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attenuation is governed by the beer lambert law namely that the transmittance or fraction of insolation reaching the surface decreases exponentially in the optical depth or absorbance the two notions differing only by a constant factor of of the path of insolation through the atmosphere for any given short length of the path the optical depth is proportional to the quantity of absorbers and scatterers along that length typically increasing with decreasing altitude the optical depth of the whole path is then the integral sum of those optical depths along the path

when the density of absorbers is layered that is depends much more on vertical than horizontal position in the atmosphere to a good approximation the optical depth is inversely proportional to the projection effect that is to the cosine of the zenith angle since transmittance decreases exponentially with increasing optical depth as the sun approaches the horizon there comes a point when absorption dominates projection for the rest of the day with a relatively high level of absorbers this can be a considerable portion of the late afternoon and likewise of the early morning conversely in the hypothetical total absence of absorption the optical depth remains zero at all altitudes of the sun that is transmittance remains 1 and so only the projection effect applies

despite initially taking a literally violent dislike to keitaro she comes to develop very strong feelings for him the main part of her character arc is that she has great difficulty in admitting these feelings both to herself to the hopeless keitaro and to the world in general due to this she often becomes annoyed or irritated with keitaro when she believes he is not taking things seriously naru had repeatedly denied having feelings for keitaro even when asked naru while speaking to mutsumi has said what could you possibly see in a guy like that you probably don t know this mutsumi san but he s clumsy stupid and a total pervert that has no redeeming qualities whatsoever

despite her ditziness she is very intelligent and empathetic mutsumi also has anemia which caused all sorts of situations but she is actually extremely resilient having a strong vice like grip even when she first appeared and just like keitaro is seemingly able to recover quickly naru notices in both the manga and anime the similarities between keitaro and mutsumi many times one such notable time was when they believed they first met mutsumi they are actually all friends from childhood on naru and keitaro s trip to kyoto she has a very sweet and generous personality being very empathetic to others mutsumi often puts others happiness before herself she can also be comically clumsy at times another trait like keitaro she lives on a small island off the west coast of okinawa s main island city naha with her parents and seven younger siblings before moving closer to the hinata herself over the course of the manga she gradually gets over her anemia to the point that in the latter parts it has left her

both beautiful and kind hearted mutsumi shows superlative optimism when faced with even the most difficult of situations she has a number of unusual abilities such as being able to speak turtlese which she uses to communicate with her turtles namely tama the extreme habit of putting others happiness before her own a very strong propensity for watermelons and sleepwalking on a few rare occasions which led her into trouble once as she sleepwalked out of her window and was hit by a car despite her many eccentricities she is extremely intelligent scoring full marks in the practice exams yet she still fails to get into tokyo university because among other things she forgets to write her name on the test paper causing her to obtain a grade of z or fainting from her anemia

in both manga and the anime mutsumi is very intuitive and has a keen eye for details noticing things her friends do not such as but not limited to being the only one to know that pararakelse island was on the opposite side of the international dateline which meant keitaro would still be able to send his letter in time to tokyo u and thus finally be able to attend in the anime she is the only one who could instinctively tell keitaro and kaolla su s brother cousin apart and knew which was which at all times excluding keitaro and lamba themselves

it is revealed in volume 10 that as a young child mutsumi spent some time living at the hinata inn she had learned of the stories of how if a couple was to attend tokyo u together they will find happiness and in turn told keitaro of the story because she mutsumi wanted to go to tokyo u with keitaro she then played matchmaker for naru and keitaro after it became clear that naru liked keitaro mutsumi let him go for naru s sake by deliberately losing a game of rock paper scissors to decide which of them would become keitaro s wife deliberately losing a game of rock paper scissors is something she would do a second time in the manga during the mock wedding started to help her regain her memory after falling from a tree while she was trying to help naru down from the tree although she mutsumi loved keitaro and admits that she still loves him to naru

but even after that naru had forgotten all about her promise to keitaro mutsumi then made a subsequent promise with naru that both of them would later go to tokyo university so naru would remember the promise made to keitaro before leaving hinata she gave naru her liddo kun doll in memory of their friendship she eventually moves to an apartment very close to the hinata inn and starts working at the hinata teashop for haruka urashima even staying in a spare room at haruka s teashop after her apartment burnt down on new year s eve like keitaro and naru she finally passes the todai entrance exam discovering her result just before setting off to rescue keitaro from the island of pararakelse

she has difficulty relating to other people especially men whom she finds to be a distraction that keeps her from being able to concentrate fully on her studies and practice she also dislikes men because her sister left the dojo to marry her relationship with keitaro initially resembles naru s relationship with him in some ways all too often he finds himself on the receiving end of various attacks as a result of his frequent mishaps or simply bad luck she eventually warms up to him somewhat and eventually finds herself developing strong feelings for him which she vehemently denies until near the end of the series on two occasions this causes severe problems for both motoko and keitaro in later volumes she develops a habit of writing trashy romance stories involving the two of them often involuntarily

motoko has an older sister tsuruko who gave up the life of the sword to marry tsuruko is far stronger at kendo than motoko motoko both greatly admires and fears her older sister however tsuruko believes that motoko has more potential than she herself does and that motoko lost her drive to improve when tsuruko married motoko is also the next in line to inherit the aoyama family s kyoto dojo as she is not married it is notable that tsuruko is actually motoko s biological sister as they are two of the few characters in the series who are siblings by blood relation the second siblings couple is presented by kaolla and amalla su

su is the princess of molmol a fictional island nation located near the international date line the dot on her forehead seems to have something to do with the 3 eyed symbol of molmol she is often barefoot and dressed in nothing else except her heavily altered school uniform in almost every anime episode and manga chapter or some otherwise scant costume to top her personality she is above all extremely hyperactive usually hugging or in keitaro s case kicking someone trying to eat something especially bananas and or tama chan or inventing some potentially dangerous new device she also has a tendency to snuggle against a person while she is sleeping and usually crushes them while doing it

su likes all the other residents in the hinata apartments and gets along well with them though they have difficulty keeping up with her hyperactive tendencies only the athletic motoko seems to be able to tolerate and keep up with her her like for keitaro stems from the fact that he reminds her of the person she refers to as her older brother actually her cousin whom she grew up with however it can be inferred that she eventually comes to care about keitaro as much as and perhaps even more than her older brother

as if her never ending energy strange customs and mechanical finesse were not strange enough su also possesses the ability to transform into a more adult version of herself on a single night every year when the moon glows red in the anime she admitted to have fallen in love with keitaro while she was in this form despite her transformation just last a few seconds because there was no red moon though this is not explicitly stated in the manga it is implied extremely heavily with the adult su even kissing keitaro and proclaiming herself his girlfriend afterwards

