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en | wit-train-topic-000000108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballona_Creek | Ballona Creek | Watershed and course | Ballona Creek / Watershed and course | Ballona Creek is an 8.8-mile-long urbanized river in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, whose watershed includes a portion of the western Los Angeles basin, from the Santa Monica Mountains on the north, the Harbor Freeway on the east, and the Baldwin Hills on the south.
The urban river begins in the historical Rancho Las Cienegas, then passes into the historical Rancho La Ballona, while flowing through Culver City and suburbaninzed Del Rey before merging with the ocean at Santa Monica Bay between Marina del Rey and suburban Playa del Rey. | The Ballona Creek watershed totals about 130 square miles (340 km²). Its land use consists of 64% residential, 8% commercial, 4% industrial, and 17% open space. The major tributaries to the Ballona Creek and Estuary include Centinela Creek, Sepulveda Canyon Channel and Benedict Canyon Channel; most of the creek's minor tributaries have been destroyed by development or paved over and flow into Ballona Creek as a network of underground storm drains.
At the time of Spanish settlement, the Los Angeles River turned to the west just south of present-day Bunker Hill, joining Ballona Creek just to the west of its current channel. However, during a major flood in 1825, the Los Angeles River's course changed to its present channel, and Ballona Creek became a completely distinct waterway. Much of the above-ground section of the creek was lined with concrete as part of the flood-control project undertaken by the United States Army Corps of Engineers following the Los Angeles Flood of 1938.
Ballona Creek Watershed climate can be characterized as Mediterranean with average annual rainfall of approximately 15 inches per year over most of the developed portions of the watershed. The flow rate in the Creek varies considerably from a trickle flow of about 14 cubic feet (0.40 m³) per second during dry weather to 71,400 cubic feet (2,020 m³) per second during a 50-year storm event. Ballona Wetlands and Del Rey Lagoon are connected to the Ballona Estuary through tide gates. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bolton_Stadium | University of Bolton Stadium | Introduction | University of Bolton Stadium | The University of Bolton Stadium in Horwich, Greater Manchester, England, is the home ground of Bolton Wanderers F.C.
Opening in 1997, it was named the Reebok Stadium, after club sponsors Reebok. In 2014, Bolton Wanderers signed a naming rights deal with Italian sportswear company Macron. It was renamed the University of Bolton Stadium in 2018.
A hotel forms part of the stadium and some of the rooms offer views of the pitch. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizuru_Naval_District | Maizuru Naval District | Commanding Officers | Maizuru Naval District / List of commanders / Commanding Officers | Maizuru Naval District was one of four main administrative districts of the pre-war Imperial Japanese Navy. Its territory included the entire Sea of Japan coastline from northern Kyūshū to western Hokkaidō. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martlesham_Heath | Martlesham Heath | Introduction | Martlesham Heath | Martlesham Heath village is situated 6 miles (10 km) east of Ipswich, in Suffolk, England. This was an ancient area of heathland and latterly the site of Martlesham Heath Airfield. A "new village" was established there in the mid-1970s and this has developed into a modern community, based on a traditional village pattern. The population is still included in that of Martlesham. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsten_van_Jaarsveld | Torsten van Jaarsveld | Introduction | Torsten van Jaarsveld | Torsten George van Jaarsveld (born 30 June 1987) is a Namibian rugby union footballer. He plays mostly as a hooker or flanker. He represents Bayonne in the French Pro D2. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger | Hans Holbein the Younger | Notes | Hans Holbein the Younger / Notes | Hans Holbein the Younger was a German painter and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style, and is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced religious art, satire, and Reformation propaganda, and he made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He is called "the Younger" to distinguish him from his father Hans Holbein the Elder, an accomplished painter of the Late Gothic school.
Holbein was born in Augsburg, but he worked mainly in Basel as a young artist. At first, he painted murals and religious works, designed stained glass windows, and printed books. He also painted an occasional portrait, making his international mark with portraits of humanist Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam. When the Reformation reached Basel, Holbein worked for reformist clients while continuing to serve traditional religious patrons. His Late Gothic style was enriched by artistic trends in Italy, France, and the Netherlands, as well as by Renaissance humanism. The result was a combined aesthetic uniquely his own.
Holbein travelled to England in 1526 in search of work, with a recommendation from Erasmus. | "Hans Holbein the Younger German painter". Encyclopedia Britannica.
"Holbein, Hans". Lexico UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
"Holbein". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
"Holbein". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
"Holbein". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
Alastair Armstrong, "Henry VIII: Authority, Nation and Religion 1509–1540"
Zwingenberger, 9.
Wilson, 213; Buck, 50, 112. Apelles was a legendary artist of antiquity, whose imitation of nature was thought peerless.
Wilson, 281.
Waterhouse, 17.
Ganz, 1; Wilson, 3. The date is deduced from the age noted by Holbein's father on the portrait of his sons.
Müller, et al, 6.
Bätschmann & Griener, 104. Basel had allied itself in 1501 with the Swiss Confederates, a group of cantons that had broken free of imperial rule. Many Basel citizens, however, remained proud of their imperial connections: the Madonna that Holbein painted for Jakob Meyer, for example, wears the imperial crown.
North, 13–14; Bätschmann and Griener, 11; Claussen, 47. Hans Holbein the Elder and his brother Sigmund also moved away from Augsburg at about this time, but the reasons for the Holbein family's disappointment in the city is not known.
Sander, 14.
Zwingenberger, 13; Wilson, 30, 37–42. For example: A Scholar Treads on a Basket of Eggs and Folly Steps Down from the Pulpit.
Sander, 15. See: Portrait of Jakob Meyer and Portrait of Dorothea Meyer.
"BBC - Basilica of St Paul by Holbein the Elder - BBC Arts - Paintings featured in Holbein: Eye of the Tudors". BBC.
See Leaina Before the Judges, a design for a Hertenstein mural.
Bätschmann and Griener, 11; North, 13. For example: Design for a Stained Glass Window with the Coronation of the Virgin.
Rowlands, 25; North, 13. On another occasion, Holbein was fined for his involvement in a knife fight.
Wilson, 53–60; Buck, 20; Bätschmann and Griener, 148; Claussen, 48, 50. Doubt has been cast on the tradition that Holbein visited Italy, since artists' biographer Karel van Mander (1548–1606) stated that Holbein never went there. It has been argued by Peter Claussen, for example, that Italian motifs in Holbein's work might have derived from engravings, sculptures, and art works seen in Augsburg. On the other hand, Bätschmann and Griener quote a document of 1538 in which the Basel authorities gave Holbein permission to sell his work in "France, England, Milan or in the Netherlands" as support for the view that he had travelled to Milan, since he is known to have travelled to the other three places named.
Bätschmann & Griener, 68. Holbein worked from prints, but Bätschmann & Griener argue that Hertenstein, who presumably requested these copies, might have sent the artist to Italy to view the originals himself.
Müller, et al, 11, 47; Wilson, 69–70. Wilson cautions against too readily accepting that Ambrosius died, since other explanations for his disappearance from the record are possible. However, only Hans Holbein claimed their father's estate when he died in 1524.
Wilson, 70.
North, 17. Lutheran Protestantism was introduced in Basel in 1522. After 1529, the ideas of Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531) became widely accepted there, through the preaching of Johannes Oecolampadius (1482–1531).
For example: Design for façade painting for the House of the Dance
Rowlands, 53–54; Bätschmann & Griener, 64. See: Samuel Cursing Saul, and The Humiliation of Emperor Valentinian by Shapur, King of Persia (designs for the Council Chamber murals), and Rehoboam, a fragment of the Council Chamber murals.
For example: Stained Glass Window Designs for the Passion of Christ.
Dance of Death woodcuts.
Six of the Icones woodcuts.
Strong,3; Wilson, 114–15; Müller, et al, 442–45. Title Sheet of Adam Petri's Reprint of Luther's Translation of the New Testament.
Bätschmann & Griener, 63.
Ganz, 9.
Ganz, 9. He later added the portrait of Meyer's first wife, after he returned from his first visit to London, by which time |
en | wit-train-topic-000000114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCIS_(TV_series) | NCIS (TV series) | Production | NCIS (TV series) / Production | NCIS is an American action police procedural television series, revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG. The show, a spin-off from JAG, premiered on September 23, 2003, on CBS. To date it has entered into the seventeenth full season and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network. Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise. As of 2020, it is the second-longest-running scripted, non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing, surpassed only by Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and is the 7th-longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall.
The series originally had the redundant title Navy NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service; this was later shortened to NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service and then to NCIS. In season six, a two-part episode led to a spin-off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series, NCIS: New Orleans. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas | Pancreas | Microanatomy | Pancreas / Structure / Microanatomy | The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdomen behind the stomach and functions as a gland. The pancreas has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. As an endocrine gland, it functions mostly to regulate blood sugar levels, secreting the hormones insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an exocrine gland secreting pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. This juice contains bicarbonate, which neutralizes acid entering the duodenum from the stomach; and digestive enzymes, which break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.
Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. Pancreatic cancer can arise following chronic pancreatitis or due to other reasons, and carries a very poor prognosis, as it is often identified when it has spread to other areas of the body. | The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed under a microscope.
The majority of pancreatic tissue has a digestive role. The cells with this role form clusters (Latin: acini) around small ducts, and are arranged in lobes that have thin fibrous walls. The cells of each acinus secrete inactive digestive enzymes called zymogens into the small intercalated ducts which they surround. In each acinus, the cells are pyramid-shaped and situated around the intercalated ducts, with the nuclei resting on the basement membrane, a large endoplasmic reticulum, and a number of zymogen granules visible within the cytoplasm. The intercalated ducts drain into larger intralobular ducts within the lobule, and finally interlobular ducts. The ducts are lined by a single layer of column-shaped cells. There is more than one layer of cells as the diameter of the ducts increases.
The tissues with an endocrine role within the pancreas exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans) that are distributed throughout the pancreas. Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells, each of which releases a different hormone. These cells have characteristic positions, with alpha cells (secreting glucagon) tending to be situated around the periphery of the islet, and beta cells (secreting insulin) more numerous and found throughout the islet. Enterochromaffin cells are also scattered throughout the islets. Islets are composed of up to 3,000 secretory cells, and contain several small arterioles to receive blood, and venules that allow the hormones secreted by the cells to enter the systemic circulation. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_modern_period | Late modern period | World War II | Late modern period / European decline and the 20th century / World War II | In many periodizations of human history, the late modern period followed the early modern period. It began approximately in the mid-18th century and depending on the author either ended with the beginning of contemporary history after World War II, or includes that period up to the present day. Notable historical milestones included the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Great Divergence, and the Russian Revolution. It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world's population to reach 1 billion; the next billion came just over a century later, in 1927. | The Second World War was a global military conflict that took place in 1939–1945. It was the largest and deadliest war in history, culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb.
Even though Japan had been invading in China since 1937, the conventional view is that the war began on September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the Drang nach Osten. Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany, even though the fighting was confined to Poland. Pursuant to a then-secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17, 1939, to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe.
The Allies were initially made up of Poland, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK, such as the Indian Empire. All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939.
Following the lull in fighting, known as the "Phoney War", Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940. Six weeks later, France, in the meantime, attacked by Italy as well, surrendered to Germany, which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain. On September 27, Germany, Italy, and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement, the Tripartite Pact, and were known as the Axis Powers. Nine months later, on June 22, 1941, Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union, which promptly joined the Allies. Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts. This proved to be a mistake by Germany – Germany had not successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and the war turned against the Axis.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, bringing it too into the war on the Allied side. China also joined the Allies, as eventually did most of the rest of the world. China was in turmoil at the time, and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla-type warfare. By the beginning of 1942, the major combatants were aligned as follows: the British Commonwealth, the United States, and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy; and the British Commonwealth, China, and the United States were fighting Japan. The United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union and China were referred as a "trusteeship of the powerful" during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied "Big Four" in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the "Four Policemen" or "Four Sheriffs" of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II. From then through August 1945, battles raged across all of Europe, in the North Atlantic Ocean, across North Africa, throughout Southeast Asia, throughout China, across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan.
Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany-occupied puppet state and an Allies-friendly state in the South; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrendered, marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945.
It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war; estimates vary greatly. About 60% of all casualties were civilians, who died as a result of disease, starvation, genocide (in particular, the Holocaust), and aerial bombing. The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties. Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million, while China suffered about 10 million. No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland: approximately 5.6 million, or 16%, of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died.
