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en | wit-train-topic-000000427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_fish | Evolution of fish | Devonian: Age of fish | Evolution of fish / Timeline / Devonian: Age of fish | The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion. It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column, leading to the first craniates and vertebrates. The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha, or jawless fish. Early examples include Haikouichthys. During the late Cambrian, eel-like jawless fish called the conodonts, and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms, first appeared. Most jawless fish are now extinct; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish. Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata, which includes the extant hagfish, and this group may have split early on from other agnathans.
The earliest jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period. They are first represented in the fossil record from the Silurian by two groups of fish: the armoured fish known as placoderms, which evolved from the ostracoderms; and the Acanthodii. The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared during the late Silurian: the Chondrichthyes and the Osteichthyes. The bony fish evolved into two separate groups: the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii. | The Devonian Period is broken into the Early, Middle and Late Devonian. By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya, jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades: the placoderms and spiny sharks, both of which are now extinct, and the cartilaginous and bony fishes, both of which are still extant. The modern bony fish, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Both the cartilaginous and bony fish may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks. A subclass of bony fish, the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species.
Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high. Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods, the enigmatic hederelloids, microconchids and corals. Lily-like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common. Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water. Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species. Early cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes) and bony fish (Osteichthyes) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas. The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period. The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name "The Age of Fish" in popular culture.
The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. However, another subclass of Osteichthyes, the Sarcopterygii, including lobe-finned fish including coelacanths and lungfish) and tetrapods, was the most diverse group of bony fish in the Devonian. Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils, lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, and cosmoid scales.
During the Middle Devonian 393–383 Ma, the armoured jawless ostracoderm fish were declining in diversity; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater. The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time. Cartilaginous fish, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle Devonian
During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land. The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events. This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya. The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see Tiktaalik). In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first ammonite mollusks appeared. Trilobites, the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common.
The Late Devonian extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Famennian faunal stage, (the Frasnian-Famennian boundary), about 372.2 Ma. Many fossil agnathan fish, save for the psammosteid heterostracans, make their last appearance shortly before this event. The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community, and selectively affected shallow warm-water organisms rather than cool-water organisms. The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef-builders of the great Devonian reef-systems.
A second extinction pulse, the Hangenberg event closed the Devonian period |
en | wit-train-topic-000000429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Russia | Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia | State decorations of the Russian Federation | Orders, decorations, and medals of Russia / State decorations of the Russian Federation | The State Award System of the Russian Federation has varied and distinct origins. The first being pre-1917 orders of the Russian Empire re-established after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, the second is from former Soviet orders that were slightly modified and retained post 1991, we also find many completely new awards resembling Imperial awards in basic design since the reintroduction of Russian heraldry.
Originally set up following the dissolution of the Soviet Union by Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation № 2557-I of March 20, 1992, the statutes of all state awards was later ratified in Presidential Decree № 442 of March 2, 1994. The entire state awards' system of the Russian Federation was amended on September 7, 2010 by presidential decree № 1099, this all encompassing decree distanced modern Russian awards from their Soviet roots. Presidential Decree № 1631 of December 16, 2011 amended and finalized the order of precedence of all modern Russian awards. Awards can be revoked by the State Duma if the recipient is not deemed fit to receive the award. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fortifications_in_Malta | List of fortifications in Malta | Forts | List of fortifications in Malta / Forts | This is a list of fortifications of Malta. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bridgeman,_2nd_Earl_of_Bradford | George Bridgeman, 2nd Earl of Bradford | Introduction | George Bridgeman, 2nd Earl of Bradford | George Augustus Frederick Henry Bridgeman, 2nd Earl of Bradford (23 October 1789 – 22 March 1865) was a British peer.
The oldest son of Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Earl of Bradford and Lucy Elizabeth Byng, Bridgeman was educated at Harrow School, London, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a Master of Arts in 1810. He succeeded to his father's titles and the family seat at Weston Park, Staffordshire on 7 September 1825. His siblings were: Charles Orlando Bridgeman, Lady Lucy Whitmore, Hon. Orlando Henry Bridgeman, and Reverend Hon. Henry Edmund Bridgeman. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_provincial_parks_of_the_Kootenays | List of provincial parks of the Kootenays | Central Kootenay | List of provincial parks of the Kootenays / Parks / Central Kootenay | The list of provincial parks of the Kootenays contains the provincial parks located within the geographical region in the province of British Columbia, Canada. This includes parks from the three regional districts of East Kootenay, Central Kootenay and Kootenay Boundary. The parks are run by BC Parks under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Strategy. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress | Hwaseong Fortress | North-West Pavilion (서북각루) | Hwaseong Fortress / Features of the Wall / North-West Pavilion (서북각루) | Hwaseong Fortress or Suwon Hwaseong is a fortification surrounding the centre of Suwon, the provincial capital of Gyeonggi-do, in South Korea. It was built from 1794 to 1796 by King Jeongjo of the Joseon dynasty to house and honour the remains of his father, Prince Sado. Sado had been executed by being locked alive inside a rice chest by his own father King Yeongjo after failing to obey a command to commit suicide. Located 30 kilometres south of Seoul and enclosing much of central Suwon, the fortress includes King Jeongjo's palace Haenggung. The fortress and enclosed palace were designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1997. It comprises among many other features the palace, a perimeter wall, four main gates, and two sluicegates over the Suwoncheon, Suwon's main stream, which flows through the centre of the fortress. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metre | History of the metre | Mètre des Archives | History of the metre / Mètre des Archives | The history of the metre starts with the scientific revolution that began with Nicolaus Copernicus's work in 1543. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural phenomena rather than royal decree or physical prototypes. Rather than the various complex systems of subdivision in use, they also preferred a decimal system to ease their calculations.
With the French Revolution came a desire to replace many features of the Ancien Régime, including the traditional units of measure. As a base unit of length, many scientists had favoured the seconds pendulum one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that it varied from place to place with local gravity and that it could complement meridian arc measurements in determining the figure of the Earth. A new unit of length, the metre was introduced – defined as one ten-millionth of the shortest distance from the North Pole to the equator passing through Paris, assuming an Earth's flattening of 1/334.
For practical purposes however, the standard metre was made available in the form of a platinum bar held in Paris. | While Méchain and Delambre were completing their survey, the commission had ordered a series of platinum bars to be made based on the provisional metre. When the final result was known, the bar whose length was closest to the meridional definition of the metre was selected and placed in the National Archives on 22 June 1799 (4 messidor An VII in the Republican calendar) as a permanent record of the result. This standard metre bar became known as the mètre des Archives.
The metric system, that is the system of units based on the metre, was officially adopted in France on 10 December 1799 (19 frimaire An VIII) and became the sole legal system of weights and measures from 1801. After the restoration of the Empire, in 1812, the old names for units of length were revived but the units redefined in terms of the metre: this system was known as mesures usuelles, and lasted until 1840, when the decimal metric system was again made the sole legal measure. In the meantime, the Netherlands had adopted the metric system from 1816. The first of several countries to follow the French lead, the Helvetic Republic had adopted the metre shortly before its collapse in 1803.
With the extension of the survey it became apparent that Méchain and Delambre's result (443.296 lignes) was slightly too short for the meridional definition of the metre. While the Ordnance Survey extended the British survey northward to the Shetland, Arago and Biot extended the survey southward in Spain to the island of Formentera in the western Mediterranean Sea (1806–1809), and found that one ten-millionth of the Earth's quadrant should be 443.31 lignes: later work increased the value to 443.39 lignes. Some thought that the base of the metric system could be attacked by pointing out some errors that crept into the measurement of the two French scientists. Méchain had even noticed an inaccuracy he did not dare to admit. Louis Puissant declared in 1836 in front of the French Academy of Sciences that Delambre and Méchain had made an error in the measurement of the French meridian arc. That is why from 1861 to 1866, Antoine Yvon Villarceau checked the geodesic opérations in eight points of the meridian arc. Some of the errors in the operations of Delambre and Méchain were corrected. In 1866, at the conference of the International Association of Geodesy in Neuchâtel Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero announced Spain's contribution to the measurement of the French meridian arc. In 1870, François Perrier was in charge of resuming the triangulation between Dunkirk and Barcelona. This new survey of the Paris meridian arc, named West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc by Alexander Ross Clarke, was undertaken in France and in Algeria under the direction of François Perrier from 1870 to his death in 1888. Jean-Antonin-Léon Bassot completed the task in 1896. According to the calculations made at the central bureau of the international association on the great meridian arc extending from the Shetland Islands, through Great Britain, France and Spain to El Aghuat in Algeria, the Earth equatorial radius was 6377935 metres, the ellipticity being assumed as 1/299.15. The modern value, for the WGS 84 reference spheroid with an Earth's flattening of 1/298.257223563, is 1.00019657 × 10⁷ m for the distance from the North pole to the Equator.
A more accurate determination of the Figure of the Earth resulted also from the measurement of the Struve Geodetic Arc (1816–1855) and would have given another value for the definition of this standard of length. This did not invalidate the metre but highlighted that progresses in science would allow better measurement of Earth's size and shape. The mètre des Archives remained the legal and practical standard for the metre in France, even once it was known that it did not exactly correspond to the meridional definition. When it was decided (in 1867) to create a new international standard metre, the length was taken to be that of the mètre des Archives "in the state in which it shall be found".
One of the significant international use of the meridional definition o |
en | wit-train-topic-000000435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon | Croydon | A growing town | Croydon / History / A growing town | Croydon is a large town in south London, England. It is 9.4 miles south of Charing Cross. The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon, it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London, with an extensive shopping district and night-time economy. The entire town had a population of 192,064 as of 2011, whilst the wider borough had a population of 384,837.
Historically part of the hundred of Wallington in the county of Surrey, at the time of the Norman conquest of England Croydon had a church, a mill, and around 365 inhabitants, as recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production, leather tanning and brewing. The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the world's first public railway. Later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydon's growth as a commuter town for London. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working and Croydon Airport. | In 1883 Croydon was incorporated as a borough. In 1889 it became a county borough, with a greater degree of autonomy. The new county borough council implemented the Croydon Improvement scheme in the early 1890s, which widened the High Street and cleared much of the "Middle Row" slum area. The remaining slums were cleared shortly after Second World War, with much of the population relocated to the isolated new settlement of New Addington. New stores opened and expanded in central Croydon, including Allders, Kennards and Grade II listed Grants, as well as the first Sainsbury's self-service shop in the country. There was a market on Surrey Street.
Croydon was the location of London's main airport until the Second World War. During the war, much of central Croydon was devastated by German V-1 flying bombs and V-2 rockets, and for many years the town bore the scars of the destruction. After the war, Heathrow Airport superseded Croydon Airport as London's main airport, and Croydon Airport quickly went into a decline, finally closing in 1959.
By the 1950s, with its continuing growth, the town was becoming congested, and the Council decided on another major redevelopment scheme. The Croydon Corporation Act was passed in 1956. This, coupled with national government incentives for office relocation out of Central London, led to the building of new offices and accompanying road schemes through the late 1950s and 1960s, and the town boomed as a business centre in the 1960s, with many multi-storey office blocks, an underpass, a flyover and multi-storey car parks.
In 1960 Croydon celebrated its millennium with a pageant held at Lloyd Park and an exhibition held at the old Croydon Aerodrome. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lans_Bovenberg | Lans Bovenberg | Introduction | Lans Bovenberg | Arij Lans Bovenberg (born June 15, 1958) is a Dutch economist, and Professor of Economics at the Tilburg University and Erasmus University, known mainly due to his contribution to the Dutch debate on population ageing, pension reforms and public finances. Lans Bovenberg was awarded the Spinoza Prize in 2003. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_100_most_prominent_Serbs | The 100 most prominent Serbs | The list | The 100 most prominent Serbs / The list | The 100 most prominent Serbs is a book containing the biographies of the hundred most important Serbs compiled by a committee of academicians at the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. The committee members were Sava Vuković, Pavle Ivić, Dragoslav Srejović, Dejan Medaković, Dragomir Vitorović, Zvonimir Kostić, Vasilije Krestić, Miroslav Pantić and Danica Petrović. The book was published for the first time in 1993 on 20+617 pages, reprinted in 2001, and the third extended edition was printed in 2009 and 2013. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotherapsida | Neotherapsida | Introduction | Neotherapsida | The Neotherapsida are a clade of therapsids. The clade includes anomodonts and the more derived theriodonts, which include mammals. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Afan | River Afan | Introduction | River Afan | The River Afan (Welsh: Afon Afan) is a river in Wales whose river valley formed the territory of the medieval Lords of Afan. The Afan Valley encompasses the upper reaches of the river. The valley is traversed by the A4107 Afan Valley Road. Settlements in the area include Cwmafan, Pwll-y-glaw and Cymmer. The town of Aberavon grew up on the banks of the river, and was later subsumed by the larger centre of population known as Port Talbot. The political constituency still retains the name Aberavon (aber meaning mouth of a river) containing the former anglicism "Avon". |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumaptera | Rheumaptera | Introduction | Rheumaptera | Rheumaptera is a genus of moths of the family Geometridae erected by Jacob Hübner in 1822. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Central_railway_station | Milton Keynes Central railway station | Location | Milton Keynes Central railway station / Location | Milton Keynes Central railway station serves Central Milton Keynes and the surrounding area of Milton Keynes, England. The station is located on the West Coast Main Line about 50 miles northwest of London. The station is served by Avanti West Coast intercity services, and by West Midlands Trains and Southern regional services.
