Datasets:

MoE-UNC

/

wikihop

like 1

Follow

MoE-UNC 2

[ "The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.", "An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing, as an immigrant, in a country other than that of their citizenship. The word comes from the Latin terms \"ex\" (\"out of\") and \"patria\" (\"country, fatherland\").", "Dubai (; \"\") is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located on the southeast coast of the Persian Gulf and is the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, one of the seven emirates that make up the country. Abu Dhabi and Dubai are the only two emirates to have veto power over critical matters of national importance in the country's legislature. The city of Dubai is located on the emirate's northern coastline and heads up the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. Dubai is to host World Expo 2020.", "A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.", "A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was originally used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors but now describes one of at least 40-50 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, but the term skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than . For buildings above a height of , the term \"Supertall\" can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond are classified as \"Megatall\".", "Abu Dhabi (US , UK ; \"\" ) is the capital and the second most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (the most populous being Dubai), and also capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the largest of the UAE's seven emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city proper had a population of 1.5 million in 2014.", "The Emirate of Dubai, is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates.", "Ajman (\"\") is the capital of the emirate of Ajman in the United Arab Emirates, located along the Persian Gulf.", "Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics.", "Najd Tower was a planned 340 metre ( 1,115 ft ) tall , futuristic skyscraper with 82 floors and 496 rooms in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Construction began in 2005 , then became on - hold . Later , it was cancelled in 2009 . If built , construction would have been completed in 2008 .", "An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Islamic monarch styled emir. It also means \"principality\".", "The United Arab Emirates ('), sometimes simply called the Emirates (') or the UAE, is a federal absolute monarchy in Western Asia at the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north. In 2013, the UAE's population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million are Emirati citizens and 7.8 million are expatriates.", "Saudi Arabia, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is geographically the fifth-largest state in Asia and second-largest state in the Arab world after Algeria. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen to the south. It is separated from Israel and Egypt by the Gulf of Aqaba. It is the only nation with both a Red Sea coast and a Persian Gulf coast, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert or barren landforms.", "Sharjah (\"\") is the third largest and third most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, forming part of the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. It is located along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula.", "The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (\"\", « Arabian island ») is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geological perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.", "Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the \"de facto\" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.", "Qatar (, or ; ' ; local vernacular pronunciation: ), officially the State of Qatar ('), is a sovereign country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates and Iran.", "Oman (; ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the nation is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz (which it shares with Iran) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries." ]

[ "1", "absolute monarchy", "area", "body of water", "building", "capital", "city", "coast", "concept", "country", "emirate", "gulf", "iran", "islamic republic", "island", "language", "law", "mediterranean sea", "metropolitan", "monarch", "monarchy", "part", "peninsula", "person", "perspective", "republic", "river delta", "sea", "seven", "sharing", "skyscraper", "state", "statistics", "status", "subcontinent", "subregion", "sultanate", "terrain", "territory", "town", "two", "water", "word", "yemen" ]

[ "Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria. They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps. The group includes the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.", "Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfish, are a family of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. As the name suggests, scorpionfish have a type of \"sting\" in the form of sharp spines coated with venomous mucus. The family is a large one, with hundreds of members. They are widespread in tropical and temperate seas, but mostly found in the Indo-Pacific. They should not be confused with the cabezones, of the genus \"Scorpaenichthys\", which belong to a separate, though related, family, Cottidae.", "Cirrhitichthys fasciatus is a Hawkfish from the Western Atlantic . It occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade . It grows to a size of 9.5cm in length .", "Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps belong to a group of animals known as Cnidaria, which also includes sea anemones and jellyfish. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons which support and protect the coral polyps. Most reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters.", "The hawkfishes are strictly tropical, perciform marine fishes of the family Cirrhitidae associated with the coral reefs of the western and eastern Atlantic and Indo-Pacific. They share many morphological features with the scorpionfish of the family Scorpaenidae.", "Hawks are a group of medium-sized diurnal birds of prey of the family Accipitridae which are widely distributed and varying greatly in size.", "A fish is any member of a group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered obsolete or paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods (i.e., the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals which all descended from within the same ancestry). Because in this manner the term \"fish\" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology. The traditional term pisces (also ichthyes) is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification." ]

