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in 1954 he created a liaison squadron operating under direct orders of the president of the republic at the time gen gustavo rojas pinilla the squadron was located in the airport of techo the first airport of bogot its success led to the creation of a military airlift group which reached the category of transportation base in 1959 by then el dorado international airport was finished so the colombian air force ordered the transfer of the unit to an area adjacent to the new airport of el dorado using the civil airport facilities while finishing the construction of a new base the base was baptized as comando a reo de transporte militar military transportation air command or catam the base was inaugurated on 28 may 1963 |
in 1977 the military transport aviation command was named after the colombian aviation pioneer honorary brigadier general camilo daza alvarez in order to expand its capacity for troop and cargo transportation in support of surface forces in their fight against subversion and drug trafficking the air force acquired new c 130 hercules aircraft that been used for security purposes but also for humanitarian assistance between 1990 and 1991 the base received from the u s government six c 130b aircraft to support operations to combat drug trafficking and guerrillas |
in 1996 the base opened new ground accesses through an area devoted to the military transport aviation command the narrow street that impeded the entrance and exit of vehicles was replaced by a dual carriageway and a tunnel that allows access to vehicular traffic passing below the airplane access ramp to runway number 2 of el dorado international airport the parking lot was also enlarged to serve up to 260 vehicles the base hosts the colombian air force museum which has planes in display that represent the various types used in service during the 85 years history of the force |
new construction and renovations are presently underway in the terminal area once fully completed the new main terminal will be known as terminal 1 t1 the t1 building is shaped like an h and is divided in two piers or concourses the international one to the north side and the domestic pier concourse on the south side the new terminal has four airline lounges operated by latam avianca copa and american airlines plus el dorado lounge by mastercard in the international concourse and one airline lounge operated by avianca in the domestic concourse it also offers a variety of food options both on the air and land side and several retail stores and caf s in the duty free area there are also car rental facilities ticket counters atm s telephones restrooms luggage storage space and even a small casino the terminal has complimentary wi fi service |
the process began with the creation of the new terminal on 7 february 2007 the airport gave a concession to the consortium opain the national government accepted the proposal with opain airport operating company to demolish the airport on 14 march 2008 after having given its concession initially the grant provided for the modernization of existing buildings and the construction of some additional buildings connected to the main terminal but during the upgrading works see below milestone 1 structural defects were discovered which do not compromise the integrity of the building today opain from the beginning had proposed to demolish the aging terminal and had even submitted a new design to replace it but the government had strongly opposed it due to pressing budget and legal issues because it would be a big change to the terms of the concession which could make opain as well as other competitors who participated in the tender submitted claims although many sectors of public opinion agreed with opain after the structural problems were discovered the government agreed to the demolition of the airport and compensation for the renovations that opain had already been hired to perform milestone 1 for the airport to handle 16 million passengers annually and 1 5 million tons of cargo opain plans to move the cargo terminal to allow the expansion of the passenger terminal and ensure access for at least an additional avenue to 26th street |
the third milestone of the project began in late november 2009 terminal 2 located on the north side of the current terminal will handle all international passengers and its construction was set for 2012 the old building or terminal 1 will handle only national passengers except for avianca s which will continue being served on terminal puente aereo soon after terminal 2 begins its operation the old terminal 1 building will be demolished in order to build a new terminal for national passengers |
in january 2015 the santos administration announced a two stage plan to improve bogota s aerial access as part of a greater endeavor to modernize colombia s airports the plans consist of a major expansion to the current main terminal with the effect of increasing the number of gates from 37 to 56 and thus raising the capacity of the airport from 27 million passengers to 40 million phase 1 also involves improvements to the runway to increase efficiency the time scale for phase one is approximately 24 months phase two involves the construction of a brand new secondary airport currently called el dorado ii in the suburb of facatativa west of bogota the new airport is due to open in 2023 it is expected that el dorado and el dorado ii will be connected via a commuter light rail project |
it was bob fulton s 213rd and final match for manly after a brilliant ten year career with the club and the grand final victory was largely credited to his experience and brilliance he was full of emotion as he accepted the j j giltinan shield and was able to end his playing career at manly on the highest note he would later return to the club as a successful coach in the 1980s but first he would finish his playing years and then commence coaching at eastern suburbs fulton would join easts in 1977 unable to resist a big money offer from the club that was backed by one of australia s richest men and a big supporter of the future rugby league immortal kerry packer |
manly s win was a triumph for the powerful triumvirate of fulton coach frank stanton and secretary ken arthurson who would all go on to higher honours in the game for stanton it was his first success in a coaching career which was to bring two premierships and two ashes winning kangaroo tours arthurson had brought to the club players of a calibre to enable five grand final appearances in the 1970s for four victories he would go on to become the chairman of the new south wales rugby league and later the australian rugby league |
mary ann adams was born in tuscaloosa county alabama to william lewis adams a lawyer and agatha strother lewis adams her maternal grandmother was a cousin of james madison while her father s family had founded lynchburg virginia her parents lived along the james river in virginia where her father exported flour and tobacco during the war of 1812 her father left virginia for what is now alabama and bought a plantation near the site of tuscaloosa while purchasing supplies in mobile robert adams answered andrew jackson s call for volunteers to help defend new orleans and raised a company which he led at the battle of new orleans in 1816 her mother came to live permanently in alabama as well |
on august 4 1836 mary adams married samuel augustus maverick a yale graduate who had been the alamo garrison s delegate to the convention of 1836 declaring texas independence from mexico sam maverick sold his alabama plantation at the beginning of 1837 and mary maverick accompanied her husband to new orleans so that he could conduct business and be closer to news of texas while she was in new orleans her brother william adams left for texas in march 1837 she and her husband visited his father in south carolina where they refused the elder maverick s gift of his plantation on may 14 1837 she gave birth to her first child samuel maverick jr in south carolina |
shortly after moving into a new home along the san antonio river maverick gave birth to her second child lewis antonio maverick who became the first anglo american child to be born in and grow up in san antonio during the next few years more anglo families moved to san antonio her brothers returned to alabama but william came back to texas in 1839 with another brother andrew to begin farming mary was often left alone as her husband spent months traveling for business or combing the texas wilderness on surveying missions |