This station is one of the six stations serving the Milton Keynes urban area. Milton Keynes Central, which opened on 17 May 1982, is by far the busiest and most important of these, as well as being the largest in terms of platforms in use, having overtaken Bletchley when platforms 2A and 6 became operational. | The station is at the western end of Central Milton Keynes, near the junction of the A5 with the A509. The nearest post-code is MK9 1BB. In the chainage notation traditionally used on the railway, its location on the line is 49 miles 65 chains (49.81 mi; 80.17 km) from Euston. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Hundred_Tab | President's Hundred Tab | Introduction | President's Hundred Tab | The President's Hundred Tab/Brassard is a badge awarded by the Civilian Marksmanship Program (CMP) to the 100 top-scoring military and civilian shooters in the President's Pistol and President's Rifle Matches. The tab is authorized for wear on military uniforms of the U.S. Army, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Coast Guard (enlisted only). The brassard version is authorized for wear on enlisted uniforms of the U.S. Navy. The tab is 4 ¹⁄₄ inches (11 cm) long and ⁵⁄₈ inch (1.6 cm) high, with the word "PRESIDENT'S HUNDRED" centered in ¹⁄₄ inch (0.64 cm) tall letters. The Army's and Air Force's miniature metal replica of the tab is a full-color (yellow with green letters) variant of the tab once authorized for wear on the old Army Green Service Uniform and is about 2 inches (5.1 cm) in width. The brassard is a 3 ¹⁄₂ inches (8.9 cm) long by 1 inch (2.5 cm) high curved bronze metallic arm patch with an enameled representation of the Flag of the President of the United States flanked by the Seal of the President of the United States to the left and the seal of the CMP to the right. At the top of the brassard are the raised words “PRESIDENT’S” to the left and “HUNDRED” to the right. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Delonge | Marco Delonge | Introduction | Marco Delonge | Marco Delonge (born 16 June 1966) is a retired East German long jumper.
He won the silver medal at the 1985 European Junior Championships. He represented the sports club SC Dynamo Berlin, and became East German champion in 1987 and 1989.
His personal best jump is 8.27 metres, achieved in June 1987 in Potsdam. This ranks him fifth among German long jumpers, behind Lutz Dombrowski, Frank Paschek, Josef Schwarz and Henry Lauterbach. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed_buildings_in_Brighton_and_Hove:_M | Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove: M | Listed buildings | Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove: M / Listed buildings | As of February 2001, there were 1,124 listed buildings with Grade II status in the English city of Brighton and Hove. The total at 2009 was similar. The city, on the English Channel coast approximately 52 miles south of London, was formed as a unitary authority in 1997 by the merger of the neighbouring towns of Brighton and Hove. Queen Elizabeth II granted city status in 2000.
In England, a building or structure is defined as "listed" when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of "special architectural or historic interest" by the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport, a Government department, in accordance with the Planning Act 1990. English Heritage, a non-departmental public body, acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues. There are three grades of listing status. The Grade II designation is the lowest, and is used for "nationally important buildings of special interest". Grade II* is used for "particularly important buildings of more than special interest"; there are 69 such buildings in the city. There are also 24 Grade I listed buildings in Brighton and Hove. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tue_Marshes_Light | Tue Marshes Light | Introduction | Tue Marshes Light | The Tue Marshes Light was a lighthouse located at the mouth of the York River in the Chesapeake Bay north of Tue Point near the Goodwin Islands. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernonia | Vernonia | Species | Vernonia / Species | Vernonia is a genus of about 1000 species of forbs and shrubs in the family Asteraceae. Some species are known as ironweed. Some species are edible and of economic value. They are known for having intense purple flowers. The genus is named for the English botanist William Vernon. There are numerous distinct subgenera and subsections in this genus. This has led some botanists to divide this large genus into several distinct genera. For instance, the Flora of North America recognizes only about twenty species in Vernonia sensu stricto, seventeen of which are in North America north of Mexico, with the others being found in South America. | Species of this genus are found in South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and North America. Vernonia species are well known for hybridizing between similar species in areas of overlapping ranges. There are approximately 1000 species of Vernonia. A list of some species is given below. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Trump_administration_dismissals_and_resignations | List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations | Executive Office of the President | List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations / Executive Office of the President | Many political appointees of Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, have resigned or been dismissed. The record-setting turnover rate in the Trump Administration has been noted in various publications. Several Trump appointees, including National Security Advisor Michael Flynn, White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci, and Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price have had the shortest service tenures in the history of their respective offices. As of May 25, 2020, there have been 415 unique names dismissed and/or resigned.
Trump has justified the instability, saying: "We have acting people. The reason they are acting is because I'm seeing how I like them, and I'm liking a lot of them very, very much. There are people who have done a bad job, and I let them go. If you call that turmoil, I don't call that turmoil. I say that is being smart. That's what we do." | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_%C3%98vergaard | Svein Øvergaard | Introduction | Svein Øvergaard | Svein Arne Øvergaard (1 January 1912 in Kristiania (Oslo) – 23 November 1986 in Oslo) was a Norwegian resistance member, boxer and jazz musician (saxophone, percussion) and band leader, married to Gunhild Øvergaard (born Sandberg, 1912–1996), and known from the jazz scenes of Oslo. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatland_(Audubon,_Pennsylvania) | Fatland (Audubon, Pennsylvania) | Vaux Hill | Fatland (Audubon, Pennsylvania) / Vaux Hill | Fatland (Audubon, Pennsylvania) – also known as "Fatland Farm," "Fatland Ford" and, currently, "Vaux Hill" – is a Greek Revival mansion and estate in Audubon, Pennsylvania. Located on the north side of the Schuylkill River, opposite Valley Forge, the property was part of the Continental Army's 1777-78 winter encampment. On consecutive days in September 1777, its stone farmhouse served as headquarters for General George Washington and British General Sir William Howe.
The farmhouse was demolished about 1843, and the mansion was completed on its site about 1845. The Wetherill Family owned the property for 121 years—1825 to 1946. A private cemetery contains the graves of some of Fatland's owners, and of Free Quakers who supported the Revolutionary War. | Vaux renamed the property "Vaux Hill." The 300-acre (121.4 hectares) farm spanned the middle of the peninsula. Part of its western boundary, shared with Henry Pawling's farm, was the road south to Fatland Ford, a shallow crossing of the Schuylkill River, opposite Valley Forge.
Vaux was an English farmer and Quaker, who emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1771. He expanded the existing stone farmhouse in 1776, and constructed its stone barn. The following year he married Susanna Warder (1749–1812) of Philadelphia, also a Quaker.
Vaux took no side in the Revolutionary War. On September 21, 1777, General George Washington, accompanied by a detachment of his life guard and aide-de-camp Tench Tilghman, surveilled British troops at Valley Forge from the north side of the river. The river was swollen, which prevented the British from crossing. At Washington's direction, his aide urgently wrote to General Alexander McDougall—"... the River has fallen and is fordable at almost any place, the Enemy can have no Reason to delay passing much longer. He would have wrote [sic] you personally, but is employed in viewing the ground and making disposition of the Army which arrived yesterday." Vaux invited Washington to dine and stay the night—the life guard secured Fatland Ford overnight. Washington and his troops departed early the following morning.
That same morning, British Captain John Montroser recorded in his journal: "[September] 22nd. — At 5 this morning ... the Light Infantry and Grenadiers passed over the Schuylkill at Fatland Ford without a single shot and took post." Early that evening, General Howe crossed the ford and made Vaux Hill his headquarters. Vaux dined with Howe, who asked about the rebel officer who had been spotted the previous day. When informed that it had been Washington himself, Howe reportedly replied: "Oh, I wish I had known that. I would have tried to catch him!" The opposing commanders-in-chief probably slept in the same bed on consecutive nights. As Howe slept, the British Army began a night crossing from Valley Forge. Montroser: "[September] 23rd. — Just after 12 o'clock this night the whole army moved to the opposite side, on the north side of the river Schuylkill by the way of Fatland Ford, and by 10 a. m. the whole baggage and all had happily passed it. After the principal body had got on the north side of the Schuylkill about one mile the army halted to dry themselves and rest."
General Washington and the Continental Army returned to the area in December 1777, and began the six month Valley Forge encampment. Most of the troops were quartered south of the river, but Vaux's farm was the site of troop encampments and support facilities. General John Sullivan supervised construction of a floating-log bridge slightly downstream from Fatland Ford. This bridge provided a river crossing in times of high water, and an escape route should British attack from the south. The floating bridge was destroyed by ice in 1779.
The British army, in September, 1777, passed from Valley Forge to the left bank of the Schuylkill by the Fatland Ford; not many months later [June 19, 1778], when the American forces evacuated Valley Forge, they crossed at the same place, as just mentioned. Both armies swarmed over the Vaux Hill plantation like devastating clouds of locusts. Tearing down fences, destroying trees and doing thousands of pounds' worth of damage in various ways, they wrought such havoc that Mr. Vaux's estate was seriously embarrassed in consequence.
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania paid Vaux £1,000 in compensation for damage done to his property during the war. "In the 1785 assessment of Providence township, James Vaux is recorded as a farmer, owning a farm of 300 acres of land, dwelling, four horses, six cows, one servant (colored), and one riding chair." He later served in the Pennsylvania Legislature. Vaux sold Vaux Hill to John Echline Allen, about 1794.
There are no known images of the "good stone dwelling house" described in 1771, or of the house as expanded by Vaux. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Bar | Sky Bar | Introduction | Sky Bar | Sky Bar is an American candy bar introduced by Necco in 1938, discontinued in 2018, and reintroduced in 2019 by the Sky Bar Confectionary Company. Each Sky Bar has four sections, each with a different filling—caramel, vanilla, peanut, and fudge—all covered in milk chocolate. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostanthera_stenophylla | Prostanthera stenophylla | Introduction | Prostanthera stenophylla | Prostanthera stenophylla is a shrub species that is endemic to Wollemi National Park in New South Wales, Australia. It grows to between 1.5 and 2 metres (4.9 and 6.6 ft) high and has leaves that are 7 to 12 millimetres (0.28 to 0.47 in) long and 1.5 to 2 millimetres (0.059 to 0.079 in) wide. Dull green above and paler green below, leaves are covered with a dense mat of hairs and give off a strong aroma when crushed. The leaf edges are recurved or revolute. Mauve or violet flowers appear in the leaf axils in spring, with about 4 to 6 flower-bearing branchlets arising on a leafy branch to form a raceme. Individual flowers are about 8 to 12 millimetres (0.31 to 0.47 in) long.
The species was first formally described by Barry Conn of the New South Wales Herbarium in the journal Telopea in 2006. He held it to be allied to the granite mintbush (Prostanthera granitica), within the genus. The latter species is similar in appearance but has stiffer rougher hairs and broader leaves.
Prostanthera stenophylla is found in sclerophyll forest dominated by black cypress pine (Callitris endlicheri), snappy gum (Eucalyptus rossii) and Sydney peppermint (E. piperita), where it arises in sandstone outcrops, which are colloquially known as 'pagodas'.
The first recorded collection of plant material from the type locality was by nurseryman George Althofer in 1952. A 1937 collection by Lindsay Pryor is recognised as this species, but the given locality of "Canberra district" is believed to be incorrect. The specific epithet (stenophylla) refers to the narrow leaves of this shrub species.
The species has been in limited cultivation for some years. The unofficial name of Prostanthera rylstonii has been used by plant nurseries since at least 2005. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzbach-Rosenberg | Sulzbach-Rosenberg | Introduction | Sulzbach-Rosenberg | Sulzbach-Rosenberg is a municipality in the Amberg-Sulzbach district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated approximately 14 km northwest of Amberg, and 50 km east of Nuremberg. The town consists of two parts: Sulzbach in the west, and Rosenberg in the east.
Archeological evidence tells that Sulzbach was an important centre from the 8th century on. Sulzbach castle was founded during the early 8th century, probably by the late-Merovingian/early-Carolingian kingdom.
The castle was the residence of the powerful counts of the Nordgau (9th–10th century), the important counts of Sulzbach (c. 1003 – 1188) — one of whose daughters, Bertha of Sulzbach became the Empress of Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus — and later of the counts of Hirschberg (1188–1305), the counts of Wittelsbach (1305–1354, 1373–1504), emperor Karl IV (1354–1373), the palatine-dukes of Neuburg and of the dukes of Palatinate-Sulzbach (17th–18th century) of the House of Wittelsbach. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Palomares_B-52_crash | 1966 Palomares B-52 crash | Accident | 1966 Palomares B-52 crash / Accident | The 1966 Palomares B-52 crash, or the Palomares incident, occurred on 17 January 1966, when a B-52G bomber of the United States Air Force's Strategic Air Command collided with a KC-135 tanker during mid-air refueling at 31,000 feet over the Mediterranean Sea, off the coast of Spain. The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard.
Of the four Mk28-type hydrogen bombs the B-52G carried, three were found on land near the small fishing village of Palomares in the municipality of Cuevas del Almanzora, Almería, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 0.77-square-mile area by plutonium. The fourth, which fell into the Mediterranean Sea, was recovered intact after a 2 ¹⁄₂-month-long search. | The B-52G began its mission from Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, carrying four type B28RI hydrogen bombs on a Cold War airborne alert mission named Operation Chrome Dome. The flight plan took the aircraft east across the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea towards the European borders of the Soviet Union before returning home. The lengthy flight required two mid-air refuelings over Spain.
At about 10:30 am on 17 January 1966, while flying at 31,000 feet (9,450 m), the bomber commenced its second aerial refueling with a KC-135 out of Morón Air Base in southern Spain. The B-52 pilot, Major Larry G. Messinger, later recalled,
We came in behind the tanker, and we were a little bit fast, and we started to overrun him a little bit. There is a procedure they have in refueling where if the boom operator feels that you're getting too close and it's a dangerous situation, he will call, "Break away, break away, break away." There was no call for a break away, so we didn't see anything dangerous about the situation. But all of a sudden, all hell seemed to break loose.
The planes collided, with the nozzle of the refueling boom striking the top of the B-52 fuselage, breaking a longeron and snapping off the left wing, which resulted in an explosion that was witnessed by a second B-52 about a mile away. All four men on the KC-135 and three of the seven men on the bomber were killed.
Those killed in the tanker were boom operator Master sergeant Lloyd Potolicchio, pilot Major Emil J. Chapla, copilot Captain Paul R. Lane, and navigator Captain Leo E. Simmons.
On board the bomber, navigator First Lieutenant Steven G. Montanus, electronic warfare officer First Lieutenant George J. Glessner, and gunner Technical Sergeant Ronald P. Snyder were killed. Montanus was seated on the lower deck of the main cockpit and was able to eject from the plane, but his parachute never opened. Glessner and Snyder were on the upper deck, near the point where the refueling boom struck the fuselage, and were not able to eject.