[ "class", "family", "form", "group", "phylum", "species" ]

[ "A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy where a comedian tells jokes and stories to an audience. Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one9 of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries.", "In a modern sense, comedy (from the , \"kmidía\") refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece. In the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a \"Society of Youth\" and a \"Society of the Old\". A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. In this struggle, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter.", "Genre (or ; from French \"genre\" , \"kind\" or \"sort\", from Latin \"genus\" (stem \"gener-\"), Greek , \"gés\") ", "Nighty Night is a BBC dark television sitcom written by and starring Julia Davis . It was first broadcast on 6 January 2004 on BBC Three before moving to BBC2 . Notorious for its dark humour , the show follows narcissistic sociopath Jill Tyrell ( Julia Davis ) -- who manages a beauty parlour alongside her moronic , asthmatic assistant Linda ( Ruth Jones ) -- as she learns that her husband Terry ( Kevin Eldon ) has cancer . She uses this fact to manipulate new neighbour Cathy Cole ( Rebecca Front ) , a wheelchair user with multiple sclerosis . Her husband is Don Cole ( Angus Deayton ) , a womanising doctor and the man with whom Jill becomes increasingly obsessed . The theme tune used in the beginning of both series and during the closing credits for the first is an excerpt from the spaghetti western My Name Is Nobody , composed by the Italian film composer Ennio Morricone . In June 2006 it was announced that Sex and the City creator Darren Star would write and be executive producer of a US version , which has been commissioned for a pilot script . Steve Coogan and Henry Normal , founders of the production company Baby Cow , were to be co-Executive - Producers .", "Julia Charlotte L Davis (born 25 August 1966) is an English comedian, actress, writer, director and producer. She is known for writing and starring in the BBC Three comedy \"Nighty Night\" (20042005) and Sky Atlantic comedies \"Hunderby\" (2012), for which she won a BAFTA TV Award for best comedy writing, and \"Camping\" (2016), which she also directed. She is also known for playing Dawn Sutcliffe in \"Gavin & Stacey\" (20072009). Her film roles include \"Love Actually\" (2003), \"Cemetery Junction\" (2010) and \"Four Lions\" (2010)." ]

[ "english", "french", "greek", "latin" ]