the mavericks participated in the so called council house fight on march 19 1840 when half of a peace delegation of sixty five comanches consisting of men women and children was slaughtered and the other half taken hostage the comanche delegation arrived in san antonio a traditional safe haven for peace talks to negotiate a peace treaty and a demarcation line and bargain for the ransom of white captives the army had ordered prior to the meeting that if not all anglo texans believed to be comanche captives at that time were returned at the beginning of the talks all the negotiators of the band be held until the captives were returned and then the ransom would be paid maverick and a female neighbor had been watching several indian children playing when they heard gunfire within the council house and saw indians fleeing from the building she alerted her husband and brother andrew and while samuel maverick rushed outside to chase down the indians maverick and andrew hurried outside to find the children they discovered three of the fugitive indians in the back yard while their slave cook jinny tried to protect the two maverick children and her own four children by threatening the indians with a large rock andrew adams shot two of the three indians and joined the main fight maverick hid her children in the house and watched the battle through the windows at one point she was curious enough to go outside for a closer look but was ordered to return indoors by a soldier the skirmish continued until all of the indians were dead or captured in her diary maverick wrote that all had a chance to surrender and every one who offered or agreed to give up was taken prisoner and protected |
two days after the battle samuel maverick again left his wife and children alone under the protection of her two brothers during his business trip sam sold many of his lands in south carolina and alabama and bought two years worth of provisions which he had shipped to linville texas before he could escort the goods on to san antonio linville was raided by a party led by buffalo hump during the great raid of 1840 and all of their provisions were destroyed |
the citizens of san antonio received word in february 1842 that mexican president antonio lopez de santa anna was again sending troops into texas which mexico still did not recognize as a separate country the mavericks left some of their possessions with mexican neighbors and joined their other anglo neighbors in the runaway of 42 with her brothers william and andrew maverick and her immediate family travelled east the first time maverick had left san antonio since her arrival for several days she and the children boarded with a rancher outside of seguin while her husband and brothers returned to san antonio to fight on march 6 the sixth anniversary of the fall of the alamo maverick received word that san antonio had fallen to santa anna she worried about her men for several days until they appeared having turned back before reaching san antonio the mavericks moved on to gonzales where they squatted in a house left empty when its residents had fled in the runaway |
the men accompanied texas army troops to retake san antonio and the mexican army retreated without a fight although they caused a great deal of damage to the homes of american citizens samuel maverick returned to his wife and moved her to lagrange so that she would be farther from the threat of indian attacks on april 30 he left maverick alone there while he returned to alabama to get her younger sister elizabeth who had been living as a boarder since her mother died the previous year |
samuel maverick returned to san antonio without his family in late august 1842 to argue a case before the district court the mexican army under general adrian woll surrounded san antonio and captured the small number of anglo american men in the city on september 15 samuel maverick and his countrymen were forced to march toward mexico mary maverick s brothers participated in the battle of the salado on september 18 where their company ambushed some of the mexican soldiers killing 60 of them her uncle john bradley joined another company and maverick sent her slave griffin to go with him she instructed griffin to pose as a runaway slave bound for mexico in the hope that he would be able to help free samuel maverick as an extra assurance she gave griffin funds that could be used to ransom back her husband this band of texans was surprised by a mexican cavalry detachment griffin was killed in the battle and bradley was taken captive and marched to join samuel maverick and the other prisoners maverick continued to receive letters from her husband during his captivity so that she could be comforted that he was still alive |
throughout her life mary had kept diaries of her experiences in 1895 with the help of her son george madison maverick she published these as her memoirs they provide an engrossing and vivid picture of life on the texas frontier and mid 19th century san antonio including household management child rearing and family life medical practices and social and political observations mary maverick s writings in particular her eyewitness account of the council house fight in san antonio in 1840 are often cited in studies of texas pioneer life |
reports of abuse are however conspicuously missing in primary documents authored by eyewitnesses immediately after the event neither col hugh mcleod mentioned any abuse in his report of march 20 1840 commenting on the intelligence of the girl but nothing like a missing nose nor any other texas officials at the time nor matilda lockhart s own sister in law who was in san antonio in a letter written to her own mother shortly after the release anderson writes while published in the 1890s this description has been used by historians to claim that the massacre came about as a result of the justifiable rage of texas men yet none of the texas officials claimed this to be the case at the time evidence of abuse is conspicuously missing in the primary documents however no reliable narrative counters it maverick may have exaggerated lockhart s condition because of the growing criticism of texas in the american and european press the most significant source on matilda s condition is a brief statement made in a letter by her sister in law catherine lockhart who was in san antonio catherine describes matilda s release but says nothing of abuse |
as of the census of 2000 there were 18 872 people 7 083 households and 5 630 families located in the municipality the population density was 511 0 people per square mile 197 3 km2 there were 7 396 housing units at an average density of 200 3 per square mile 77 3 km2 the racial makeup of the municipality was 95 38 white 0 61 african american 0 05 native american 3 28 asian 0 01 pacific islander 0 16 from other races and 0 50 from two or more races hispanic or latino of any race were 0 56 of the population |
since 1933 murrysville has had a tree sign spelling out the word murrysville the trees were landscaped to grow and form the letters by local boy scouts the sign is situated on a large hill as one enters the municipality from the murrysville monroeville border near u s route 22 in 1947 the sign was featured in ripley s believe it or not as the world s largest arboreal sign it is no longer the world s largest or even the largest in the country luecke near san antonio texas is much larger the y in the murrysville sign points to the haymaker gas well |
at barbridge junction the four counties ring turns to the left and heads to the south east the first section between the junction and nantwich was originally part of the chester canal built in the 1770s but a series of amalgamations led to it becoming part of the shropshire union network in 1846 the chester canal was built with locks which were wide rather than the of the nantwich branch although there are no locks between the junction and the terminal basin at nantwich and so the difference is not quite so obvious after a short distance another branch of the shropshire union system turns to the west at hurleston junction it rises through four locks close to the junction and has been rebranded as the llangollen canal just to the north of nantwich is the basin where the chester canal terminated before the building of the birmingham and liverpool junction canal to autherley junction this was a narrow canal and so the locks and bridge holes are again wide |
the birmingham and liverpool junction canal was not opened until 1835 by which time canals were not built to follow the contours as the early ones had done and the route consists of fairly straight sections with locks grouped into flights it crosses over the a534 road near nantwich but passes to the west of the main centre of population it passes under the nantwich to whitchurch railway line and then rises through two locks at hack green at audlem 15 locks raise the level of the canal by and another five at adderley ascend through the open countryside is briefly interrupted by the town of market drayton where the run down wharf has been rejuvenated |