The Holocaust (which roughly means "burnt whole") was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other "unwanted" during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany. Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war's beginning, or if the plans for it came about later. Regardless, persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started, such as in the Kristallnacht (Nigh |
en | wit-train-topic-000000117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremophila_flabellata | Eremophila flabellata | Introduction | Eremophila flabellata | Eremophila flabellata is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a small shrub with serrated leaves, broad serrated sepals and pink, purple or mauve flowers. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Vermont | Vehicle registration plates of Vermont | 1905 to 1966 | Vehicle registration plates of Vermont / Passenger baseplates / 1905 to 1966 | The U.S. state of Vermont first required its residents to register their motor vehicles and display license plates in 1905. Plates are currently issued by the Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles. Front and rear plates are required on all vehicles except for motorcycles and trailers. | In 1956, the United States, Canada, and Mexico came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for license plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at 6 inches (15 cm) in height by 12 inches (30 cm) in width, with standardized mounting holes. The 1956 (dated 1957) issue was the first Vermont license plate that complied with these standards. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoist_anarchism | Egoist anarchism | United States and United Kingdom | Egoist anarchism / Influence and expansion / Early development / United States and United Kingdom | Egoist anarchism or anarcho-egoism, often shortened as simply egoism, is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, a 19th-century existentialist philosopher whose "name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best known exponents of individualist anarchism". | Some American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner's egoist anarchism. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said that there were only two rights, "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said after converting to egoist individualism: "In times past...it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off....Man's only right to land is his might over it". In adopting Stirnerite egoism, Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of his beliefs. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying individualist anarchism itself. So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of Liberty in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, Liberty championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.
Several periodicals were undoubtedly influenced by Liberty's presentation of egoism. They included the following: I published by Clarence Lee Swartz, edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of Liberty); and The Ego and The Egoist, both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German Der Eigene, edited by Adolf Brand; and The Eagle and The Serpent, issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology.
American anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker, John Beverley Robinson, Steven T. Byington, Hutchins Hapgood, James L. Walker, Victor Yarros and Edward H. Fulton. John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called "Egoism" in which he states: "Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these; but it is more. It is the realization by the individual that they are an individual; that, as far as they are concerned, they are the only individual". Steven T. Byington was a one-time proponent of Georgism who later converted to egoist Stirnerist positions after associating with Benjamin Tucker. He is known for translating two important anarchist works into English from German: Stirner's The Ego and Its Own and Paul Eltzbacher's Anarchism: Exponents of the Anarchist Philosophy (also published by Dover with the title The Great Anarchists: Ideas and Teachings of Seven Major Thinkers).
James L. Walker (sometimes known by the pen name Tak Kak) was one of the main contributors to Benjamin Tucker's Liberty. He published his major philosophical work called Philosophy of Egoism in the May 1890 to September 1891 in issues of the publication Egoism. James L. Walker published the work The Philosophy of Egoism in which he argued that egoism "implies a rethinking of the self-other relationship, nothing less than "a complete revolution in the relations of mankind" that avoids both the "archist" principle that legitimates domination and the "moralist" notion that elevates self-renunciation to a virtue. Walker describes himself as an "egoistic anarchist" who believed in both contract and cooperation as practical principles to guide everyday interactions". For Walker, the egoist rejects notions of duty and is indifferent to the hardships of the oppressed whose consent to their oppression enslaves not only them, but those who do not consent. The egoist comes to self-consciousness, not for the God's sake, not for humanity's sake, but for his or her own sake. For him, "[c]ooperation and reciprocity are possible only among those who are unwilling to appeal to fixed patterns of justice in human relationships and instead focus on a form of reciprocity, a union of egoists, in which person each finds pleasure and fulfillment in doing things for others". Walker thought that "what really defines egoism is not mere self-in |
en | wit-train-topic-000000120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundonald_Park | Dundonald Park | Introduction | Dundonald Park | Dundonald Park is in Centretown, Ottawa, Ontario. It occupies a city block, with Somerset Street West to the north, Bay Street to the west, MacLaren Street to the south, and Lyon Street to the east. It was named after Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald, who was the last British officer to command the Canadian militia.
In June 2003, the City of Ottawa and in April 2004, the Canadian federal government put up memorial plaques in Dundonald Park commemorating the Soviet defector, Igor Gouzenko. It was from this park that Royal Canadian Mounted Police agents monitored Gouzenko's apartment across the street on the night men from the Soviet embassy came looking for Gouzenko. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau | Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau | Escape | Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau / Escape | The pursuit of Goeben and Breslau was a naval action that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea at the outbreak of the First World War when elements of the British Mediterranean Fleet attempted to intercept the German Mittelmeerdivision consisting of the battlecruiser SMS Goeben and the light cruiser SMS Breslau. The German ships evaded the British fleet and passed through the Dardanelles to reach Constantinople, where they were eventually handed over to the Ottoman Empire. Renamed Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midili, the former Goeben and Breslau were ordered by their German commander to attack Russian positions, in doing so bringing the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers.
Though a bloodless "battle," the failure of the British pursuit had enormous political and military ramifications. In the short term it effectively ended the careers of the two British Admirals who had been in charge of the pursuit. | Milne ordered Gloucester to disengage, still expecting Souchon to turn west, but it was apparent to Gloucester′s captain that Goeben was fleeing. Breslau attempted to harass Gloucester into breaking off—Souchon had a collier waiting off the coast of Greece and needed to shake his pursuer before he could rendezvous. Gloucester finally engaged Breslau, hoping this would compel Goeben to drop back and protect the light cruiser. According to Souchon, Breslau was hit, but no damage was done. The action then broke off without further hits being scored. Finally, Milne ordered Gloucester to cease pursuit at Cape Matapan.
Shortly after midnight on 8 August Milne took his three battlecruisers and the light cruiser HMS Weymouth east. At 14:00 he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria; war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later, but Milne chose to guard the Adriatic rather than seek Goeben. Finally, on 9 August, Milne was given clear orders to "chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north-east." Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles, and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean, unaware that Goeben did not intend to come out.
Souchon had replenished his coal off the Aegean island of Donoussa on 9 August, and the German warships resumed their voyage to Constantinople. At 17:00 on 10 August, he reached the Dardanelles and awaited permission to pass through. Germany had for some time been courting the Committee of Union and Progress of the imperial government, and it now used its influence to pressure the Turkish Minister of War, Enver Pasha, into granting the ship′s passage, an act that would outrage Russia, which relied on the Dardanelles as its main all-season shipping route. In addition, the Germans managed to persuade Enver to order any pursuing British ships to be fired on. By the time Souchon received permission to enter the straits, his lookouts could see smoke on the horizon from approaching British ships.
Turkey was still a neutral country bound by treaty to prevent German ships from passing the straits. To get around this difficulty it was agreed that the ships should become part of the Turkish navy. On 16 August, having reached Constantinople, Goeben and Breslau were transferred to the Turkish Navy in a small ceremony, becoming respectively Yavuz Sultan Selim and Midilli, though they retained their German crews with Souchon still in command. The initial reaction in Britain was one of satisfaction, that a threat had been removed from the Mediterranean. On 23 September, Souchon was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Bristol | List of public art in Bristol | College Green | List of public art in Bristol / College Green | This is a list of public art in Bristol, England. This list applies only to works of public art on permanent display in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artworks in museums. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildpollneset | Sildpollneset | Introduction | Sildpollneset | Sildpollneset is a peninsula in the Austnesfjorden on the island of Austvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago. It is located in Vågan Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located just east of the European route E10 highway. Sildpollnes Church is located at the end of the peninsula. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCGF6 | PCGF6 | Introduction | PCGF6 | Polycomb group RING finger protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PCGF6 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif, which is most closely related to those of polycomb group (PcG) proteins RNF110/MEL-18 and BMI1. PcG proteins are known to form protein complexes and function as transcription repressors. This protein has been shown to interact with some PcG proteins and act as a transcription repressor. The activity of this protein is found to be regulated by cell cycle dependent phosphorylation. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmaston,_Derbyshire_Dales | Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales | Points of interest | Osmaston, Derbyshire Dales / Points of interest | Osmaston is a small village and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales in the county of Derbyshire in England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 Census was 140.
Located two and a half miles south of Ashbourne, Osmaston is an archetypal English village with thatched cottages and a village pond. | The war memorial situated at the side of the road, near the church, commemorates those lost in the First World War.
The only pub in the village is the Shoulder of Mutton. There is also a village hall and a primary school.
Osmaston Manor was designed by Henry Isaac Stevens for Francis Wright of the Butterley Iron Company and completed in 1849. The house was demolished in 1964. The estate was sold in 1888 to Sir Ian Walker's family, who had the house demolished when they moved to Okeover and adopted the Okeover name. The Walker-Okeovers still own the land; the estate hosts popular horse trials and the Ashbourne Shire Horse Show. The terraces of the house's gardens are still apparent today.
Osmaston Manor was used as a Red Cross hospital during World War II. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenriddell_Manuscripts | Glenriddell Manuscripts | History of the manuscripts | Glenriddell Manuscripts / History of the manuscripts | The Glenriddell Manuscripts is an extensive collection written in holograph by Robert Burns and an amanuensis of his letters, poems and a few songs in two volumes produced for his then friend Captain Robert Riddell, Laird of what is now Friars Carse in the Nith Valley, Dumfries and Galloway. The two volumes of the manuscript were handsomely bound in calf leather. The first volume of poems and songs was completed by April 1791 and was presented to Robert Riddell, however their friendship ceased due to the unfortunate 'The Rape of the Sabine Women' incident and Robert Riddell died shortly after before any reconciliation could take place. The first volume is partly in Burns's hand with one main amanuensis contributing much of the text in a far neater hand than the author himself and a possible third person contributing to the text. The second volume is entirely in Burns's hand. | Robert Riddell provided Burns with two attractive quarto sized volumes embossed with his armorial crest and bound in calf leather. They were slightly different sizes. Work started in May 1789 on adding the poems and songs. The 'stock and horn' of Burns's armorial bearing is placed on the frontispiece of the second volume.
Burns went to considerable efforts to get the first volume returned after Robert Riddell's death on 20 April 1794 and added extra material once it was back in his hands. The second volume had not been ready in time to be presented to Riddell. Burns wrote in 1794 to Robert Riddell's unmarried sister Eleanor, asking that she and her married sister Elizabeth would either return or destroy the manuscripts, saying that "I made a collection of all my trifles in verse which I had ever written. They are many of them local, some puerile and silly, and all of them unfit for the public eye. As I have some little fame at stake ... I am uneasy now for the fate of those manuscripts. ... As a pledge of friendship they were bestowed; and that circumstance, indeed, was all their merit." Burns was still working on the second volume in late 1793.
One of the additions he made to Volume One upon its return was the blunt and angry epigram upon Maria Riddell on page 161 "If you rattle along like your mistress's tongue."
After Burns's death the manuscripts were put into the hands of James Currie at Liverpool, his biographer, however they were not automatically returned to the Burns family after his biography of Burns was published and he died before he could publish an improved biography. After Currie's death they passed into the possession of his son William Wallace Currie. In 1853 when William died his widow, without permission, offered them to a private gentlemen's club known as the Liverpool Athenaeum where they resided, forgotten in a box for circa twenty years, until in 1873 Mr. Henry A. Bright, uncovered them, wrote an account of them and put on display for 6 months. The club eventually decided to sell the manuscripts in what is likely to have been an illegal transaction, despite vociferous objections and the establishment of a 'Scots Committee' under the chairmanship of Lord Rosebery who intended to take action in the courts. The Liverpool Athenaeum added 'insult to injury' by revealing that they would use the proceeds of the sale to establish a 'Currie Memorial Fund'.
Dr. James Currie had however signed a letter in 1797 that stated "..that whatever was done as to the returning any letters, papers, etc., should be considered as the act of the widow and transacted in her name."
Messrs. Sotheby & Co. exercised their option to purchase the manuscripts on 3 June 1913 and paid £5000. Miss Annie Burns Burns of Cheltenham, the poet's only surviving grandchild, was appointed the Executrix Dative of Robert Burns with a strong legal case for the manuscripts return to the family, however the Liverpool Athenaeum refused. Sotheby's agreed however to abide with any court decision. Joseph W. Hornstein, a London bookdealer, purchased the manuscripts for £5000 by private treaty from Sotheby's and sold them to an American client, who was not however as is sometimes stated, J. Pierpoint Morgan. Hornstein reportedly tried to have them returned however he died very soon after the sale.
Another reference gives J. Pierpoint Morgan being involved in a proposed purchase in 1903 that fell through due to adverse publicity, explaining the extreme secrecy of the 1913 affair. Additionally it is said that Hornstein's agent approached several prospective purchasers in America without success due to the adverse reaction in Scotland. Some clarity to the confusion comes from the fact that the Liverpool Daily Post and Mercury reminded its readers that circa 10 years before the paper had taken the lead in preventing the Athenaneum from selling the manuscripts on that occasion, probably to J.P.Morgan.
