinuța» was also written here. 1968 was turning point for the poet's destiny; this year became remarkable by the volume of lyrical «Numele Tău» («Your name»), with an introductory written by . The book was appreciated by literary critics as the most original poetic appearance. In the year of it publishing, it became a subject of the study at the university within the courses designated for the contemporary national literature. Three poems in the volume are entitled: , , , and another two are dedicated to and . For the first time, in the post war period, such dedications has appeared in the Bessarabian lyrics. Political activity Since 1971, Grigore Vieru has been a member of , the youth division of the . In 1973, Grigore Vieru has passed the within a delegation of Soviet writers. He participated in the meeting with the editors of the «20th Century» magazine: Dan Haulică, , Ioanichie Olteanu, Geo Șerban, Tatiana Nicolescu. At his request, he has visited monasteries of , , , , . He returned to Chișinău with a bag of books. Later the poet makes the following confession: In 1974 and 1977, invited by the president of the , Vieru visited , , , and cities in . In 1978, the « publishing house printed «The Friday Star», Vieru's first work published in . In 1989 he was elected member of and campaigned for the . The following year he was elected Honorary Member of the . In 1992, the Romanian Academy recommended Vieru for the . In 1995, he became a member of the Board of the , and in 1996 he won several Romanian literary awards. In 2000, Vieru was awarded the « Medal by the . Involvement in the Bessarabia National Liberation Movement At the end of the , Grigore Vieru is in the first line of the National Liberation Movement in Bessarabia, his texts (including the songs laid on his lyrics) playing a big role in awakening of the national consciousness of Romanians in Bessarabia. Vieru is one of the founders of the People's Front of Moldova and is among the organizers and leaders of the Great National Assembly of August 27, 1989. He actively participates in the debates of the 13th session of the Supreme Soviet of the SSR, in which the is voted as the official language and the transition to Latin spelling. Death On January 16, 2009 Vieru suffered a serious traffic accident and was admitted to the Emergency Hospital in Chișinău. Grigore Vieru was in critical condition with polytrauma, closed cranio-cerebral trauma, cerebral contusion, and closed chest trauma, contusion of the heart and lungs and contusion of the abdominal organs, with minimal chances of survival. The road accident took place on the night of January 15 to 16, at 1:30 am on the R-3 route Chișinău – Hâncești – Cimișlia – Basarabeasca. At the driver’s seat was Gheorghe Munteanu, emeritus artist of the Republic of Moldova and deputy director of the "Joc" folk dance troop of Chișinău, who being in an easier state. At the time, he was out with friends celebrating the birthday of , a 19th-century Romanian poet. Vieru died on January 18, 2009, in the Emergency Hospital in Chișinău two days after the accident, following a cardiac failure from which he could not be resuscitated. Grigore Vieru was buried on January 20, 2009 in Chișinău, at the Central Cemetery on Armeana street. The funeral was attended by tens of thousands of people, the divisions of Grigore Vieru, as professor Dan Dungaciu called them in his article. Chișinău had not known such funerals since the burial of the spouses Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovici. The day of January 20, 2009 was declared a day of mourning in the Republic of Moldova, at 10:00 the whole republic having a moment of silence. Vieru's funeral was also broadcast live by . Legacy Several schools in the Republic of Moldova, a boulevard in Chișinău and a street in Iași are called in honour of Grigore Vieru. On February 11, 2010, three days before his birthday, the poet's bust was installed in the . A street in is called in honour of Grigore Vieru: Grigore Vieru Street. Awards In 1996 he won several Romanian literary awards, and in the same year on August 23rd, he won . The Romanian president has posthumously awarded Grigore Vieru with the , Grand Cross. Moments in Vieru's life In the volume of lyrics designed for children "Trei iezi" (Three baby goats) published in 1970, there was also the poem called "Curcubeul" (The Rainbow), in which Vieru, used the metaphor of the rainbow with three colours, praised the flag of all