[ ", nicknamed Hurricane Ryu, is a Japanese illustrator, comic book author, writer, director, martial artist and an actor. His real name is Hidemi Miyata, born in Tochigi Prefecture.", "Takao Okawara ( , born December 20, 1949 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese film director, writer and producer.", "Overview.\nName.\nKing Caesar's name and appearance are based on Shisa, which are artistically embellished stone lion statues common in Okinawa, where the film \"Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla\" took place. They are an Okinawan variation on the Chinese guardian lion (; Shishi, meaning \"Stone Lion\"), which in turn originates from Buddhist tradition in India, where lions are native. Shisa only loosely resemble actual lions on account of being based on second-hand descriptions by people who'd never seen one in person. In the 1970s, general East Asian folklore were relatively unknown to Western audiences, which resulted in the translators interpreting name \"Shisa\" to be a Japanization of the name \"Caesar\". Toho has since trademarked it, making \"King Caesar\" the character's official English name. ", "Godzilla vs. Gigan, released in Japan as , is a 1972 Japanese science-fiction kaiju film produced by Toho. Directed by Jun Fukuda with special effects by Teruyoshi Nakano, the film starred Hiroshi Ishikawa, Yuriko Hishimi, and Minoru Takashima. The twelfth film of the \"Godzilla\" series, this film featured the return of Godzilla's foe King Ghidorah. Producer Tomoyuki Tanaka was displeased with the previous film, \"Godzilla vs. Hedorah\", and wanted to return the series to the more traditional route of well known monsters and an alien invasion plot. This was the last film in which Godzilla was portrayed by Haruo Nakajima, who had played the character since the first film in 1954.", ", is a Japanese special effects director, most notable for his contributions to the \"Godzilla\" film series and other \"tokusatsu\" films. Nakano was a special guest at G-Fest XI, where he was the recipient of the Mangled Skyscraper Award.", "Concept and creation.\nMechagodzilla was conceived in 1974 as a more serious villain than its immediate two predecessors, Gigan and Megalon, whose films were considered creative disasters. According to Tomoyuki Tanaka, Mechagodzilla was inspired by both Mechani-Kong from the previous Toho film \"King Kong Escapes\" and the robot anime genre, which was popular at the time. Effects director Teruyoshi Nakano also felt that a mechanical monster was cheaper to construct than the mutated animals Godzilla had previously faced. As the resulting \"Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla\" proved to be a greater critical success than previous 1970s Godzilla films, the character was revived in 1975's \"Terror of Mechagodzilla\". The film's screenplay was based on the winning entry of a story-writing competition won by Yukiko Takayama, who continued the darker tone of the previous film by adding the subplot of Mechagodzilla being cybernetically connected to a young woman. Mechagodzilla's design remained largely unchanged from its previous appearance, though it was made to look thinner and more angular, with a darker sheen and an MG2 insignia emblazoned on its upper arms. The film's original draft was going to have Mechagodzilla destroy Tokyo utterly, though the destruction was cut down for budgetary reasons.", ", is a 1993 Japanese science fiction tokusatsu kaiju film featuring Godzilla, produced and distributed by Toho. The film is directed by Takao Okawara and is the 20th film in the \"Godzilla\" franchise and the fifth film in the Heisei series. Despite its Japanese and English titles, the film is neither a remake or sequel to 1974's \"Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla\". ", "An English dubbed version, titled \"Gigantis, the Fire Monster\", was heavily re-edited and released theatrically in the United States by Warner Brothers in 1959 on a double bill with \"Teenagers from Outer Space\" (or with \"Rodan\" in some areas). This version features heavy alterations from the Japanese original. The English dub was later retitled \"Godzilla Raids Again\" (at Toho's request) for home video in the early 1980s and continues to be marketed in English-speaking markets as such, but in the 1960s and 1970s it was always shown on U.S. television as \"Gigantis the Fire Monster\". ", "Although King Ghidorah's design has remained largely consistent throughout its appearances (an armless, golden-scaled winged dragon with three heads and two tails), its origin story has varied from being an extraterrestrial planet killing dragon, a genetically engineered monster from the future, or a guardian of ancient Japan. The character is usually portrayed as an archenemy of Godzilla and Mothra, though it has had one appearance as an ally of the latter. Despite rumors that Ghidorah was meant to represent the threat posed by China, which had at the time of the character's creation just developed nuclear weapons, director Ishiro Honda denied the connection and stated that Ghidorah is simply a modern take on the dragon Yamata no Orochi.", "The Antarctic (US English , UK English or and or ) is a polar region, specifically the region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises in the strict sense the continent of Antarctica and the island territories located on the Antarctic Plate. In a broader sense the Antarctic region include the ice shelves, waters, and island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20% of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5% (14 million km) is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administrated under the Antarctic Treaty System. In a biogeographic sense, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.", "Terror of Mechagodzilla (released in Japan as ) is a 1975 Japanese science fiction kaiju film directed by Ishir Honda. It is the 15th film in the \"Godzilla\" franchise, the final film in the Shwa series, and serves as a direct sequel to 1974's \"Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla\". The film was the least successful of the entire Godzilla franchise.", "Mothra is one of Tohos most popular monsters, and second only to Godzilla in its total number of film appearances. Polls taken during