Four of the seven crew members of the bomber managed to parachute to safety: in addition to pilot Major Messinger, aircraft commander Captain Charles F. Wendorf, copilot First Lieutenant Michael J. Rooney and radar-navigator Captain Ivens Buchanan. Buchanan received burns from the explosion and was unable to separate himself from his ejection seat, but he was nevertheless able to open his parachute, and he survived the impact with the ground. The other three surviving crew members landed safely several miles out to sea.
The Palomares residents carried Buchanan to a local clinic, while Wendorf and Rooney were picked up at sea by the fishing boat Dorita. The last to be rescued was Messinger, who spent 45 minutes in the water before he was brought aboard the fishing boat Agustin y Rosa by Francisco Simó Orts. All three men who landed in the sea were taken to a hospital in Águilas. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Florence | List of buildings and structures in Florence | Late Renaissance and Mannerism (16th century) | List of buildings and structures in Florence / Late Renaissance and Mannerism (16th century) | This is a list of the main architectural works in Florence, Italy by period. It also includes buildings in surrounding cities, such as Fiesole. Some structures appear two or more times, since they were built in various styles. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_College_Library | Hiram College Library | Introduction | Hiram College Library | Prior to 1900 the library facilities at Hiram College consisted of small libraries corresponding with each of the student literary societies: Delphic, Hesperian, and Olive Branch. Societies usually limited access to their members, and the only common library was the college's depository collection of federal government publications (established in 1874) that was stored in the original Hinsdale Hall.
The Teachout-Cooley Library of Hiram College was erected in 1900 with money given by Abram Teachout. Built of brick and wood, it had two stories with a three-story tower. In 1923, a supplemental gift from the Teachout family made possible an addition built to the south of the original building, and joined to it by means of a vestibule. A Greek portico entrance was added, and the size of the Library was essentially doubled. An observatory with its telescope, a gift of Lathrop Cooley, was a prominent feature of the building until 1939. The observatory was relocated to its present site on Wakefield Road thanks to the generosity of Ella M. Stephens.
The Library's collections then consisted of those books donated by the literary societies and the depository collection. These were consolidated by the first Librarian of the college, Emma Ryder. While a student at Hiram, she was made the librarian of the Olive Branch Society, and did such an excellent job that she was asked to organized the libraries of the other societies. After she graduated in 1890, she went on to study at the University of Chicago and Syracuse University, before returning to Hiram in 1896. She served as the college's Librarian until 1907, and introduced the Dewey Decimal System to the Library. She also taught Greek and Latin, was the College Registrar and the House Mother for Miller Hall.
The old building was largely destroyed by fire in February 1939. In addition to thousands of books, also lost were a major portion of the files and records of Professor John S. Kenyon and the furnishings of the Vachel Lindsay Reading Room.
A newer, more modern building was erected with a main reading room on the lower floor and a browsing room above. The card catalog was saved from fire damage and much of the lost book collection was replaced. The west end of the browsing room was designated the Vachel Lindsay Room, and the east end as the Adelaide Robbins Rhodes Room. In 1962 this area was converted into the Geidlinger Music Room.
In 1948 a further addition to the south side of the Library was built, again with funds from the Teachout Foundation. Finally, a fourth addition was necessary by 1963. This expanded the building westward toward Dean Street and effectively doubled the size of the Library once again. Included were rooms for the newly planned Archives and Special Collections. It was made possible by a substantial gift from Mr. and Mrs. Harley C. Price, and the Library was renamed the Teachout-Price Memorial Library. During the 1970s the Library came to share space with newer services, the Media Center and the Dray Computer Center, both on the lower level of the building. The Media Center became administratively incorporated into the Library.
By the late 1980s the continued growth of the collection, the demand for more study space, and the need to incorporate new technologies led to the decision to plan for a new building. A comprehensive capital campaign by the college featured the construction of a $7.1 million facility as its centerpiece. Funding came from hundreds of contributors and friends, prominently the Kresge Foundation, however no single donor contributed enough to confer a name to the building, and so it remains the Hiram College Library. Completed in 1995, the collections, equipment, and some of the furnishings of the Library were relocated in the new building that summer. Features of the new building included space for a video studio, a redesigned Archives and Special Collections, a Library Instruction Room, group study rooms, and a multi-functional space, the Pritchard Room.
Shortly thereafter, the Library provided access to its new o |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsiputous | Kitsiputous | Introduction | Kitsiputous | Kitsiputous, located in Enontekiö is one of the highest waterfalls in Finland.
The falls are located along the hiking trail leading to the Three Nations' Border Point. The waterfalls turn into frozen waterfalls during winter. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hluk | Hluk | Gallery | Hluk / Gallery | Hluk is a town in Uherské Hradiště District in Zlín Region of the Czech Republic, 10 km southeast from Uherské Hradiště on stream Okluky. In 2011 it had a population about 4,400.
The town was first mentioned in year 1294. The name of Hluk is very likely derived from Latin word "hlucium". | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sakshaug_Church | Old Sakshaug Church | Media gallery | Old Sakshaug Church / Media gallery | Old Sakshaug Church is a preserved, former parish church of the Church of Norway in Inderøy municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the village of Sakshaug, just west of the municipal centre of Straumen. It is the former main church for the Inderøy parish which is part of the Stiklestad prosti in the Diocese of Nidaros. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junliangcheng_North_railway_station | Junliangcheng North railway station | Introduction | Junliangcheng North railway station | Junliangcheng North railway station (simplified Chinese: 军粮城北站; traditional Chinese: 軍糧城北站; pinyin: Jūnliángchéngběi Zhàn) is a railway station of the Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway in Dongli District, Tianjin. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Raub | Edwin Raub | Early life and military service | Edwin Raub / Early life and military service | Edwin Lynn Raub was a television personality and horror host under the name Uncle Ted in the Northeastern Pennsylvania viewing area of the United States. He is mostly known for hosting the programs Uncle Ted's Children's Party in the 1960s, Uncle Ted's Ghoul School from 1974–1982 and Uncle Ted's Monstermania from 1984–1997. He was posthumously inducted into the Horror Host Hall Of Fame in 2014. According to his first sidekick Richard Briggs: "He was a living legend, one of those guys who was around when started up, and there's not too many of those guys around anymore." | Edwin L. Raub (many resources erroneously list his middle initial as "C") was born May 14, 1921 in Kingston, Pennsylvania to Samuel J. and Margaret Lynn Raub, the oldest of two sons. He was married to the former Angela Wiffen who had grown up in Wallington, Surrey, England. They had two daughters, Rita and Beth, and a son, Edwin L., Jr.
He had an uncle, named Edwin Hyde Raub, who fought during World War I, for the PA 109th Field Artillery A.E.F.; and died of pneumonia in Lyons, France.
During the Second World War, as a radio operator with the 82nd Airborne Division's 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment Raub participated in D-Day and Operation Market Garden. According to author Cornelius Ryan's best-selling account of the battle, A Bridge Too Far: "When tracer bullets began ripping through his canopy, Private Edwin Raub became so enraged that he deliberately side-slipped his chute so as to land next to the anti-aircraft gun. Without removing his harness, and dragging his parachute behind him, Raub rushed the Germans with his Tommy gun. He killed one, captured the others, and then, with plastic explosives destroyed the flak-gun barrels."
A few days later during a German artillery barrage Pvt. Raub was severely burned on both of his hands when some gasoline cans near him exploded when hit; he later received two Purple Hearts. Raub was always humble about his wartime service and tended to downplay his efforts. In 1977 he told The Scranton Times, "I was in the paratroopers because it meant an additional $50 a month in pay. When I jumped from the plane, my main concern was just to get to the ground in one piece. Sure, I saw the shells' effects, but if I had had my choice, I wouldn't have landed right in the middle of the gun emplacement!" |
en | wit-train-topic-000000462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niushikou_station | Niushikou station | Introduction | Niushikou station | Niushikou (Chinese: 牛市口) is a station on Line 2 of the Chengdu Metro in China. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Wacker | Eugen Wacker | Introduction | Eugen Wacker | Eugen Wacker (Russian: Евгений Ваккер, sometimes written as Evgeny Vakker; born 18 April 1976) is a German-born Kyrgyzstani cyclist, who last rode for UCI Continental team Massi–Kuwait Cycling Project. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, he competed in the road race and time trial. In April 2017, he was suspended until February 2018 for testing positive for meldonium. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Lessard | Stefan Lessard | Introduction | Stefan Lessard | Stefan Kahil Lessard (born June 4, 1974) is an American musician, most famous as the bassist for the Dave Matthews Band. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Busch | Wilhelm Busch | Critique of the Heart | Wilhelm Busch / Work / Critique of the Heart | Heinrich Christian Wilhelm Busch was a German humorist, poet, illustrator, and painter. He published comic illustrated cautionary tales from 1859, achieving his most notable works in the 1870s. Busch's illustrations used wood engraving, and later, zincography.
Busch drew on contemporary parochial and city life, satirizing Catholicism, Philistinism, strict religious morality, and bigotry. His comic text was colourful and entertaining, using onomatopoeia, neologisms, and other figures of speech, that led to some work being banned by the authorities.
Busch was influential in both poetry and illustration, and became a source for future generations of comic artists. The Katzenjammer Kids was inspired by Busch's Max and Moritz, one of a number of imitations produced in Germany and the United States. The Wilhelm Busch Prize and the Wilhelm Busch Museum help maintain his legacy. The 175th anniversary of his birth in 2007 was celebrated throughout Germany. Busch remains one of the most influential poets and artists in Western Europe. | Busch did not write illustrated tales for a while, but focused on the literary Kritik des Herzens (Critique of the Heart), wanting to appear more serious to his readers. Contemporary reception for the collection of 81 poems was mainly poor; it was criticized for its focus on marriage and sexuality. His long-time friend Paul Lindau called it "very serious, heartfelt, charming poems". Dutch writer Marie Anderson was one of few people who enjoyed his Kritik des Herzens, and she even planned to publish it in a Dutch newspaper. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000466 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinals_created_by_Alexander_VI | Cardinals created by Alexander VI | 20 September 1493 | Cardinals created by Alexander VI / 20 September 1493 | Pope Alexander VI created 43 new cardinals in 9 consistories: | All the new cardinals received the titles on 23 September 1493.
Jean Bilhères de Lagraulas, O.S.B., bishop of Lombès, ambassador of the King of France – cardinal-priest of S. Sabina, † 6 August 1499
Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio, bishop of Alessandria – cardinal-priest of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, then cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (23 December 1503), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (17 September 1507), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (22 September 1508), † 14 March 1509
Bernardino López de Carvajal, bishop of Cartagena – cardinal-priest of SS. Marcelino e Pietro, then cardinal-priest of S. Croce in Gerusalmme (2 February 1495), cardinal-bishop of Albano (3 August 1507), cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (17 September 1507), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (22 September 1508), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (28 March 1509); excommunicated and deposed on 24 October 1511 for his participation in the schismatic pseudo-council of Pisa; reinstated on 27 June 1513 as cardinal-bishop of Sabina, then cardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri (24 July 1521), † 16 December 1523
Cesare Borgia, Son of the Pope – cardinal-deacon of S. Maria Nuova; resigned his cardinalate on 18 August 1498, † 12 March 1507
Giuliano Cesarini, iuniore – cardinal-deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco, then cardinal-deacon of S. Angelo (12 June 1503), † 1 May 1510
Domenico Grimani – cardinal-deacon of S. Nicola inter Imagines, then cardinal-priest of S. Nicola inter Imagines (28 March 1498), cardinal-priest of S. Marco (25 December 1503), cardinal-bishop of Albano (22 September 1508), cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (3 June 1509), cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (20 January 151), † 27 August 1523
Alessandro Farnese – cardinal-deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano, then cardinal-deacon of S. Eustachio (11 October 1503), cardinal-bishop of Tusculum (15 June 1519), cardinal-bishop of Palestrina (9 December 1523), cardinal-bishop of Sabina (18 December 1523), cardinal-bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (20 May 1524), cardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri (15 June 1524), became Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534, † 10 November 1549
Bernardino Lunati – cardinal-deacon of S. Ciriaco, † 8 August 1497
Raymond Peraudi, O.S.A., bishop of Gurk – cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin, then cardinal-priest of S. Vitale (1494), cardinal-priest of S. Maria Nuova (29 April 1499), † 5 September 1505
John Morton, archbishop of Canterbury – cardinal-priest of S. Anastasia, † 15 September 1500
Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, administrator of Kraków – cardinal-priest of S. Lucia in Septisolio, † 14 March 1503
Ippolito d'Este, administrator of Esztergom – cardinal-deacon of S. Lucia in Silice, † 3 September 1520 |
en | wit-train-topic-000000467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Fontser%C3%A8_i_Mestre | Josep Fontserè i Mestre | Introduction | Josep Fontserè i Mestre | Josep Fontserè i Mestre (1829 - 15 May 1897) was a Spanish Catalan architect. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna | St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna | Introduction | St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna | St. Stephen's Cathedral (more commonly known by its German title: Stephansdom) is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna and the seat of the Archbishop of Vienna, Christoph Cardinal Schönborn, OP. The current Romanesque and Gothic form of the cathedral, seen today in the Stephansplatz, was largely initiated by Duke Rudolf IV (1339–1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier churches, the first a parish church consecrated in 1147. The most important religious building in Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in Habsburg and Austrian history and has, with its multi-coloured tile roof, become one of the city's most recognizable symbols. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps | Sudetendeutsches Freikorps | 22 September 1938 | Sudetendeutsches Freikorps / Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War / 22 September 1938 | Sudetendeutsches Freikorps was a paramilitary Nazi organization founded on 17 September 1938 in Germany on direct order of Adolf Hitler. The organization was composed mainly of ethnic German citizens of Czechoslovakia with pro-Nazi sympathies who were sheltered, trained and equipped by the German army and who were conducting cross border terrorist operations into Czechoslovak territory from 1938 to 1939. They played an important role in Hitler's successful effort to occupy Czechoslovakia and annex the region known as Sudetenland into the Third Reich under Nazi Germany.