Romanians. In short period of time after the book publishing, the Soviet censorship withdrew the book from the bookstores, and the author was accused of diversion. Also in 1970, has appeared The Abecedarul book developed by Vieru in collaboration with the writer Spiridon Vangheli. Even nowadays, this textbook, which was edited many times over time, still teaches the first class little Bessarabians. In 1989, Vieru and Vangheli also made the Latin alphabet version of The Abecedarul. Vieru wrote, among many others, the lyrics for the soundtrack of the cartoon film , and the Vieru’s poem "Dragă Otee" (Dear Otee) has been sung by Iurie Sadovnic. Later, the song was taken over by . In 1988, in the newspaper (Literature and Art) in Chișinău, the first Latin-written text from post-war Bessarabia has appeared. The author was Grigore Vieru. In June 1989, Vieru has got the approval of the Soviet authorities to publish the weekly Literatura si Arta in Latin writing, the editors of the newspaper mentioned that in all Soviet Moldova there were no typewriter of Latin letters, except the one from the Academy of Sciences of the and of professor Iulius Popa from . Under these conditions, Grigore Vieru and the editor-in-chief of Literatura și Arta, , went to to get the typewriter for the newspaper. The Romanian authorities were delaying the answer, and the antiquarian shop from which they could buy such a device was closed these days because of some technical issues. However, Vieru and Dabija were helped by the priest Vasile Țepordei, who brought to the station a bag containing the 31 metallic signs of the Latin alphabet, cut by him from his own typewriter. In Chișinău, the Latin signs are welded to a typewriter instead of the Cyrillic ones, so Literatura și Arta magazine became the first newspaper of Bessarabia to start systematically coming out in Latin spelling. In 1994, the neo-communists of the , who came to power in Moldova, gave up to the state hymn (Awaken thee, Romanian!) and proposed to the poet Grigore Vieru and the composer to compose the lyrics and music for a new hymn. They both refused. Grigore Vieru wrote in the Literatura și Arta magazine the following: Works 1957 – "Alarma" (Alarm) (lyrics for children); 1958 – "Muzicuțe" (Musical notes) (lyrics for children); 1961 – "Făt-Frumos curcubeul și Bună ziua, fulgilor!" (Făt-Frumos the rainbow and Good morning, the flakes!) by the "Cartea Moldovenească" publishing house; 1963 – "Mulțumim pentru pace" (Thanks for peace) (lyrics) and "Făgurași" (lyrics, stories and songs); 1964 - The magazine "Nistru" published the poem "Legământ" (The Covenan), dedicated to poet Mihai Eminescu; 1965 – "Versuri pentru cititorii de toate vârstele" (The lyrics for readers of all ages), with an introductory word written by Ion Druță and for this lyrics the poet was awarded The Comsomol Republican Prize in the field of children's and youth literature (1967); 1967 – "Poezii de seama voastră" (Poems of your age) ("Lumina" publishing house); 1968 – "Bărbații Moldovei" (Moldova’s Men), designed to the "nationalist" Nicolae Testimițeanu ("Nistru" magazine). The whole circulation was stopped, and the dedication taken away; 1969 – "Duminica cuvintelor" (The Words of Sunday) by "Lumina" publishing house with illustrations by Igor Vieru, a book much loved by pre-schoolers, which is present in every kindergarten; 1970 - "Abecedarul" ("Lumina" publishing house) - in collaboration with Spiridon Vangheli and painter ; 1972 – "Trei iezi" (Three baby goats); 1974 – "Aproape" (Nearby) (lyrics, with color illustrations by Isai Cârmu); 1975 – "Mama" (The Mother) ("Lumina" publishing house - book for the little ones, illustrated by Igor Vieru); 1976 – "Un verde ne vede!"(A green one sees us!) ("Lumina" publishing house – for this volume of lyrics the poem is awarded the State Prize of the Republic of Moldova (1978); 1989 – "Metafore Albastre" - Сини метафори (The Blue metaphors) - ("Narodna cultura" publishing house, - in the collection Globus poetic, translation into by Ognean Stamboliev; 2010 – "Mi-e dor de piatră" - Жал ми е за камъка (I miss the stone) – publishing house Avangardprint, Bulgaria - translation into Bulgarian and preface by Ognean Stamboliev - 100 poems. It is present in: Streiflicht – Eine Auswahl zeitgenössischer rumänischer Lyrik (81 rumänische Autoren), - "Lumina piezișă" (Pie light'') the bilingual anthology consisted of 81 Romanian writers, translated by Christian W. Schenk, Dionysos Verlag 1994,