two more aqueducts cross a minor road and the river tern before there is another rise through the five tyrley locks the skills of the original builders are visible on the next section as the canal sits on top of the high shebdon embankment and then passes through grub street cutting beyond it is norbury junction no longer a proper junction although the first lock on the shrewsbury canal has been turned into a dry dock and the short stretch of canal above it is used as moorings there is a wide basin and a british waterways depot at the location just to the south is shelmore embankment pierced by two road tunnels there were continual problems with slippage during its construction and it was the final part of the birmingham and liverpool junction canal to be completed having taken five and a half years of solid work to build flood gates at each end protect the rest of the canal should it breach |
at gnosall the canal passes under an abandoned railway line and the a518 road before entering a short tunnel at cowley it is long and emerges into a deep cutting with almost vertical sides cuttings and embankments enable the canal to reach wheaton aston where there is a single lock after which stretton spoil bank brings the canal to stretton aqueduct a cast iron structure that crosses the a5 road which follows the route of the roman watling street at this point belvide reservoir is just beyond the road and is the main supply of water for the canal the canal remains level as it passes under the m54 motorway to arrive at autherley junction where there is a stop lock between barbidge and autherley junctions the route has covered and there are 29 locks the central pound is long |
at the junction the ring turns left again to head north on the trent and mersey canal the canal follows the trent valley as do the a51 road and the railway from rugeley to stoke the first four locks are spread out but in stone there are four more they are quite deep with an average rise of they are followed by the four meaford locks and trentham lock before the countryside is replaced by urban sprawl on the southern edge of stoke on trent the river trent turns to the north east while the canal crosses it on an aqueduct and heads to the north west there are five more locks before the junction with the caldon canal which was built as a branch of the trent and mersey but is now considered to be a separate canal the junction is overlooked by a large statue of james brindley the engineer who built the canal the junction is also the start of the summit level as the ring descends from here to the start point at middlewich |
the route winds past the site of the junction with the burslem arm and then past westport park lake it then heads in a straight line for the southern entrance to harecastle tunnel the present tunnel is the second constructed through the hill brindley s first tunnel was finished in 1777 but at around and with no towpath it acted as a bottleneck as boats had to be legged through thomas telford designed a second parallel tunnel which was completed in 1827 and included a towpath brindley s tunnel was abandoned in the twentieth century after it was affected by mining subsidence the length of telford s tunnel is and an electric tug was used between 1914 and 1954 to speed up traffic through it just beyond the northern portal the macclesfield canal turns off to the south and runs parallel to the main line which drops through two locks before the macclesfield crosses over on an aqueduct and heads north |
made of carboniferous limestone it is a continuation of the mendip hills two further continuations are the small islands of steep holm and flat holm the cliffs on the northern and southern flanks of brean down have large quantities of fossils laid down in the marine deposits about 320 350 million years ago the site has been occupied by humans since the late bronze age and includes the remains of a romano celtic temple at the seaward end is brean down fort which was built in 1865 and then re armed in the second world war |
human occupation dates back to the beaker culture of the late bronze age there is also evidence of an iron age hill fort and prehistoric barrows and field systems there is evidence of a shrine dating from pre roman times which was re established as a romano celtic temple in the mid 4th century according to at least one source it is extremely likely this was succeeded by a small late 4th century christian oratory several roman finds including gold coins of augustus nero and drusus two silver denarii of vespasian and a roman carnelian ring were found at the site during quarrying |
the foundation stones of the pier were laid but the project was later abandoned after a large storm destroyed the foundations in 1897 following wireless transmissions from lavernock point in wales and flat holm guglielmo marconi moved his equipment to brean down and set a new distance record of for wireless transmission over open sea in 1912 brean down was leased by the royal society for the protection of birds as a bird sanctuary acquiring the shooting rights to stop others shooting on the promontory |
on the outbreak of world war ii the fort was rearmed with two 6 inch 15 centimetre ex naval guns and machine gun posts were built on the down birnbeck pier was taken over by the admiralty in 1941 as an outpost of the department of miscellaneous weapons development dmwd it was commissioned as hms birnbeck and was used for secret weapons development and storage with testing the bouncing bomb was tested at the brean down fort on the opposite side of weston bay |
after passing her courses with high marks along with some spiritual conflict she silently resists the mother superior s request to purposely fail her final exam as a proof of her humility despite finishing fourth in her class she is not assigned to the congo but sent to a european mental hospital where she assists with the most difficult and violent cases wasting her tropical medicine skills a particularly violent schizophrenic colleen dewhurst tricks sister luke into opening the cell door in violation of the rules she attacks sister luke who barely escapes and once again faces the shame of her disobedience |
eventually she takes her solemn vows and is sent to her long desired posting in the congo once there she is disappointed that she will not be nursing the natives but will instead work in a segregated whites european patient hospital she develops a strained but professional relationship with the brilliant atheistic surgeon there dr fortunati peter finch eventually the work strains and spiritual struggles cause her to succumb to tuberculosis fortunati not wanting to lose a competent nurse and sympathetic to her desire to stay in the congo engineers a treatment plan that allows her to remain there rather than having to convalesce in europe |
the cast and crew included few if any catholics fred zinnemann was jewish audrey hepburn and edith evans were christian scientists the film s writer robert anderson was a protestant and peggy ashcroft was agnostic to ensure accuracy and fidelity a number of consultants were used the screenplay was reviewed by the literary editor of america by a panel of dominican priests in rome and by the los angeles chapter of the national legion of decency the production team also corresponded regularly with kathryn hulme the author of the source material the kathryn hulme collection at yale university contains 37 of these letters further the director and many of the actresses in the film spent time in european convents prior to rehearsal and principal photography zinnemann describes the catholic church as somewhat hesitant at first in part worried that the film would depict a romantic relationship between sister luke and dr fortunati once the church had more confidence in the production there was a high level of collaboration leading to a high level of preparation that zinnemann credits for the realism and emotional intensity of the film zinnemann also continued his usual practices of collaborating with the film s writer on the second draft of the screenplay though not receiving a writing credit and meeting with each major actor for an in depth discussion of his or her character |