In late 1913 the businessman and antiquarian collector John Gribbel was approached with a view to a sale to him of the Glenriddell Manuscripts. On 21 Novembe |
en | wit-train-topic-000000127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australia_national_cricket_captains | List of Australia national cricket captains | Test match captains | List of Australia national cricket captains / Men's cricket / Test match captains | This is a list of the men, women and boys who have been the official Australian captains in Tests, ODIs and Twenty20 Internationals.
Australia participated in the first Test match in cricket in 1877, the first One Day International in 1971 and the first Twenty20 international in 2005. In addition to officially sanctioned international matches and tours organised by the Australian Cricket Board, there have been two major rebel Australian sides. In the 1970s many of Australia's leading players signed up for Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket and played in a number of SuperTests against other international sides. Then in the mid-1980s there were two rebel Australian tours to South Africa, which was at that time banned from official competition because of the apartheid regime then in force there. The captains of those Australian sides are also listed below. | This is a list of cricketers who have captained the Australian cricket team for at least one Test match (not including vice-captains and other players who have deputised on the field for any period of time during a match where the captain has been unable to play). Where a player has a dagger (†) next to a Test match series in which he captained at least one Test, that denotes that player deputised for the appointed captain or were appointed by the home authority for a minor proportion in a series. The dagger classification follows that adopted by Wisden Cricketers' Almanack.
The table of results is complete up to the third Test against New Zealand in January 2020.
Notes:
¹ In 1945, just after the Second World War had ended in Europe, Warrant Officer Lindsay Hassett (as he then was) captained the Australian Services in five "Victory Tests" against England. The series was tied two-all with one draw. The "Victory Tests" have not, however, been granted full Test status.
² Includes one tie
³ In 1971–2 the planned tour to Australia by South Africa was cancelled. A Rest of the World XI toured Australia in its place and played five "Tests". Ian Chappell captained Australia in all of them. The World XI won two "Tests", Australia one, with two being drawn. The matches have retrospectively been denied Test status.
⁴Ian Chappell and Greg Chappell are brothers, and grandsons of Vic Richardson.
⁵Steve Smith was removed as Australian captain during the third Test of the 2017–18 tour of South Africa due to a ball-tampering scandal. His vice-captain, David Warner was also stood down. Tim Paine acted as Australian captain for the remainder of the Test match. Smith and Warner were subsequently suspended following an investigation, and Paine was confirmed as captain for the Fourth (and final) Test. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus | Codex Sinaiticus | Recent history | Codex Sinaiticus / History / Recent history | Codex Sinaiticus or "Sinai Bible" is one of the four great uncial codices, ancient, handwritten copies of a Christian Bible in Greek. The codex is a historical treasure.
The codex is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in uncial letters on parchment and dated paleographically to the mid-4th century. Scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the most important Greek texts of the New Testament, along with the Codex Vaticanus. Until Constantin von Tischendorf's discovery of the Sinaiticus text, the Codex Vaticanus was unrivaled.
The Codex Sinaiticus came to the attention of scholars in the 19th century at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula, with further material discovered in the 20th and 21st centuries. Although parts of the codex are scattered across four libraries around the world, most of the manuscript is held today in the British Library in London, where it is on public display. Since its discovery, study of the Codex Sinaiticus has proven to be useful to scholars for critical studies of biblical text.
While large portions of the Old Testament are missing, it is assumed that the codex originally contained the whole of both Testaments. | In the early 20th century Vladimir Beneshevich (1874–1938) discovered parts of three more leaves of the codex in the bindings of other manuscripts in the library of Mount Sinai. Beneshevich went on three occasions to the monastery (1907, 1908, 1911) but does not tell when or from which book these were recovered. These leaves were also acquired for St. Petersburg, where they remain.
For many decades, the Codex was preserved in the Russian National Library. In 1933, the Soviet Union sold the codex to the British Museum (after 1973 British Library) for £100,000 raised by public subscription (worth £7.2 million in 2020). After coming to Britain it was examined by Skeat and Milne using an ultra-violet lamp.
In May 1975, during restoration work, the monks of Saint Catherine's Monastery discovered a room beneath the St. George Chapel which contained many parchment fragments. Kurt Aland and his team from the Institute for New Testament Textual Research were the first scholars who were invited to analyse, examine and photograph these new fragments of the New Testament in 1982. Among these fragments were twelve complete leaves from the Sinaiticus, 11 leaves of the Pentateuch and 1 leaf of the Shepherd of Hermas. Together with these leaves 67 Greek Manuscripts of New Testament have been found (uncials 0278 – 0296 and some minuscules).
In June 2005, a team of experts from the UK, Europe, Egypt, Russia and USA undertook a joint project to produce a new digital edition of the manuscript (involving all four holding libraries), and a series of other studies was announced. This will include the use of hyperspectral imaging to photograph the manuscripts to look for hidden information such as erased or faded text. This is to be done in cooperation with the British Library.
More than one quarter of the manuscript was made publicly available at The Codex Sinaiticus Website on 24 July 2008. On 6 July 2009, 800 more pages of the manuscript were made available, showing over half of the entire text, although the entire text was intended to be shown by that date.
The complete document is now available online in digital form and available for scholarly study. The online version has a fully transcribed set of digital pages, including amendments to the text, and two images of each page, with both standard lighting and raked lighting to highlight the texture of the parchment.
Prior to 1 September 2009, the University of the Arts London PhD student, Nikolas Sarris, discovered the previously unseen fragment of the Codex in the library of Saint Catherine's Monastery. It contains the text of Book of Joshua 1:10. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiq_Mosque_(Benghazi) | Atiq Mosque (Benghazi) | Introduction | Atiq Mosque (Benghazi) | The Atiq Mosque in Benghazi, Libya, is one of the oldest and best known in the city.
The mosque, also known as Al-Jami al-Kabir (the Great Mosque), forms the north side of Freedom Square. The original structure dates to the early fifteenth century, and since then received many renovations. The present central-domed structure is Ottoman in design. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelaez_Ancestral_House | Pelaez Ancestral House | Present Times | Pelaez Ancestral House / Present Times | Located in the eastern portion of Misamis Oriental and roughly a 2-hour drive from Cagayan de Oro is the historical haven of North Poblacion in the Municipality of Medina where the Pelaez Ancestral House can be found standing still. This house had stood witness to the diverse political and historical lives of two of the famous bygone personalities in the politics arena in the locality and in the country as well – Don Gregorio A. Pelaez, Sr. and his son, Emmanuel N. Pelaez, Sr. When people ask for direction, the local townsfolk refer to the house as the "Pelaez White House" because of the walls that are washed in white. | As of the present days, the house is surrounded with coconut and poultry which are used as sources of income for the maintenance of the house according to Raul "Jojo" Pelaez-Soriano, 4th generation descendant of Gregorio Pelaez, Sr. He also said that some of the antique items were transferred to Manila for safekeeping and for exhibits purposes. Old photos were also transferred to Mapawa, Cugman, Cagayan de Oro where one of the houses owned by the Pelaez is built.
Other sources of income for the house maintenance are also from some of the properties of the Pelaez which are the Duka Bay Resort and Alibuag Spring which is both located in the locality of Medina. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corkaree | Corkaree | Places of interest | Corkaree / Places of interest | Corkaree is a barony in north County Westmeath, in the Republic of Ireland. It was formed by 1672. It is bordered by three other baronies: Fore, Moyashel and Magheradernon and Moygoish. | Knockdrin Castle, mainly an early 19th-century neo-Gothic structure.
Multyfarnham Friary, a Franciscan friary founded in the 15th century.
Wilson's Hospital School, founded in 1761 by Andrew Wilson as a school for young Protestant boys and also as a hospital for old men, some of whom were retired soldiers; now a co-educational boarding school. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Lyceum | Warsaw Lyceum | Introduction | Warsaw Lyceum | The Warsaw Lyceum (Polish: Liceum Warszawskie; German: Königlich-Preußisches Lyzäum zu Warschau) was a secondary school that existed in Warsaw, under the Kingdom of Prussia and under the Kingdom of Poland, from 1804 to its closing in 1831 by Imperial Russia following the Polish November 1830 Uprising. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whidden%E2%80%93Kerr_House_and_Garden | Whidden–Kerr House and Garden | Introduction | Whidden–Kerr House and Garden | The Whidden–Kerr House and Garden, also known as High Hatch Estate, is a historic property located in the unincorporated communities of Riverwood and Dunthorpe in Multnomah County, Oregon, south of Portland and north of Lake Oswego, Oregon. William M. Whidden of Whidden & Lewis designed the house in 1901, to be his own residence, and it was built the same year. Whidden and his family lived in the house until 1911, when he sold it to businessman Thomas Kerr, Sr. (1896–1925). It later passed to Kerr's son, Thomas Kerr, Jr., and ultimately remained with the Kerr family until 1987.
The house is the "best expression" of Prairie School architecture by Whidden & Lewis, one of Portland's most prominent architectural firms of the period. A separate carriage house, now in use as a garage, is included as a contributing feature in the historic designation. The property includes a formal garden, which was "further developed by Kerr and his wife, the former Mabel Macleay", after Kerr acquired the estate in 1911. The site overlooks the Willamette River.
The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_International_Airport_Automated_Guideway_Transit_System | Denver International Airport Automated Guideway Transit System | Gallery | Denver International Airport Automated Guideway Transit System / Gallery | The Denver International Airport Automated Guideway Transit System is a people mover system operating at Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado. The system opened along with the airport itself in 1995, and was conceived as a means to connect all of the midfield concourses with the south terminal and quickly transport passengers between them because of the longer distances between each building, especially when compared to Stapleton International Airport, Denver's former airport. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Headlands_State_Park | Mendocino Headlands State Park | Big River Unit | Mendocino Headlands State Park / Big River Unit | Mendocino Headlands State Park is a California State Park in Mendocino, California. It consists of 347 acres of undeveloped seaside bluffs and islets surrounding the town of Mendocino, two beaches, and the much larger Big River Unit stretching for eight miles along both banks of the nearby Big River.
The park began operation in 1974, after several years of concern and discussion from citizens about the possibility of blufftop development. The Big River Unit was added in 2002. | The Big River Unit of Mendocino Headlands State park consists of 7,334 acres (30 km²) of land along the banks of the Big River, south of Mendocino. It includes 1500 acres (6 km²) of wetlands and the longest undeveloped estuary in Northern California. The park was created on July 30, 2002 after a group of donors, nonprofit organizations, and agencies, led by the Mendocino Land Trust, collected over 25 million dollars to purchase the property from the Hawthorne Timber Company and conveyed it to the California State Park system. The park includes remnants of the historic Mendocino Lumber Company sawmill.
The unit can be reached by State Route 1, south of Mendocino. Amenities are few, but include hiking paths on both sides of the river. Canoes and kayaks are available for rent from the Stanford Inn by the Sea on the south side of the river, and lead to a gentle paddle through eight miles (13 km) of forest.
At the mouth of the river, a footpath leads north under the Highway 1 bridge to Big River beach and the town of Mendocino. Inland, north of the river, the unit abuts Mendocino Woodlands State Park; the hiking path on the north bank of the river leads from one park to the other. On the south side of the river Van Damme State Park is nearby, across the Comptche-Ukiah Road.
There is also a "Big River State Park" in Illinois. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lor%C3%A0nt_Deutsch | Lorànt Deutsch | Introduction | Lorànt Deutsch | Lorànt Deutsch ([lɔrɑ̃.dœtʃ], born Laszlo Matekovics on 27 October 1975), is a French actor and writer.
Deutsch was born in Alençon to a Hungarian-Jewish father and a Romanian mother. An ardent Catholic, Deutsch claims to be a royalist.
In 2005, Deutsch met actress Marie-Julie Baup when they worked together during Amadeus. After working together for several more years while cast in The Importance of Being Earnest, they married in 2009, on 3 October, and now have three children. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_V_Award | Jimmy V Award | Recipients | Jimmy V Award / Recipients | The Jimmy V Award is awarded as part of the ESPY Awards to "a deserving member of the sporting world who has overcome great obstacles through perseverance and determination". The award is named in honor of North Carolina State University men's basketball coach Jim Valvano, who gave an acceptance speech after receiving the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the 1993 ESPY Awards ceremony which "brought a howling, teary-eyed Madison Square Garden to its feet". Valvano died from adenocarcinoma two months after receiving the award. The Jimmy V Award trophy, designed by sculptor Lawrence Nowlan, is presented at the annual awards ceremony in Los Angeles by The V Foundation, a charitable organization founded by ESPN and Valvano in 1993, involved in raising money to fund cancer research grants across the United States.