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic%20arches

Aortic arches

Introduction

The aortic arches or pharyngeal arch arteries (previously referred to as branchial arches in human embryos) are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to the great of the neck and head. They are ventral to the and arise from the . The aortic arches are formed sequentially within the es and initially appear symmetrical on both sides of the embryo, but then undergo a significant remodelling to form the final asymmetrical structure of the great arteries.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic%20arches

Aortic arches

Arches 1 and 2

The aortic arches or pharyngeal arch arteries (previously referred to as branchial arches in human embryos) are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures which give rise to the great of the neck and head. They are ventral to the and arise from the . The aortic arches are formed sequentially within the es and initially appear symmetrical on both sides of the embryo, but then undergo a significant remodelling to form the final asymmetrical structure of the great arteries.

The first and second arches disappear early. A remnant of the 1st arch forms part of the maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The ventral end of the second develops into the , and its dorsal end gives origin to the , a vessel which typically atrophies in humans but persists in some mammals. The stapedial artery passes through the ring of the and divides into supraorbital, infraorbital, and mandibula branches which follow the three divisions of the . The infraorbital and mandibular branches arise from a common stem, the terminal part of which anastomoses with the artery. On the obliteration of the stapedial artery, this anastomosis enlarges and forms the internal maxillary artery; branches formerly of the stapedial artery are subsequently considered branches of the internal maxillary artery. The common stem of the infraorbital and mandibular branches passes between the two roots of the and becomes the ; the original supraorbital branch of the stapedial is represented by the orbital twigs of the middle meningeal. Note that the external carotid buds from the horns of the aortic sac left behind by the regression of the first two arches.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan%20Tweedie

Clan Tweedie

Tweedie of Oliver

Tweedie or Tweedy is a name. The Clan Tweedie does not currently have a chief recognized by the and is therefore considered an . However the surname is also considered a of the . The name is derived from the lands of Tweedie which were along the Valley of the in in the .

The Tweedies of descend from a younger son of Drumelzier and they obtained their lands in the parish of from the preceptor of in the 14th century. In 1524 Thomas Tweedie of Oliver Castle was implicated in the murder of Lord Fleming (chief of ) which erupted into a bloody feud between the two families. Thomas was exiled from Scotland for three years in 1521. His son William is said to have been implicated in the conspiracy to murder , the favourite of . He and Adam Tweedie were among the body of armed men who, headed by , Morton, Ruthven, and others, on the night of 9 March 1566, rushed into the Palace at Holyrood and in the Queen's presence assassinated David Rizzio, her foreign Secretary and favourite musician. Along with the other conspirators, they were summoned on 19 March following to appear personally before the King and Queen and the Lords of the Secret Council to answer for the crime. Subsequently, the Tweedies of Oliver adopted a more settled existence as comparatively prosperous landowners. In 1745 the Laird of that time, Thomas Tweedie, and other members of the family were careful to avoid any involvement in the when Highland clans crossed the valley. However Tweedies attestation to the considerate and respectful behaviour Captain John Burnet of Colonel Grant's Highland Regiment on that occasion may have contributed to the latter's subsequent pardon.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan%20Tweedie

Clan Tweedie

Later descent from Oliver

Tweedie or Tweedy is a name. The Clan Tweedie does not currently have a chief recognized by the and is therefore considered an . However the surname is also considered a of the . The name is derived from the lands of Tweedie which were along the Valley of the in in the .

This Thomas Tweedie married Mary Stevenson daughter of Alexander Stevenson of Their eldest son James inherited Oliver, but the line died out with Lawrence Tweedie (died 1837) who bequeathed Oliver to his nephew George Stodart provided he took the surname Tweedie and quartered the arms. The resulting Tweedie-Stodart descent has also since died out. Thomas Tweedie's second son, another Thomas who lived at Kingledoors, is the antecedent of most of the Tweedies of Oliver descent through his son Alexander. Of Alexander's three sons, Thomas Stevenson Tweedie (1784–1855) became a surgeon in the . He had a family through an wife which he later disowned, and another family in Scotland. He added largely to the Quarter estate by purchasing many ancient possessions of the family, , Glenrath and , and also Rachan. His brother Maurice Tweedie (1787–1867) was a major general in the Indian Army who was Resident at , served through the and other fighting, and commanded troops at , , and . The third brother Michael Tweedie (1791–1874) also a soldier served in the during the (1808–14). He married Frances Forbes and moved the Kent, establishing the Rawlinson line. Michael Tweedie's son, another Michael Tweedie (1836–1917), was a major-general in the 1850s, throughout the and during the . His son (1877–1951) had a distinguished naval career in the – he was aide-de-camp to in 1925 and retired as an admiral in 1936, but was recalled at the outbreak of World War II. He was created a , in addition to holding the and the Japanese . Michael Forbes Tweedie, grandson of the first Michael Tweedie, is noted as the author of the Tweedie family history in 1902. Another descendant of the first Michael Tweedie was the naturalist , director of the Raffles Museum in Singapore. Another Tweedie line, which is closely connected to Oliver, stems from Alexander Tweedie (died 1740) of Nether Minzion via his son James. James’ son Alexander Tweedie (1759–1811) moved to Dreva, and his son James Tweedie of Coates gave rise to families in Scotland and Chicago. A second son Thomas Tweedie (1760–1848) moved to Patavan and also had widely dispersed descendants. Several others with the name Tweedie, identified in , surrounding areas of Peebleshire and Edinburgh up to the 19th century are most likely offshoots of the Tweed valley family.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan%20Tweedie

Clan Tweedie

Other branches

Tweedie or Tweedy is a name. The Clan Tweedie does not currently have a chief recognized by the and is therefore considered an . However the surname is also considered a of the . The name is derived from the lands of Tweedie which were along the Valley of the in in the .