to prepare for her role audrey hepburn met with both hulme and marie louise habets the inspiration for the novel and film the three spent a considerable amount of time together apparently becoming known as the 3 h club hepburn and habets had some surprising similarities both had belgian roots and had experienced personal trauma during world war ii including losing touch with their fathers and having their brothers imprisoned by germans habets later helped nurse hepburn back to health following her near fatal horse riding accident on the set of the 1960 film the unforgiven |
the film was shot partially in the then belgian congo now democratic republic of the congo with production based in then stanleyville now kisangani and some scenes shot in yakusu a nearby center of missionary and medical activity where cast and crew met the famous missionary stanley george browne fred zinnemann had originally intended to film only the african scenes in color with europe rendered in stark black and white there was originally a scene towards the end of the film depicting three men endangered by quicksand and rapidly rising water but it was never filmed due to adverse conditions |
track 2 is a composition written for davis by eddie vinson see blue haze for more details trane s blues also known as vierd blues a tongue in cheek reference to blue note founder francis wolff s heavily accented verdict on it also credited to davis is in fact a john coltrane composition originally titled john paul jones and from an earlier session led by bassist paul chambers before the closing statement of theme coltrane and davis play a bit of charlie parker s the hymn |
there were 230 households of which 40 4 had children under the age of 18 living with them 51 3 were married couples living together 14 3 had a female householder with no husband present 5 7 had a male householder with no wife present and 28 7 were non families 24 8 of all households were made up of individuals and 5 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older the average household size was 2 66 and the average family size was 3 16 |
as of the census of 2000 there were 680 people 241 households and 188 families living in the town the population density was 2 474 5 people per square mile 972 4 km2 there were 260 housing units at an average density of 946 1 per square mile 371 8 km2 the racial makeup of the town was 92 09 white 6 15 african american 0 44 native american 0 15 asian 0 74 from other races and 0 44 from two or more races hispanic or latino of any race were 1 03 of the population |
russell signed a contract with 20th century fox in 1945 and made his first film appearance as a guard in a royal scandal he played several supporting parts while at fox acting the role of a junior law partner in the clifton webb comedy sitting pretty 1948 as well as a navy pilot in slattery s hurricane 1949 he primarily played secondary roles often in western films including william a wellman s 1948 yellow sky later however he signed with republic pictures where he was cast in a starring role opposite judy canova in oklahoma annie 1952 |
in 1955 russell landed the lead role in a television drama series called soldiers of fortune this half hour syndicated adventure show placed him and his sidekick played by chick chandler in a dangerous setting each week while the show proved popular with young boys it did not draw enough adult viewers to its prime slot and was canceled in 1957 that same year he returned to films briefly to appear as a corrupt agricultural magnate in the warner brothers low budget exploitation film untamed youth however a year later he returned to the small screen as gunslinger matt reardon in the empty gun episode of the abc warners western series cheyenne starring clint walker in 1958 russell appeared as saylor hornbook on cheyenne in the episode titled dead to rights |
in 1958 russell was cast in his best known role the stolid taciturn marshal dan troop the lead character in lawman an abc warners hit western series that ran for four years co starring alongside peter brown who played deputy johnny mckay and peggie castle as birdcage saloon owner lily merrill russell portrayed a us frontier peace officer mentoring his younger compatriot at the same time that lawman premiered russell played an outlaw along with edd byrnes and rodolfo hoyos jr in the 1958 season premiere episode of sugarfoot another abc wb hit western with will hutchins in the title role |
at the same time russell guest starred in an episode of nbc s adventure series northwest passage a fictionalized account of the exploits of major robert rogers in the french and indian war in 1969 russell appeared in five episodes of the robert wagner series it takes a thief guess who s coming to rio january 9 1969 saturday night in venice september 25 1969 the blue blue danube october 30 1969 payoff in the piazza november 13 1969 and a friend in deed november 27 1969 |
huntington is a city in cabell and wayne counties in the u s state of west virginia it is the county seat of cabell county and largest city in the huntington ashland wv ky oh metropolitan statistical area sometimes referred to as the tri state area a historic and bustling city of commerce and heavy industry huntington has benefited from its location on the ohio river at the mouth of the guyandotte river it is home to the port of huntington tri state the second busiest inland port in the united states |
surrounded by extensive natural resources the industrial sector is based in coal oil chemicals and steel all of which support huntington s diversified economy the city is a vital rail to river transfer point for the marine transportation industry also it is considered a scenic locale in the western foothills of the appalachian mountains this location was selected by collis potter huntington as ideal for the western terminus of the chesapeake and ohio railway the predecessor of what would become csx transportation which still operates csx transportation huntington division in the city to date |
the railroad founded huntington as one of the nation s first planned communities to facilitate the railroad and other transportation related industries at the railway s western terminus the site previously a collection of agricultural homesteads developed fast after the railroad s completion in 1871 and is eponymously named for the railroad company s founder collis potter huntington the first identifiable permanent settlement holderby s landing was founded in 1775 in the colony of virginia with the exception of the neighborhoods of westmoreland and spring valley most of the city is in cabell county |
as of the 2010 census the metropolitan area is the largest in west virginia it spans seven counties across three states with a population of 365 419 huntington is the second largest city in west virginia with a population of 49 138 at the 2010 census however with the 2019 united states census estimate the city s population has declined to 45 110 and the population of the metropolitan statistical area declined to 349 485 this declining population trend has been ongoing for six decades as huntington has lost over 40 000 residents in that time frame |
huntington was founded on lightly populated lands near guyandotte as a c o railroad hub on the southern bank of the ohio river at the confluence with the guyandotte river the site is at the southwestern corner of west virginia on the border with the state of ohio and near the border of both states with kentucky discounting the period of french ownership the land that was part of guyandotte and later huntington was originally part of the 28 628 acre 115 85 km2 french and indian war veteran s savage grant |
historically the old federal era town of guyandotte now a neighborhood absorbed into huntington proper was first built upon in 1799 by french settlers of the ohio valley and has homes dating back to 1820 and a graveyard containing 18th century french and colonial era settlers including surnames such as letulle holderby and buffington a farmer james holderby 1782 1855 purchased the lands in 1821 upon which much of huntington now stands which is why the area was known as holderby s landing prior to 1870 71 when it was incorporated and renamed holderby s estate included the lands gifted in 1837 to found what is now marshall university the c o purchased the area in 1870 and by 1873 when the railroad connected richmond to ohio it had undergone a transition from a sleepy agricultural region with the nearby subscription academy into a growing rail center poised to act as a springboard for a railroad to penetrate and connect the midwest with the eastern seaboard the town of guyandotte was officially absorbed in 1891 |