also known as kitsune which means fox in japanese is a 19 year old freelance writer who never seems to write anything she is frequently drunk and seems to enjoy teasing keitaro at every opportunity kitsune is also a boarder at the hinata inn in room 205 she rarely pays any rent or contributes and has had a number of low paying jobs despite this she has never been evicted from the lodge her best friend is naru although naru is the more intellectual of the two kitsune is often the one to see things sensibly although often she will encourage madness out of boredom though she usually tries to reason when things are really out of control

her nickname comes from a combination of her first and last names and the fact that she hardly ever fully opens both eyes at the same time mostly when she is surprised as a result she has a perpetually fox like vulpine expression she s a practical joker and troublemaker her mission in life seems to be to ensure that things never get too dull or those around her too complacent she is also seen drinking a lot she speaks with a kansai dialect in the manga volume 4 kitsune s bedroom walls are densely lined with bottles of alcoholic drinks she is also the one who taught kaolla japanese

kitsune is more flirtatious especially with keitaro than any of the other residents mostly this is to tease him however she does develop a strong crush on him eventually she shows little serious romantic interest in him she is also the bustiest in the household her bust being second only to mutsumi otohime in size and is unafraid of using her charms to get what she wants whatever it might be her relationship with keitaro eventually develops into a little brother big sister connection though keitaro is actually older than she is

she also is a bit greedy as seen in a flashback sequence when she tells keitaro about how much naru s innocence ended up dismissing possible boyfriends kitsune was shown to encourage her to date a rich boy just because of his wealth also when the girls are traveling to molmol to try and bring keitaro back to hinata inn the only thing she thinks of is the inheritance that will be left to him and the girl that he chooses whenever hina returns even though later on kitsune lets him stay with naru she eventually takes over the hinata tea house when haruka leaves and picks up haruka s habit of smoking between the start and the finish kitsune held two other jobs her name is derived from the name of manga artist mitsune ayasaka

having traveled the world with seta and sara s mom and it is hinted that a love triangle existed between the three at one point or at least that haruka and seta were romantically involved this is explored more fully in the manga to the point that haruka and seta get married haruka s skills in martial arts rival seta s and can even surpass his when she is angry she is also very skilled with firearms which shows when she shoots kaolla s missiles at seta s head after being teased by him

seta is also something of an adventurer and possesses a van that shares his indestructible nature and apparently has a submarine mode in the past haruka had a major crush on him though he seemed oblivious they went on many expeditions together along with them on the expeditions was sara s mother an american that looked remarkably like naru who later died her last request was that seta marry haruka this wish was granted and haruka and seta married at the ruins of todai capital of the turtle civilization seta is sara s guardian and she refers to him as papa

sarah is left for a time in the care of the hinata inn residents by seta as he feels that travelling the world with him on expeditions would be too disruptive to her childhood there she develops a close friendship with su most likely because of their shared disdain for the general order of things in both the manga and anime version sarah even comments on how kaolla and i are not japanese during a meal when motoko forces them all sans naru who is in a field trip to kyoto to have a samurai like diet sara quickly becomes su s new playmate taking the place of motoko who was the only person in the house to keep up with su s energy sara and su eventually become so close they change their hairstyles to match both of them with two pigtails sara eventually does return to travelling with seta after his marriage to haruka

she soon realizes that all of the girls in hinata inn have some sort of affection for her brother and tests their affection in a variety of ways she then tries to drive them away by being as mean and cruel as she could to them at first it seemed to be working as one by one everyone but naru left the new hinata inn when the girls except for naru start to suspect kanako s feelings for keitaro and why she forces them to be mean to him they form the hinata house liberation front in order to reclaim the inn kanako naru and mutsumi form the hinata r shi translated as hinata rebel alliance to reclaim it under the name urashima kanako no suke

even without knowing her kanako had harbored a deep hatred for the little girl to which keitaro promised to go to tokyo university with as she believes that the promise is what plagued his life with bad luck as such she believed that by eliminating this girl the curse would be lifted at first she thought that kitsune who was leading the liberation front was this girl but in the nick of time naru ended up revealing that she was most likely the girl disheartened for having trusted her unwilling sworn enemy kanako attempted to sabotage naru s relationship with keitaro upon his return however in the end she recognized that it was naru whom he liked and reluctantly accepts their relationship

brother to amalla and kaolla in reality he is a cousin of theirs but they have grown up as siblings he is the king of their nation and in the tradition of their people he has to serve in the military for a period of time before that happens he is required to marry once when kaolla was a very young girl he promised to marry her but then he realises that she only sees him as a brother whereas amalla is in love with him he marries amalla instead

though motoko has lived in fear of tsuruko for years tsuruko has motoko s best interests at heart and her only real wish is for her sister to be happy on whatever path she chooses to walk unfortunately she has a habit of trying to kill her sister when she lies to her when she tried to take motoko back to kyoto and to prevent this she pretended to be engaged with keitaro or does not tell her the full details of a situation when motoko admitted that she flunked the todai admittance exam she also gets into a bloodthirsty mood whenever motoko is lazy and does not do her best this is only seen in a nightmare sequence of motoko

she has a beautiful pet crane named shippu which she later gives to motoko in the thirteenth volume after motoko finally defeats her like her sister her sword techniques are centered around the destruction of evil using ki attacks with her slash some of them hurting only evil beings but mostly slashing through rocks people or larger objects like a sports car driven by kentaro that was accidentally about to run over keitaro in the manga it was a truck whose driver was drunk and sleepy as if they were made of paper

the difference between a regency and a city lies in demography size and economy generally a regency comprises a rural area larger than a city but also often includes various towns a city usually has non agricultural economic activities a regency is headed by a regent bupati while a city is headed by a mayor walikota all regents mayors and members of legislatures are directly elected via elections to serve for a five year term which can be renewed once each regency or city is divided further into districts more commonly known as kecamatan

the latest new regencies split from existing regencies were south buton regency central buton regency and west muna regency in july 2014 while the latest cities were south tangerang and gunungsitoli in october 2008 there are no cities which have been split into other subdivisions although the administrative regency of thousand islands was split from north jakarta administrative city in 2001 despite the name of south tangerang being similar to that of tangerang city south tangerang was actually split from tangerang regency