The inaugural winner of the Jimmy V Award in 2007 was basketball coach Kay Yow, who successfully led the North Carolina State University women's team to the ACC Tournament championship game, and the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Division I Tournament after returning from sessions of breast cancer chemotherapy. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malo_Solomona | Malo Solomona | Introduction | Malo Solomona | Malofou Solomona (born 10 May 1987) is a former Samoa rugby league footballer who plays on the wing for the Point Chevalier Pirates in the Auckland Rugby League. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_McCardell | Claire McCardell | 1930s and 1940s | Claire McCardell / 1930s and 1940s | Claire McCardell was an American fashion designer of ready-to-wear clothing in the twentieth century. She is credited with the creation of American sportswear. | Late in 1930, McCardell began working as an assistant designer for Robert Turk. Soon afterward, Turk moved to a larger company, Townley Frocks, and brought McCardell with him. In 1932, Turk drowned and Claire was asked to finish his fall line.
The 27-year-old chief designer soon traveled to Paris for inspiration, as did most American designers. Not interested in copying European high fashion, McCardell searched for inspiration in art and street fashion. During the 1930s, began to show innovations such as sashes, spaghetti string ties, and the use of menswear details that would become part of her design signature. In 1938, she modernized the dirndl. She also pioneered matching separates.
In 1938, Claire McCardell introduced the Monastic Dress, a bias-cut tentlike dress. It had no seamed waist and hung loosely, but with a versatile belt it could be adapted to hug a woman's curves gracefully. Best & Co. exclusively sold the dress for $29.95 and it sold out in a day. The "Monastic Dress" was widely copied and the cost of trying to stop knock-offs drove Townley Frocks out of business.
After the closure of Townley Frocks, Hattie Carnegie hired McCardell to work for her famed dressmaking firm, but her designs were not successful with Carnegie's clients, who were in search of more elaborate merchandise. While working for Hattie Carnegie, McCardell met Diana Vreeland (then at Harper's Bazaar). She would become McCardell's lifelong friend and champion. In 1940, just before leaving Carnegie, McCardell attended her last Parisian fashion show, preferring from then on to avoid any French influence on her clothing.
Townley Frocks reopened in 1940 under new management and McCardell returned to the brand. The company's labels then read, "Claire McCardell Clothes by Townley", making her one of the first American designers to have name recognition.
World War II cut American designers off from European inspiration and limited the availability of some materials. McCardell flourished under these restrictions. Although many designers considered them too basic, McCardell already worked with fabrics such as denim, calico, and wool jersey that were easily available during the war. She popularized the ballet flat when, responding to the shortage of leather, McCardell commissioned Capezio to produce a range of ballet flats to match her designs. When the government announced a surplus of weather balloon cotton materials in 1944, McCardell quickly bought them up, using them to design clothes that patriotic American women wore with pride.
In 1941, McCardell produced a line of separates that made nine outfits from five pieces. The pieces included a taffeta skirt, a jersey top, and a jersey jacket. That same year, she showed her first "Kitchen Dinner Dress". Made of cotton, the "Kitchen Dinner Dress" had a full skirt with an attached apron.
In 1942, McCardell created her famed "Popover Dress". It was a response to a Harper's Bazaar challenge to create something fashionable one could wear to clean the house and then, wear to a cocktail party. The simple grey dress came with a matching potholder that fit into the dress pocket. The "Popover Dress" sold for $6.95 and more than 75,000 were sold in the first season alone. These dresses became a staple of McCardell collections and over time, she made versions in different lengths and fabrics. The "Popover Dress" received a citation from the American Fashion Critics Association and in 1943, McCardell won a Coty Award.
Beginning in 1945, McCardell was featured as an "American Look" designer by Lord & Taylor's department store. In 1946, McCardell won the Best Sportswear Designer Award and in 1948 she won the Neiman-Marcus Award. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Taki_Station | Satsuma Taki Station | Gallery | Satsuma Taki Station / Gallery | Satsuma Taki Station is a train station in Satsumasendai, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is served by the third sector Hisatsu Orange Railway that follows the former coastal route of the JR Kyushu Kagoshima Main Line connecting Yatsushiro and Sendai. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oland_(Frisian_island) | Oland (Frisian island) | Introduction | Oland (Frisian island) | Oland (Danish: Øland, North Frisian: Ualöönist) is a small hallig which is connected by a narrow gauge railway to the mainland and to hallig Langeneß. In 2019, the population was estimated, unofficially, to be 16 people.
Germany's smallest lighthouse is located here, being also the only one with a thatched roof. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Romania | Demographic history of Romania | 7 January 1992 census | Demographic history of Romania / 7 January 1992 census | See Demographics of Romania for a more detailed overview of the country's present-day demographics.
The 1930 census was the only one to cover Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002, and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory. All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The Romanian Old Kingdom conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889, and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May, 1942. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_invasive_species_in_Texas | List of invasive species in Texas | Terrestrial plants | List of invasive species in Texas / Terrestrial plants | Numerous non-native plants have been introduced to Texas in the United States and many of them have become invasive species. The following is a list of some non-native invasive plant species established in Texas. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches | Gothic cathedrals and churches | High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic - France (Thirteenth Century) | Gothic cathedrals and churches / High Gothic and Rayonnant Gothic - France (Thirteenth Century) | Gothic cathedrals and churches are religious buildings created in Europe between the mid-12th century and the beginning of the 16th century. The cathedrals are notable particularly for their great height, and their extensive use of stained glass to fill the interiors with light. They were the tallest and largest buildings of their time, and the most prominent examples of Gothic architecture. The appearance of the Gothic Cathedral was not only a revolution in architecture; it also introduced new forms in decoration, sculpture, and art.
Cathedrals were by definition churches where a bishop presided. Abbeys were the churches attached to monasteries. Many smaller parish churches were also built in the Gothic style. The appearance of the great cathedrals in the 12th century was a response to the dramatic increase of population and wealth in some parts of Europe, and the need for larger and more imposing buildings. Technical advances, such an innovative uses of the pointed arch, rib vault and flying buttress, allowed the churches and cathedral to become much taller, stronger, with larger windows and more light. | In France, the last part of the long reign of King Philippe Auguste (1179-1223) marked the classic period of the Gothic Cathedral. He transformed the country from a small feudal state to the most prosperous and powerful nation in Europe. He was also a great builder, constructing the Louvre Palace and the first wall around Paris, and founding the University of Paris (1215). The new structures were larger and taller, and their forms were simplified and more balanced. He was succeeded by Louis IX of France, whose reign saw the construction of several great cathedrals, and his own remarkable chapel, Sainte-Chapelle.
The early thirteenth-century cathedral style in France is often called High Gothic.. The objective of the architects was larger windows and more lavish decoration rather than simply greater size. The mid-level triforium gradually disappeared, and stained glass windows seemed to cover entire walls. The great monuments of the style included Amiens Cathedral, the modified Notre Dame de Paris, and especially the royal chapel of Louis IX of France, Sainte-Chapelle (consecrated 1248).
Chartres Cathedral was constructed following the destruction by fire of the Romanesque cathedral in 1194, which left only the crypt, royal total an apse intact. It was rapidly reconstructed, and was largely finished by 1221. It surpassed Notre Dame de Paris both in length (130.2 meters) and height (36 meters). It had an immense transept which had its own collateral chapels. The choir was extended by a double disambulatory with three radiating chapels. Chartres has a number of innovative features. The traditional level of tribunes on both sides of the nave were removed, thanks to the strength and reach of the flying buttresses, reducing the number of levels from four to three. This made room for a row of large windows, the same height as the ground-floor arcades, bringing much more light into the church, and a greater sensation of harmony. Another innovation was the use of the simpler but stronger quadripartite rib vault instead of the six-part vaults of Notre Dame, which allowed greater height and a simpler arrangement of columns and pillars on the ground floor. {The cathedral was originally planned to have seven towers, but in the end had only two, from different periods. Another feature of Chartres was the use of walls painted white or in different colours. As of 2020, after the walls had been cleaned of soot and dirt, these colours are in the processs of being restored or recreated, a measure that has drawn some criticism.
Notre Dame de Paris during the reign of Louis IX underwent enlargement and extensive modifications into the Rayonnant style. The old sexpartite rib vaults vaults in the nave were replaced by the simpler and stronger quadripartite vaults. Dramatic new Rayonnant rose windows were added to the north and south transepts. Longer and stronger flying buttresses were added to support the choir, which allowed thinner walls, and larger windows were added to clerestory. The two towers were completed in 1245.
Amiens Cathedral was begun in 1220. its builder, the Bishop Evrard de Fouilloy, had the ambition of making it the largest cathedral in France, and he succeeded. Its nave is 145 meters long and 70 meters wide at the transept. Its elevation copied Chartres in having just three, not four levels, but the plan was very different. At Amiens the arcades on the ground floor are a full eighteen meters high, equaling the combined height of the triforium and clerestory above. Amiens adopted the system of stained glass windows in chassis that was used at Reims, but went a step further. The high clerestory windows in the nave are composed of four lancet windows topped by two rosettes, while those in the transept have as many as eight lancets in single window.
Sainte-Chapelle (1241–48) was the royal chapel constructed by Louis IX of France at his palace on the Île de la Cité in Paris to shelter the relics of the Passion of Christ. It is composed of a lower chapel, used by the Palace and the Court, and an upper chapel, where the r |
en | wit-train-topic-000000145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus_heyangensis | Aspergillus heyangensis | Growth and morphology | Aspergillus heyangensis / Growth and morphology | Aspergillus heyangensis is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Aenei section. The species was first described in 1994. It has been reported to produce a decaturin. | A. heyangensis has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000146 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_meditation | Christian meditation | Saint Francis de Sales | Christian meditation / Approaches to meditation / Saint Francis de Sales | Christian meditation is a form of prayer in which a structured attempt is made to become aware of and reflect upon the revelations of God. The word meditation comes from the Latin word meditārī, which has a range of meanings including to reflect on, to study, and to practice. Christian meditation is the process of deliberately focusing on specific thoughts and reflecting on their meaning in the context of the love of God.
Christian meditation aims to heighten the personal relationship based on the love of God that marks Christian communion. Both in Eastern and Western Christianity meditation is the middle level in a broad three-stage characterization of prayer: it involves more reflection than first level vocal prayer, but is more structured than the multiple layers of contemplative prayer. Teachings in both the Eastern and Western Christian churches have emphasized the use of Christian meditation as an element in increasing one's knowledge of Christ. | Saint Francis de Sales (1576–1622) used a four-part approach to Christian meditation based on "preparation", "consideration", "affections and resolutions" and "conclusions":
In the preparation part, one places oneself in the presence of God and asks the Holy Spirit to direct the prayer, as in the Epistle to the Romans: "The Spirit helps us in our weakness, for we do not know what to pray for, but the Spirit himself intercedes for us with sighs too deep for words."
In the consideration part, one focuses on a specific topic, e.g. a passage from the Bible.
In the affections and resolutions part, one focuses on feelings and makes a resolution or decision. For instance, when meditating on the Parable of the Good Samaritan one may decide to visit someone sick and be kind to them.
In the conclusion part, one gives thanks and praise to God for the considerations and asks for the grace to stand by the resolution. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House | Hull House | The building and museum | Hull House / The building and museum | Hull House was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House opened to recently arrived European immigrants. By 1911, Hull House had grown to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer camp, the Bowen Country Club. With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull House became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses nationally.
The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to accommodate the changing demands of the association. In the mid-1960s, most of the Hull House buildings were demolished for the construction of the University of Illinois-Chicago. The original building and one additional building survive today. On June 12, 1974, the surviving Hull mansion was designated a Chicago Landmark. On June 23, 1965, it was designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark. | Hull House was located in Chicago, Illinois, and took its name from the Italianate mansion built by real estate magnate Charles Jerald Hull (1820–1889) at 800 South Halsted Street in 1856. The building was located in what had once been a fashionable part of town, but by 1889, when Addams was searching for a location for her experiment, it had descended into squalor. This was partly due to the rapid and overwhelming influx of immigrants into the Near West Side neighborhood. Charles Hull granted his former home to his niece Helen Culver, who in turn granted it to Addams on a 25-year rent-free lease. By 1907, Addams had acquired 13 buildings surrounding Hull's mansion. Between 1889 and 1935, Addams and Ellen Gates Starr continuously redeveloped the building. In 1912, the Bowen Country Club summer camp was added to complete the Hull House complex. The facility remained at the original location until it was purchased in 1963 by what was then called the University of Illinois-Circle Campus. The development of University of Illinois-Circle Campus required the demolition of most of the Hull House buildings and the 1967 restoration to the original building by Frazier, Raftery, Orr and Fairbank removed Addams's third floor addition. In addition to the mansion, of the dozen additional buildings only the craftsman style dining hall (built in 1905 and designed by Pond & Pond) survives and it was moved 200 yards (182.9 m) from its original site to be next to the mansion. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000148 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg | Elections in Luxembourg | Eligibility | Elections in Luxembourg / Chamber of Deputies / Eligibility | Elections in Luxembourg are held to determine the political composition of the representative institutions of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Luxembourg is a liberal representative democracy, with universal suffrage guaranteed under the constitution. Elections are held regularly, and are considered to be fair and free.