the early 1990s indicated that Mothra was particularly popular among women, who were at the time the largest demographic among Japan's movie-going audience, a fact that prompted the filming of 1992's \"Godzilla vs. Mothra\", which was the best-attended Toho film since \"King Kong vs. Godzilla\". IGN listed Mothra as #3 on their \"Top 10 Japanese Movie Monsters\" list, while \"Complex\" listed the character as #7 on its \"The 15 Most Badass Kaiju Monsters of All Time\" list.", "An American production team produced a heavily altered English version that used new scenes, sound and dubbing. The American production was released theatrically in the United States in the summer of 1963 by Universal Pictures.", "A metaphor is a figure of speech that refers, for rhetorical effect, to one thing by mentioning another thing. It may provide clarity or identify hidden similarities between two ideas. Where a simile compares two items, a metaphor directly equates them, and does not use \"like\" or \"as\" as does a simile. One of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor in English literature is the \"All the world's a stage\" monologue from \"As You Like It\":", "Japan (\"Nippon\" or \"Nihon\" ; formally \"\" or \"Nihon-koku\", means \"State of Japan\") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. ", "The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east.", "Antarctica (US English , UK English or ) is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At , it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.", "Overview.\nIn \"King Kong Escapes\", Gorosaurus is an inhabitant of Mondo Island, the film's primary setting. It attacks and attempts to devour the leading female character, Susan Watson. King Kong arrives to save her and fights Gorosaurus. Kong eventually breaks the dinosaur's jaws, killing Gorosaurus.", "Overview.\nShowa series.\nAccording to the English subtitles of the 1955 Japanese language film \"Godzilla Raids Again\", Anguirus (spelled \"Angilas\" in that film) was properly called an \"angilosaurus,\" (which in Japanese is pronounced roughly the same as \"ankylosaurus\"), a dinosaur described as \"one of the stronger dinosaurs that lived in the prehistoric era.\" It's described in a textbook by Polish world animal specialist Plateli Hondon as \"one of the few creatures that had a thorough hatred for war-like predators,\" which explains Anguirus' eagerness to fight Godzilla. The dinosaur angilosaurus lived (according to the film) from 150-70 million years ago, and its remains were affected by the same hydrogen bombs that awoke Godzilla. In the English-dubbed version of \"Godzilla Raids Again\", the name of the dinosaur is pronounced \"\"ANG-will-o-Saw-rus,\" and given the sub-moniker \"Killer of the Living.\" They ruled the Earth at one time, according to the film, then disappeared suddenly. From an unnamed textbook in the movie (the same book that in the Japanese-language version was written by Hondon), a scientist reads that these creatures (the angilasaurs) may return from hibernation due to radioactive fallout. Anguiras is said to have \"brains in several parts of its body, including the head, abdomen, and the chest.\"", "An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere. On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (Antarctic), and Arctic Oceans. The word \"sea\" is often used interchangeably with \"ocean\" in American English but, strictly speaking, a sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of the world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land.", "Mythology.\nYamata no Orochi legends are originally recorded in two ancient texts about Japanese mythology and history. The ca. 680 AD \"Kojiki\" transcribes this dragon name as and ca. 720 AD \"Nihongi\" writes it as . In both versions of the Orochi myth, the Shinto storm god Susanoo or Susa-no- is expelled from Heaven for tricking his sister Amaterasu the sun-goddess.", "M.E.Ch.A. (Spanish: Movimiento Estudiantil Chicanx de Aztlán; \"Chicanx Student Movement of Aztlán\", the x being a gender neutral inflection) is an organization that seeks to promote Chicano unity and empowerment through political action. The acronym of the organization's name is the Chicano word \"mecha\", which is the Chicano pronunciation of the English word, \"match\" and therefore symbolic of a fire or spark; \"mecha\" in Spanish means fuse or wick. The motto of MEChA is 'La Union Hace La Fuerza", "The Arctic (or ) is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.", "Godzilla Island ( Gojira Airando ) was a television show spinoff of the Godzilla franchise . It premiered on October 6 , 1997 , and ran for a total of 256 three - minute episodes , finishing on September 30 , 1998 . Set in 2097 , most of Earth 's kaiju ( monsters ) live on an island out in the Pacific Ocean called Godzilla Island , which is monitored by G - Guard . The creatures living on the island include Godzilla , Godzilla Junior , Mothra , Mothra Leo , Rodan , King Ghidorah , Mecha - King Ghidorah , Mechagodzilla ( Heisei version ) , Anguirus , Gigan , Hedorah , Destoroyah , Baragon , King Caesar , Moguera , Megalon , Gorosaurus , Kamacuras and Jet Jaguar . Torema and Zaguresu 's kaiju ( or monsters ) include a black - coloured Mechagodzilla ( Showa version ) , a fully mechanical Mecha - King Ghidorah ( called Hyper - Mecha King Ghidorah ) , Kumasogami ( titled `` Dororin '' in the show ) and Gororin ( a sentient ball - shaped cactus ) . An unusually large number of tie - in toys were produced for this series by Bandai toys , because this series was , in fact , created through the use of action figures . A CD of theme music , mostly composed by Akira Ifukube , was released in 1997 by Polygram entitled ' Welcome To Godzilla Island ' . In 2007 , a 4 - disc DVD set including every episode of the show was released in Japan at a price of 16000 yen ( approx. $ 160 ) .", "From the Edo period, they started to be called \"guardian dogs\" in general in mainland Japan. Gender is variously assigned to the shisa. Some Okinawans believe the male has his mouth closed to keep bad out of the home, while the female has her mouth open to share goodness. Others believe the female has her mouth closed to \"keep in the good\", while the male has his mouth open to \"scare away the