in two special cases all subdivisions of north maluku and riau islands were made from parts of the defunct north maluku regency and riau islands regency respectively all subdivisions of north kalimantan are also made from lands of bulungan regency but its area was split to several regencies before the province was established central java and special region of yogyakarta are the only provinces which have not had any subdivision splits listed below are the subdivision splits from 2007 for pre 2007 splits see also main article in indonesian wikipedia

the seventeen newly created regencies in papua province will comprise the regencies of gili menawa moyo balin senter bogogha puncak trikora muara digul admi korbay katengban okika northwest yapen east yapen numfor island yalimek mambera hulu southwest yahukimo east yahukimo and gondumisisare in addition there will be two new municipalities of merauke and lembah baliem baliem valley the nine newly created regencies in west papua will comprise the regencies of malamoy and maibratsau both taken from sorong regency north raja ampat and south raja ampat both from raja ampat regency raja maskona from teluk bintuni regency okas and fakfak from fakfak regency west manokwari from manokwari regency and imeo from south sorong regency while manokwari will become a new independent city from manokwari regency

in a hospital in tokyo a university professor named kenji murai is visited by a man who asks him about the events that led him to the hospital the story is about a group of crew and passengers on a day trip on a yacht including murai his shipmate assistant senz koyama writer etsur yoshida celebrity masafumi kasai the owner of the yacht professional singer mami sekiguchi and student akiko s ma a sudden storm causes the yacht to nearly capsize causing it to drift uncontrollably the group arrive at a seemingly deserted island and begin to explore they come across ponds full of fresh rain water and a large forest of mushrooms the yacht s skipper naoyuki warns them not to eat the mushrooms because they might be poisonous

as they cross the island they come upon a shipwreck on the shore whose sails are rotted and its interior is covered with a mysterious mold finding that the mold succumbs to strong cleansing products they work to clear it from the ship in doing so they begin to suspect that the ship has been involved in some sort of nuclear testing of the polluted waters forcing a bizarre mutation on various organisms including the mushrooms as the days pass the group grows restless as their supply of food stores starts to run low kasai refuses to help find a way off the island and steals from their food stores instead after becoming concerned about their provisions yoshida decides to try eating the mushrooms

one night as kasai is raiding the food stores he is attacked by a grotesque looking man who promptly disappears after encountering the group suddenly yoshida s behavior begins to grow erratic leading him to be locked inside kasai s room right after he pulls a gun on the group naoyuki decides that in order to survive the team must leave the island the others disagree leading him to depart on his own mami frees yoshida and they attempt to take over the ship shooting and killing senz in the process murai and akiko manage to take control from the two and force them off the ship murai finds the yacht adrift and swims out towards it he finds naoyuki missing and a note left behind explaining that he is responsible for the deaths of his group and had jumped overboard on the ship kasai is confronted by mami who entices him to follow her into the forest perpetual rainfall has caused wild fungal growth and kasai realizes that those who have been eating the mushrooms have turned into humanoid mushroom creatures themselves the mushrooms are addictive and cannot be resisted after the first bite kasai is last seen collapsing as mushroom creatures begin to swarm him

others who have turned into mushroom creatures attack akiko and murai they are separated and akiko is kidnapped as murai tracks her down he discovers that she has been fed mushrooms and is under their influence along with mami yoshida and kasai murai attempts to rescue akiko but he is overwhelmed by the mushroom creatures and flees without her making his way onto the yacht and escaping the island several days pass later murai is finally rescued as he waits in the hospital he begins to wonder if he should have stayed with akiko on the island his face is revealed to show signs of being infected with fungal growths murai states after that it did not matter whether he stayed or not but he would have been happier there with akiko the screen fades as murai notes that humans are not much different than the mushroom creatures

director ishir honda was better known for his kaiju giant monster films but occasionally developed horror films such as the h man 1958 and the human vapor 1960 where characters become bizarre transformed beings honda s last film in this style was matango critic bill cooke noted in video watchdog that matango defies easy categorization as a film belonging to either the kaiju monster or kaidan ghost genres of the era in his book japanese science fiction fantasy and horror films stuart galbraith iv described it as a psychological horror film that contains science fiction elements

in their book ishiro honda a life in film from godzilla to kurosawa steve ryfle and ed godziszewski stated that both thematically and visually matango was uniquely dark among honda s films and was a radical departure from his brightly lit and lighthearted films mothra and king kong vs godzilla art director shiegkazu ikuno designed the stark look of the film ikuno was the apprentice of the production designer of godzilla satoru cuko assistant director koji kajita described ikuno as being known for set designs that were vanguard experimental sets tomoyuki tanaka produced the film with music by sadao bekku and cinematography by hajime koizumi

the film was based on a story in s f magazine which masami fukushima was an editor of a treatment was written on the film by shinichi hoshi and fukushima which was then made into a screenplay by takeshi kimura the story itself was based on william h hodgson s short story the voice in the night which originally appeared in the november 1907 issue of blue book the script was relatively faithful to hodgson s story but added a number of extra characters honda was also inspired by a news story about a group of rich kids who took their father s yacht far into the sea and had to be rescued early drafts featured characters paralleling their real life counterparts as well as reports of ships and aircraft vanishing in the bermuda triangle

according to yoshio tsuchiya honda took the project seriously telling actors before production that the film was a serious drama picture so please keep this in mind and work accordingly tsuchiya also explained that in addition to the official ending of the film a different ending was shot where kubo s face was normal matango was honda s first film to use the oxberry optical printer which toho purchased from the united states to allow for better image compositing the printer allowed the ability to superimpose up to five composite shots allowing the crew to avoid costly hand painted mattes and glass shots

the film was released on home video in the united kingdom in the 1980s under the title fungus of terror media blasters issued matango on dvd in the united states on march 15 2005 it featured a generous selection of extras including commentary by the film s male lead kubo production sketches an interview with special effects team member teruyoshi nakano and other features tim lucas of sight sound described tokyo shock s release of the film as a revelation to those of us who grew up watching pan and scanned re edited bastardisations of these films on television lucas also noted that matango looks splendid on tokyo shock s disc its anamorphic transfer retaining the naturalistic colour of the earlier toho video laserdisc release with brighter contrast and a slightly more generous 2 53 1 screen width he felt that the english subtitles access adult dimensions of the story that were never apparent in the old television prints toho released the film on blu ray in japan on november 3 2017

groundbreaking and construction of the temple began in 1951 under yuet kai and his followers and the structure was finished six years later it closed for three years at the end of the 20th century after one of its caretakers was killed in a mudslide caused by poorly maintained slopes nearby the main journey up to the monastery is an attraction itself as the path is lined on both sides with golden buddhas each unique and in different poses despite the common translation of its name the monastery actually contains nearly 13 000 buddha statues