Separate elections are held to elect representatives at communal, national, and European levels. The main institution to which members are elected is the Chamber of Deputies, the national legislature and the sole source of membership, confidence, and supply of the government. Luxembourg is represented by six MEPs to the European Parliament, who are elected simultaneously with elections held in other European Union member states.
The country has a multi-party system, traditionally defined by the existence of three large political parties: the Christian Social People's Party, the Democratic Party, and the Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party. | To be eligible to vote in elections to the Chamber of Deputies, one must fulfil the following criteria:
One must be a Luxembourgish citizen.
One must be eighteen years of age on election day.
One must never have been convicted of a criminal offence.
One must otherwise be in full possession of one's political rights (e.g. not be certified as insane).
In addition to the criteria outlined above, to stand for election to the Chamber of Deputies, one must be resident in Luxembourg. Furthermore, one cannot be a candidate if one is a judge or a member of the Council of State. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_sturgeon | Russian sturgeon | Description | Russian sturgeon / Description | The Russian sturgeon, also known as the diamond sturgeon or Danube sturgeon, is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae. It is found in Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Ukraine. It is also found in the Caspian Sea. This fish can grow up to about 235 cm and weigh 115 kg. Russian sturgeon mature and reproduce slowly, making them highly vulnerable to fishing. It is distinguished from other Acipenser species by its short snout with a rounded tip as well as its lower lip which is interrupted at its center. | The Russian sturgeon can grow to 210 cm (83 in) but a more normal size is 110 to 140 cm (43 to 55 in). It has a relatively short and rounded snout with three pairs of unfringed barbels closer to the tip of the snout that to the mouth. The dorsal fin has 27 to 48 soft rays and the anal fin has 16 to 35. The number of scales along the lateral line varies from 21 to 50. This fish can be distinguish from the otherwise similar starry sturgeon by the shape of its snout, its barbels and scale arrangement. The upper surface is greyish-green, the lateral scales are pale and the belly white. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_salmon | Chinook salmon | Aquaculture | Chinook salmon / Fishing industry / Aquaculture | The Chinook salmon is the largest species in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. The common name refers to the Chinookan peoples. Other vernacular names for the species include king salmon, Quinnat salmon, spring salmon, chrome hog, and Tyee salmon. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name chavycha.
Chinook are anadromous fish native to the North Pacific Ocean and the river systems of western North America, ranging from California to Alaska, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern Japan to the Palyavaam River in the Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including New Zealand, the Great Lakes of North America, and Patagonia. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important omega-3 fatty acids. Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. | The world's largest producer and market supplier of the Chinook salmon is New Zealand. Marketed as King salmon, in 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes of salmon equating to a value of NZ$61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had increased to NZ$85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the Pacific Rim, including Australia.
Farming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s, when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks with the first commercial operations initiating in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in Stewart Island by British Petroleum NZ Ltd.
Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (6.6–8.8 lb). The broodstock for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and milt are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (around 10–12 °C (50–54 °F)). After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to smolt stage (around six-months of age) before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island, and Akaroa Harbour, while freshwater operations in Canterbury, Otago, and Tasman use ponds, raceways, and hydrocanals for growout operations.
Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m3 and around 25 kg/m3 (depending on the life stage of the salmon) and the absence of disease in the fish means New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of fish meal specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) and contain no steroids or other growth enhancers.
Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British Humane Slaughter Association. In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index.
Chile is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial salmon production ceased by 2009. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarai | Quarai | Introduction | Quarai | Quarai, also known historically as Quarai State Monument, is a prehistoric and historic unit of the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument located north of Mountainair, New Mexico. A National Historic Landmark District, it encompasses the archaeological remains of prehistoric Native American settlements, historic remains of a pueblo that was abandoned in the 1670s during the Spanish colonial period, the ruins of a 17th-century Spanish mission compound, and 19th-century Spanish ranching artifacts. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962, and was added to the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument in 1980. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins,_Mississippi | Collins, Mississippi | Introduction | Collins, Mississippi | Collins is a city in Covington County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 2,586 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Covington County. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.rex_Discovery_Centre | T.rex Discovery Centre | Scotty the T. rex | T.rex Discovery Centre / Scotty the T. rex | The T.rex Discovery Centre is a natural history museum located in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada, and housed in a building designed by Stantec. The T.rex Discovery Centre was opened to the public in 2001, and was intended house a number of fossils, including the remains of a Tyrannosaurus nicknamed "Scotty" which was found nearby in 1991. Management of the T.rex Discovery Centre was assumed by the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in 2013. | Originally discovered by Royal Saskatchewan Museum research team in Saskatchewan's Frenchman River Valley on August 16, 1991, the fossilized remains of specimen [RSM P2523.8], nicknamed Scotty, were painstakingly removed – almost completely by hand – over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, a 65% complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton was revealed.
"Scotty" the T. rex was found on August 16, 1991 by local high school principal Robert Gebhardt. Gebhardt had joined palaeontologists Tim Tokaryk and John Storer from the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (RSM) on a prospecting expedition alongside the Frenchman River Valley. Gebhardt stumbled across a tail vertebra of the T. rex on a cattle trail he was walking along. They later found a piece of the jaw with teeth still attached sticking out of the side of a hill. Today, about 65% of Scotty's bones have been recovered.
A cast of Scotty was first to go on display at the T.rex Discovery Centre on March 15, 2013, followed by a second in an exhibit developed by the Australian Museum in November 2013.
On March 21, 2019 Scotty was described to be the largest and oldest T. rex in the world, with an estimated weight of 8870 kg, length of 13 m and age of over 28 years.
On May 17, 2019 a cast of Scotty was unveiled at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa_Airways | Samoa Airways | History | Samoa Airways / History | Samoa Airways, formerly Polynesian Airlines, is the state-owned flag carrier airline of Samoa.
The airline was founded in 1959 as "Polynesian Airlines", providing domestic and international flights throughout the South Pacific. International operations were temporarily halted in 2005 and taken over by new airline Polynesian Blue, before resuming international flights under the new name of "Samoa Airways" in late 2017.
Samoa Airways is wholly owned by the government of Samoa and is based in the capital city of Apia, with its headquarters located in the Samoa National Provident Fund Building on Beach Road and its primary hub at Faleolo International Airport. The airline presently operates short-haul flights within Samoa and American Samoa, as well as long-haul flights to Australia and New Zealand. | The airline was established in 1959 as "Polynesian Airlines", and started operations in August that year with services between Apia and Pago Pago in American Samoa using a Percival Prince aircraft. The government of Western Samoa acquired a controlling interest in 1971. In 1982 Ansett Airlines of Australia signed a five-year management contract with the government to run the airline. This was extended for a further ten years in 1987. In February 1995 a commercial alliance with Air New Zealand was signed to develop marketing, sales and operational relationships.
In 2005, the airline's international jet flights were taken over by Polynesian Blue, a new airline established as a joint venture between the government of Samoa and Australian low-cost carrier Virgin Blue. Both the Samoan government and Virgin Blue each held 49% ownership of the new airline with the remaining 2% held by a Samoan investment group. The government of Samoa cited rising operating costs for Polynesian Airlines, which accounted for more than half of the government's annual budget, as one of the main reasons for suspending its international operations. However, Polynesian Airlines continued to operate turboprop flights in Samoa and American Samoa. In 2011, Virgin Blue announced a rebranding of its airline group, with its Samoan subsidiary being renamed "Virgin Samoa".
In 2017, the Samoan government announced that it was closing down Virgin Samoa, citing a lack of competitive fare pricing and disappointing performance. In its place, Polynesian Airlines would resume international flights with the new name of "Samoa Airways". The state-owned Samoa Airways partnered with Fiji Airways to assist with international flight operations, and wet-leased a Boeing 737-800 from Italian airline Neos in a deal brokered by Icelandair. International flights recommenced on 14 November 2017, with Samoa Airways flying from Apia to Auckland. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackforth | Hackforth | Governance | Hackforth / Governance | Hackforth is a small village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England, about 4 miles north of Bedale. Nearby settlements include Langthorne and Crakehall. | The village lies within the Richmond (Yorks) parliamentary constituency, which is under the control of the Conservative Party. The current Member of Parliament, since the 2015 general election, is Rishi Sunak. Hackforth also lies within the Bedale ward of Hambleton District Council. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXA11 | HOXA11 | Introduction | HOXA11 | Homeobox protein Hox-A11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA11 gene. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_churches_in_M%C3%B8re | List of churches in Møre | Molde domprosti | List of churches in Møre / Molde domprosti | The list of churches in Møre is a list of the Church of Norway churches the Diocese of Møre which covers all of Møre og Romsdal county in Norway. This list is divided into several sections, one for each deanery in the diocese. Administratively within each deanery, the churches are divided by municipalities which have their own church council and then into parishes which have their own councils. Each parish may have one or more congregation. | This arch-deanery is home to the Molde Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Møre. Molde domprosti covers three municipalities in Møre og Romsdal county, all of which surround the town of Molde in Molde Municipality where the deanery is headquartered. On 1 January 2019, the churches in Eide Municipality were transferred from Ytre Nordmøre prosti to Molde domprosti. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century | 19th century | Culture | 19th century / Culture | The 19th century was a century that began on January 1, 1801, and ended on December 31, 1900.
The 19th century saw large amounts of social change; slavery was abolished, and the First and Second Industrial Revolutions led to massive urbanization and much higher levels of productivity, profit and prosperity. The Islamic gunpowder empires were formally dissolved and European imperialism brought much of South Asia, Southeast Asia and almost all of Africa under colonial rule.
It was marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Zulu Kingdom, First French, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the Russian Empire, the United States, the German Empire, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Italy and Meiji Japan, with the British boasting unchallenged dominance after 1815. After the defeat of the French Empire, and its Indian allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British and Russian empires expanded greatly, becoming the world's leading powers. The Russian Empire expanded in the Caucasus, central and far eastern Asia. | 1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony
1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.
1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres.
1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist.
1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes Self-Reliance.
1845: Frederick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.
1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey.
1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself.
1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?.
1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin.
1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of Leaves of Grass.
1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of My Bondage and My Freedom.
1862: Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables.
1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace.
1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris.
1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published.
1884: Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.
1889: Vincent van Gogh paints Starry Night.
1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris.
1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg.
1894: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book is published
1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest.
1897: Bram Stoker writes Dracula.
1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Beach,_North_Carolina | Carolina Beach, North Carolina | Introduction | Carolina Beach, North Carolina | Carolina Beach is a town in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 5,052 at the 2000 census and 5,706 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Wilmington metropolitan area. The community of Wilmington Beach was annexed by the town in 2000. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulton,_Cheshire | Moulton, Cheshire | Introduction | Moulton, Cheshire | Moulton is a civil parish and village in Cheshire, England, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Northwich and 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Winsford. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlwiller | Wahlwiller | Introduction | Wahlwiller | Wahlwiller is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Gulpen-Wittem. The village is located south of the Selzerbeek.
The name of the village is derived from villare, what means "belonging to a villa". In the 14th century the village is mentioned under names as Waelwilre, Wailwilre and Walwilre. The prefix "wael" indicates that the inhabitants were speaking a Walloon language.
On the northern side of the village lies the Kruisberg, of Amstel Gold Race fame. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinguicula_orchidioides | Pinguicula orchidioides | Botanical history | Pinguicula orchidioides / Botanical history | Pinguicula orchidioides is a perennial rosette-forming insectivorous herb native to Mexico and Guatemala. A species of butterwort, it forms summer rosettes of flat, succulent leaves up to 5 centimeters long, which are covered in mucilaginous glands that attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey. Nutrients derived from the prey are used to supplement the nutrient-poor substrate that the plant grows in. Uniquely among Pinguicula species from the Americas, p. orchidioides produces gemma-like basal buds which elongate into stolons and serve as a means of asexual reproduction. In the winter the plant forms a non-carnivorous rosette of small, fleshy leaves that conserves energy while food and moisture supplies are low. Single purple flowers appear between July and September on upright stalks up to 22 centimeters long.