bad\". (Compare this to the distinction between male and female guardian lions in Chinese culture.)", ", also known as the Smog Monster, is a kaiju monster who first appeared in Toho's 1971 film \"Godzilla vs. Hedorah\". The monster was named for , the Japanese word for sludge, slime, vomit or chemical ooze.", "With the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the \"Lucky Dragon 5\" incident still fresh in the Japanese consciousness, Godzilla was conceived as a metaphor for nuclear weapons. As the film series expanded, some stories took on less serious undertones portraying Godzilla as an antihero while other plots still portrayed Godzilla as a destructive monster; sometimes the lesser of two threats who plays the defender by default but is still a danger to humanity. With the end of the Cold War, several post-1984 Godzilla films shifted the character's portrayal as a symbol of nuclear weapons to that of modern Japan's forgetfulness over its imperial past, natural disasters and the overall human condition.", "Frankenstein Conquers the World (released in Japan as is a Japanese-American 1965 science fiction kaiju film co-produced by Toho and UPA. The film is directed by Ishir Honda with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya and stars Nick Adams, Kumi Mizuno, Tadao Takashima, with Koji Furuhata as Frankenstein and Haruo Nakajima as Baragon.\nThis was the first of two Toho/UPA co-produced films featuring giant-sized Frankenstein monsters. A sequel called \"War of the Gargantuas\" was produced the following year. The film was released theatrically in the United States in the Summer of 1966 by American International Pictures.", "Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north; the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. Australia's capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney.", "Overview.\nName.\nThe Japanese name \"Radon\" is a contraction of \"pteranodon\".", "Conception.\nDuring the production of \"Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II\", the decision to introduce a character similar to Godzilla's first adopted son, Minilla, was made in order to appeal to the largely female audience that made \"Godzilla vs. Mothra\" a financial success, despite objections by director Takao Okawara, who held a low opinion of the 1960s movies the character had previously been featured in. Okawara redesigned the new Baby Godzilla as more dinosaur-like than its predecessor, but strove to make it physically appealing in order to contrast it with the more brutish-looking Mechagodzilla. Baby Godzilla was portrayed by Hurricane Ryu, who wore a full-body suit with an animatronic mouth and eyes. The skin was also made smoother than Godzilla's in order to imply that Baby Godzilla had yet to be exposed to the mutagenic radiation that transformed its father. According to Godzilla suit actor Kenpachiro Satsuma, Godzilla Junior was not intended to be the literal son of Godzilla, but \"the baby of a cousin.\" In an early draft for the film, Godzilla would have had soldiers injected into his bloodstream, who'd then trigger a nuclear meltdown which would have killed the monster, only to have the radiation absorbed by Baby Godzilla, who would have grown and subsequently defeated Mechagodzilla.", "Overview.\nShowa.\nIn \"Son of Godzilla\", a species of man-sized mantis lived on Sollgel Island. Later, a radioactive accident that occurred due to a weather experiment mutated the insects into even larger proportions. Now the size of buildings, they became known as Kamacuras. Three Kamacuras found a giant egg and cracked it open to find a baby Godzilla. Before they could eat the infant, Godzilla arrived on the scene and attacked. Godzilla killed two of the Kamacuras with the third one killed by the giant spider Kumonga. However, a fourth Kamacuras was seen living on Monster Island in \"Godzilla vs. Gigan\".", "Overview.\nShowa series.\nIn \"Frankenstein Conquers the World\", Baragon is a dinosaur which burrowed underground to escape the extinction of the dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures when they all died out. It adapted and survived. But when the sounds of a nearby factory disturbed and awakened it, it emerged from underground and attacked the factory. It later appeared at Shirane and destroyed the village. Then it emerged at a farm, where it ate the livestock. During these attacks, Baragon was not seen, so the mutant human Frankenstein was blamed. But there was a person who survived the destruction of the factory, claiming there was a second monster that had attacked the factory. When a small group of scientists searched for Frankenstein, an explosive woke Baragon from its sleep. It emerged to attack the scientists, but Frankenstein appeared to protect them from the monster. The two fought a climactic battle, with Frankenstein ultimately defeating Baragon by choking it and breaking its neck. In the end, a fissure appeared beneath the two and swallowed them both into the Earth.", "Son of Godzilla, released in Japan as , is a 1967 Japanese science fiction kaiju film produced by Toho. Directed by Jun Fukuda with special effects by Sadamasa Arikawa (supervised by Eiji Tsuburaya), the film starred Tadao Takashima, Akira Kubo, and Akihiko Hirata. The eighth film in the \"Godzilla\" series, it was also the second of two island-themed Godzilla adventures that Toho produced with slightly smaller budgets than most of the Godzilla films from this time period. Continuing the trend of shifting the series towards younger audiences, the film introduced an infant Godzilla named Minilla.", "King Kong Escapes (released in Japan as , is a 1967 Japanese-American science fiction kaiju film featuring King Kong, co-produced by Toho and Rankin/Bass. The film is directed by Ishiro Honda with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya and stars Rhodes Reason, Linda Miller, Akira Takarada, Mie Hama, Eisei Amamoto, with Haruo Nakajima as King Kong and Y Sekida as Mechani-Kong and Gorosaurus. The film was a loose adaptation of the Rankin/Bass Saturday morning cartoon series \"The King Kong Show\" and was the second and final Japanese-produced film featuring King Kong. \"King Kong Escapes\" was released in Japan on July 22, 1967 and released in the United States on June 19, 1968." ]