before 1994 the temple was allowed to operate eateries on site without a license and merely had to pass routine inspections carried out by health inspectors from the regional services department however in may of that year the regional council passed stricter rules requiring monastery restaurants to follow the food business regional council bylaws this would entail adhering to fire building and fuel installation standards in addition to hygiene despite initial fears that the cost of improving amenities would be beyond their financial means the monastery continues to operate a vegetarian restaurant that serves among other things tofu custard sweet and sour vegetarian chicken stir fry cashew nuts with vegetables and other traditional chinese vegetarian dishes

in 2010 the monastery was one of 52 private columbarium operators to be involved in a dispute with the government of hong kong who implicated them of violating planning rules and land leases around 30 000 40 000 niches at the temple were involved in the land lease dispute consequently in december of that same year the government placed all 52 operators on a blacklist as part of a name and shame campaign but stopped short of requesting people to refrain from purchasing niches from these organizations

the ten thousand buddhas monastery is located on a hillside in pai tau village and is accessible by stairwell consisting of 431 steep steps these are surrounded on both sides by statues of arhats the buddhist equivalent of saints who have achieved enlightenment they were produced by artists from yunnan and guangdong provinces and are modeled after ones situated at a temple in kunming the hometown of founder yuet kai the creation and installation of these statues which commenced in 2001 without prior authorization from the government led to a minor rift between the monastery and the local authorities the latter contended that this was in contravention of the city s building code and that it would create a landslide hazard that could result in fatalities during the region s rainy season after a safety assessment the statues were allowed to remain and they continue to line the route up to the monastery

there were numerous accusations of irregularities which forced the election to be extended by two additional days for a total of four days however former american president jimmy carter said he was happy with the extension of voting days while monitoring the elections along with an eu contingent on the last day of the elections the head of the ruling party in the south said three days ago at night some southern army soldiers came to the home of the president of the national congress party ncp in raja and killed him and eight other members of the ncp he claimed it was because of anger that people had voted for the ruling party the sudan people s liberation movement denied responsibility while having claimed repression

a video was posted on youtube which apparently shows election officials in uniform and a child filling out voting strips and stuffing them into ballot boxes with one saying that he was glad the voting period had been extended for them to finish their work the clip which has not been independently verified are claimed by sudanese opposition activists as proof to their claims of poll rigging the national elections commission nec however dismissed it as a fake and refused to investigate it even after the result was announced the opposition claims that there was massive rigging and is thinking to challenge the result in the courts

underwood was born on 10 october 1937 in the united kingdom and emigrated to australia in 1950 he served in the royal australian navy first as a national serviceman and then in the reserve as a sub lieutenant he graduated from the university of tasmania in 1960 and practised law in hobart for the law firm murdoch clarke cosgrove and drake he was a distinguished trial advocate for over twenty years he was appointed a judge of the supreme court in august 1984

when the 2010 state election resulted in a hung parliament with both the liberals and labor on 10 seats lennon s successor as premier david bartlett advised underwood to commission opposition leader will hodgman as premier as the liberals had won a narrow plurality of the popular vote before the election bartlett had contended that whoever won the most votes should form government however after talks with both bartlett and hodgman underwood recommissioned bartlett in a detailed statement announcing his decision underwood noted that hodgman had not approached the greens for support before the writs were returned and bartlett had not promised a minimum period of support to a hodgman minority government he also concluded that bartlett s promise to give up power was not relevant since the decision to invite a person to form government was solely within the governor s prerogative since bartlett still held his commission as premier underwood was of the view that bartlett was obliged to test the support for his government on the floor of the house of assembly this was per longstanding westminster convention that the incumbent premier prime minister has the first opportunity to form a government if no party has a majority

the concept of combined operations evolved largely as a result of expeditionary warfare that can be traced to the sea peoples in its basic form it involved raiding coastal regions by land forces arriving from the naval vessels the raiding tactics were expanded into more complex operations by alexander the great who used naval vessels for both troop transporting and logistics in his campaigns the next exponents of combined operations in the ancient world of the mediterranean basin were the carthaginians who introduced two entirely new dimensions to the use of naval forces by staging not only operations that combined naval and land troops but also eventuated in combining strategic multi national forces during the land phase of the operation when hannibal in his most famous achievement at the outbreak of the second punic war marched an army that included war elephants from iberia over the pyrenees and the alps into northern italy following the example of carthage the romans used combined operations extensively to expand their empire and influence in the mediterranean and beyond including the roman conquest of britain which was not only a temporary expeditionary operation but included long term occupation and roman settlement of the territories following the peace agreement between kush and rome in 21 bc the kushites and romans performed joint military operations against several adversaries

although all combined operations until the invention of the combustion engine were largely dependent on the sailing vessels it was with the creation of sophisticated rigging systems of the european renaissance that the age of sail allowed a significant expansion in the scale of combined operations notably by the european colonial empires some have argued that this was the first revolution in military affairs that changed national strategies operational methods and tactics both at sea and on the land one notable example of this evolution was the french invasion of egypt 1798

the next development in the evolution of combined operations was made during the expansion of the european empires and the era of colonialism that also led to the inclusion of the combined operations methods into the direct expression of national strategies to avoid full scale conflicts in the shape of the gunboat diplomacy approach it was at this time that naval troops previously used almost exclusively for defence of vessels or minor beach operations were expanded to enable extended littoral operations the colonial experience though largely confined to the period before the first world war persisted well into the 20th century

the period of the first world war that prolonged well past its completion into the 1920s saw combined operations established as a systematic and planned operations with larger scope then simple transportations of troops and the beginnings of development in true combined operations at strategic operational and tactical levels with the unsuccessful amphibious landing at gallipoli not only did this operation combine the elements of overall war planning context multinational deployment of forces as part of the same operation and use of troops prepared for the landings as opposed to disembarkation as well as naval gunfire support that was only limited during the era of sailing ships but also included extensive use of combat engineering in support of the infantry

there were 582 households of which 27 0 had children under the age of 18 living with them 51 9 were married couples living together 8 4 had a female householder with no husband present 4 5 had a male householder with no wife present and 35 2 were non families 27 7 of all households were made up of individuals and 13 6 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older the average household size was 2 31 and the average family size was 2 77

the duchy of courland and semigallia was briefly a client state of the german empire it was proclaimed on 8 march 1918 in the german occupied courland governorate by a landesrat composed of baltic germans who offered the crown of the once autonomous duchy to kaiser wilhelm ii despite the existence of a formerly sovereign reigning family in that duchy the biron descendants of ernst johann von biron although the german reichstag supported national self determination for the baltic peoples the german high command continued the policy of attaching the baltic to the reich by relying on baltic germans