Sudetendeutsches Freikorps was a factual successor to Freiwilliger Schutzdienst, also known as Ordnersgruppe, an organization that had been established by the Sudeten German Party in Czechoslovakia unofficially in 1933 and officially on 17 May 1938, following the example of Sturmabteilung, the original paramilitary wing of the German Nazi Party. Officially being registered as promoter organization, the Freiwilliger Schutzdienst was dissolved on 16 September 1938 by the Czechoslovak authorities due to its implication in many criminal and terrorist activities. | On the night of 21 September 1938, German radio broadcast false information that Czechoslovakia agreed to cede its border areas to Germany. Next day, most ethnic-German majority towns were full of German Nazi flags and Hitler's portraits, while Freikorps and ethnic-German mobs unleashed a wave of attacks against state authorities and non-German civilians.
On 22 September, Adolf Hitler gave orders to provide Freikorps also with German weaponry, ammunition and equipment (until that moment, Freikorps were to be armed only with weapons that Germany obtained with Anschluss of Austria).
Czechoslovak forces' order not to use firearms except in self-defense was called off during the day.
By 24 September 1938, Freikorps conducted over 300 raids against Czechoslovak authorities. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta_Venegas | Julieta Venegas | Discography | Julieta Venegas / Discography | Julieta Venegas Percevault is an American-born Mexican singer, songwriter, instrumentalist and producer who sings pop-rock in Spanish. She speaks English, Portuguese, and Spanish fluently. She has a twin sister, Yvonne, who is a photographer. Venegas grew up in Tijuana and began studying music at age eight. She went on to join several bands including Mexican ska band Tijuana No!.
Venegas plays several instruments including acoustic guitar, accordion, and keyboard. She has won five Latin Grammys and one Grammy Award among other awards. She has composed music for theater and performed in soundtracks for two movies.
In 1997, she released her debut album Aquí to favorable reviews in Mexico by the rock audience. In later years, she positioned herself as one of the most prominent songwriters in Latin pop by achieving fame in 2003 in Latin America and Spain with the album Sí and singles "Andar Conmigo" and "Algo está cambiando" which were positioned at the top of Latin Billboard.
In 2006, she released her most successful album Limón y Sal which is her best-selling album to date. Limón y Sal achieved Platinum status in several countries, including the worldwide hit "Me Voy." | Aquí (1997)
Bueninvento (2000)
Sí (2003)
Limón y Sal (2006)
Otra Cosa (2010)
Los Momentos (2013)
Algo Sucede (2015)
La Enamorada (2019) |
en | wit-train-topic-000000471 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%C3%9764mm_S | 8×64mm S | Cartridge dimensions | 8×64mm S / Cartridge dimensions | The 8×64mm S is a rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed as a military service round for the German Army who never issued it. As is customary in European cartridges the 8 denotes the 8 mm bullet caliber and the 64 denotes the 64 mm case length.
The 8×64mm is a hunting cartridge in central Europe and can due to its 87.5 mm maximal overall length fairly easily be chambered in standard sized military Mauser Gewehr 98 bolt action rifles. In such military M98 bolt actions the magazine boxes, however, have to be adapted by a competent gunsmith to function properly with the 8×64mm S cartridge, since the M98 internal magazine boxes feature an internal magazine length of 84 mm. | The 8×64mm S has 4.51 ml (69.5 grains) H₂O cartridge case capacity. A sign of the era in which the 8×64mm S was developed are the gently sloped shoulders. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles, under extreme conditions.
8×64mm S maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).
Americans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 14 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.89 mm, Ø grooves = 8.20 mm, land width = 4.40 mm and the primer type is large rifle or large rifle magnum depending on the load.
According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the 8×64mm S can handle up to 405.00 MPa (58,740 psi) Pₘₐₓ piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.
This means that 8×64mm S chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at 506.00 MPa (73,389 psi) PE piezo pressure.
The American 8mm-06 wildcat cartridge (in European nomenclature the 8mm-06 would be termed as 8×63mm S) is probably the closest ballistic twin of the 8×64mm S. This is a necked up .30-06 Springfield wildcat made to accept 8 mm (.323 in) bullets. This modification was performed to German Mauser 98 rifles in the US to facilitate the use of a commonly available cartridge case in the US, since the German 8×57mm IS cartridge was not readily available in the US when troops brought German Mauser service rifles home as war souvenirs after World War II. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieuan_Rhys | Ieuan Rhys | Introduction | Ieuan Rhys | Ieuan Rhys (24 December 1961) is a Welsh actor. His television work has included thirteen years in the BBC Cymru soap opera Pobol y Cwm, Seargent Tom Swann in the last series of A Mind to Kill (for Fiction Factory/Channel 5) and six series of the Welsh-language version of Mr & Mrs – Sion a Sian for HTV. For the last four series he portrayed Eurig Bell, the "not to be messed with" Deputy Headmaster in S4C's Gwaith/Cartref. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cp%C5%8Dtiki | Ōpōtiki | Introduction | Ōpōtiki | Ōpōtiki /ɔːpɔːˈtɪki/ (from Ōpōtiki-Mai-Tawhiti) is a small town in the eastern Bay of Plenty in the North Island of New Zealand. It houses the headquarters of the Ōpōtiki District Council and comes under the Bay of Plenty Regional Council. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia_Mountain | Caledonia Mountain | Climate | Caledonia Mountain / Climate | Caledonia Mountain is 2,863-metre summit located in the Canadian Rockies on the shared border of Alberta and British Columbia in Canada. It is also situated on the shared boundary of Jasper National Park with Mount Robson Provincial Park. It is Alberta's 59th most prominent mountain. It was named in 1926 given its position overlooking the Caledonian Valley. | Based on the Köppen climate classification, Caledonia Mountain is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. In terms of favorable weather, June through September are the best months to climb. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains west into tributaries of the Fraser River, or east into Miette River. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Person | Carl Person | Introduction | Carl Person | Carl E. Person (pronounced /ˈpir sən/) (born July 20, 1936) is an American attorney and politician. He founded the Paralegal Institute in the early 1970s and played a pivotal role in creating the paralegal field. He has also run unsuccessfully for various political offices. He was a candidate for the 2012 presidential nomination of the Libertarian Party, was the Reform Party nominee for Mayor of New York City in 2013, was the Libertarian nominee for New York State Attorney General in 2010 and was the Libertarian nominee for New York State Attorney General again in 2014. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoserine_dehydrogenase | Homoserine dehydrogenase | Enzyme mechanism | Homoserine dehydrogenase / Enzyme mechanism | In enzymology, a homoserine dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-homoserine + NAD⁺ L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NADH + H⁺
The 2 substrates of this enzyme are L-homoserine and NAD⁺, whereas its 3 products are L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde, NADH, and H⁺.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-homoserine:NAD⁺ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include HSDH, and HSD.
Homoserine dehydrogenase catalyses the third step in the aspartate pathway; the NAD-dependent reduction of aspartate beta-semialdehyde into homoserine. Homoserine is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of threonine, isoleucine, and methionine. | Homoserine dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction of aspartate-semialdehyde (ASA) to homoserine. The overall reaction reduces the C4 carboxylic acid functional group of ASA to a primary alcohol and oxidizes the C1 aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. Residues Glu 208 and Lys 117 are thought to be involved in the active catalytic site of the enzyme. Asp 214 and Lys 223 have been shown to be important for hydride transfer in the catalyzed reaction.
Once the C4 carboxylic acid is reduced to an aldehyde and the C1 aldehyde is oxidized to a carboxylic acid, experiments suggest that Asp 219, Glu 208 and a water molecule bind ASA in the active site while Lys 223 donates a proton to the aspartate-semialdehyde C4 oxygen. Homoserine dehydrogenase has an NAD(P)H cofactor, which then donates a hydrogen to the same carbon, effectively reducing the aldehyde to an alcohol. (Refer to figures 1 and 2).
However, the precise mechanism of complete homoserine dehydrogenase catalysis remains unknown.
The homoserine dehydrogenase-catalyzed reaction has been postulated to proceed through a bi-bi kinetic mechanism, where the NAD(P)H cofactor binds the enzyme first and is the last to dissociate from the enzyme once the reaction is complete. Additionally, while both NADH and NADPH are adequate cofactors for the reaction, NADH is preferred. The Kₘ of the reaction is four-times smaller with NADH and the Kcat/Kₘ is three-times greater, indicating a more efficient reaction.
Homoserine dehydrogenase also exhibits multi-order kinetics at subsaturating levels of substrate. Additionally, the variable kinetics for homoserine dehydrogenase is an artifact of the faster dissociation of the amino acid substrate from the enzyme complex as compared to cofactor dissociation. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Metro_Manila | List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila | Tallest completed buildings | List of tallest buildings in Metro Manila / Tallest completed buildings | Metro Manila, the most populous metropolitan area in the Philippines, the seat of government and also the National Capital Region, is home to the tallest skyscrapers in the country. Prominent areas where skyscrapers stand are the Makati Central Business District and Makati Poblacion in Makati; Ortigas Center in Pasig–Mandaluyong–Quezon City; Bonifacio Global City in Taguig; Ermita, Malate and Binondo in the City of Manila; Eastwood City and Araneta Center in Quezon City; Robinsons Cybergate in Mandaluyong; and Alabang in Muntinlupa.
The history of highrise buildings in Manila probably began with the construction of the eight-storey Manila Hotel in 1912, which is considered the first modern high-rise building in the Philippines. The constructions of high-rise buildings also shifted from the City of Manila to its surrounding area, including the transformation of Makati into the country's financial and business center in the 1960s.
The first skyscraper in the metropolis is the 44-storey Pacific Plaza Condominium, which was completed in 1992. The Federal Land Tower is the tallest building in the Philippines since its completion in 2017 with the pinnacle height of 318 meters. | This list ranks the highest completed skyscrapers and buildings in Metro Manila — the National Capital Region of the Philippines. These stand at least 150 metres (492 ft) tall, based on standard height measurement. The list has a minimum height limit because there is a large number of highrises below that in Metro Manila and the term skyscraper usually refers to buildings as tall and taller.
An equal sign (=) following a rank indicates the same height between two or more structures, and the "Year" column indicates the year in which it was completed. Some authoritative sources are The Skyscraper Center and Emporis.
The number of skyscrapers in the cities of the capital's national district:
Manila-20;
Makati-66;
Quezon City-22;
Pasig-12;
Taguig-35;
Mandaluyong-29;
San-Juan-3;
Pasay-2.
As of December 2019, there are 179 buildings in the list below. However, there are still more than 40 buildings planned to be completed by the end of 2020. Statistics for the last decade are:
Was the tallest building in the Philippines upon completion
Buildings which almost qualify are One McKinley Place (149 m) in Bonifacio Global City and Mandarin Square (149 m) in Binondo, as well as the three towers of Light Residences (147 m) and 8 Wack Wack Road (147 m) in Mandaluyong. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates | List of animal rights advocates | List | List of animal rights advocates / List | Advocates of animal rights as well as activists for animal liberation hold the view that to deny the most basic needs of sentient individuals—such as the avoidance of pain—to non-human animals, on the basis of species membership alone, is a form of discrimination akin to racism or sexism. Many animal rights advocates argue that non-human animals should be regarded as persons and members of the moral community whose interests deserve legal protection.
The animal rights movement emerged in the 19th century, focused largely on opposition to vivisection, and in the 1960s the modern movement sprang up in England around the Hunt Saboteurs Association. In the 1970s, the Australian and American philosophers, Peter Singer and Tom Regan, began to provide the movement with its philosophical foundations. Singer argued for animal liberation on the basis of utilitarianism, first in 1973 in The New York Review of Books and later in his Animal Liberation, while Regan developed a deontological theory of animal rights in several papers from 1975 onwards, followed by The Case for Animal Rights. | The following is a list of impactful animal rights advocates from all positions within the movement, from academics to activists. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseltwald | Iseltwald | Economy | Iseltwald / Economy | Iseltwald is a village and municipality on the southern shore of Lake Brienz in the Bernese Oberland region of Switzerland. Politically, the municipality is located in the Interlaken-Oberhasli administrative district of the canton of Bern. | As of 2011, Iseltwald had an unemployment rate of 1.49%. As of 2008, there were a total of 222 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 26 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 19 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 8 businesses in this sector. 177 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 16 businesses in this sector. There were 210 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 43.8% of the workforce.
In 2008 there were a total of 187 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 14, of which 12 were in agriculture and 2 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 17 of which 9 or (52.9%) were in manufacturing and 8 (47.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 156. In the tertiary sector; 61 or 39.1% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.3% were in the information industry, 6 or 3.8% were in education and 81 or 51.9% were in health care.
In 2000, there were 42 workers who commuted into the municipality and 101 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 7.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 44.3% used a private car. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_corporate_law | United States corporate law | Duty of care | United States corporate law / Directors' duties / Duty of care | United States corporate law regulates the governance, finance and power of corporations in US law. Every state and territory has its own basic corporate code, while federal law creates minimum standards for trade in company shares and governance rights, found mostly in the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended by laws like the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The US Constitution was interpreted by the US Supreme Court to allow corporations to incorporate in the state of their choice, regardless of where their headquarters are. Over the 20th century, most major corporations incorporated under the Delaware General Corporation Law, which offered lower corporate taxes, fewer shareholder rights against directors, and developed a specialized court and legal profession. Nevada has done the same. Twenty-four states follow the Model Business Corporation Act, while New York and California are important due to their size. | The duty of care that is owed by all people performing services for others is, in principle, also applicable to directors of corporations. Generally speaking, the duty of care requires an objective standard of diligence and skill when people perform services, which could be expected from a reasonable person in a similar position (e.g. auditors must act "with the care and caution proper to their calling", and builders must perform their work in line with "industry standards"). In a 1742 decision of the English Court of Chancery, The Charitable Corporation v Sutton, the directors of the Charitable Corporation, which gave out small loans to the needy, were held liable for failing to keep procedures in place that would have prevented three officers defrauding the corporation of a vast sum of money. Lord Hardwicke, noting that a director's office was of a "mixed nature", partly "of the nature of a public office" and partly like "agents" employed in "trust", held that the directors were liable. Though they were not to be judged with hindsight, Lord Hardwicke said he could "never determine that frauds of this kind are out of the reach of courts of law or equity, for an intolerable grievance would follow from such a determination." Many states have similarly maintained an objective baseline duty of care for corporate directors, while acknowledging different levels of care can be expected from directors of small or large corporations, and from directors with executive or non-executive roles on the board. However, in Delaware, as in a number of other states, the existence of a duty of care has become increasingly uncertain.