The species was first described in 1844 by Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle, but following an unfortunate misidentification by his contemporary William Jackson Hooker, was relegated to the ranks of botanical synonymy and generally forgotten until it was rediscovered through the works of botanists in the 1990s. | Pinguicula orchidioides was first described by French-Swiss botanist Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de Candolle in 1844 based on collections by G. Andrieux (130). De Candolle, in subdividing the genus Pinguicula, included the species in the newly created section Orcheosanthus along with other species with purple, deeply bilabiate corollas with 5 sub-equal lobes, a short floral tube, and a large spur not protruding past this tube.
Two years later, Hooker described a plant he saw growing at Kew Botanical Gardens and, thinking it to be similar to Candolle's P. orchidioides, applied that name. Unfortunately, this specimen was actually a P. moranensis var. neovolcanica, causing great confusion for taxonomists who thereafter treated P. orchidioides as a synonym of P. caudata or P. macrophylla.
Recognition of the species was only maintained by Sprague (1928), who contended that De Candolle's species was discrete from the plant described by Hooker. Casper, while omitting the species from his revision of the genus in 1966, noted that P. orchidioides auct. non A.DC.: Hook. was probably a nomen dubium vel ambiguum. However, the identification of P. orchidioides A.DC. was left unaddressed and was forgotten, so that when Hans Luhrs described stoloniferous Pinguicula specimens in 1995, he did so under a new name: P. stolonifera.
It wasn't until 1998 that the species was re-described under the name P. orchidioides by Mexican Pinguicula specialist Sergio Zamudio. He noted its distinction from other species based on leaf shape, stolon production, flower morphology and geographical isolation (from P. oblongiloba). |
en | wit-train-topic-000000165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_tea | Yellow tea | Introduction | Yellow tea | Yellow tea can refer to Chinese huángchá (黄茶; 黃茶) and Korean hwangcha (황차; 黃茶). |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylation | Carboxylation | Carboxylation in biochemistry | Carboxylation / Carboxylation in biochemistry | Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid group is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide. The opposite reaction is decarboxylation. In chemistry, the term carbonation is sometimes used synonymously with carboxylation, especially when applied to the reaction of carbanionic reagents with CO₂. More generally, carbonation usually describes the production of carbonates. | Carbon-based life originates from carboxylation that couples atmospheric carbon dioxide to a sugar. The process is usually catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes this carboxylation, is possibly the single most abundant protein on Earth.
Carboxylation in biochemistry includes a posttranslational modification of glutamate residues, to γ-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. It occurs primarily in proteins involved in the blood clotting cascade, specifically factors II, VII, IX, and X, protein C, and protein S, and also in some bone proteins. This modification is required for these proteins to function. Carboxylation occurs in the liver and is performed by γ-glutamyl carboxylase.
The carboxylase requires vitamin K as a cofactor and performs the reaction in a processive manner. γ-carboxyglutamate binds calcium, which is essential for its activity. For example, in prothrombin, calcium binding allows the protein to associate with the plasma membrane in platelets, bringing it into close proximity with the proteins that cleave prothrombin to active thrombin after injury. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchilla_rabbit | Chinchilla rabbit | Introduction | Chinchilla rabbit | Chinchilla rabbits are a group of three rabbit breeds that have been bred for a coat that resembles that of chinchillas. Despite their name, they are not related to and cannot interbreed with chinchillas, which are a species of rodent. Rabbits are lagomorphs. A mutation diluted the yellow pigment in the hairs to almost white, changing in this way the color of the fur of the wild rabbit (agouti) into chinchilla.
There are three breeds of Chinchilla rabbit recognized by the ARBA ,"American Rabbit Breeders Association". |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Street_Historic_District_(Tampico,_Illinois) | Main Street Historic District (Tampico, Illinois) | Ronald Reagan Birthplace | Main Street Historic District (Tampico, Illinois) / Properties / Ronald Reagan Birthplace | The Main Street Historic District in Tampico, Illinois, United States is a historic district notable as home to the birthplace of Ronald Reagan. The district includes the late 19th century collection of buildings that comprise Tampico's central business district, among them are two apartments that the Reagan family occupied in the early 1900s. The buildings in the district went through several periods of rebuilding during the 1870s due to major fires and a tornado. The district boundaries encompass the 100 block of Main Street and exclude properties that do not date from the historic period.
The historic district represents an intact commercial district representative of rural, small town Illinois. The buildings present a cohesive architectural unit; each building within is dependent on the others for its significance. The district's contributing properties are divided into two major categories "contributing structures" and "significant structures." Both commercial buildings that the Reagans occupied second floor apartments in are listed as "significant." The Main Street Historic District was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1982. | The building known as the birthplace of 40th U.S. President, Ronald Reagan, was constructed in 1896 for G.W. Stauffer by Fred Harvey Seymour and later became known as the Graham Building. It was built in 1896 and housed a tavern from that time until 1915. On February 6, 1911 the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Reagan, was born in the apartment above the bakery/restaurant [which later became the site of the First National Bank. The Reagans would move out of the apartment and into a house on Glassburn Street in Tampico a few months after Ronald was born.
Architecturally, the two-story brick building is similar to its neighboring buildings. It is brick, two stories tall, has three second-story windows and a cornice. Only the area's oldest buildings differ from the Reagan Birthplace's metal cornices and flat-headed windows. The building's first-floor interior has been restored as the First National Bank, which occupied the property from 1919–1931. On the second floor the apartment has been restored to the period when Reagan was born. The site offers tours to the public and is listed as a "significant" contributing property to the historic district. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Halifax) | The Daily News (Halifax) | Introduction | The Daily News (Halifax) | The Daily News was a tabloid newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia, that was published from 1974 until ceasing operations in February 2008. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia | List of cities and towns in Russia | Gallery | List of cities and towns in Russia / Gallery | This is a list of cities and towns in Russia. According to the data of 2010 Russian Census, there are 1,110 cities and towns in Russia. After the Census, Innopolis, a town in the Republic of Tatarstan, was established in 2012 and granted town status in 2014. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamtown_Heritage_Rail_Centre | Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre | Services | Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre / Services | The Steamtown Heritage Rail Centre is a static railway museum based in the former railway workshops located in Peterborough, South Australia.
Peterborough was the administrative and service centre for the Peterborough Division of the South Australian Railways, employing up to 1,500 people in the workshops during its heyday. The railway workshops covered an extensive area mainly to the west of the township, and it is in these original buildings that the exhibits are displayed.
The turntable and roundhouse are the main features of the exhibit.
The turntable is unusual in that it accommodates three rail gauges: Narrow gauge, standard gauge
and broad gauge. In Australia there were only two similar turntables; all three were on the same line, with the one at Peterborough the only one remaining. This unique situation arose from the standardisation project of the late 1960s. At this time the broad gauge line was extended from Terowie to Peterborough and the Port Pirie to Broken Hill section was replaced by standard gauge line. The Peterborough to Quorn section remained narrow gauge. | The Centre is open seven days a week; an entry fee is charged.
Guided tours, lasting about an hour and a half, provide a narrative of the equipment displayed, the infrastructure on site and its social history as well as exploring amusing railway anecdotes and experiences.
After the Centre's opening, technical difficulties limited the availability of the planned sound and light show; but after considerable work to resolve the issues the show is now considered a huge success, operating most nights, dependent only on bookings. The sound and light show has contributed to an increase in the number of overnight stays in the town, which benefits the other tourist attractions and the town in general.
The Centre had accreditation as a rail-transport operator to run its motor inspection car, MIC 127, between the centre and the former goods platform in Peterborough yard, though this is rarely done. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calheta_de_S%C3%A3o_Miguel | Calheta de São Miguel | Introduction | Calheta de São Miguel | Calheta de São Miguel is a city in the northern part of the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. In 2010 its population was 3,175. It is on the east coast, 31 km (19 mi) north of the capital Praia. It is the seat of São Miguel municipality.
Calheta de São Miguel forms an urban agglomeration with the adjacent settlements Veneza and Ponta Verde, total population 5,615 (2010). |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ann_Coady_Weinand | Mary Ann Coady Weinand | Introduction | Mary Ann Coady Weinand | Dr. Mary Ann Coady Weinand (December 25, 1959 – September 26, 2007) was an American psychiatrist in Tucson, Arizona for 16 years from 1991 until 2007. She was best known as an effective psychiatrist and has become a local symbol for hope in the fight against breast cancer. In May 2008 her old psychiatric clinic was renamed in her honor as a tribute to her legacy and impact in the Southern Arizona treatment of Psychiatry. It was the first time such a building was named after an employee in Tucson.
She became a local icon in Tucson in the fight against breast cancer, which claimed her own life. She was the first woman psychiatrist to have a building name after her honor as a result of her legacy. More than $10,000 has been donated to local charities in her memory. She was featured in the Life Stories section of the Arizona Daily Star on May 10, 2008 |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_people | Papel people | Demography | Papel people / Demography | Papels, also called Moium, Oium, Papei, Pepel or Pelels, are an ethnic group established in Casamance, Guinea Bissau and Guinea. Its population in Guinea Bissau is 115,000, according to the 2012 estimate. They traditionally engaged in hunting and agriculture. | The Papel people live traditionally around the city of Bissau, in the Biombo Region. They are linguistically and culturally close to mankagnes and Manjack or Manjacas. They are traditionally farmers. So, they have one of the most suitable land for rice cultivation. Like the Manjacks, their names are Portuguese because of the Portuguese occupation of the country from the late 15th century until 1973. Surnames characteristic of this ethnic group are: Pereira, Lopes, Vieira, Correia, Monteiro, Ca, etc.
Their language is the Papel, which is one of the Niger–Congo languages. The estimated number of speakers was 136,000 in Guinea Bissau in 2006. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakleigh,_Victoria | Oakleigh, Victoria | Gallery | Oakleigh, Victoria / Gallery | Oakleigh is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 14 km south-east of Melbourne's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Monash. At the 2016 Census, Oakleigh had a population of 7,893.
Once a large independent city, Oakleigh was absorbed into Melbourne as part of the eastward expansion of the metropolis in the 1950s. As a result, it once had its own large historic Central Business District, its own municipality in the former City of Oakleigh and its own suburbs.
The area is traditionally known to have a strong Greek cultural influence, largely due to the influx of said immigrants to Australia in the mid-20th century. Fourteen per cent of those living in the suburb speak only Greek at home.
Although the origin of the name of the suburb, "Oakleigh," is unclear, local historians have three main theories – that it was derived from she-oaks that grew near Scotchmans Creek; from "Oakleigh Park" an estate near Malvern Hills in England; or from Mrs. Oakley an early settler. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin | Led Zeppelin | 1980s | Led Zeppelin / History / Post-breakup / 1980s | Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With their heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are regularly cited as one of the progenitors of heavy metal, although their style drew from a variety of influences, including blues and folk music.
After changing their name from the New Yardbirds, Led Zeppelin signed a deal with Atlantic Records that afforded them considerable artistic freedom. Although the group were initially unpopular with critics, they achieved significant commercial success with eight studio albums released over ten years, from Led Zeppelin to In Through the Out Door. Their untitled fourth studio album, commonly known as Led Zeppelin IV, and featuring the song "Stairway to Heaven", is among the most popular and influential works in rock music, and helped to secure the group's popularity.
Page wrote most of Led Zeppelin's music, particularly early in their career, while Plant generally supplied the lyrics. | Following Zeppelin's dissolution, the first significant project for the members was the Honeydrippers, which Plant initially formed in 1981, and which released its only album in 1984. The group featured Page on lead guitar, along with studio musicians and friends of the pair, including Jeff Beck, Paul Shaffer, and Nile Rodgers. Plant focused on a different direction from Zeppelin, playing standards and in a more R&B style, highlighted by a cover of "Sea of Love" that peaked at number three on the Billboard chart in early 1985.
Coda – a collection of Zeppelin outtakes and unused tracks – was issued in November 1982. It included two tracks from the Royal Albert Hall in 1970, one each from the Led Zeppelin III and Houses of the Holy sessions, and three from the In Through the Out Door sessions. It also featured a 1976 Bonham drum instrumental with electronic effects added by Page, called "Bonzo's Montreux".
On 13 July 1985, Page, Plant, and Jones reunited for the Live Aid concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia, playing a short set featuring drummers Tony Thompson and Phil Collins, and bassist Paul Martinez. Collins had contributed to Plant's first two solo albums while Martinez was a member of Plant's solo band. The performance was marred by a lack of rehearsal with the two drummers, Page's struggles with an out-of-tune guitar, poorly functioning monitors, and Plant's hoarse voice. Page described the performance as "pretty shambolic", while Plant characterised it as an "atrocity".