after the russian revolution german troops started advancing from courland and by the end of february 1918 the territories of the former russian governorate of livonia and autonomous governorate of estonia that had declared independence were also occupied and fell under the german military administration with the treaty of brest litovsk on 3 march 1918 bolshevist russia accepted the loss of the courland governorate and by agreements concluded in berlin on 27 august 1918 the autonomous governorate of estonia and the governorate of livonia were severed from russia

founded by hugh henry brackenridge as the pittsburgh academy and chartered in 1787 the school of arts and sciences may have originally grown out of a school that was active before the charter was granted perhaps as early as 1770 thus the sas began its life as a preparatory school presumably in a log cabin in what is now downtown pittsburgh which was then on the frontier of the united states the school was established on the principles of teaching the rudiments of the sacred six of the scottish universities as brackenridge was himself scottish within a short period more advanced education in the area was needed so in 1819 the commonwealth of pennsylvania amended the school s 1787 charter to confer university status the school took the name the western university of pennsylvania

by the 1830s the school faced severe financial pressure to abandon its traditional liberal education in favor of the state legislature s desire for it to provide more vocational training the decision to remain committed to liberal education nearly ended the university but it persevered despite its abandonment by the city and state similar pressure to abandon the liberal arts focus of the school occurred again between 1902 and 1908 when industrial development in the region was attracting more students to technical trades financial pressure mounted to abandon the traditional liberal arts curriculum and focus on more vocational training but petitions from students alumni faculty and some trustees kept the original mission intact

out of the school which by then was often referred to as the college came the genesis for some of the university s other schools such as the school of engineering and school of law both continued to require the traditional classical studies for a bachelor s degree but they began to formally separate around the time when the university moved to its new location in the oakland neighborhood of pittsburgh when it also changed its name to the university of pittsburgh in 1908 with the formal separation from the school of engineering the school became known as the college of liberal arts and sciences

in the summer of 2006 the school of arts and sciences began to oversee the administration of the university s college of general studies expanding the community of arts and sciences learners to include nontraditional students on september 22 2011 it was announced that an alumnus of the school s department of political science william s dietrich ii had donated 125 million to the university the largest ever donation to the university up until that time and that the university would rename the school of arts and sciences to honor his father kenneth

the team played their first match against another former soviet debutant turkmenistan on june 1 1992 as part of a central asian tournament kazakhstan won 1 0 the tournament also saw the footballing debuts of uzbekistan kyrgyzstan and tajikistan after beating libya in a friendly in north korea on july 3 kazakhstan played the remainder of its central asian fixtures and avoided defeat in all of them they beat uzbekistan 1 0 at home on july 16 then drew 1 1 away in turkmenistan on september 14 in kyrgyzstan on september 26 and uzbekistan on october 14 the final match was a 2 0 home victory over kyrgyzstan on october 25

kazakhstan entered qualification for the first time in the attempt to reach the 1998 fifa world cup in the first round they were placed in group 9 alongside pakistan and iraq kazakhstan s first qualifying match was won 3 0 at home in almaty on may 11 1997 against pakistan on june 6 they travelled to baghdad to face iraq and won 2 1 then five days later won an away match against pakistan 7 0 in lahore the result remains kazakhstan s biggest ever international win they retained their 100 start to world cup football by beating iraq at home 3 1 on june 29

in almaty central stadium kazakhstan beat nepal 3 0 with two goals by maksim igorevich shevchenko on april 21 two days later they beat macau 5 0 dmitriy byakov and igor avdeyev scored two each after a goalless first half the final game on april 25 saw a 1 1 draw against iraq in front of 25 000 litvinenko put kazakhstan ahead in the 32nd but iraq equalised ten minutes later despite being level on points iraq advanced on goal difference mainly due to a 9 1 victory over nepal

being a transcontinental country kazakhstan joined uefa in 2002 they had to wait until the 2002 fifa world cup finished on june 30 before making the switch as they had entered the tournament as an afc member kazakhstan therefore could not enter qualification for uefa euro 2004 as the draw had been made on 25 january 2002 since joining uefa kazakhstan has been a relative minnow within the continent with most of their qualifications being unsuccessful and often finish near dead last or bottom

their first official uefa match was on 8 september 2004 and ended in a home defeat by 2 1 against ukraine kazakhstan lost their next 9 matches including a 6 0 home defeat against turkey their tied biggest defeat up to 2018 and conceding a home defeat to greece into four minutes of the stoppage time their sole point of the qualifying came in the next match on 8 october 2005 in a 0 0 away draw against georgia played behind closed doors before losing the last match at home against denmark

for the uefa euro 2008 qualifying kazakhstan was once again placed in the last drawing pot their campaign started with two away draws against belgium 0 0 and azerbaijan 1 1 they lost the next three matches before getting their first official win as uefa members in a 2 1 home triumph against serbia with goals from kairat ashirbekov and nurbol zhumaskaliyev after a home loss against armenia kazakhstan got their sixth and seventh points after drawing again with azerbaijan 1 1 and belgium 2 2 both at home losses against poland and portugal were followed by their second win this time away from home with sergei ostapenko scoring the winning goal against armenia their last match was a delayed game against serbia ending in defeat in the end kazakhstan finished with 10 points and in 6th out of the 8 group a teams

the 2010 fifa world cup qualification had kazakhstan in the 5th of 6 drawing pots drawn in group 6 with croatia england ukraine belarus and andorra they started the campaign with a 3 0 home win against andorra on 20 august 2008 however that was the only opponent they managed to get points from after they won the reverse fixture 3 1 on 9 september 2009 and losing all the other group matches kazakhstan finished in 5th ahead only of andorra who lost all of their matches

following recent unimpressive qualifying campaigns kazakhstan was once again in the last drawing pot for the 2014 fifa world cup qualification their campaign in group c started with two defeats before getting their first point in a goalless home draw against austria on 12 october 2012 losses to austria and twice to germany were followed by their first and only win of the qualification by 2 1 against faroe islands on 6 september 2013 they still got a fifth point in a 1 1 away drawn against the same opponents kazakhstan finished in 5th place ahead only of the faroese

the uefa euro 2016 qualifying had kazakhstan once more in the last drawing pot their first match was a home 0 0 draw against latvia on 9 september 2014 followed by six consecutive losses before another goalless draw away from home against iceland after their seventh defeat of the qualifying kazakhstan ended the campaign with a 1 0 away win against latvia on 13 october 2015 the goal scored by islambek kuat got the kazakhs the 5th place tied in points with the latvians but with a better head to head record