modern day huntington is commonly divided into four main sections the north south divider is the csx railroad tracks while the east west divider is first street a portion of the city mainly the neighborhood of westmoreland is in wayne county most of the city is in cabell county of which it is the county seat huntington is influenced by appalachian culture southern culture midwestern culture and mid atlantic culture it is often referred to as one of the northernmost cities in the south or one of the southernmost cities in the north |
the first permanent settlement in modern day huntington was founded in 1775 as holderby s landing the modern city of huntington was founded by collis p huntington and delos w emmons as the western terminus for the chesapeake and ohio railway c o on a tract of land west of the mouth of the guyandotte river between the ohio river and twelve pole creek collis p huntington was one of the big four of western railroading who built the central pacific railroad as part of the first u s transcontinental railroad along with leland stanford mark hopkins and charles crocker |
huntington was created as a hub for the c o which once completed in 1873 fulfilled a long held dream of the virginias to have a rail link from the james river at richmond virginia to the ohio river valley the new railroad facilities adjacent to the ohio river resulted in expansion of the former small town of guyandotte into part of a large new city called huntington the c o railroad expanded east to newport news and coal piers and west to eventually reach cincinnati and chicago in later years after merging with several other railroads c o is now known as csx transportation |
world war ii brought another economic boom but that was short lived and ended along with the war in the 1940s huntington s population began to drop after 1950 because of urban sprawl and the decline of the steel and manufacturing industries in the 1970s federal urban renewal programs destroyed several parts of downtown the industrial base continued to expand through the 1970s but beginning in the early 1980s the steel and manufacturing industry in the region imploded with massive layoffs and mill and plant closures |
huntington has seen a major revival since the opening of the pullman square town center on the vacant lot formerly known as the superblock in 2005 the filming of the warner bros motion picture we are marshall in 2006 and the filming of abc s food revolution in 2010 the modern huntington metro area spans 7 counties across 3 states and is the largest in west virginia with a population of more than 360 000 the largest employers are marshall university cabell huntington hospital st mary s medical center amazon directv and the city of huntington |
shortly after pullman square was constructed the city began work on upgrading the streetscape on fourth avenue and ninth street ninth street was formerly known as the ninth street plaza and was closed to vehicle traffic for many years once anchored by pullman square on the north end the old plaza was removed in 2006 and ninth street has once again become attractive to businesses fourth avenue known as the old main corridor has been upgraded with new lighting artistic and pedestrian friendly design concepts and bicycle lanes |
efforts to redevelop huntington started with the construction of the 10 5 million huntington civic arena which was the largest arena in the state when it opened in 1977 the 25 year delay in construction of what became pullman square caused the building to become a money losing effort for the city and is now managed privately by smg after renovation in 1997 and 2010 the arena has now been included in billboard magazine s new or renovated venues to watch list for 2013 huntington s arena landed at no 14 in a list of 17 venues across the globe the exterior was also renovated in 2020 2021 |
the huntington mall the largest mall in the state opened a few years after the arena in 1981 when the mall was built the only other businesses around it were two bars and an exxon gas station since the mall s opening several retailers have built around the mall including four hotels and several restaurants as well as a walmart supercenter the first best buy in west virginia and the first sheetz gas station convenience store in southern west virginia the huntington mall has a yearly economic impact of close to 400 million |
the shops at heritage station are in the old baltimore and ohio railroad depot originally constructed in 1887 the complex includes an original steam engine with a pullman train car and a building that used to house one of huntington s first banks which was the easternmost bank robbed by the james younger gang that structure is currently occupied by a specialty beer and cheese shop heritage station was turned into a shopping center called heritage village during the dark days of urban renewal in the 1970s for decades the station sat hidden and virtually unused just two blocks from the city center until create huntington got involved in 2006 today heritage station is an artisan retail complex with locally owned shops and home to public events like the annual diamond teeth mary blues festival named for the blues singer born in the town |
at the time of huntington s founding holderby s landing was already the home of marshall college state normal school now marshall university the university was founded in 1837 as a private subscription school by residents of guyandotte and the surrounding area the landmark old main which now serves as the primary administrative building for the university was built on land known as maple grove at the time the home of the mount hebron church in what was then the state of virginia john laidley a local attorney hosted the meeting which led to the founding of marshall academy which was named after laidley s friend the eminent john marshall who had served as the fourth chief justice of the united states from january 1801 to july 1835 |
on march 30 1838 the institution was formally dedicated by the virginia general assembly as marshall academy in 1858 the virginia general assembly changed the name to marshall college on june 20 1863 cabell county virginia was one of the 50 counties separated from virginia at the height of the american civil war to form the state of west virginia and the college fell within the new state in 1867 the west virginia legislature rededicated the institution as a teacher training facility and renamed it state normal school of marshall college this began the history of the college as a state supported post secondary institution |
the university is composed of eight undergraduate colleges and schools the college of liberal arts cola the college of fine arts cofa the college of education and human services coehs the college of information technology and engineering cite the elizabeth mcdowell lewis college of business lcob the college of science cos the college of health professions cohp and the college of arts and media cam and five graduate colleges the general graduate college the graduate school of education and professional development the school of pharmacy the school of physical therapy and the joan c edwards school of medicine a regional center for cancer research which has a national reputation for its programs in rural health care delivery |
marshall s sports teams are known as the thundering herd a name deriving from a zane grey novel released in 1925 the home field for the football program is james f edwards field at the joan c edwards stadium basketball is played at the cam henderson center soccer is played at veterans memorial soccer stadium marshall participates in fbs for football as a member of conference usa sports at the school include women s softball swimming diving tennis volleyball and track field men s football baseball and teams for both genders in basketball cross country golf and soccer |
shortly after pullman square was constructed the city began upgrading the streetscape on 9th street and the old main corridor section of 4th avenue 9th street was formerly known as the ninth street plaza and was closed to vehicle traffic for years which effectively killed most businesses there once anchored by pullman square on the north end the old plaza was removed in 2006 and 9th street has once again begun attracting businesses the section of fourth avenue that connects downtown to marshall university known as the old main corridor was also upgraded the corridor was upgraded with new lighting artistic and pedestrian friendly design concepts and bicycle lanes |