[ "american english", "chinese", "english", "indonesia", "japanese", "russia", "spanish" ]

[ "Mauricio Sanchez (born December 1973) is a Venezuelan actor.", "A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.", "Sophie Charlene Akland Monk (born 14 December 1979) is an English Australian singer, songwriter, actress, model and radio personality. Monk was a member of the girl group Bardot and released a solo album called \"Calendar Girl\" (2003). She has appeared in films such as \"Date Movie\" (2006), \"Click\" (2006), and \"Spring Breakdown\" (2009).", "Edward \"Eddie\" Griffin (born July 15, 1968) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for portraying Eddie Sherman on the sitcom \"Malcolm & Eddie\" and the title character in the 2002 comedy film \"Undercover Brother\". He also played T.J. in the \"\" movies.", "Frederick Charles \"Fred\" Willard (born September 18, 1939) is an American actor, comedian, voice actor and writer, best known for his improvisational comedy. He is known for his roles in the Rob Reiner mockumentary film \"This Is Spinal Tap\", the Christopher Guest mockumentary films \"Waiting for Guffman\", \"Best in Show\", \"A Mighty Wind\", \"For Your Consideration\", and \"Mascots\", and the \"\" films. He is an alumnus of The Second City. He received three Emmy nominations for his recurring role on the TV series \"Everybody Loves Raymond\" as Robert Barone's father-in-law, Hank MacDougall. In 2010 he received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the ABC TV series \"Modern Family\" as Phil Dunphy's father, Frank Dunphy.", "Date Movie is a 2006 American romantic comedy film directed by Aaron Seltzer. Much of the story line is based on that of the romantic comedy \"My Big Fat Greek Wedding\" and \"Meet the Fockers\". It stars Alyson Hannigan, Adam Campbell, Sophie Monk, Jennifer Coolidge, Mauricio Sanchez, Eddie Griffin, and Fred Willard.", "The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles (6 km) off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines.", "Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.", "Ravi Kapoor (born 27 June 1969) is an English actor of Indian heritage best known for his roles on \"Gideon's Crossing\" and \"Crossing Jordan\". Before relocating to Los Angeles, Kapoor worked for ten years as an actor in England. He trained at East 15 Acting School. Kapoor is married to actress Meera Simhan.", "Meet the Fockers, sometimes referred to as Meet The Parents 2, is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jay Roach and the sequel to \"Meet the Parents\". The film stars Robert De Niro (who was also one of the film's producers), Ben Stiller, Dustin Hoffman, Barbra Streisand, Blythe Danner and Teri Polo. It was followed by a sequel, \"Little Fockers\", in 2010.", "Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.", "Meera Simhan is a film and stage actress and writer . She appeared in Date Movie ( 2006 ) and several television and stage productions . She had an recurring role in Anger Management in 2013 and 2014 . She was born in England and is now based in Los Angeles . She is married to actor Ravi Kapoor .", "Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (19972003), Lily Aldrin on the sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\" (20052014), and Michelle Flaherty in the \"American Pie\" film series (19992012).", "India, officially the Republic of India (\"Bhrat Gaarjya\"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Gideon's Crossing is an American medical drama starring Andre Braugher. The series was loosely based on the experience of real-life physician Jerome Groopman and his book \"The Measure of Our Days\". It premiered on October 10, 2000, and ran for one season, with its last episode airing on April 9, 2001, with a one episode (\"The Old School\") remaining unaired.", "Jennifer Audrey Coolidge (born August 28, 1961) is an American actress and comedian, best known for playing \"Stifler's Mom\", a role in the \"American Pie\" films, Sophie in the CBS sitcom \"2 Broke Girls\", Paulette in \"Legally Blonde\" (2001) and its , Hilary Duff's character's evil stepmother Fiona in \"A Cinderella Story\" (2004); and as Rosalee in \"Soul Men\" (2008). She is also a regular actor in Christopher Guest's mockumentary films. Coolidge is an alumna of The Groundlings, an improv and sketch comedy troupe based in Los Angeles.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "My Big Fat Greek Wedding is a 2002 Canadian-American romantic comedy film directed by Joel Zwick and written by Nia Vardalos, who also stars in the film as Fotoula \"Toula\" Portokalos, a middle class Greek American woman who falls in love with a non-Greek upper middle class \"White Anglo-Saxon Protestant\" Ian Miller. The film received generally positive reviews from critics and, at the 75th Academy Awards, it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.", "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.", "Crossing Jordan is an American television crime/drama series that aired on NBC from September 24, 2001, to May 16, 2007. It stars Jill Hennessy as Jordan Cavanaugh, M.D., a crime-solving forensic pathologist employed in the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. The show used an ensemble cast approach that featured a group of Jordan's co-workers and police detectives assigned to the various cases. Its roster of central characters was created by Tim Kring, who also developed its core format. The title refers to both the name of the main character, who is commonly shown as \"crossing\" othersespecially authority figuresto learn what she wants to know, and the biblical metaphor of the ancient Hebrews crossing the Jordan River, commonly used in spiritual songs to represent death and passage to the afterlife." ]