for the 2018 19 uefa nations league kazakhstan was in pot 3 of league d the fourth and lowest division of the uefa nations league drawn in group 1 with georgia latvia and andorra their campaign started with a 2 0 home loss against group winners georgia away draws against andorra and latvia had georgia with 9 points after the three first matches with all the other teams tied with 2 points kazakhstan defeated andorra by 4 0 on 16 october but the georgia win against latvia got the georgians promoted to league c with two matches still to be played their sixth and last point came in a 1 1 home draw against latvia before being defeated by georgia in the last group match and finishing in the second place of the group

voters were instructed to cast votes for up to 10 candidates any candidate receiving votes on at least 75 of the ballots would be honored with induction to the hall the ballot consisted of 30 players 473 ballots were cast with 353 votes required for election a total of 2 515 individual votes were cast an average of 5 32 per ballot breaking the record low of 5 72 votes per ballot set the previous election the election of 2012 would break 1997 s record with an average of 5 1 names per ballot those candidates receiving less than 5 of the vote 24 votes will not appear on future bbwaa ballots but may eventually be considered by the veterans committee

the battle of megiddo fought 15th century bc was fought between egyptian forces under the command of pharaoh thutmose iii and a large rebellious coalition of canaanite vassal states led by the king of kadesh it is the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail megiddo is also the first recorded use of the composite bow and the first body count all details of the battle come from egyptian sources primarily the hieroglyphic writings on the hall of annals in the temple of amun re at karnak thebes now luxor by the military scribe tjaneni

the ancient egyptian account gives the date of the battle as the 21st day of the first month of the third season of year 23 of the reign of thutmose iii it has been claimed that this was april 16 1457 bc according to the middle chronology although other publications place the battle in 1482 bc or 1479 bc the egyptians routed the canaanite forces which fled to safety in the city of megiddo their action resulted in the lengthy siege of megiddo

pharaoh thutmose iii began a reign in which the egyptian empire reached its greatest expanse by reinforcing the long standing egyptian presence in the levant after waiting impatiently for the end of his regency by the egyptian pharaoh hatshepsut he immediately responded to a revolt of local rulers near kadesh in the vicinity of modern day syria as egyptian buffer provinces in the land of the amurru along the border with the hittites attempted to change their vassalage thutmose iii dealt with the threat personally the canaanites are thought to have been allied with the mitanni and amurru from the region of the two rivers between the headwaters of the orontes and the jordan the driving and main force behind this revolt was the king of kadesh the powerful fortress of kadesh offered protection to him and the city the king of megiddo with an equally strong fortress joined the alliance the importance of megiddo was its geographical location along the southwestern edge of the jezreel valley just beyond the mount carmel ridge and the mediterranean from this location megiddo controlled the via maris the main trade route between egypt and mesopotamia

the egyptian inscriptions of the campaign on the temple of karnak come from a daily journal kept by the scribe tjaneni during the campaign in the egyptian account thutmose gathered an army of chariots and infantry numbering between ten and twenty thousand men as the egyptians mustered their forces the king of kadesh gathered many tribal chieftains from syria aram and canaan around him estimated at between ten and fifteen thousand men entered megiddo and set his forces at the waters of taanach he expected that the egyptians would come by way of taanach via dothaim the main route from the mediterranean lowlands into the valley of kishon and from egypt to mesopotamia the egyptian army assembled at the border fortress of tjaru called sele in greek and arrived ten days later at the loyal city of gaza after one day s rest it marched north for eleven days to the city of yehem here thutmose sent out scouts to continue northeast from yehem the army had to pass the carmel mountain range beyond which lay the jezreel valley and the city and fortress of megiddo where the rebel forces had gathered there were three possible routes from yehem to megiddo both the northern route via zefti and tel yokneam and the southern route by way of taanach were safer but longer routes the central route via aruna modern wadi ara was more direct but risky it followed a narrow ravine and the troops could only travel single file if the enemy waited at the end of the ravine the egyptians would risk being cut down piecemeal the army leaders pleaded with him not to take the difficult road but to take either of the safer routes instead with information from the scouts thutmose iii decided to take the direct path to megiddo he believed that if his generals advised him to take the easier routes then his enemy would assume he would do so so he decided to do the unexpected

the king of kadesh had left large infantry detachments guarding the two more likely paths and virtually ignored the aruna route ignoring the danger of spreading out his army in the mountains where leading elements might be subject to enemy ambush in narrow mountain passes and his main force still far behind in aruna unable to come to their aid thutmose took the direct route through wadi ara to reduce the risk thutmose himself led his men through aruna his light infantry and the mounted bowmen known as haibrw moved in quickly to eliminate any rebel pickets leaving the main force of chariots to follow with the city lightly guarded by the enemy thutmose led a quick assault scattered the rebels and entered the valley unopposed now the egyptian army had a clear path to megiddo with the main forces of the rebel army far away to the northwest and southeast

thutmose seized the opportunity he set up camp at the end of the day but during the night arrayed his forces close to the enemy the next morning they attacked it cannot be established if the surprised king of kadesh had managed to fully prepare for battle even if he did it did not do him much good though his forces were on high ground adjacent to the fortress the egyptian line was arranged in a concave formation consisting of three wings that threatened both canaanite flanks both the egyptians and the canaanites are estimated to have had around 1 000 chariots and 10 000 infantry the pharaoh led the attack from the center the combination of position and numbers superior maneuverability of their left wing along with an early bold attack broke the enemy s will their line immediately collapsed those near the city fled into it closing the gates behind them

the city was besieged for seven months and the king of kadesh escaped thutmose built a moat and a wooden palisade eventually forcing its occupants to surrender at karnak it is recorded that the victorious army took home 340 prisoners 2 041 mares 191 foals 6 stallions 924 chariots 200 suits of armor 502 bows 1 929 cattle 22 500 sheep and the royal armor chariot and tent poles of the king of megiddo the city and citizens were spared a number of other cities in the jezreel valley were conquered and egyptian authority in the area was restored

mitford castle is an english castle dating from the end of the 11th century and located at mitford northumberland it is a scheduled ancient monument and a grade i listed building enlisted on 20 october 1969 the castle is also officially on the buildings at risk register the norman motte and bailey castle stands on a small prominence a somewhat elliptical mound above the river wansbeck the selected building site allowed for it be to natural hill scarped and ditched producing the motte