since its founding as the western terminus of the c o railroad huntington has served as a major break of bulk point between rail traffic and the ohio river mississippi river watershed the huntington division is still the largest in the csx transportation network a large portion of the division s revenue comes from hauling coal out of the coalfields of west virginia and eastern kentucky the huntington district is the largest of 10 operating divisions on the network it serves the states of kentucky tennessee virginia west virginia and ohio csx s huntington division main office is in the historic former c o passenger station downtown |
notable buildings include huntington city hall johnson memorial united methodist church c 1886 1912 1935 trinity episcopal church 1882 davis opera house huntington theater c 1885 love hardware building c 1884 the broh building 1885 the wesvanawha building 1929 originally lewis building the anderson newcomb stone thomas building c 1902 the frederick building 1906 the morrison building 1919 keith albee theater 1928 west virginia building c 1924 and the gideon building c 1915 in the district are the separately listed carnegie public library cabell county courthouse u s post office and court house and campbell hicks house it was listed on the national register of historic places in 1986 a boundary increase occurred in 2007 most notably the old davis opera house huntington theatre has recently been redeveloped into vibrant commercial space featuring more than a dozen shops and restaurants |
arguably the most famous attraction in huntington is keith albee theatre a former vaudeville palace in the art deco style from the 1920s and one of the architectural masterpieces of downtown huntington on fourth avenue now known as the keith albee performing arts center the keith was originally built in 1928 as the keith albee theater and under the supervision of vaudeville tycoons b f keith and edward albee as part of their keith albee vaudeville circuit the keith albee was the second largest theater in the united states at that time behind the roxy in new york city the theater was designed by thomas w lamb who designed approximately 153 theaters around the world only forty three of these grand theaters are still open and seventy one have been demolished the keith has been undergoing a full restoration since 2009 this included the restoration of the famous front sign in 2012 after standing over fourth avenue for decades and being featured in hundreds of pictures and postcards two hollywood movie premieres and being struck by lightning numerous times the sign had to be taken down in 2011 a massive save our sign effort was organized that funded the full restoration of the sign which was reinstalled in may 2012 |
as of the census of 2000 there were 51 475 people 22 955 households and 12 235 families residing in the city the population density was 3 234 1 people per square mile 1 248 4 km2 there were 25 888 housing units at an average density of 1 626 5 per square mile 627 9 km2 the ethnic makeup of the city was 89 61 white 7 49 black or african american 0 20 native american 0 82 asian 0 05 pacific islander 0 30 from other races and 1 53 from two or more races hispanic or latino of any race were 0 85 of the population |
the huntington police department hpd is the primary law enforcement agency serving huntington the huntington police department traces its history to 1872 with the appointment of isaac h mitchell as the first town marshal of the city the current police department is composed of 111 sworn officers and a professional support staff of 13 civilians citing double digit drops in overall crime and drops of more than 20 in violent crime hpd has been recognized by the u s attorney s office as the law enforcement agency of the year for 2011 and 2012 |
huntington is on the southern bank of the ohio river and is the river s largest port area the huntington fire department is capable of water underwater rescue operations and is the host locality to the regional 6 west virginia regional response team which provides hazardous materials and technical rescue team responses the department holds a class 2 rating from the insurance services office iso and was the first department in the state to achieve this status last departmental evaluation was performed in 2010 |
the problem of organizing for protection against fire was not given much thought until 1874 when a c young and a group of associates organized a hook and ladder company young was given city council authorization to contract for a hand drawn hook and ladder truck the council approved 450 toward the purchase of the new truck it was built locally by m a jones and huntington s first fire company was born in 1874 the city council enacted an ordinance creating a fire department to consist of an engine company a hose company and the previously formed hook ladder company mr s sexton was named fire chief and the personnel was all volunteer in may 1875 the city purchased a hand operated engine and a hand drawn hose reel from portsmouth ohio for 725 to provide a water supply for the department large 500 gallon cisterns were made in numerous locations in the city on august 5 1875 the organization was complete and the department was ready for action a tower bell for alarms was bought in 1875 and more cisterns were placed in 1876 |
thomas sikes was captain of hook and ladder co no 1 and eustance gibson was captain of excelsior fire engine and hose co no 2 both were civil war veterans well known and respected early settlers many of the volunteer personnel composed of well known early settlers merchants and professional men many of whose descendants are living in huntington today in 1876 a night watchman was hired at 3 per month to look after the station at night and sound the alarm in case of a fire this was the first paid employee of the fire department in 1879 j w verlander became the first fire chief and j m boone became chief in 1880 until 1895 in 1881 four gamewell fire alarm boxes were installed in the downtown area these fire alarm boxes were maintained by the telephone company the system kept growing and in 1928 construction was completed on a new gamewell fire alarm system and fire alarm headquarters were placed in operation in 1929 and remained in service until 7 32am november 1 1986 the gamewell fire alarm system served the city of huntington faithfully for 105 years there never was a loss of life or major disaster because of a system malfunction |
in 1883 the department first and only horse drawn steam fire engine was purchased from the ahrens fox fire engine company of cincinnati the engine was brought up the ohio river to huntington on a steamboat also in 1883 the department was reorganized on a part paid basis but continued to be largely volunteer until 1897 when the department was again reorganized with a paid chief four paid drivers and a force of firefighters who were paid by each alarm they answered each firefighter held down regular jobs the rest of the time this was the beginning of huntington s full time paid fire department |
from 1913 to 1915 five pieces of motorized equipment were bought for the department these consisted of a chief s car two hose trucks a pumping engine and an aerial ladder truck this was the beginning of motorization in april 1926 the last two teams of horse drawn hose companies were led away from hose companies no 5 in guyandotte and no 6 in walnut hills the day of the dashing fire horse was over the old st clouds fire station is the city s reminder of the horse drawn era the horse bitten window sills still remain today |
the fire prevention bureau was established in the early fifties because of the increasing number of fires in homes and businesses along with the city s fire prevention week early functions of the bureau included the fire prevention parade and a contest to select miss flame a beauty queen to reign over the weeks activities all contestants in the competition were required to have red hair in the earlier years the fire prevention parade was held the first monday in october and a tradition that is carried on today since the fifties fire departments from west virginia ohio and kentucky participate annually in huntington s fire prevention parade the huntington fire department implemented the school fire patrol program in the city in 1950 this programs said to be one of the oldest in the nation today other events in the mid to late fifties included the establishment of the tri state fire school the tri state fire school is still used today to train firefighters |