[ "1", "10", "100", "14", "14 december 1979", "15", "18", "1937", "1974", "2", "2000", "2001", "2002", "2003", "2004", "2006", "2008", "2010", "27", "27 june 1969", "28", "3", "4", "6", "61", "65", "790", "december 1973", "december 1979", "june 1969" ]

[ "The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (abbreviated NTNU) is a public research university with campuses in the cities of Trondheim, Gjøvik and Ålesund in Norway. NTNU is the largest of the eight universities in Norway, and, as its name suggests, has the main national responsibility for higher education in engineering and technology. In addition to engineering and the natural and physical sciences, the university offers advanced degrees in other academic disciplines ranging from the social sciences, the arts, medicine and health sciences, teacher education, architecture and fine art.", "Trøndelag is a geographical region in the central part of Norway, consisting of the two counties Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag. It also formerly also included the county of Jämtland, which is today part of Sweden; it is therefore also known unofficially as Øst-Trøndelag. The districts of Nordmøre and Romsdal, and the municipality of Bindal, were also originally parts of Trøndelag - and the inhabitants there still speak dialects similar to Trøndersk. The region is, together with Møre og Romsdal, part of a larger administrative division called Central Norway.", "Trondheim, historically Kaupangen, Nidaros and Trondhjem, is a city and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It has a population of 187,353 (January 1, 2016), and is the third most populous municipality in Norway, although the fourth largest urban area. It is the third largest city in the country, with a population (2013) of 169,972 inhabitants within the city borders. The city functions as the administrative centre of Sør-Trøndelag county. Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the river Nidelva. The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research (SINTEF), St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions.", "Nidaros, Niðarós or Niðaróss was the medieval name of Trondheim in Norway, when it was the capital of the country's first Christian kings. It was named for its position at the mouth (Old Norse: \"óss\") of the River Nid (today's Nidelva).", "Eva Kristin Hansen ( born 5 March 1973 in Trondheim ) is a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party . From 2000 to 2002 , she was the leader of the Workers ' Youth League , the youth wing of the Labour Party . She was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Sør - Trøndelag in 2005 . On the local level she was a member of Trondheim city council from 2003 to 2005 . From 1995 to 1999 she was a deputy member of Sør - Trøndelag county council . She has worked for Nei til EU and Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions ." ]