In 1985, the Delaware Supreme Court passed one of its most debated judgments, Smith v Van Gorkom. The directors of TransUnion, including Jerome W. Van Gorkom, were sued by the shareholders for failing to adequately research the corporation's value, before approving a sale price of $55 per share to the Marmon Group. The Court held that to be a protected business judgment, "the directors of a corporation [must have] acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company." Failing to act on an informed basis, if it caused loss, would amount to gross negligence, and here the directors were liable. The decision triggered a panic among corporate boards which believed they would be exposed to massive liability, and insurance firms who feared rising costs of providing directors and officers liability insurance to corporate boards. In response to lobbying, the Delaware General Corporation Law was amended to insert a new §102(b)(7). This allowed corporations to give directors immunity from liability for breach of the duty of care in their charter. However, for those corporations which did not introduce liability waivers, the courts subsequently proceeded to reduce the duty of care outright. In 1996, In re Caremark International Inc. Derivative Litigation required "an utter failure to attempt to assure a reasonable information and reporting system exists", and in 2003 In re Walt Disney Derivative Litigation went further. Chancellor Chandler held directors could only be liable for showing "reckless indifference to or a deliberate disregard of the whole body of stockholders" through actions that are "without the bounds of reason". In one of the cases that came out of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the same line of reasoning was deployed in In re Citigroup Inc Shareholder Derivative Litigation. Chancellor Chandler, confirming his previous opinions in Re Walt Disney and the dicta of Re Caremark, held that the directors of Citigroup could not be liable for failing to have a warning system in place to guard against potential losses from sub-prime mortgage debt. Although there had been several indications of the significant risks, and Citigroup's practices along with its competitors were argued to have contributed to crashing the international economy, Chancellor Chandler held that "plaintiffs would ultimately have to prove bad faith conduct by the di |
en | wit-train-topic-000000481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hampden_County,_Massachusetts | National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts | Outside Springfield | National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts / Current listings / Outside Springfield | This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts.
This is a list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 163 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 2 National Historic Landmarks. The city of Springfield is the location of 90 of these properties and districts, including 1 of the National Historic Landmarks; they are listed separately, while the remaining 73 properties and districts, including 1 National Historic Landmark, are listed here.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 13, 2020. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Holman | Libby Holman | Introduction | Libby Holman | Elizabeth Lloyd Holzman, best known as Libby Holman (May 23, 1904 – June 18, 1971), was an American Actress, singer, and civil rights activist who also achieved notoriety for her complex and unconventional personal life. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank | Occupation of the Ottoman Bank | Introduction | Occupation of the Ottoman Bank | The occupation of the Ottoman Bank (Turkish: Osmanlı Bankası Baskını, "Raid on the Ottoman Bank"; Armenian: Պանք Օթօմանի գրաւումը, Bank Otomani k'ravumĕ "Ottoman Bank takeover") by members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak Party) took place in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, on 26 August 1896. In an effort to raise further awareness and action by the major European powers, 28 armed men and women led primarily by Papken Siuni and Armen Garo took over the bank which largely employed European personnel from Great Britain and France. Stirred largely due to the inaction of the European powers in regard to Hamidian massacres, a series of mass-pogroms and massacres of Armenians instigated by the Sultan Abdul-Hamid II in reaction to a series of rebellions by Armenians against the state. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation members saw its seizure as their best attempt to bring full attention to their plight. The Ottoman Bank, at the time, served as an important financial center for both the Empire and the countries of Europe.
Armed with pistols, grenades, dynamite and hand-held bombs, the seizure of the bank lasted for 14 hours, resulting in the deaths of ten of the Armenian men and Ottoman soldiers. The Ottoman reaction to the takeover saw further massacres and pogroms of 6,000 Armenians living in Constantinople and also Hamid threatening to level the entire building itself. However, intervention on part of the European diplomats in the city managed to persuade the men to give way, assigning safe passage to the survivors to France. Despite the level of violence the Turks had wrought, the takeover was reported positively in the European press, praising the men for their courage and the objectives they attempted to accomplish. Nevertheless, aside from issuing a note condemning the pogroms in the city, the European powers did not act on their promises to enforce reforms in the country as future massacres of Armenians continued to take place. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASL_Airlines_Ireland | ASL Airlines Ireland | Fleet | ASL Airlines Ireland / Fleet | ASL Airlines Limited, formerly Air Contractors, is a freight and passenger airline. It operates scheduled freight services throughout Europe on behalf of major integrators such as FedEx Feeder and DHL Express; and operates unscheduled passenger air charter flights, as well as some wet lease services for scheduled airlines. ASL Aviation Holdings DAC, the parent company of ASL Airlines Ireland, has its head office at 3 Malahide Road, Swords, County Dublin, Ireland. | The ASL Airlines Ireland fleet consists of the following aircraft as of January 2020:
ASL Airlines Ireland had been operating converted A330 aircraft in Hong Kong on behalf of Air Hong Kong. An A330-300/P2F and A330-200/P2F have since been transferred to Air Hong Kong's own AOC. A third aircraft (A330-300/P2F) remains under ASL Airlines Ireland's own AOC. A fourth aircraft is being converted by EFW in Dresden but it in unknown when this will arrive in Hong Kong. The operation is running behind schedule and all aircraft were due to be transferred to Air Hong Kong at the end of 2019. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toowoomba_railway_station | Toowoomba railway station | Yard structures | Toowoomba railway station / Description / Yard structures | Toowoomba railway station is a heritage-listed railway station on the Western line at Russell Street, Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia. It serves the city of Toowoomba, which is the junction for the Western, Main and Southern lines. The station has one platform with a passing loop, opening in 1867. It was designed by FDG Stanley and built in 1873 by R. Godsall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. | The station environment also contains intact structures associated with former railway operations.
The Porter's Shed and Guard's Hut (1908-1915) are located to the south of the main station buildings. These modest weatherboard buildings are connected by a battened store, and have pitched corrugated iron roofs with awnings supported on timber brackets.
Cabin B is a weatherboard clad room adjoining the main entry to the platform which contains intact safeworking and interlocking equipment - comprising several steel levers, a yard diagram, and electrical staff equipment with shaped red painted steel and brass encasing mounted on a concrete pedestal.
Located within the railway yard, The Goods Shed (1896) is a long rectangular building with substantial timber trusses and bracketed central columns. It is clad in corrugated iron, and has a pitched roof with bracketed eaves and a raised central roof light. It also has timber platforms supported on large cut logs.
Also located within the railway yard is the Westinghouse Brake Examination Pit and shelter. It comprises a modest corrugated iron building with a barrel vaulted corrugated iron roof covering a long rectangular brick-lined pit. The building contains boards detailing brake examination schedules, and a workbench.
Other yard structures include Signal Cabin A, a water crane and a wagon weighbridge. Signal Cabin A is a two-storeyed chamferboard-clad building with pitched corrugated iron roofs, a cantilevered timber catwalk overlooking the railway at first floor level. The building contains intact but disconnected mechanical signalling equipment. The first floor contains a large frame of colour-coded mechanical steel signalling levers, timber and brass track indicators, and a yard diagram. The Water Crane comprises a cast iron hollow tube surmounted by a rotating cast iron feeder arm with valve controls and a canvas tube attached, mounted on a concrete pedestal and adjacent to a concrete drain. The Wagon Weighbridge comprises a large steel scale housed in chamferboard-clad building with a pitched corrugated iron roof, and a large metal balance plate.
The station also has two WWII air raid shelters: a brick and concrete shelter adjacent to the front entry stairs on Railway Street, and a smaller concrete shelter located on the northern platform near the honour board, which was designed for the use of QR employees. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._Sullivan | George H. Sullivan | Introduction | George H. Sullivan | George Henry Sullivan (December 20, 1867 – February 15, 1935) was the 21st Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota. Born in Stillwater, Minnesota, he became lieutenant governor when Joseph A. A. Burnquist was elevated to governor, upon the death of Winfield Scott Hammond. He served from October 28, 1916 to January 2, 1917. He died in 1935 in Mahtomedi, Minnesota. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana_Navasardyan | Svetlana Navasardyan | Introduction | Svetlana Navasardyan | Svetlana Navasardyan (Armenian: Սվետլանա Նավասարդյան, also known as Navassardian, born October 29, 1946), is an Armenian classical concert pianist.
A disciple of Vache Umr-Shat and Yakov Zak, she first stood out at the East German musical scene, being awarded prizes at Zwickau's Robert Schumann (1966) and Leipzig's Johann Sebastian Bach Competition (1968). She later became a prizewinner at the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition (1972) and at the inaugural edition of the Sydney International Piano Competition (1977). She has performed at an intercontinental level.
Navasardyan was distinguished as People's Artist of the Armenian SSR in 1984 and was awarded an Armenian SSR State Prize four years later. She is a professor at the Komitas State Conservatory of Yerevan. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Frederik_K%C3%BChnel | Sophus Frederik Kühnel | Introduction | Sophus Frederik Kühnel | Sophus Frederik Kühnel (11 Maj 1851 – 13 October 1930) was a Danish architect best known for his design of Mejlborg and a number of other buildings in Aarhus. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Field_and_Company_Building | Marshall Field and Company Building | Business history | Marshall Field and Company Building / Business history | The Marshall Field and Company Building, which now houses Macy's State Street in Chicago, Illinois, was built in two stages—north end in 1901–02 and south end in 1905–06, and was the flagship location of the Marshall Field and Company and Marshall Field's chain of department stores. Since 2006, it is the main Chicago mid-western location of the Macy's department stores. The building is located in the Chicago "Loop" area of the downtown central business district in Cook County, Illinois, U.S.A., and it takes up the entire city block bounded clockwise from the west by North State Street, East Randolph Street, North Wabash Avenue, and East Washington Street.
Marshall Field's established numerous important business "firsts" in this building and in a long series of previous elaborate decorative structures on this site for the last century and a half, and it is regarded as one of the three most influential establishments in the nationwide development of the department store and in the commercial business economic history of the United States. | Although the official corporate name of the retail entity based in this building had been Marshall Field & Company (nicknamed Marshall Field's) from 1881 until 2006, the store has had five different names since its inception in 1852 as P. Palmer & Co. In 1868, after bowing out of involvement in day-to-day operations with his new partners of Field, Palmer & Leiter, Potter Palmer convinced Marshall Field and Levi Leiter to move the Field, Leiter & Co. store to a building Palmer owned on State Street at the corner of Washington Street. After being consumed by the "Great Chicago Fire" and splitting the wholesale business from the retail operations, the store resumed operations at State and Washington in a rebuilt structure, now leased from the Singer Sewing Machine Company. In 1877 another fire consumed this building, and when a new Singer Building was built to replace it at the same location in 1879, Field then put together the financing to purchase it. The business has remained there ever since, and it has added four subsequent buildings to form the integrated structure that is now called the "Marshall Field and Company Building."
Chicago's retailing center was State Street in the famous downtown "Loop" after the "Great Chicago Fire" of 1871, and this center has been anchored by Marshall Field's and its predecessor companies in this building complex. However, commuter suburbs began to have significant retail districts by the 1920s. In the 1920s, the store created new suburban locations such as Marshall Field and Company Store to remain competitive. After 1950, with the booming post-World War II economic/social climate with increasing suburban residential and commercial development, saw the construction of first "strip" shopping centers, followed by regional enclosed shopping malls along major thoroughfares and interstate highways such as the "Magnificent Mile" reduced the role of the "Loop"'s daily significance to many Chicagoans as downtown retail sales slipped and gradually additional business moved outward following first the streetcar lines and then the automobile. Eventually, there was an influx of stores from other parts of the country as the pace of commercial retailing merged, consolidating, and spreading first regionally then nationwide. Nonetheless, the Marshall Field and Company Building has survived at this location. However, with the merger and conversion to Macy's the emphasis of the store changed and store-branded lines replaced many designer labels, such as Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Miu Miu and Jimmy Choo, which led to the disassembly of several designer departments of the former Field's (see picture below).
On September 9, 2006, at the time of the stores merger and conversion, the name of the building was officially changed to "Macy's at State Street". Around this time of the conversion of Marshall Field's to Macy's the building was also the location of vociferous and outraged picketing and protesting by opponents of the merger/conversion and the growth in general of massive business mergers and economic consolidation across the country. After buying out his various partners over the early post-Civil War era, Marshall Field founded the Marshall Field & Company corporate entity that survived 152 years and had arranged before his death, to have this building constructed. The sentimental objections to the conversion that both eliminated the existence of the corporate entity bearing his name and renaming the building bearing his name were widely reported in the national media of newspapers, radio and television. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Police_Department_officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty | List of Los Angeles Police Department officers killed in the line of duty | Introduction | List of Los Angeles Police Department officers killed in the line of duty | The following Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers have all been killed in the line of duty. A total of 206 officers are officially recognized as having died in the line of duty by the Los Angeles Police Department. This list also includes two Los Angeles City Marshals, the chief law enforcement officer of Los Angeles, California in the city's early years before the LAPD was established in 1869 and who headed the LAPD until 1876 as well as three other officers who are not currently recognized by the LAPD as having died in the line of duty, bringing the total shown here to 209.
The term "line of duty" means any action which an officer is obligated or authorized to carry out, or for which the officer is compensated by the public agency he or she serves. The term "killed in the line of duty" means a law enforcement officer has died as a direct and proximate result of a personal injury sustained in the line of duty. This includes law enforcement officers who, while in an off-duty capacity, act in response to a law violation, or are driving to or from work.
The fallen officers of LAPD are honored and remembered in a number of ways. The Los Angeles Police Memorial is a monument outside Parker Center, the LAPD's headquarters, and was unveiled on October 1, 1971. The monument is a fountain made from black granite, the base of which is inscribed with the names of the LAPD officers who have died while serving the City of Los Angeles. The California Peace Officers' Memorial is a wood and glass encased book containing the names of all fallen officers in California, and is attached to a wall outside the Governor's office in the state capital Sacramento. In 1988, the California Peace Officers' Memorial Monument was dedicated to the memory of the state's fallen officers. The monument is a 13-foot-tall, three-figured bronze monument in California's state capital, Sacramento, representing a county sheriff of the 1880s, a state trooper of the 1930s, and a city patrolman of the 1980s. In the United States capital city Washington D.C., the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, which was established in 1970, honors law enforcement officials from across the nation who have died in the line of duty.