in 1965 the city built its first new fire station since 1926 the city s 100th birthday was commemorated when the centennial fire station was placed in service on january 13 1972 replacing the long outmoded central fire station the centennial fire station is still in service today in 2004 a new station was opened that replaced st cloud station 4 the old station has been in service as a fire house for over 100 years it now houses the traffic division for the city of huntington the 1980s were tough for the department several firefighters retired and budget cuts forced the closure of several stations the gamewell fire alarm system was deactivated and fire alarm headquarters closed the old fire alarm headquarters has been converted into a fire museum today dispatching was combined with the police department marking the beginning of 911 emergency dispatching |
the two largest hospitals in huntington are st mary s medical center and cabell huntington hospital st mary s and cabell huntington are jointly designated as the only trauma center in the region st mary s is the largest medical facility in the tri state region the medical center is the largest private employer in cabell county with over 2 600 employees as a teaching facility associated with the joan c edwards marshall university school of medicine st mary s trains medical residents in several specialties the hospital campus is home to the st mary s school of nursing the st mary s school of radiologic technology and the st mary s school of respiratory care all three programs are associated with marshall university st mary s is also home to a regional heart institute regional cancer center and regional neuroscience center |
cabell huntington hospital is a not for profit regional referral center with 303 staffed beds cabell huntington cares for patients from more than 29 counties throughout west virginia kentucky and ohio opened in 1956 it is also a teaching hospital and home to the marshall university medical center which includes the joan c edwards schools of medicine and nursing cabell huntington is also home to the edwards comprehensive cancer center the hoops family children s hospital and the robert c byrd center for rural health a distinguished leader nationwide for rural health care delivery |
the huntington veteran s administration va medical center on spring valley drive is an 80 bed medical and surgical care facility that offers primary inpatient and outpatient care along with mental health services and subspeciality outpatient options it is also the primary teaching facility for the marshall university school of medicine and is also affiliated with the university of pikeville kentucky college of osteopathic medicine in 1993 the robert c byrd clinical addition expanded the hospital s surgery radiology laboratory cardiology nuclear medicine and rehabilitation services and renovated inpatient care facilities in 1998 a 10 million research facility was completed the hospital is also the home of the marshall university school of pharmacy |
the growth of huntington and its economy was originally based on steel processing shipping manufacturing and transportation through the 1970s then the city experienced deindustrialization which cost residents tens of thousands of low skill high wage jobs huntington has since been adapting to the collapse of the region s steel industry the primary industries have shifted to high technology such as the film and television industries health care biomedical technology finance tourism and the service sector the amazon customer service center in huntington employs approximately 500 700 people |
for the first ten years of production ensign manufactured iron parts such as railroad car wheels the company began building wooden freight cars in the early 1880s selling a large portion of its inventory to the chesapeake and ohio southern pacific and central pacific railroads all of which were controlled by huntington in 1962 the huntington acf plant began building a revolutionary new design that quickly became the standard of the rail car industry the car known as the centerflow covered hopper car was developed by acf to transport huge volumes of light weight high bulk commodities such as plastic pellets by 1992 acf had manufactured more than 100 000 hopper cars the sprawling acf industries rail car plant once had many as 1 600 employees with an annual payroll of 30 million now reports indicate only four people work there and three of them are security guards |
huntington is in the company s southern region and is the largest of ten operating divisions on the network the division comprises the former railroads chesapeake and ohio c o baltimore and ohio b o western maryland wm louisville and nashville l n and the clinchfield it serves the states of kentucky tennessee virginia west virginia and ohio csx s huntington division main office is in the historical former c o passenger station downtown the office is home to a regional office that is home to the divisions s top managers a centralized yardmasters and train dispatchers center a freight car light repair shop and a locomotive heavy repair facility in the city |
huntington is also home to heiner s bakery founded in 1905 heiner s employs nearly 500 people in its facility the bakery was privately owned by the heiner family and marketed exclusively under the heiner s label until it was acquired by the earthgrains division of anheuser busch in 1994 six months later a b spun off its bread business as the stand alone earthgrains corporation in 2000 earthgrains merged with the sara lee corporation in 2011 sara lee sold its bread business including the trademark sara lee to the worldwide grupo bimbo which is based in mexico city today the bakery markets under the heiner s earthgrains sara lee and bimbo brands |
the crown jewel of the public park system is ritter park named for charles l ritter who donated the land on land originally purchased as the site for an incinerator the park is maintained by the greater huntington park and recreation district it was created in 1913 by rufus switzer a city council member of west virginia it consists of numerous lengthy walking and cycling trails along four pole creek which runs the entire length of the park and is crossed by many wooden and stone footbridges there are also restroom facilities picnic tables a shelter with grills and electrical outlets a children s playground an amphitheater for small concerts and plays an award winning rose garden and a new dog park |
ritter park is one of the 2012 great places of america listed by american planning association apa every year apa selects great places having true sense of place culture and historic interest community involvement and a vision for tomorrow the list of apa great places is a very useful and informative source for local residents and tourists who are looking for an enjoyable public place ritter park is one of the busiest places in huntington but still maintaining its peaceful and serene environment |
the rose garden and the playground are among the amenities of the ritter park that attract tourists the rose garden including the room with a view is used for weddings and special occasions the rose garden has more than 3 500 rose plants the garden bordered by stone walls is designed to place benches for the events in addition to the weddings the annual rose show and the summer nature programs are presented here each year the roses are tested and provided by the american rose society |
one such project has been the paul ambrose trail for health path this is a growing bicycle and pedestrian trail system in the city of huntington it is designed to create interconnected loops around each of the neighborhood parks that would create recreational opportunities and an alternative means of transportation around the city the namesake dr paul ambrose was a promising young physician who was killed at the pentagon in the terrorist attacks on september 11 2001 dr ambrose was dedicated to family health and preventive medicine to fight obesity and the trail system is a way for his efforts to have a lasting effect in huntington |
camden park is a amusement park near huntington it is a traditional park home to over 30 rides and attractions the park features two of the three remaining roller coasters built by national amusement devices the big dipper a wooden roller coaster constructed in 1958 features the original century flyer cars complete with headlights and detail work the park s second coaster the lil dipper was completed in 1961 and is also an ace coaster classic the park is also home to several entertainment events which take place throughout the year children s festival hot summer nights concert series coca cola days and halloween spooktacular |