In addition to the Tweedie families listed above, Michael Forbes Tweedie recorded the following pedigrees in his book The History of the Tweedie or Tweedy Family: The Descendants Of The Rev. William King Tweedie, D.D. Tweedy Of Cornwall. Tweedie Of New Brunswick. Tweedy Of Cloonamahon. Tweedie In Quothquan, co.Sligo, Ireland. Alexander Leslie Tweedie. Tweedie in Dreva and Minzon, and of Coats Alexander Gladstone Tweedie. Tweedie From Lindores. Andrew Tweedie in Edinburgh Tweedie in Broughton Mains

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer%20ginnala

Acer ginnala

Introduction

Acer ginnala, the Amur maple, is a plant species with woody stems native to northeastern from easternmost east to and , and north to the in the valley. It is a small with deciduous leaves that is sometimes grown as a garden subject or boulevard tree.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney%20MacDonald

Rodney MacDonald

Introduction

Rodney Joseph MacDonald (born January 2, 1972) is a Canadian politician, educator and musician who served as the 26th from 2006 to 2009 and as MLA for the riding of in the from 1999 to 2009.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blake%20School%20%28Minneapolis%29

The Blake School (Minneapolis)

Introduction

The Blake School is a , coeducational, PK12 college preparatory day school, established in 1900. Blake is located on three campuses around the area of : the upper school (9–12) is in ; administration offices, middle school (6–8) is in Hopkins, Minnesota, and half of the lower school is also in connected to the middle school; and the other half of the lower school is in .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blake%20School%20%28Minneapolis%29

The Blake School (Minneapolis)

The Blake School

The Blake School is a , coeducational, PK12 college preparatory day school, established in 1900. Blake is located on three campuses around the area of : the upper school (9–12) is in ; administration offices, middle school (6–8) is in Hopkins, Minnesota, and half of the lower school is also in connected to the middle school; and the other half of the lower school is in .

In 1907, William M. Blake established the Blake School, a private, preparatory school for boys, in Minneapolis. Three years later, Charles C. Bovey, a local businessman, wanted to reform Blake, and put it on the same plane as Eastern . With help from William Blake, new Board of Trustees Chairman Charles Bovey asked sixteen other local business leaders to contribute $2,500 each towards the school's first capital drive. In 1911, these original hired Charles B. Newton, a and alumnus, to replace William Blake as . Newton envisioned a school "not only for the wealthy, but for the worthy." The school incorporated on May 5, 1911, with all but two guarantors serving on the Board of Trustees. In 1912, their pooled resources enabled the construction of a new building in suburban , with the site, now known as Blake Campus, being the current home of the middle school and one of the two lower school campuses.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Blake%20School%20%28Minneapolis%29

The Blake School (Minneapolis)

The Northrop Collegiate School

The Blake School is a , coeducational, PK12 college preparatory day school, established in 1900. Blake is located on three campuses around the area of : the upper school (9–12) is in ; administration offices, middle school (6–8) is in Hopkins, Minnesota, and half of the lower school is also in connected to the middle school; and the other half of the lower school is in .

In 1900, Zulema A. Ruble, a alumna, and Carrie Bartlett established Graham Hall, a private school for girls, in Minneapolis. In 1914, a group of Minneapolis leaders purchased Graham Hall and incorporated it as Northrop Collegiate School. In 1917, the school relocated within Minneapolis, with the site, now known as Northrop Campus, being the current home of the upper school campus.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry%20Mayo

Kerry Mayo

Introduction

Kerry Mayo (born 21 September 1977) is an English former professional footballer who played as a .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylon%20inscription

Dipylon inscription

Text

The Dipylon inscription is a short text written on an pottery vessel dated to ca. 740 BC. It is famous for being the oldest (or one of the oldest) known samples of the use of the . The text is scratched on an , which was found in 1871 and is named after the location where it was found, the ancient Dipylon Cemetery, near the on the area of in . The jug is attributed to the Late (750-700 BC). It is now in the (inv. 192).