When an LAPD officer dies, the funeral is often one of pomp and pageantry, such as that for Randal Simmons in 2008, which was observed by over 10,000 mourners and onlookers, including Los Angeles City Attorney Rocky Delgadillo, LA County Sheriff Lee Baca, Los Angeles County District Attorney Steve Cooley, LAPD Chief William J. Bratton, Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, and featured a procession of motorcycles, cars, SUVs, SWAT vehicles, and horses that lasted over an hour, a missing man formation, a riderless horse, a flag-draped casket, a three-volley salute, and "Amazing Grace" and "Taps" played by a bagpiper and bugler, respectively. It was the largest police officer funeral of its kind in the United States. Only one recent funeral did not have a riderless horse; that was Charles Heim's, as it was his duty to lead the horse at officers' funerals. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiorhynchus | Otiorhynchus | Introduction | Otiorhynchus | Otiorhynchus (often spelt Otiorrhynchus) is a large genus of weevils in the family Curculionidae. Many species of the genus, particularly the black vine weevil (O. sulcatus) and the strawberry root weevil (O. ovatus), are important pests, both as larvae and as adults. Larvae feed on plant roots. Adults are flightless with fused elytra and feed at night on plant foliage. In many species of the genus at least some races are polyploid and parthenogenetic, while the rest of the races and species are diploid and bisexual. Otiorhynchus weevils, particularly O. scaber, have been a popular subject for studies of the evolution of parthenogenesis. The genus is native to the Palearctic region. However, sixteen species were inadvertently introduced to North America and have become widespread there.
A number of species are troglobites, cave-dwelling animals that lack eyes.
There are over 1,500 species in this genus, which is divided into at least 105 subgenera.
Species include:
Otiorhynchus alpicola
Otiorhynchus arcticus
Otiorhynchus cribricollis
Otiorhynchus cuneiformis Waterhouse
Otiorhynchus dieckmanni
Otiorhynchus frater Styerlyn, 1861
Otiorhynchus gemmatus
Otiorhynchus grischunensis
Otiorhynchus ligneus
Otiorhynchus ligustici
Otiorhynchus magnanoi
Otiorhynchus meridionalis
Otiorhynchus morio Germar, 1824
Otiorhynchus ovatus Linnaeus, 1758
Otiorhynchus porcatus
Otiorhynchus rhacusensis
Otiorhynchus radjai
Otiorhynchus raucus
Otiorhynchus rugifrons
Otiorhynchus rugostriatus
Otiorhynchus scaber
Otiorhynchus singularis
Otiorhynchus sulcatus
Otiorhynchus vehemens |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Greater_China_by_Human_Development_Index | List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index | Trend | List of administrative divisions of Greater China by Human Development Index / Trend | This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China, including all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, in order of their Human Development Index, alongside Taiwan. The 2018 figures for PRC divisions come from the Subnational Human Development Index, published by United Nations Development Programme. This report did not cover Macau, which is a special administrative region of the PRC.
The HDI values of Macau, as given in the UN Human Development Report, are included for comparison purposes. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000493 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDanil_Tataj_-_%C5%BDak | Žanil Tataj - Žak | Introduction | Žanil Tataj - Žak | Žanil Tataj - Žak (born 2 May 1967), is a Croatian musician, singer, composer and producer. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur | Bur | Introduction | Bur | A bur (also spelled burr) is a seed or dry fruit or infructescence that has hooks or teeth.
Some other forms of diaspores, such as the stems of certain species of cactus also are covered with thorns and may function as burs.
Bur-bearing plants such as Xanthium species are often single-stemmed when growing in dense groups, but branch and spread when growing singly. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts,_California | Watts, California | Introduction | Watts, California | Watts, California, was a city of the sixth class that existed in Los Angeles County, California, between 1907 and 1926, when it was consolidated with the City of Los Angeles and became one of the neighborhoods in the southern part of that city. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant) | Narcissus (plant) | Introduction | Narcissus (plant) | Narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae. Various common names including daffodil, narcissus and jonquil are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona. The flowers are generally white or yellow (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona.
Narcissus were well known in ancient civilisation, both medicinally and botanically, but formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The genus is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 50 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and hybridisation. The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it is often linked to a Greek word for intoxicated (narcotic) and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from "asphodel", with which it was commonly compared.
The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with a centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes. Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism.
Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from the earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the Netherlands. Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public gardens. The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars. For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering a wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids, which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with a number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of the wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinWinD | WinWinD | Introduction | WinWinD | WinWinD was a wind turbine manufacturer headquartered in Espoo, Finland. It manufactured and supplied wind turbines with capacity of 1 and 3 MW.
The company was founded in 2000 in Oulu. In 2006, Chinnakannan Sivasankaran's Siva Group of India acquired majority control in WinWinD. In September 2008, the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (Masdar) invested €120million in WinWinD acquiring 40% stake of the company. In addition to Siva and Masdar, the Finnish investment fund Suomen Teollisuussijoitus (Finnish Industry Investment) has a stake in WinWinD.
The 3MW wind turbine has a medium speed drive train. The nacelle design is similar to Multibrid 5MW wind turbine.
WinWinD has assembly factories in Hamina, Finland, and Chennai, India. It employs more than 800 people globally. In addition to Finland, WinWinD turbines produce energy in Sweden, Estonia, France, Portugal, the Czech Republic and India. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel | Alonzo Chappel | Introduction | Alonzo Chappel | Alonzo Chappel (1828–1887) was an American painter, best known for paintings depicting personalities and events from the American Revolution and early 19th-century American history.
Chappel was born in New York City and died in Middle Island, New York.
His 1857 painting Enlisting Foreign Officers is in the collection of the Museum of the American Revolution. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania) | Leader of the Opposition (Albania) | Introduction | Leader of the Opposition (Albania) | The Leader of the Opposition (Albanian: Kreu i opozitës) is a not official title traditionally held by the leader of the largest party not in government in the Parliament of Albania. The Leader is invariably seen as the alternative Prime Minister of Albania to the present incumbent, and heads a rival alternative government known as the Shadow Cabinet. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._R._Leavis | F. R. Leavis | Introduction | F. R. Leavis | Frank Raymond "F. R." Leavis CH (14 July 1895 – 14 April 1978) was a British literary critic of the early-to-mid-twentieth century. He taught for much of his career at Downing College, Cambridge, and later at the University of York. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000501 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dowling_(pastor) | John Dowling (pastor) | Introduction | John Dowling (pastor) | John William Dowling (May 13, 1807 Pavensey, Sussex, England - July 4, 1878 Middletown, New York) was an American Baptist minister, the author of The History of Romanism: from the Earliest Corruptions of Christianity to the Present Time. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okehampton_Castle | Okehampton Castle | 1455-1900 | Okehampton Castle / History / 1455-1900 | Okehampton Castle is a medieval motte and bailey castle in Devon, England. It was built between 1068 and 1086 by Baldwin FitzGilbert following a revolt in Devon against Norman rule, and formed the centre of the Honour of Okehampton, guarding a crossing point across the West Okement River. It continued in use as a fortification until the late 13th century, when its owners, the de Courtenays, became the Earls of Devon. With their new wealth, they redeveloped the castle as a luxurious hunting lodge, building a new deer park that stretched out south from the castle, and constructing fashionable lodgings that exploited the views across the landscape. The de Courtenays prospered and the castle was further expanded to accommodate their growing household.
The de Courtenays were heavily involved in the 15th century Wars of the Roses and Okehampton Castle was frequently confiscated. By the early 16th century the castle was still in good condition, but after Henry Courtenay was executed by Henry VIII the property was abandoned and left to decay, while the park was rented out by the Crown. | In the 15th century, however, the Courtenays were embroiled in the civil conflict in England known as the Wars of the Roses between the rival alliances of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists. Thomas de Courtenay fought for the Yorkists, but reconciled himself with the Lancastrians. His son, Thomas, died following his capture by the Yorkists at the battle of Towton in 1461. Edward IV confiscated Okehampton Castle, which was later returned to the family by the Lancastrian Henry VI. John Courtenay died fighting for the Lancastrians at the battle of Tewkesbury in 1471 and the castle and earldom was again confiscated. When Henry VII took the throne at the end of the conflict in 1485, however, the earldom and Okehampton were returned to Edward Courteney.
Edward's son, William, enjoyed a turbulent political career, during which time the castle was again confiscated for a period, and his son, Henry, was executed by Henry VIII in 1539 and his properties confiscated, permanently breaking the link between the Courtenay family and the castle. After his death, a survey praised the castle as having "all manner of houses of offices", but from this time onwards the castle appears to have been abandoned and left to decay, although there is evidence that the lead and some of the stonework was taken for use on other projects. The castle's deer park was rented out by the Crown after Courtenay's execution.
Ownership of the castle remained important, however, as from 1623 onwards ownership carried the right to appoint Okehampton's two Members of Parliament. Despite the battle of Sourton Down being fought in 1643 near Okehampton during the English Civil War, the castle played no part in the conflict. A bakehouse was established in the castle in the late-17th century, reusing parts of the western lodgings. The deer park was disemparked during the 18th century, reverting to farmland.
In the 18th century, the castle became a popular topic for painters interested in the then fashionable landscape styles of the Sublime and the Picturesque. Richard Wilson painted the castle in 1771, dramatically silhouetting the keep against the sky, producing what historian Jeremy Black describes as a "calm, entranching and melancholic" effect. Thomas Walmesley's rendition went further, depicting Oakhampton Castle surrounded by an imaginary, Italianate lake in 1810. Thomas Girtin painted the castle in 1797, as did his friend J. M. W. Turner in 1824. Sir Vyell Vyvyan conducted some minor repairs to the castle during the 19th century. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Raggi | Mario Raggi | Selected works | Mario Raggi / Selected works | Mario Raggi was an Italian sculptor who settled in England. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-headed_goose | Bar-headed goose | Ecology | Bar-headed goose / Ecology | The bar-headed goose is a goose that breeds in Central Asia in colonies of thousands near mountain lakes and winters in South Asia, as far south as peninsular India. It lays three to eight eggs at a time in a ground nest. It is known for the extreme altitudes it reaches when migrating across the Himalayas. | The summer habitat is high-altitude lakes where the bird grazes on short grass. The species has been reported as migrating south from Tibet, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Russia before crossing the Himalaya. The bird has come to the attention of medical science in recent years as having been an early victim of the H5N1 virus, HPAI (highly pathogenic avian influenza), at Qinghai. It suffers predation from crows, foxes, ravens, sea eagles, gulls and others. The total population may, however, be increasing, but it is complex to assess population trends, as this species occurs over more than 2,500,000 km² (970,000 sq mi).
The bar-headed goose is one of the world's highest-flying birds, having been heard flying across Mount Makalu – the fifth highest mountain on earth at 8,481 m (27,825 ft) – and apparently seen over Mount Everest – 8,848 m (29,029 ft) – although this is a second-hand report with no verification. This demanding migration has long puzzled physiologists and naturalists: "there must be a good explanation for why the birds fly to the extreme altitudes... particularly since there are passes through the Himalaya at lower altitudes, and which are used by other migrating bird species." In fact, bar-headed geese had for a long time not been directly tracked (using GPS or satellite logging technology) flying higher than 6,540 metres (21,460 ft), and it is now believed that they do take the high passes through the mountains. The challenging northward migration from lowland India to breed in the summer on the Tibetan Plateau is undertaken in stages, with the flight across the Himalaya (from sea-level) being undertaken non-stop in as little as seven hours. Surprisingly, despite predictable tail winds that blow up the Himalayas (in the same direction of travel as the geese), bar-headed geese spurn these winds, waiting for them to die down overnight, when they then undertake the greatest rates of climbing flight ever recorded for a bird, and sustain these climbs rates for hours on end, according to research published in 2011.
The 2011 study found the geese peaking at an altitude of around 6,400 m (21,000 ft). In a 2012 study that tagged 91 geese and tracked their migration routes, it was determined that the geese spent 95% of their time below 5,784 m (18,976 ft), choosing to take a longer route through the Himalayas in order to utilize lower-altitude valleys and passes. Only 10 of the tagged geese were ever recorded above this altitude, and only one exceeded 6,500 m (21,300 ft), reaching 7,290 m (23,920 ft). All but one of these high-altitude flights were recorded at night, which along with the early morning, is the most common time of day for geese migration. The colder denser air during these times may be equivalent to an altitude hundreds of meters lower. It is suspected by the authors of these two studies that tales of the geese flying at 8,000 m (26,000 ft) are apocryphal. Bar headed geese have been observed flying at 23,000 ft.
The bar-headed goose migrates over the Himalayas to spend the winter in parts of South Asia (from Assam to as far south as Tamil Nadu. The modern winter habitat of the species is cultivated fields, where it feeds on barley, rice and wheat, and may damage crops. Birds from Kyrgyzstan have been seen to stopover in western Tibet and southern Tajikistan for 20 to 30 days before migrating farther south. Some birds may show high wintering site fidelity.
They nest mainly on the Tibetan Plateau. Intraspecific brood parasitism is noticed with lower rank females attempting to lay their eggs in the nests of higher ranking females.
The bar-headed goose is often kept in captivity, as it is considered beautiful and breeds readily. Records in Great Britain are frequent, and almost certainly relate to escapes. However, the species has bred on several occasions in recent years, and around five pairs were recorded in 2002, the most recent available report of the Rare Birds Breeding Panel. It is possible that, owing to a combination of frequent migration, accidental escapes and deliberate introduction, the species is |
en | wit-train-topic-000000505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915) | South African Wars (1879–1915) | Key Figures | South African Wars (1879–1915) / Key Figures | Ethnic, political and social tensions among European colonial powers, indigenous Africans, and English and Dutch settlers led to open conflict in a series of wars and revolts between 1879 and 1915 that would have lasting repercussions on the entire region of southern Africa. Pursuit of commercial empire as well as individual aspirations, especially after the discovery of diamonds and gold, were key factors driving these developments.
The various wars of this era are usually studied separately, as independent conflicts. They include the first and second Anglo-Boer War, the Anglo-Zulu War, the Sekhukhune Wars, the Basotho Gun War, the 9th Frontier War and others.