prior to the 1066 norman conquest the castle was held by sir john de mitford whose only daughter and heiress sybilla mitford was given in marriage by william the conqueror to the norman knight richard bertram in the late 11th century it was an earthwork fortress of the bertram family and of record as william bertram s oppidum in 1138 in 1215 it was seized by the english king john s troops in 1264 the castle was held by the third roger bertram but in that year it was seized from him and committed to the custody of william de valence 1st earl of pembroke king henry s half brother it was held by alexander de balliol the son of john de balliol and the elder brother of john balliol king of scotland nicknamed toom tabard meaning empty coat in 1275 during the rebellion in northumberland set in the 1310s mitford castle was seized from the valence family by sir gilbert de middleton in 1315 mitford castle was used by sir gilbert for kidnappings and as a prisoner hold when ralph de greystoke seized de middleton for treason

there are conflicting accounts over the castle s destruction one theory is of a fire during middleton s rebellion another theory is that it was destroyed by the scots in may 1318 during middleton s imprisonment in the tower of london it was certainly destroyed by 1323 as records of an inquest held that year after the death of aymer de valence state mitford castle to be entirely destroyed and burnt at the time of his death in 1335 mitford castle had been seized from its then holder david de strathbogie 12th earl of athol 2nd baron

the castle ruins are ashlar quality squared stone construction the inner ward was built in the early 12th century the western section of the inner ward is on a stepped plinth and includes a large rounded archway the eastern section of the inner ward wall has a rounded round arch to the outer ward of 19th century reconstruction the inner ward contains an unusual pentagonal keep that stands to the first floor and dates from the early 13th century the keep was built on the highest point at the northernmost area of the castle with each of its five sides being of a different dimension and its internal area measuring approximately the triangular outer ward to the south and east was built in the late 12th century the divided basement contains two barrel vaulted chambers that may have been used as cisterns

black no more being an account of the strange and wonderful workings of science in the land of the free ad 1933 1940 is a 1931 harlem renaissance satire on american race relations by george s schuyler pronounced sky ler he targets both the ku klux klan and naacp in condemning the ways in which race functions as both an obsession and a commodity in early twentieth century america the central premise of the novel is that an african american scientist invents a process that can transform blacks into whites those who have internalized white racism those who are tired of inferior opportunities socially and economically and those who simply want to expand their sexual horizons line up to be transformed as the country whitens the economic importance of racial segregation in the south as a means of maintaining elite white economic and social status becomes increasingly apparent

as the black no more procedure grows increasingly popular it wreaks havoc on the social and economic institutions of harlem drawing resistance from leaders in the african american community it also draws fierce resistance from southern segregationist organizations meanwhile max who has now changed his name to matthew fisher discovers that life as a white man is not as great as he imagined in order to earn some money he joins reverend harry givens s white supremacist organization the knights of nordica claiming that he has the expertise necessary to help them end black no more

after a miscarriage helen becomes pregnant again prompting matthew to keep an airplane and spare cash on hand for a quick escape whenever she happens to go into labor he decides that when she gives birth to what will inevitably be their black child he will ask her either to reject him outright or to accept him for who he is and leave the country with him however with the genealogy project nearing completion on the eve of election day the results indicate that almost all americans have at least some african ancestry including snobbcraft buggerie givens and helen these results are stolen by the republicans and then leaked to the media when helen s child is born bi racial she blames herself for her undisclosed african american heritage matthew then admits his own heritage and she accepts him for who he is

a violent mob forms when word spreads of givens s and snobbcraft s impure ancestry snobbcraft and buggerie flee together on matthew s airplane but they are forced to land in mississippi when they run out of fuel afraid of revealing their true identities they blacken their faces with shoe polish which proves to be an unfortunate decision as they encounter a group of local zealots who have been eagerly waiting for a black person any black person to kill givens and snobbcraft remove their disguises and convince the zealots that they are in fact white but just at this moment a newspaper arrives divulging their true ancestry snobbcraft and buggerie are mutilated and then burned alive

the term was coined by eugene c bingham a professor at lafayette college in 1920 from a suggestion by a colleague markus reiner the term was inspired by the aphorism of simplicius often attributed to heraclitus everything flows and was first used to describe the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids it applies to substances that have a complex microstructure such as muds sludges suspensions polymers and other glass formers e g silicates as well as many foods and additives bodily fluids e g blood and other biological materials and other materials that belong to the class of soft matter such as food

rheology generally accounts for the behavior of non newtonian fluids by characterizing the minimum number of functions that are needed to relate stresses with rate of change of strain or strain rates for example ketchup can have its viscosity reduced by shaking or other forms of mechanical agitation where the relative movement of different layers in the material actually causes the reduction in viscosity but water cannot ketchup is a shear thinning material like yogurt and emulsion paint us terminology latex paint or acrylic paint exhibiting thixotropy where an increase in relative flow velocity will cause a reduction in viscosity for example by stirring some other non newtonian materials show the opposite behavior rheopecty viscosity increasing with relative deformation and are called shear thickening or dilatant materials since sir isaac newton originated the concept of viscosity the study of liquids with strain rate dependent viscosity is also often called non newtonian fluid mechanics

in viscoelastic materials such as most polymers and plastics the presence of liquid like behaviour depends on the properties of and so varies with rate of applied load i e how quickly a force is applied the silicone toy silly putty behaves quite differently depending on the time rate of applying a force pull on it slowly and it exhibits continuous flow similar to that evidenced in a highly viscous liquid alternatively when hit hard and directly it shatters like a silicate glass

usually when the use of fillers is considered a compromise has to be made between the improved mechanical properties in the solid state on one side and the increased difficulty in melt processing the problem of achieving uniform dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix and the economics of the process due to the added step of compounding on the other the rheological properties of filled polymers are determined not only by the type and amount of filler but also by the shape size and size distribution of its particles the viscosity of filled systems generally increases with increasing filler fraction this can be partially ameliorated via broad particle size distributions via the farris effect an additional factor is the stress transfer at the filler polymer interface the interfacial adhesion can be substantially enhanced via a coupling agent that adheres well to both the polymer and the filler particles the type and amount of surface treatment on the filler are thus additional parameters affecting the rheological and material properties of filled polymeric systems

sven bronson a swedish astronomer working at an observatory in south africa discovers a pair of rogue planets bronson alpha and bronson beta which will soon enter the solar system in eight months they will pass close enough to cause catastrophic damage to the earth sixteen months later after swinging around the sun bronson alpha a gas giant will return to pulverize the earth and leave it is hoped that bronson beta discovered to be earth like and potentially habitable will remain and assume a stable orbit