The three members reunited again on 14 May 1988, for the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert, with Bonham's son Jason on drums. The result was again disjointed: Plant and Page had argued immediately prior to taking the stage about whether to play "Stairway to Heaven", and Jones' keyboards were absent from the live television feed. Page described the performance as "one big disappointment" and Plant said "the gig was foul". |
en | wit-train-topic-000000177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadkill | Roadkill | Prevention | Roadkill / Prevention | Roadkill is an animal or animals that have been struck and killed by motor vehicles on highways. Wildlife-vehicle collisions have increasingly been the topic of academic research to understand the causes, and how it can be mitigated. Some roadkill can also be eaten. | Collisions with animals can have many negative consequences:
Death and suffering of animals struck by vehicles
Injury to, or death of, vehicle occupants
Harm to endangered species
Loss of valuable livestock or pets
Vehicle damage
Economic losses (cleanup, repairs to vehicles, etc.)
Roadkill is a distasteful sight, particularly costly to locations economically reliant on tourism
Regardless of the spatial scale at which the mitigation measure is applied, there are two main types of roadkill mitigation measures: changing driver behavior, and changing wildlife behavior.
There are three potential ways to change driver behavior. Primary methods focus on changing driver attitude by increasing public awareness and helping people understand that reducing roadkill will benefit their community. The second potential way is to make people aware of specific hazardous areas by use of signage, rumble strips or lighting. The third potential way is to slow traffic physically or psychologically, using chicanes or speed bumps.
There are three categories of altering wildlife behavior. Primary methods discourage wildlife from loitering on roadsides by reducing food and water resources, or by making the road surfaces lighter in color which may make wildlife feel more exposed on the roadway. Second are methods of discouraging wildlife from crossing roads, at least when cars are present, using equipment such as ultrasonic whistles, reflectors, and fencing. Third are mechanisms to provide safe crossing like overpass, underpasses and escape routes. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000178 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelmersh | Michelmersh | Gallery | Michelmersh / Gallery | Michelmersh is a small, scattered village in Hampshire, England some three miles north of Romsey.
It forms a civil parish with Timsbury that forms part of the Test Valley district.
The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath crosses the parish, passing through the churchyard of the 12th century St Mary's Church. The Georgian former rectory, Michelmersh Court, is Grade II* listed and was for many years the home of Sir David and Lady Carina Frost.
The parish is located to the east of the River Test on the northern edge of the Hampshire Basin, with chalk in the north. To the south and east of the village this is overlain by Palaeocene sands and clays of the Lambeth Group. At the southern are younger deposits of Eocene age, sloping from a ridge of the Nursling sands into a valley of London Clay. It has a brick and tile works, and extensive former sand pits on Casbrook Common, now used as a landfill site.
The name Michelmersh is derived from the Old English micel + mersc, meaning ' large marsh'. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukkaros_Mountain | Brukkaros Mountain | Introduction | Brukkaros Mountain | Brukkaros Mountain (Khoekhoe: Geitsi Gubib) is an extinct volcano in ǁKaras Region, Namibia. Measuring 1,590 metres at its peak on the eastern edge of the crater, Brukkaros is located about 15 kilometres northeast of the primarily Nama town of Berseba and 100 kilometres north-northwest of Keetmanshoop. It is over 650 metres taller than the surrounding area, but the crater floor is 350 m below the rim. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izhar_Ashdot | Izhar Ashdot | Solo Discography | Izhar Ashdot / Solo career / Solo Discography | Izhar Ashdot is an Israeli singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He is a co-founding member of the Israeli rock band T-Slam. | Izhar Ashdot - 1992
Izhar Ashdot II - 1994
Live at the Hard Rock Cafe - 1995
Zman Kesem - 1999
Lech Im HaLev - 2000
BeMerhak Negi'a MiCan (A Touch Away) - 2005
HaLeilot Shelanu (Our Nights) - 2007
Live! - Rikud Katan - Hasivuv Ha'iri (Live - The "Irish" Tour) - 2008
Inian Shel Hergel (A Matter of Habit) - 2012
Solo. Live! - 2013
Kach Holech Ha'Rooach (So Goes the Wind) - 2018 |
en | wit-train-topic-000000181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Louisiana | List of festivals in Louisiana | Gallery | List of festivals in Louisiana / Gallery | This is a list of festivals in Louisiana, grouped by theme. This is also a list of Louisiana's cultural events. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chae_Bo-hun | Chae Bo-hun | Introduction | Chae Bo-hun | Chae Bo-hun (b. 23 August, 1992) is a South Korean singer-songwriter, also known as The VANE. He is the vocalist of rock band Purple Rain, which finished third at JTBC's televised talent show Superband. He regularly contributes to Korean drama soundtracks, as well. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Johannes_Schlesinger | Paul Johannes Schlesinger | Memorials | Paul Johannes Schlesinger / Memorials | Paul Johannes Schlesinger was an Austrian trade unionist and politician. He was a member of the Austrian Parliament from 1926 to 1934, then persecuted by the Ständestaat and thereafter by the Nazi Reich. He was killed by the Nazis at KZ Groß-Rosen three months before the war ended. | In 1988, the Austrian Parliament honored all twelve former Members of Parliament who lost their lives in their fight against the Nazi Reich. One of them was Paul Johannes Schlesinger. The plaque is placed on the right side of the main entrance of the building.
Also, a residential building in Wiener Neustadt was named after Schlesinger. A memorial plaque for Schlesinger can be seen on the building to this day. Since 2010, a Stolperstein in front of the building Herzog Leopold-Strasse 28 (also in Wiener Neustadt) commemorates his deportation and death. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Monument_in_Louisville | Confederate Monument in Louisville | Monument images | Confederate Monument in Louisville / Monument images | The Confederate Monument in Louisville is a 70-foot-tall monument formerly adjacent to and surrounded by the University of Louisville Belknap Campus in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. Relocation of the monument to Brandenburg, Kentucky, along the town's river front began November 2016, and was completed in mid-December. The granite and bronze structure was erected in 1895 by the Muldoon Monument Company with funds raised by the Kentucky Woman's Confederate Monument Association. The monument commemorates the sacrifice of Confederate veterans who died in the American Civil War.
As with many monuments to the Confederacy, some community activists, such as Louisville's late Reverend Louis Coleman, had called for the removal of the monument from such a prominent location due to an association with the history of civil rights abuses against African-Americans. In the past, both the city and university opposed such proposals. In 2002, the university announced an effort to add civil rights monuments in the vicinity of the Louisville location as part of a redevelopment called "Freedom Park". Two million dollars of funding, principally for the park, was secured in late 2008. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Road,_Krak%C3%B3w | Royal Road, Kraków | Photo tour | Royal Road, Kraków / Photo tour | The Royal Road or Royal Route in Kraków, Poland, begins at the northern end of the medieval Old Town and continues south through the centre of town towards Wawel Hill, where the old royal residence, Wawel Castle, is located. The Royal Road passes some of the most prominent historic landmarks of Poland's royal capital, providing a suitable background to coronation processions and parades, kings' and princes' receptions, foreign envoys and guests of distinction traveling from a far country to their destination at Wawel.
The Royal Road starts outside the northern flank of the old city walls in the medieval suburb of Kleparz, now a central district of Kraków. It begins at St. Florian's Church, containing the relics of St. Florian – the Patron Saint of Poland – miraculously saved numerous times in the 12th, 16th and 17th centuries. St. Florian's Church was also the starting point for royal funeral processions, concluding at Wawel Cathedral.
The Royal Road crosses Matejko Square, passes the Academy of Fine Arts on the right-hand side and crosses Basztowa Street – to the medieval barbican. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazys_Grinius | Kazys Grinius | Introduction | Kazys Grinius | Kazys Grinius ([kɐˈzʲiːs ˈɡʲrʲɪnʲʊs] (listen), 17 December 1866 – 4 June 1950) was the third President of Lithuania, and held that office from 7 June 1926 to 17 December 1926. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000187 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Florence | History of Florence | Introduction | History of Florence | Florence (Italian: Firenze) weathered the decline of the Western Roman Empire to emerge as a financial hub of Europe, home to several banks including that of the politically powerful Medici family. The city's wealth supported the development of art during the Italian Renaissance, and tourism attracted by its rich history continues today. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanhopea_anfracta | Stanhopea anfracta | Introduction | Stanhopea anfracta | Stanhopea anfracta is a species of orchid occurring from southeastern Ecuador to Bolivia. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000189 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoners%27_Memorial | Wagoners' Memorial | Introduction | Wagoners' Memorial | The Wagoners' Memorial is a war memorial in Sledmere, in the East Riding of Yorkshire in England. The unusual squat columnar memorial was designed by Sir Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet and built in 1919–20. It became a Grade II listed building in 1966, upgraded to Grade I in February 2016. The memorial stands near the Eleanor Cross, Sledmere, a copy of the Eleanor Cross from Hardingstone, which was built as a village cross in the 1890s and converted by Sykes into a war memorial for the men from his estate. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_Y%C3%BC-hsiang | Feng Yü-hsiang | Introduction | Feng Yü-hsiang | Feng Yü-hsiang (Chinese: 馮玉祥; pinyin: Féng Yùxiáng; IPA: [fə́ŋ ỳɕi̯ɑ́ŋ]; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948) was a warlord and leader in Republican China from Chaohu, Anhui. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928–30. He was also known as the Christian General for his zeal to convert his troops and the Betrayal General for his penchant to break with the establishment. In 1911 he was an officer in the ranks of Yuan Shikai's Beiyang Army but joined forces with revolutionaries against the Qing dynasty. He rose to high rank within Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing Coup in 1924 that knocked Zhili out of power and brought Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. He joined the Nationalist Party (KMT), supported the Northern Expedition and became blood brothers with Chiang Kai-shek, but resisted Chiang's consolidation of power in the Central Plains War and broke with him again in resisting Japanese incursions in 1933. He spent his later years supporting the Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Hebei | List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei | Introduction | List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei | This list is of Major Sites Protected for their Historical and Cultural Value at the National Level in the Province of Hebei, People's Republic of China. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000193 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Grivolas | Pierre Grivolas | Introduction | Pierre Grivolas | Pierre Grivolas (2 September 1823, Avignon - 5 February 1906, Avignon) was a French painter; known for landscapes, portraits and genre scenes. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altinaghree_Castle | Altinaghree Castle | Introduction | Altinaghree Castle | Altinaghree Castle or Liscloon House, known locally as Ogilby's Castle, is a large, derelict building situated outside Donemana, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is believed to have been built around 1860 by William Ogilby. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_painting | Argentine painting | Madí Movement | Argentine painting / Twentieth century / Madí Movement | Argentine painting refers to all the pictorial production done in the territory of Argentina throughout the centuries. | The Madí Movement, began in Argentina in 1946. One source claims Madí was founded in protest to the government control of the arts under Juan Perón. while a different source says that Madí is not necessarily a response to that oppression. The movement spread to Europe and later the United States. It is considered the only artistic movement founded in Buenos Aires to have a significant impact internationally. It was founded by Gyula Kosice and Carmelo Arden Quin, and included artists such as Rhod Rothfuss, Martín Blaszko, Waldo Longo, and Diyi Laañ. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uettingen | Uettingen | Introduction | Uettingen | Uettingen is a municipality in the district of Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Hertfordshire | List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire | List of civil parishes and unparished areas | List of civil parishes in Hertfordshire / List of civil parishes and unparished areas | This is a list of civil parishes in the ceremonial county of Hertfordshire, England. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnehaha_County,_South_Dakota | National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnehaha County, South Dakota | Current listings | National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnehaha County, South Dakota / Current listings | This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnehaha County, South Dakota.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 102 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Five other properties were once listed but have been removed.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted July 2, 2020. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historical_markers_of_the_Philippines_in_Metro_Manila | List of historical markers of the Philippines in Metro Manila | Ermita | List of historical markers of the Philippines in Metro Manila / Manila / Ermita | This list of historical markers installed by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines in Metro Manila is an annotated list of people, places, or events in the region that have been commemorated by cast-iron plaques issued by the said commission. The plaques themselves are permanent signs installed in publicly visible locations on buildings, monuments, or in special locations.
While many Cultural Properties have historical markers installed, not all places marked with historical markers are designated into one of the particular categories of Cultural Properties.