However it is instructive also to see them as outbreaks in a far larger wave of change and conflict affecting the subcontinent – beginning with the "Confederation Wars" of the 1870s and 80s; escalating with the rise of Cecil Rhodes and the struggle for control of gold and diamond resources; and leading up to the Second Anglo-Boer War and the Union of South Africa in 1910. | Throughout the period of the South African Wars, people on both sides of the conflict achieved notability. Some of these people were in favour of the British colonising South Africa and making it a British territory, while others fought against the British in an attempt to slow down and stop these efforts.
Mgolombane Sandile was the dynamic and charismatic chief of the Ngqika, who led his people in a string of wars until he was killed by Fengu sharpshooters in 1878. Although he acted independently, he usually recognised the authority of King Sarhili(Kreli) of the Gcaleka, whose country lay to the east and who was nominally the Paramount-Chief of all the Xhosa people. Sandile's soldiers used modern firearms (in addition to their traditional weapons for close combat) and they were skilled in guerilla warfare. However his tragic death was a turning point. It brought to a close the last of the Xhosa Wars (1779–1879); and saw the beginning of the greater South African Wars (1879–1915) which now encompassed the whole subcontinent.
The Earl of Carnarvon was the colonial secretary in London from 1874 to 1878. He was greatly concerned with Imperial defence of the Cape and felt that it was a crucial point in the empire's trade and future security. For this reason, he wished to bring all the various states of southern Africa into one single British-controlled Confederation. He had recently confederated Canada, initiating a unified, British-controlled government that meshed two cultures and create a bi-lingual society, and he wished to replicate that success in southern Africa. The South Africa Act 1877 was derived from the British North America Act concerning draft confederation. Carnarvon felt that if it worked for Canada, it could also apply to southern Africa. Many southern African states fiercely resisted this interference in the region. His attempt to enforce this system of confederation onto southern Africa was a primary cause of the first set of the South African Wars.
Sir Henry Bartle Frere was the new British Governor whom Carnarvon sent out to southern Africa in 1877, to enforce his confederation plan, bring the various states of southern Africa into the united British federation, and preempt what he believed would be a "general and simultaneous rising of Kaffirdom against white civilisation".
For this purpose, Frere initiated the Anglo-Zulu War, the 9th Frontier War, the Gun War, and overthrew the elected government of the Cape Colony to replace it with the pro-federation Sprigg puppet government. He critically underestimated the Zulu State as "a bunch of savages armed with sticks" and likewise miscalculated in taking on war with the Boers and the Basotho – against all of whom the British suffered serious setbacks and defeats, before sheer force of arms extricated them. Back in London, the new British Government was horrified by Frere's actions. "What was the crime of the Zulu?!" became the call-to-arms of liberal leader William Gladstone. In 1880, Bartle Frere was recalled to London to face charges of misconduct, but the conflicts which he initiated were effectively the commencement of the South African Wars.
John Gordon Sprigg was the local puppet Prime Minister of the Cape (1878–81), whom Bartle Frere installed to lead the Cape Colony into Confederation, after he had deposed the previous elected government. At first, Sprigg had opposed confederation (like most local Cape leaders), but he prudently converted, and Frere offered him the Cape government if he promised to assist the confederation plan. His government consequently pursued expansionist military policies and attempted to segregate and disarm the Cape's Black soldiers and allies. His discriminatory policies shocked much of the Cape's liberal political elite, and alienated the Cape's traditional allies – such as the Sotho and Fengu nations. A string of defeats followed – from the superior strategies of the Sotho army, among others. Facing military defeat and bankruptcy, Sprigg became more and more unpopular. Once his imperial protector Bartle Frere was recal |
en | wit-train-topic-000000506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Crowley_Park | Everett Crowley Park | Ecology | Everett Crowley Park / Ecology | Everett Crowley Park is a 38-hectare large forested park with trails, located within the Champlain Heights area of Vancouver. The park was previously a landfill, but was allowed to become reforested recreational purposes. Currently, it is Vancouver's 5th largest public park. The surrounding neighborhood was the last area to be developed in Vancouver in the 1970s. The park is maintained, developed, and protected by the Vancouver Park Board and stewarded by a committee of the Champlain Heights Community Association, the Everett Crowley Park Committee. Many of the trails in the park are designated as dog off-leash areas. Everett Crowley Park is situated north of the Fraser River. It is a 3-minute walk north of Vancouver's developing River District, on the edge of the Fraser River. | Everett Crowley Park is in transition. Since the early 1970s, native and invasive plants and animals have been slowly recolonizing the park, transforming it into a young forest of hardy deciduous trees, wildflowers, and opportunistic blackberry. The area is recovering, and the result is a botanically diverse landscape frequented by birds and other wildlife, who find refuge in this urban wilderness.
Before to usage as a garbage dump in 1944, the area was a heavy dense coniferous forest. Trees native to this area were mostly hemlock and cedar trees. In addition, salmon were present in a creek that ran through a ravine. After its closure as a landfill, local plants such as cottonwoods and maple trees began moving back into the area. Invasive species, such as blackberry shrubs, have taken residence in the park, and are a very common sight.
According to a bird expert, over 200 different species of birds have been spotted in the park. These include Stellars' Jays, Black-capped Chickadees, and the American Robin. The park is also a landing spot for migrant songbirds. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Neumann | Oscar Neumann | Introduction | Oscar Neumann | Oscar Rudolph Neumann (3 September 1867 in Berlin – 17 May 1946 in Chicago) was a German ornithologist and naturalist who explored and collected specimens in Africa. He fled via Cuba and settled in the United States to escape Nazi persecution of Jews. Neumann's starling (Onychognathus neumanni) and several other species are named after him.
Neumann was born in wealthy Jewish family, the son of Maximilian and Anna née Meyer. A younger sister of his was Elsa Neumann (1872-1902) who became one of the first physics doctorates from Berlin University. Another sister Alice was a sculptor. He travelled to German East Africa across Tanganyika, Uganda and Kenya in 1892 and collected for the Berlin Museum publishing descriptions. In 1899 he accompanied Baron Carlo von Erlanger through Somaliland and southern Ethiopia, collecting birds that went to Lord Walter Rothschild's bird collection in Tring. In 1915 he went to New Guinea and also made an expedition to Sulawesi in 1938 sponsored by the specimen collector and dealer J. J. Menden. In 1908 he lost much of his money and was hoping to work for Rothschild in Tring but this did not materialize as Rothschild himself ran into financial problems. Neumann then took to stock-broking in Berlin. In 1941, with the help of his friend Julius Riemer he fled Nazi Germany, traveling from Berlin to Cuba, then to Chicago, where he worked the final years of his life as a curator in the Field Museum of Natural History.
He was elected to the British Ornithologists' Union in 1897 but resigned in 1910 due to financial reasons. He never married. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_and_Diabetes_Center_North_Rhine-Westphalia | Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia | Introduction | Heart and Diabetes Center North Rhine-Westphalia | The Herz und Diabeteszentrum (Heart and Diabetes Centre), is a heart clinic in the German town Bad Oeynhausen. It is known for performing the most heart transplants in Europe (over 2,200 since 1989). |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad | Ravi Shankar Prasad | Introduction | Ravi Shankar Prasad | Ravi Shankar Prasad (born 30 August 1954) is an Indian lawyer, politician and the current Union Minister holding the Law and Justice, Electronics and Information Technology and Communications portfolios in the Government of India. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Prasad represents the Patna Sahib. During the NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's prime ministership, Prasad was appointed Minister of Coal and Mines, Minister of Law and Justice, and Minister of Information and Broadcasting.
In 2018 according to The Economic Times he features among the top twenty influential world leaders in digital technology and e-government. Under his tenure, India significantly improved digital inclusion coverage in rural areas and his department's work on cybersecurity, data privacy, and several new e-governance activities have been considered as a cornerstone of creating a Digital India. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Eiskanal | Augsburg Eiskanal | Gallery | Augsburg Eiskanal / Gallery | The Augsburg Eiskanal is an artificial whitewater river in Augsburg, Germany, constructed as the canoe slalom venue for the 1972 Summer Olympics in nearby Munich.
The first artificial whitewater course of its kind, it introduced the sport of canoe slalom to the Olympic Games. However, because of the expense of building artificial rivers and supplying them with water, canoe slalom was missing from the next four Summer Olympics. It returned with the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, and has been featured in every Summer Olympics since then.
The Eiskanal has thus served as the prototype for six Olympic whitewater venues, from 1992 through 2012, and for more than fifty training and competition facilities in eighteen countries. Despite being the oldest, it is still one of the most widely used, hosting two World Championships and numerous World Cup races. It was a World Cup venue for all but four of the years 1990 through 2010, and it was so again in 2013 and 2014.
The facility and its website are jointly managed by two clubs with headquarters in the boat house, Augsburger Kayak Club eV and Canoe Schwaben Augsburg. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_school | Vocal school | Introduction | Vocal school | A vocal school, blab school or ABC school or old-time school was a type of children's primary school at some remote rural places in North America, outdated and obsolete as the 19th century progressed. The school children recited (blabbed) their lessons out loud separately or in chorus with others as a method of learning. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory_of_St_Mary_in_the_Meadow,_Beeston_Regis | Priory of St Mary in the Meadow, Beeston Regis | History | Priory of St Mary in the Meadow, Beeston Regis / History | The Priory of St Mary in the Meadow, also known as Beeston Priory is a former Augustinian Priory, located in the village of Beeston Regis, Norfolk, United Kingdom. | The priory was founded in 1216 by Margery de Cressy, and was dedicated to St Mary in the Meadow (St Mary de Pratis). Unlike many small houses of the Augustinian Order, Beeston Priory was independent.
The priory's canons served as parish priests for nearby churches, whilst also running a boys' school at the priory for both boarding and day students.
The priory was originally endowed with 40 acres (160,000 m²) of land, and was given the rights to wrecks and flotsam and jetsam. Within the monastic precinct there were agricultural buildings and probably a smithy, a brewery, a guest-house, a wash-house, latrines and other buildings necessary for the running of the busy local community.
In 1317, a canon at the priory, John de Walsam, attacked the Bishop (most probably John Salmon, Bishop of Norwich) with a sword. After the matter was referred to Pope John XXII, de Walsam was sent to Rome. As the Bishop had recovered, the pope absolved de Walsam and instructed the Bishop to arrange for him to perform penance.
In 1291 the priory was inspected for tax and was recorded as having an annual value of £25 5s. 10¼d for its possessions in Norfolk, and £2 10s. 10½d for those in Suffolk.
On the 25 August 1494 the priory was visited by James Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich. This visit revealed that, although there were other priests present, the Prior, John Poty, was the only canon at the priory, as the other, Thomas Taverner, had gone "absent without leave". Bishop Goldwell instructed Prior Poty to find two new canons as soon as possible.
The abbey was visited again on 18 July 1514, this time by Richard Nykke, Bishop of Norwich. Canon Thomas Taverner was again absent without leave, but was thought to have been in Norwich. The other canons were listed as Canon Nicholas Wodforth, Canon Robins, Canon Daume and Canon Rump. This visit revealed potential financial impropriety as the Prior would not produce the priory's accounts. Other concerns were that the school was not operational, and that matins were not being said at the right time.
Bishop Nykke visited the priory again in August 1532, on the election of Prior Richard Hudson. He found all the accounts and affairs at the priory to be in order.
The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 lists the priory as having an income, after expenses, of £43 2s. 4¾d., and debts of £20. The priory is recorded as being in good repair and was home to the prior and three canons, six boys (boarding at the school) and seven servants. The lead and bells at the priory were valued at £60, more than the annual income of the establishment.
The priory avoided immediate suppression when Prior Richard Hudson and his four canons, Nicholas Wodforth, William Wusbarow, James Fysser, and Robert Swyer accepted King Henry VIII's supremacy over the church. The priory was finally dissolved in 1538, at which time Prior Hudson was awarded an annual pension of £5 (which he was still in receipt of as late as 1553).
The suppression of the Priory and its school left no local provision for education. This is believed to have led Sir John Gresham to found Gresham's School at nearby Holt in 1555.
Writing to Thomas Cromwell in March 1538, Sir Richard Rich said that the Canons at the priory "pretended themselves to be friars"; several historical documents have picked up on this and mistakenly referred to the priory as a Friary.
The Priory and its possessions were leased by The Crown to John Travers in 1540 before being awarded, in 1545, to Sir Edmund Wyndham and Giles Seafoule.
The site is currently owned and protected by Norfolk County Council, who have opened the ruins to the public. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9%27s_illustrations_for_La_Grande_Bible_de_Tours | Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours | The Old Testament | Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours / The illustrations / The Old Testament | The illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours are a series of 241 wood-engravings, designed by the French artist, printmaker, and illustrator Gustave Doré for a new deluxe edition of the 1843 French translation of the Vulgate Bible, popularly known as the Bible de Tours.
La Grande Bible de Tours, issued in 1866, was a large folio edition published in two volumes simultaneously by Mame in Tours, France and by Cassell & Company in the United Kingdom in 1866. The French translation known as the Bible de Tours had originally been published in 1843 and was done by Jean Jacques Bourassé and Pierre Désiré Janvier.
The illustrations were immensely successful and have been reproduced countless times worldwide, influencing the visual arts and popular culture in ways difficult to measure. The series comprises 139 plates depicting scenes from the Old Testament, 21 from the Apocrypha, and 81 from the New Testament. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenylla | Xenylla | Introduction | Xenylla | Xenylla is a genus of springtails and allies in the family Hypogastruridae. There are at least 120 described species in Xenylla. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Belette_(1814) | HMS Belette (1814) | Introduction | HMS Belette (1814) | HMS Belette (or Bellette) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop, built by Edward Larking and William Spong at Kings Lynn and launched in 1814. She was the second Cruizer-class brig-sloop to bear the name. Belette had an uneventful career performing peacetime patrols and was sold in 1828. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._J._Gabrielsson | K. J. Gabrielsson | Introduction | K. J. Gabrielsson | Karl Johan (K. J.) Gabrielsson (1861–1901) was a Swedish socialist writer and poet. The son of a railway worker, he was born to a poor family in Töreboda, Västra Götaland County, Gabrielsson eventually settled in Stockholm where he became a socialist and writer, mainly of revolutionary poems, for the newspaper Social-Demokraten. He died from tuberculosis in 1901 following a long illness.