The text is written in an archaic form of the , with some letter shapes still resembling those of the original . For example, the Greek letter zeta (Ζ) resembles the Phoenician letter zayin (I). The text is written from right to left, with the individual letters mirror-shaped in comparison with the modern forms. It is placed in a circle around the shoulder of the vessel. The text consists of 46 characters, of which the first 35 can easily be read as a verse in . The fragmentary rest is believed to have been the beginning of the second verse of a , but the exact interpretation is unclear. B. Powell has argued that the final characters may represent a garbled snippet from the middle of an abecedarium (ΚΛΜΝ) by a second hand, someone learning to write. More recently, N. M. Binek has shown that the last six markings can "be viewed not as letters or as attempts to inscribe letters, but rather as decorative elements fashioned by a second inscriber in accordance with the principles of Geometric idiom," inasmuch as the segment roughly mirrors the shapes of letters 9-4 (ΧΡΟΝΥΝ). The text marks the vessel as a prize in a dancing competition. It is translated as: "whoever of the dancers now dances most lightly...", and the second line is conjectured to have said something to the effect of "...he shall get this (vessel as his prize)." The text of the inscription runs: ΗΟΣΝΥΝΟΡΧΕΣΤΟΝΠΑΝΤΟΝΑΤΑΛΟΤΑΤΑΠΑΙΖΕΙΤΟΤΟΔΕΚΛ[?]ΜΙ[?]Ν In modern scholarly editions this is sometimes transcribed as: This corresponds to the following in the later classical orthography in Greek (using the Ionian form of the Greek alphabet), with the metric feet of the hexameter indicated: Literal translation: Whoever of all these dancers now plays most delicately, of him this (sc. pot)...

wit-train-topic-000228867

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre%C3%BAna

Acreúna

Introduction

Acreúna is a and in western state, .

wit-train-topic-001108874

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20W.%20Rosa

John W. Rosa

Introduction

John William Rosa Jr. (born September 28, 1951) is a retired who served as President of his alma mater in from 2006 to 2018. While on active duty, Rosa also served as the sixteenth of the .

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Introduction

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Public universities

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

There are six big internationally renowned research universities in the Berlin-Brandenburg capital region: (FU Berlin), a () (HU Berlin), a () The is a , one of the largest s in Europe and a () (TU Berlin), a () (UdK) is the largest art and design school in Europe is situated in the south western part of the Berlin urban region

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Private universities

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

There are six recognized private universities in Berlin: Wirtschaftshochschule Berlin

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Universities of applied sciences

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

Berlin has several public or private (Hochschulen für angewandte Wissenschaften) (public) (public) Berufsakademie Berlin (public) Evangelische Fachhochschule (public) Fachhochschule für Verwaltung und Rechtspflege Berlin (public) (public) International Business School Katholische Fachhochschule Katholische Hochschule für Sozialwesen Berlin (public) Mediadesign Hochschule (OTA Hochschule Berlin) , Berlin campus

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Research institutions

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

Berlin has a high density of research institutions, such as the , the , the , and the , which are independent of, or only loosely connected to its universities. A total number of around 65,000 scientists are working in in 2012. The city is one of the centers of knowledge and innovation communities (Future Information and Communication Society and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation) of the (EIT). Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BAM) (affiliated with ) (DAI) Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin Ecologic gGmbH Fachinformationszentrum Chemie Institute for Cultural Inquiry Institute of Electronic Business (ZIB) for (OSI) of the (PTB) (RKI) (SOEP) Umweltbundesamt Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin - Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung Institut für Museumskunde Institut für Ökologische Wirtschaftsforschung gGmbH

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities%20and%20research%20institutions%20in%20Berlin

Universities and research institutions in Berlin

Fraunhofer Institutes

The -Brandenburg capital region is one of the most prolific centers of higher education and research in the world. It is the largest concentration of universities and colleges in . The city has four public research universities and 27 private, professional and technical colleges (Hochschulen), offering a wide range of disciplines. Access to the German university system is tuition free. 175,000 students were enrolled in the winter term of 2014/15. Around 20% have an international background. Student figures have grown by 50% in the last 15 years. The (HU Berlin) has 34,000 students, the (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) has 34,000 students, and the (TU Berlin) around 30,000 students. The (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the has enrollment of about 10,000 students. 40 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated to the Berlin-based universities.

Heinrich-Hertz-Institut (HHI) Sino-German Mobile Communications Institute Fraunhofer-Institut für Produktionsanlagen und Konstruktionstechnik (IPK) Fraunhofer-Institut für Rechnerarchitektur und Softwaretechnik (integrated into FOKUS in 2012) Fraunhofer-Institut für Software- und Systemtechnik (integrated into FOKUS in 2012) Fraunhofer-Institut für Zuverlässigkeit und Mikrointegration (IZM)

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