Markers in Manila were first to be installed, following the establishment of the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee, the earliest predecessor of the NHCP. These were markers installed in 1934 for Church of San Agustin, Fort Santiago, Plaza McKinley, Roman Catholic Cathedral of Manila, San Sebastian Church, Concordia College, Manila Railroad Company, Dr. Lorenzo Negrao, and University of Santo Tomas. The installation of markers were first limited to identify antiquities in Manila. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykola_Koval | Mykola Koval | Introduction | Mykola Koval | Mykola Koval (Ukrainian: Микола Олексійович Коваль) (born 1 December 1952) is a Belorussian-born operatic baritone. He was born in Brest Region and studied solo singing in Minsk Conservatory and then in Moscow Conservatory. Since 1981, she has been a singer at the Kiev Opera and Ballet Theatre. People's Artist of Ukraine. Since 1995, she has been a professor of Kiev University of National Culture and Art. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa | Traditional healers of Southern Africa | Thwasa and initiation | Traditional healers of Southern Africa / Thwasa and initiation | Traditional healers of Southern Africa are practitioners of traditional African medicine in Southern Africa. They fulfill different social and political roles in the community, including divination, healing physical, emotional and spiritual illnesses, directing birth or death rituals, finding lost cattle, protecting warriors, counteracting witchcraft, and narrating the history, cosmology, and myths of their tradition. There are two main types of traditional healers within the Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, and Tsonga societies of Southern Africa: the diviner, and the herbalist. These healers are effectively South African shamans who are highly revered and respected in a society where illness is thought to be caused by witchcraft, pollution or through neglect of the ancestors. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 indigenous traditional healers in South Africa compared to 25,000 Western-trained doctors. Traditional healers are consulted by approximately 60% of the South African population, usually in conjunction with modern biomedical services. | Both men and women can become traditional healers. A sangoma is believed to be "called" to heal through an initiation illness; symptoms involve psychosis, headaches, intractable stomach pain, shoulder, neck complaints, short breath, swollen feet and waist issues or illness that cannot be cured by conventional methods. These problems together must be seen by a sangoma as thwasa or the calling of the ancestors. Sangomas believe that failure to respond to the calling will result in further illness until the person concedes and goes to be trained. The word thwasa is derived from thwasa which means 'the light of the new moon' or from ku mu thwasisa meaning 'to led to the light'.
A trainee sangoma (or ithwasane) trains formally under another sangoma for a period of anywhere between a number of months and many years. The training involves learning humility to the ancestors, purification through steaming, washing in the blood of sacrificed animals, and the use of muti, medicines with spiritual significance. The ithwasa may not see their families during training and must abstain from sexual contact and often live under harsh and strict conditions. This is part of the cleansing process to prepare the healer for a life's work of dedication to healing and the intense experiences of training tend to earn a deeply entrenched place in the sangoma's memory.
During the training period the ithwasa will share their ailments in the form of song and dance, a process that is nurtured by the analysis of dreams, anxieties, and with prayer. The story develops into a song which becomes a large part of the graduation-type ceremony that marks the end of the ukuthwasa training. At times in the training, and for the graduation, a ritual sacrifice of an animal is performed (usually chickens and a goat or a cow).
At the end of ukuthwasa and during initiation, early hours of the morning a goat that will be slaughtered should be a female one, that's for Umguni, the second one will be slaughtered the following morning after the chickens, which are sacrificed at the river Abamdzawo. All this sacrifices are to call to the ancestors and appease them. The local community, friends and family are all invited to the initiation to witness and celebrate the completion of training. The ithwasane is also tested by the local elder sangomas to determine whether they have the skills and insight necessary to heal. The climactic initiation test is to ensure the ithwasa has the ability to "see" things hidden from view. This is signified and proved when other sangomas hide the ithwasa's sacred objects, including the gall bladder of the goat that was sacrificed and the thwasane must, in front of the community, call upon their ancestors, find the hidden objects, which includes the skin of the goat, Umgamase, the ancestors clothes and return them back to the sangomas that hid them, thus proving they have the ability to "see" beyond the physical world. The heading practice is also done at night after taking off all those traditional clothing you had worn all day, they hide them for that thwasane to look for them again. The graduation ceremony takes 3 days from Friday till Sunday, the early hours of the morning the thwasane needs to sweep the whole yard, wash his/her clothes and also to bath at the river, he/she should return home when they are dry. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkala | Karkala | Photo gallery | Karkala / Photo gallery | Karkala also known as Karla, is a town and the headquarters of Karkala taluk in the Udupi district of Karnataka, India. Located about 60 km from Mangalore, it lies near the Western Ghats.
The town was called Pandya Nagari during the period of Jain rule, and later became known as Karikallu, then Karkal and then finally to Karkala.
Karkala has a number of natural and historical landmarks. It is located at the bottom of Western Ghats covered with greenery year-round. It is a major junction for religious tourists due to its strategic location along the way to Hebri, Sringeri, Kalasa, Horanadu, Udupi, Kollur, Subrahmanya and Dharmasthala.
Nallur is a village situated in the Karkala taluk. Here, Athishaya Nallur jain temple were built long ages Ago. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_peso_moneda_nacional | Argentine peso moneda nacional | Issues 1899-1935 | Argentine peso moneda nacional / Banknotes / Issues 1899-1935 | The Peso moneda nacional was the currency of Argentina from November 5, 1881 to January 1, 1970, the date in which the Argentine peso ley was issued to the Argentine public. It was subdivided into 100 centavos, with the argentino worth 5 pesos. The peso was introduced to replace the Argentine peso moneda corriente at a rate of $m/c 25 = m$n 1. | Law 3505, of 20 September, 1897, authorized the Caja de Conversión to renovate all paper money in existence at the time. They decided to make new design called "Progress's Effigy" ("Efigie del Progreso").
These bank notes were created originally in a bigger size and printed by the mint (Casa de Moneda), using French-made paper.
Due to their size, and the paper not being of good enough quality, they began to deteriorate. They then decided to suspend the printing and look for another provider. The new notes, of smaller size, started to be issued in 1903, using typography as the printing method.
The Banco Central issued the following banknotes: |
en | wit-train-topic-000000204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronica | Bronica | SQ series | Bronica / Bronica models / SQ series | Bronica also Zenza Bronica was a Japanese manufacturer of classic medium-format roll film cameras and photographic equipment based in Tokyo, Japan. Their single-lens reflex system-cameras competed with Pentax, Hasselblad, Mamiya and others in the medium-format camera market. | SQ: Introduced August 1980 as replacement and successor to Bronica's classic and increasingly bulky Nikkor-lens based cameras, production discontinued September 1984. Modular 6x6 cm traditional "square film" medium-format SLR camera system with leaf shutter lenses.
SQ-A: Introduced January 1982, production discontinued December 1991. The SQ-A was a refinement of the SQ. The contact pin array for the viewfinder was increased from six to ten gold contacts, allowing for auto metering capability with the AE finder S. Also, a mirror lock-up lever was added. The film-backs were modified slightly, with the ISO dial for the original film-backs having white and orange numerals, and the new with silver. The darkslide was changed to the locking style; to lock required both the new grey handle slide and the new silver numeral ISO dial back. All accessories for SQ cameras fit the SQ-A, however the AE finder cannot physically mount on the SQ; a safety defeat pin prevents attachment.
SQ-Am: Introduced August 1982, production discontinued March 1991. Motorized film-advance only version of SQ-A body. Uses six additional AA batteries.
SQ-Ai: Introduced December 1990, production discontinued December 2003. Added the following functionality to the SQ-A. Ability to add the motor drive SQ-i and off the film (TTL-OTF) metering with select flash guns. These changes required the addition of a circuit board which also required the battery compartment to be "flattened." The single 6v cell was replaced with four 1.5 volt "button" cells. A bulb 'B' setting was added to the shutter speed selector. The film-back was also modified again with the introduction of the SQ-Ai, relocating the ISO dial to the rear of the film-back (rather than on top) to allow the speed setting to be seen better with a prism attached. Exposure compensation control was also added to the new SQ-Ai film-back, with the ISO range extended to 6400.
SQ-B (Basic): Introduced April 1996, production discontinued December 2003. The SQ-B was a manually operating SLR evolved from the SQ-Ai, built to primarily satisfy the needs of professional "studio" photographers who work with hand-held light meters, studio or portable flash equipment and various other accessories. Thus, motorized film-advance and through-the-lens metering (TTL) functionality were not present, as well as B (bulb exposure) and T (time exposure), as found on other SQ-series models. T (time exposure), however, was available when utilizing the appropriate SQ-series Zenzanon-S/PS lenses which incorporated the time (T) exposure lever function; by default the Zenzanon-PS/B 80mm f/2.8 lens which accompanied the SQ-B model did not include this feature. All SQ-series accessories and lenses were interchangeable with the SQ-B with few exceptions. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945) | Battle of Tarakan (1945) | Opposing forces | Battle of Tarakan (1945) / Prelude / Opposing forces | The Battle of Tarakan was the first stage in the Borneo campaign of 1945. It began with an amphibious landing by Allied forces on 1 May, code-named Operation Oboe One; the Allied ground forces were drawn mainly from the Australian 26th Brigade, but included a small element of Netherlands East Indies personnel. The main objective of the landing was capture of the island's airfield. While the battle ended with success for the Allied forces over the Japanese defenders, this victory is generally regarded as having not justified its costs. The airfield was so heavily damaged that it ultimately could not be repaired in time to make it operational for other phases of the Allied campaign in Borneo. | |
en | wit-train-topic-000000206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Asian | British Asian | Art and design | British Asian / Notable contributions / Art and design | British Asians are persons of predominantly South Asian, and sometimes of broader Asian descent, who reside in the United Kingdom. In British English usage, the term Asian usually refers to people who trace their ancestry to South Asia, in particular the former British Raj and Ceylon.
Since the 2001 census, British people of general Asian descent have been included in the "Asian/Asian British" grouping of the UK census questionnaires. Categories for British Indians, British Pakistanis, British Bangladeshis, British Chinese and Other Asians have existed under an Asian British heading since the 2011 census.
Immigration of small numbers of South Asians to England began with the arrival of the East India Company to the Indian subcontinent in the 17th century. Indians came to Britain, for educational or economic reasons, during the British Raj, with most returning to India after a few months or years, and in greater numbers as the Indian independence movement led to the partition of 1947, eventually creating the separate countries of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. | Anish Kapoor is an Indian-born British sculptor. Born in Mumbai, Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s when he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the Chelsea College of Art and Design. Kapoor received the Turner Prize in 1991. Born in London and of Asian origin, Shezad Dawood became known for this work in various media in the early 2000s. Also born in London and of Pakistani origin, Haroon Mirza emerged as an artist in the late 2000s. Best known for his sculptural installations that generate sound, Mirza was awarded the Silver Lion for the Most Promising Artist at the 54th Venice Biennale in 2011.
Shahidul Alam is a Bangladeshi photojournalist, teacher and social activist. He has been a photographer for more than forty years and "his photographs have been published in almost every major western media outlet". Saiman Miah is an architectural designer and graphic designer who designed one of the two £5 commemorative coins for the 2012 London Summer Olympics.
Theatre company RIFCO Arts has been producing and touring productions based on the British Asian experience since 1999. |
en | wit-train-topic-000000207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chapelle-R%C3%A9anville | La Chapelle-Réanville | Introduction | La Chapelle-Réanville | La Chapelle-Réanville is a former commune in the Eure department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune La Chapelle-Longueville. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Dunn | Rachel Dunn | Introduction | Rachel Dunn | Rachel Margaret Dunn (born 14 November 1982) is an English international netball player. Dunn debuted for the England national netball team in 2004 against South Africa, and was a member of the England teams that won bronze medals at the 2006 and 2010 Commonwealth Games, and a silver medal at the 2010 World Netball Series.
Domestically, Dunn has made over 200 Netball Superleague appearances, and currently plays for Wasps Netball. Dunn played for Team Bath before switching to Surrey Storm in 2009. In May 2008, Dunn was signed to play in the Australasian ANZ Championship for the Canterbury Tactix in New Zealand, replacing pregnant Tactix shooter Jodi Brown.
Dunn was selected in the 12-player squad for England at the 2019 Netball World Cup. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branicki_Residential_House | Branicki Residential House | Introduction | Branicki Residential House | The Branicki Residential House is an eclectic-style historic building dating back to 1903, located on Smolna Street in Warsaw, Poland. It currently houses a four-star boutique Hotel Indigo Warsaw, a brand of InterContinental Hotels Group. |
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en | wit-train-topic-000000210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Museum,_Prague | Apple Museum, Prague | Introduction | Apple Museum, Prague | The Apple Museum is a museum located in Prague exploring the history of products designed by Apple Inc. |