camden park was originally built in 1903 at the western terminus of the trolley line then owned by the camden interstate railway company to encourage ridership camden park is now owned by the boylin family this is the second generation of boylins owning and operating west virginia s only amusement park j p boylin transformed camden park from a carousel to an amusement park in 1950 by the late 19th century almost every large town in america had streetcars and many had parks to boost weekend and holiday traffic originally developed as a picnic area by the camden interstate railway in 1903 camden park has survived into the 21st century as a thriving traditional amusement park over the years camden park has been the setting for baseball games tens of thousands of picnics fairs marathon dances roller derbies flagpole sitting a swimming pool a zoo plus numerous attractions and rides |
beech fork state park is in cabell county and wayne county west virginia roughly south of downtown huntington the park is on the tailwater shores of beech fork lake a flood control impoundment of the u s army corps of engineers on the beech fork of twelvepole creek since its development in the mid 1970s beech fork state park has proved to be a popular recreation spot for the residents of nearby barboursville and huntington as well as those living in the surrounding region the park is about south of the hal greer exit exit 11 of interstate 64 access to the park is also available from exits 8 15 and 20 of i 64 the beech fork lake dam and marina are about a 20 mile 40 minute drive from the park |
known in agrarian times as the bean capital of the world because of its abundant harvests remote beech fork and its fertile farms had by the mid 20th century devolved into a tobacco road cut off from the opportunities of modern development some tombstones in the park s bowen cemetery date to the 18th century and family names adorning civil war graves can be seen on roadside mailboxes even today government appropriation of private land for the lake caused rancor among locals with historic land holdings the beech fork strain of adkins family appropriately known as beech fork adkinses was largely driven out to the huntington metropolitan area so numerous were these displaced persons that townsfolk joked about an adkins factory at beech fork which mass produced persons of the surname it has also been said that in the last days the jews will go back to palestine and the adkinses will go back to beech fork |
the roads of huntington west virginia include one major interstate interstate 64 two u s highways u s route 60 and u s route 52 6 state routes and numerous major thoroughfares huntington utilizes a grid like street pattern featuring several wide boulevard style avenues that run east and west most notable of these are third and fifth avenues the city has a numbered street naming system with avenues running east and west parallel to the ohio river and streets running north and south the city is divided into an east end and a west end by first street streets west of first street carry as west indicator after the street name i e fourteenth street west the street plan was originally laid out by andrew j enslow a professional contractor making huntington one of the first professionally planned cities in america |
the robert c byrd bridge is a continuous truss automobile bridge that crosses the ohio river between huntington west virginia and chesapeake ohio the crossing was constructed to replace an old narrow two lane structure that was demolished after 69 years of service in a spectacular implosion on july 17 1995 the previous bridge opened in 1926 was huntington s first bridge across the ohio river and was designed in a gothic style complete with four two ton spires that rested on top of each peak the ground breaking ceremonies for the four lane bridge was held on april 30 1991 |
the old 6th street bridge closed in the summer of 1993 to allow for the construction of the ramps and approaches in west virginia and ohio the new bridge was named the robert c byrd bridge under an executive order from former governor gaston caperton to honor the u s senator from west virginia who is credited with obtaining the funding for the project that was completed on november 6 1994 the 32 6 million bridge was constructed with 1 4 coming from ohio 5 6 coming from west virginia and 25 3 in federal funds the famous spires which once adorned the top of the former span were saved one is currently on display outside of the chesapeake city hall at the intersection of state route 7 and the robert c byrd bridge two others are installed along 9th street between 3rd and 5th avenues |
the east huntington bridge officially the frank gatski memorial bridge also called the east end bridge or the 31st street bridge is a cable stayed bridge crossing the ohio river at huntington west virginia it carries wv 106 on the west virginia approach and oh 775 on the ohio approach the history of the span dates to the early 1970s when possible routings for a future ohio river span were being discussed to conform to the huntington city comprehensive plan the alignment preferred by the city was one that connected to interstate 64 outside of the city boundaries many favored a plan about one mile 1 6 km north of the city along wv 2 |
work began on the bridge in 1983 and was completed in august 1985 at a cost of 38 million the designer of the bridge was arvid grant and associated of olympia washington and was the first bridge of its type in west virginia it was only the second of its kind in the united states since it utilized concrete instead of steel for its construction it was built as a fhwa demonstration project the ohio river span and approach ramps on both sides of the river completed was what was known as phase i future plans involved tolling the bridge and connecting it to u s route 60 four blocks east the bridge was renamed for marshall university s first member of the pro football hall of fame frank gunner gatski during halftime of the marshall utep football game on november 18 2006 |
huntington is in the company s southern region and is the largest of ten operating divisions on the network the division comprises the former railroads chesapeake and ohio c o baltimore and ohio b o western maryland wm louisville and nashville l n and the clinchfield it serves the states of kentucky tennessee virginia west virginia and ohio csx s huntington division main office is in the historical former c o passenger station in downtown huntington the building is home to the division s top managers a centralized yardmasters and train dispatchers center a freight car light repair shop and a locomotive heavy repair facility in the city |
burton returned to arsenal as youth team coach in 1979 during his spell at the club he was noted for having brought through future arsenal and england captain tony adams who was later linked with wanting to bring burton to portsmouth as his assistant having been appointed the club s manager in 2008 following don howe s appointment as arsenal manager he was promoted to first team coach then reserve team coach in 1986 when george graham became arsenal manager though was released for the second time by the club in 1987 |
obhrai was born on july 5 1950 in oldeani tanganyika now tanzania to a hindu family his father died when obhrai was six so he was raised by his mother who worked at a bank obhrai went to primary school in moshi a town near mount kilimanjaro and went to high school in arusha before transferring to the prestigious daly college in indore india he moved to the united kingdom and trained as an air traffic controller disillusioned by discrimination he faced in britain he returned to tanzania to work in 1976 obhrai was on duty at a nearby tanzanian airport when the entebbe raid took place in neighbouring uganda |
obhrai s successful bid for the reform party of canada nomination in the 1997 federal election was initially obstructed by the local riding association prompting officials from the office of the party leader preston manning to intervene he won the nomination and the riding and was re elected when the reform party became the canadian alliance in 2000 in 2004 2006 2008 2011 and 2015 he was elected as a member of the conservative party of canada he was also one of four alliance mps who agreed to sit with the progressive conservative caucus after the december 9 2003 creation of the merged conservative party the progressive conservative and canadian alliance parliamentary caucuses were not officially merged until a few weeks later |
as a result of gurbax singh malhi s defeat in the 2011 election obhrai became the longest serving member of parliament who was of south asian and or african ancestry obhrai penned a letter to the editor to the calgary herald and to his supporters saying that in my birth country tanzania i would henceforth be referred to by the respectful title of mzee in south asia i would receive the title of pradhaan this means i have now reached the ranks of respected elders |