Gabrielsson was the most famous poet of the socialist wave of writers. He differed, however, from other writers in that his works called for reform rather than out and out revolutions. His poems were piercingly accurate. The reason for this was that when he wrote, he was doing so from personal experience. His childhood was passed in dire poverty. Even as a child he had to work as a construction laborer. His literary career began in 1892 when he found a job as a reporter in The Social Democrat. He later became the editor of the weekly People's Will. His most famous poem was And I would forget I?, which appeared in the October 21, 1892 issue of The Social Democrat.
Gabrielsson is the subject a biography written by the radical journalist Ture Nerman. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification | Electrification | Pre-electric power | Electrification / Benefits of electrification / Pre-electric power | Electrification is the process of powering by electricity and, in many contexts, the introduction of such power by changing over from an earlier power source. The broad meaning of the term, such as in the history of technology, economic history, and economic development, usually applies to a region or national economy. Broadly speaking, electrification was the build-out of the electricity generation and electric power distribution systems that occurred in Britain, the United States, and other now-developed countries from the mid-1880s until around 1950 and is still in progress in rural areas in some developing countries. This included the transition in manufacturing from line shaft and belt drive using steam engines and water power to electric motors.
The electrification of particular sectors of the economy is called by terms such as factory electrification, household electrification, rural electrification or railway electrification. | "One of the inventions most important to a class of highly skilled workers (engineers) would be a small motive power - ranging perhaps from the force of from half a man to that of two horses, which might commence as well as cease its action at a moment's notice, require no expense of time for its management and be of modest cost both in original cost and in daily expense." Charles Babbage, 1851
To be efficient steam engines needed to be several hundred horsepower. Steam engines and boilers also required operators and maintenance. For these reasons the smallest commercial steam engines were about 2 horsepower. This was above the need for many small shops. Also, a small steam engine and boiler cost about $7,000 while an old blind horse that could develop 1/2 horsepower cost $20 or less. Machinery to use horses for power cost $300 or less.
Many power requirements were less than that of a horse. Shop machines, such as woodworking lathes, were often powered with a one- or two-man crank. Household sewing machines were powered with a foot treadle; however, factory sewing machines were steam-powered from a line shaft. Dogs were sometimes used on machines such as a treadmill, which could be adapted to churn butter.
In the late 19th century specially designed power buildings leased space to small shops. These building supplied power to the tenants from a steam engine through line shafts.
Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation was more efficient than small steam engines and because line shafts and belts had high friction losses.
Electric motors were more efficient than human or animal power. The conversion efficiency for animal feed to work is between 4 and 5% compared to over 30% for electricity generated using coal. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Copenhagen | List of churches in Copenhagen | Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave | List of churches in Copenhagen / Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave | This list of churches in Copenhagen lists church buildings in Copenhagen and Frederiksberg, Denmark. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PricewaterhouseCoopers | PricewaterhouseCoopers | Offices | PricewaterhouseCoopers / Operations / Offices | PricewaterhouseCoopers is a multinational professional services network of firms headquartered in London, United Kingdom, operating as partnerships under the PwC brand. PwC ranks as the second-largest professional services network in the world and is considered one of the Big Four accounting firms, along with Deloitte, EY and KPMG.
PwC firms operate in 157 countries, 742 locations, with 276,000 people. As of 2019, 26% of the workforce worked in the Americas, 26% in Asia, 32% in Western Europe and 5% in Middle East and Africa. The company's global revenues were $42.4 billion in FY 2019, of which $17.4 billion was generated by its Assurance practice, $10.7 billion by its Tax and Legal practice and $14.4 billion by its Advisory practice.
The firm in its present form was created in 1998 by a merger between two accounting firms; Coopers & Lybrand, and Price Waterhouse. Both firms had histories dating back to the 19th century. The trading name was shortened to PwC in September 2010 as part of a rebranding effort.
PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, based in London, United Kingdom, is a co-ordinating entity for the global network of firms. | PwC has partners in approximately 800 offices across 157 countries with 200,000 employees.
Notable offices: Seaport office tower in Boston; and Magwa Crescent Waterfall City tower in Midrand, South Africa.
The following list of revenue according to region is from the PwC Global Annual Review: 2018. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Berry | Mary Berry | Introduction | Mary Berry | Mary Rosa Alleyne Hunnings CBE (née Berry; born 24 March 1935), known professionally as Mary Berry, is a British food writer, chef and television presenter. After being encouraged in domestic science classes at school, she studied catering and institutional management at college. She then moved to France at the age of 21 to study at Le Cordon Bleu culinary school, before working in a number of cooking-related jobs.
She has published more than 75 cookery books, including her best-selling Baking Bible in 2009. Her first book was The Hamlyn All Colour Cookbook in 1970. She hosted several television series for the BBC and Thames Television. Berry is an occasional contributor to Woman's Hour and Saturday Kitchen. She was a judge on the BBC One (originally BBC Two) television programme The Great British Bake Off from its launch in 2010 until 2016, when it relocated to Channel 4. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Alabama | Waverly, Alabama | Photo gallery | Waverly, Alabama / Photo gallery | Waverly is a town in Chambers and Lee counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is part of the Auburn Metropolitan Area. It was incorporated in 1910. As of 2010, the town population was 145.
Waverly has an operating post office, and four churches are located in the town. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Cherokee | Jeep Cherokee | Introduction | Jeep Cherokee | The Jeep Cherokee is a line of SUVs manufactured and marketed by Jeep over five generations. Originally marketed as a variant of the Jeep Wagoneer, the Cherokee has evolved from a full-size SUV to one of the first compact SUVs and into its current generation as a crossover SUV. Named after the Cherokee tribe of North American Indians, Jeep has used the nameplate since 1974, with a hiatus between 2001-2014. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Ginger_and_Pickles | The Tale of Ginger and Pickles | Background | The Tale of Ginger and Pickles / Background | The Tale of Ginger and Pickles is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1909. The book tells of two shopkeepers who extend unlimited credit to their customers and, as a result, are forced to go out of business. It was originally published in a large format which permitted Potter the opportunity to lavish great detail on the illustrations and also allowed her to include black-and-white vignettes. Potter filled the tale with characters from her previous books. The book was eventually republished in the standard small format of the Peter Rabbit series and was adapted to drama in 1931. | Helen Beatrix Potter was born to wealth and privilege on 28 July 1866 in London to barrister Rupert Potter and his wife Helen (Leech) Potter. Raised by a series of governesses, Beatrix filled her hours with reading, painting, drawing, and tending a schoolroom menagerie of small mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Summer holidays in Scotland or the Lake District and long visits to her grandparents' Camfield Place home in Hertfordshire cultivated her love for and observation of the natural world. As a young woman, she was discouraged from seeking higher education, and groomed instead to be a permanent resident and housekeeper in her parents' London home.
While summering with family in Perthshire in 1893, the 27-year-old Potter sent a story and picture letter about a disobedient young rabbit to the son of her former governess Annie Carter Moore, and continued to send similar letters to the boy and his siblings over the following years. Mrs. Moore recognized the literary value of the letters and urged her former charge to publish them. Potter developed the 1893 letter into The Tale of Peter Rabbit, and worked up a dummy book based on the small book format and style of Helen Bannerman's bestselling Little Black Sambo (1899) with its pages of simple texts opposite appropriate pictures.
The late Victorian and early Edwardian children's book market was flooded by inexpensive small format books with profusions of illustrations made possible by technological advances in colour reproduction. The publishing firm of Frederick Warne & Co. wanted to compete in this lucrative market and chose to publish Peter Rabbit after receiving an enthusiastic endorsement from their prominent children's book artist L. Leslie Brooke. The illustrations were reproduced by the then-new Hentschel three-colour process which favoured a painterly rather than a linear style and was kinder to watercolours than chromolithography.
Potter's career as a children's author and illustrator was launched in October 1902 when The Tale of Peter Rabbit was published to great success. Five books similar in concept and format followed, and, in July 1905, profits from book sales and a small legacy from an aunt allowed Potter to buy a 34-acre (140,000 m²) farm called Hill Top at Sawrey in the Lake District. The farm became her home away from London and her artistic retreat. In the years immediately following its purchase, she produced tales and illustrations based on the farm, its natural surroundings, and nearby villages.
Ginger and Pickles was inspired by a shop in Smithy Lane, Sawrey, where villagers came to make purchases, visit, and exchange gossip. The book was dedicated to bedridden shop owner and blacksmith John Taylor whose wife and daughter ran his shop. Taylor had long wanted to appear in a Potter book but was unable to leave his bed to pose for the artist. He told her he thought he could pass for a dormouse; Potter made him John Dormouse in the tale. He did not live long enough to see the book or its dedication. Ginger was modelled on Tommy Bunkle, a cat belonging to Sawrey schoolmistress Mrs. Bunkle. Potter thought the cat's colour unusual and was reluctant to put him in clothes but bowed to her public's preference in storybook animals. She refused however to put him in trousers.
Potter wrote to friend Millie Warne during the composition process that the book was causing some amusement in Sawrey: "It has got a good many views which can be recognized in the village which is what they like, they are all quite jealous of each others [sic] houses & cats getting into a book".
Potter wrote Ginger and Pickles in a penny exercise book as a Christmas gift for Louie Warne, the daughter of her publisher Harold Warne, and worked on proofs during her 1909 summer holiday at the country house of Broad Leys near Bowness-on-Windermere. The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies and Ginger and Pickles were the two books chosen for publication by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1909. The book was finished in August. It was published in October 1909 in a large format that was later reduced to |
en | wit-train-topic-000000525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Seabrook | Brent Seabrook | Professional | Brent Seabrook / Playing career / Professional | Brent Seabrook is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and alternate captain for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League. He was selected in the first round, 14th overall, by the Blackhawks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft out of the Western Hockey League. He played four seasons of junior with the Lethbridge Hurricanes before joining the Blackhawks in 2005–06, since then he has been a key component in their success including three Stanley Cup Championships. Internationally, he competes for Team Canada and has won gold medals at the 2003 IIHF World U18 Championships, 2005 World Junior Championships and 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. | Seabrook made his professional debut after completing his fourth and final WHL season, being assigned to the Norfolk Admirals, the Blackhawks' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, for the final three games of the regular season and six post-season games. Seabrook cracked the Blackhawks' line-up his first year out of junior in 2005–06 and recorded five goals and 32 points as a rookie. In his third NHL season, in 2007–08, Seabrook matched his rookie total with 32 points while tallying a personal-best nine goals. He began the season on the top-defensive pairing with Duncan Keith.
The following season, Seabrook became an integral part of a young and rejuvenated Blackhawks team that made the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in seven years the following season in 2009. He scored 11 points in 17 post-season games as the Blackhawks made it to the Western Conference Finals, where they were defeated by the Detroit Red Wings. On March 17, 2010, Seabrook was knocked out by a high hit from James Wisniewski, a former teammate. Seabrook missed the next two games, while Wisniewski was ultimately suspended for eight games. On June 9, 2010, the Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup after defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 4–3 in overtime.
On February 27, 2011, the Blackhawks signed Seabrook to a five-year, $29 million contract extension.
On May 29, 2013, Seabrook scored the Game 7 overtime winner against the Detroit Red Wings in the Western Conference Semi-finals, advancing Chicago to the Western Conference Final. During the Finals, on June 19, Seabrook scored the overtime winner against the Boston Bruins in Game 4 of the series. Seabrook won his second Stanley Cup as the Blackhawks beat the Bruins in six games.
During the first round of the 2014 playoffs, Seabrook delivered a high-hit to David Backes of the St. Louis Blues. Backes was forced to leave the game and Seabrook was assessed a match penalty. The Department of Player Safety reviewed the hit and suspended Seabrook for three games.
On September 17, 2015, the Blackhawks named Seabrook as an alternate captain. On September 26, 2015, Blackhawks extended Seabrook's contract for 8 years. Seabrook played in his 1,000th NHL game on March 29, 2018, in a game against the Winnipeg Jets.
On December 11, 2018, Seabrook and teammate Duncan Keith became the first pair of defencemen, and the seventh duo in NHL history to play 1,000 games together.
On December 26, 2019, the Blackhawks placed Seabrook on long-term IR after announcing he would require three separate surgical operations to repair his right shoulder and both hips. Seabrook missed the remainder of the 2019-20 season. He returned to practice with the team in July to prepare for the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs, which had been postponed to August due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Seabrook opted out of the playoffs on July 24 to focus on fully recovering from his surgery. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000526 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/622d_Expeditionary_Air_Refueling_Squadron | 622d Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron | Recent Operations | 622d Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron / Recent Operations | The 622d Air Refueling Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. The squadron was first established during World War II as the 22d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron served in the European Theater of World War II, where it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its actions in combat.
The unit was again active in the Air Force Reserve as the 22d Reconnaissance Squadron from 1947 to 1949 but apparently was not equipped with its own aircraft. In 1985 the squadron was consolidated with the 622d Air Refueling Squadron.
The 622d Air Refueling Squadron served with Tactical Air Command beginning in 1955. It was last assigned to the 4440th Aircraft Delivery Group at England Air Force Base, Louisiana, where it was inactivated on 1 Apr 1964. | The consolidated squadron was converted to provisional status and redesignated the 622d Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron. It is known to have operated from Istres le Tube, France from 2003 to 2004 to support Operation Joint Forge. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadionul_Dr._Constantin_R%C4%83dulescu | Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu | Gallery | Stadionul Dr. Constantin Rădulescu / Gallery | Dr. Constantin Rădulescu Stadium, informally also known as CFR Cluj Stadium, is a football-only stadium in the Gruia district, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and is home ground of CFR Cluj. The stadium is named after Constantin Rădulescu, a former player, coach and club doctor. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:18 | Matthew 5:18 | Introduction | Matthew 5:18 | Matthew 5:18 is the eighteenth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus has just reported that he came not to destroy the law, but fulfil it. In this verse this claim is reinforced. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonzie_Colson | Bonzie Colson | Introduction | Bonzie Colson | Bonzie Alexander Colson II (born January 12, 1996) is an American professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the University of Notre Dame. |