scientists led by cole hendron work desperately to build an atomic rocket to transport enough people animals and equipment to bronson beta in an attempt to save the human race various countries do the same the united states evacuates coastal regions in preparation for the first encounter as the planets approach observers see through their telescopes cities on bronson beta tidal waves sweep inland at a height of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes add to the deadly toll and the weather runs wild for more than two days as a token of things to come bronson alpha grazes and destroys the moon

three men take a floatplane to check out conditions across the united states and meet with the president in hutchinson kansas the temporary capital of the united states it is discovered that the entire southeast region flooded the great lakes rose and emptied into the saint lawrence region and connecticut has become an island archipelago all three are wounded fighting off a mob at their last stop but manage to return with a precious sample of an extremely heat resistant metal one of them had noticed this solves the last remaining engineering obstacle as no material had been found before to make rocket tubes capable of withstanding the heat of the atomic exhaust for very long

five months before the end desperate mobs attack the camp killing over half of hendron s people before they are defeated with the rocket tube breakthrough the survivors are able to build a second larger ship that can carry everyone left alive instead of only 100 of the roughly thousand people hendron had recruited the two american ships take off but lose contact with each other other ships are seen launching from europe the french ship s tubes melt causing it to explode in the upper atmosphere the original american ship makes a successful landing but it is unknown if anyone else made it the survivors find that bronson beta is habitable they also find a road

when worlds collide had far reaching influences on the science fiction genre the themes of an approaching planet threatening the earth and an athletic hero his girlfriend and a scientist traveling to the new planet by rocket were used by writer alex raymond in his 1934 comic strip flash gordon jack williamson s 1934 short story born of the sun also used the concept of a scientist and his fianc e escaping the destruction of the earth in a hurriedly constructed ark of space the 1940 41 newspaper comic strip speed spaulding an adaptation credited to the novel s authors was more directly based on the novel the themes of escape from a doomed planet to a habitable one also can be seen in jerry siegel and joe shuster s 1938 comic superman

in charlton s early years the club had a nomadic existence using several different grounds between its formation in 1905 and the beginning of world war i in 1914 the ground dates from 1919 at a time when charlton were moderately successful and looking for a new home the club found an abandoned sand and chalk pit in charlton but did not have sufficient funds to fully develop the site an army of volunteer charlton supporters dug out a flat area for the pitch at the bottom of the chalk pit and used the excavated material to build up makeshift stands the ground s name most likely comes from its original valley like appearance the club played its first game at the ground before any seats or even terraces were installed there was simply a roped off pitch with the crowd standing or sitting on the adjoining earthworks the unique circumstances of the ground s initial construction led to an unusually intense bond between the club s supporters and the site that exists to this day in the 1923 24 season charlton played at the mount stadium in catford but in a much more highly populated area a proposed merger with catford south end fc fell through and thus charlton moved back to the valley

for many years the valley was one of the largest football league grounds in britain although its highest maximum capacity of 75 000 was only half the capacity of glasgow s hampden park however charlton s long absence from the top level of english football prevented much needed renovation as funds dried up and attendances fell charlton were relegated from the first division in 1957 and did not return until 1986 and in 1972 were relegated to the third division for the first time in the postwar era

eventually the club s debts led to it almost going out of business in the early 1980s a consortium of supporters successfully acquired the club in 1984 but the valley remained under the ownership of the club s former owner however the club was unable to finance the improvements needed to make the valley meet new safety requirements shortly after the start of the 1985 86 season charlton left the valley entering into an agreement with crystal palace to share the latter s selhurst park facilities the first official groundsharing arrangement in the football league in 36 years

in 1988 the ownership of the club and the valley was again united and in a grass roots effort that harkened back to the ground s initial construction thousands of supporters volunteered to clean the ground eventually burning the debris in a huge bonfire on the pitch by this time however the large terraces were no longer seen as desirable or safe charlton athletic supporters then proposed to completely rebuild the stadium in order for charlton to return there at the beginning of the 1990s however the greenwich borough council overwhelmingly turned down plans to renovate the ground club supporters formed their own local political party the valley party in response to the council s decision the party ran candidates for all but two greenwich council seats sparing the two councillors who had approved the new stadium plans the party won almost 15 000 votes in the 1990 local elections successfully pressuring the council to approve the plans for the new stadium

in 1991 construction began on the new valley and the club moved from selhurst park to west ham s upton park it was originally hoped that the club would return to the stadium before christmas that year but the re opening of the stadium faced a series of delays before finally opening in december 1992 since then the ground itself has undergone some remarkable changes the north east and west sides of the ground have almost been completely rebuilt giving the ground a capacity of over 27 000 by december 2001 when charlton were in the second season of stay in the fa premier league which would last for seven seasons the club have ambitions to extend the ground s capacity to over 40 000 by expanding the east side and completely rebuilding the south side but it remains uncertain if or when the plans will be implemented after the club s relegation from the premier league in 2007 and from the championship two years later

the main items on the varsity menu include standard fast food fare hot dogs burgers and fries but there are variations setting the varsity apart from other fast food restaurants hot dogs are often topped with both chili and mustard another option is to top hot dogs with store made cole slaw and nothing else three types of grilled cheese sandwiches are served as well as a bacon lettuce and tomato sandwich side items include the expected french fries and fried onion rings but there are 16 types of ice cream and a frosted orange shake in addition to a fried apple pie the varsity also serves a fried peach pie which might be expected in the peach state

originally named the yellow jacket the varsity was established in 1928 at the corner of luckie street and hemphill avenue in midtown atlanta its founder frank gordy of thomaston georgia a reinhardt university graduate briefly attended the georgia institute of technology georgia tech but dropped out in 1925 as the business grew gordy was forced to move the restaurant to 61 north avenue on the northwest corner of spring street to accommodate the crowds the present structure now covers two city blocks it was here that the name was changed to the varsity reflecting his desire to expand to other college campuses during the drive in era the varsity began its curbside service which continues to this day

the enterprise has since expanded to athens kennesaw gwinnett county alpharetta and dawsonville the alpharetta location closed on february 1 2016 and the building has since been demolished the varsity jr located in northeast atlanta was the only other location of the chain to offer curbside service the varsity jr closed in august 2010 after more than 40 years at that location after the city of atlanta failed to approve the chain s plans to replace that building the plans for the new varsity jr were instead used for the new location in dawsonville the restaurant offers catering services to the metro atlanta region for both corporate and non corporate functions going as far east as conyers and stone mountain georgia