[ "norwegian university of science and technology", "today" ]

[ "Elazar Menachem Man Shach ( Hebrew : ) also spelled Eliezer Schach , or Elazar Shach , ( January 1 , 1899 O.S. -- November 2 , 2001 ) was a leading Lithuanian - born and educated Haredi rabbi in Bnei Brak , Israel . He also served as one of three co-deans of the Ponevezh yeshiva in Bnei Brak along with Rabbis Shmuel Rozovsky and Dovid Povarsky . Due to his differences with the Hasidic leadership of the Agudat Yisrael in 1984 he allied with Rabbi Ovadia Yosef who had founded the Shas party . Later , in 1988 , Shach sharply criticized Ovadia Yosef and said that `` Sepharadim are not yet ready for leadership positions '' , and subsequently founded the Degel HaTorah political party representing Lithuanian non-Hasidic Ashkenazi Jews in the Israeli Knesset .", "A triumvirate (Latin, \"triumvirtus\", from \"trs\" three + \"vir\" man) is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir (pl. triumvirs or triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader.", "Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.", "In Judaism, a rabbi is a teacher of Torah. This title derives from the Hebrew word ' , meaning \"My Master\" (irregular plural ' ), which is the way a student would address a master of Torah. The word \"master\" \"\" literally means \"great one\".", "Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman (18861969), , was an Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva of the Ponevezh Yeshiva. He was a renowned Torah and Talmudic scholar, a distinguished member of the Council of Torah Sages of Agudath Israel, a man of deep piety and sharp wit.", "Judaism (from , derived from Greek , originally from Hebrew , \"Yehudah\", \"Judah\"; in Hebrew: , \"Yahadut\", the distinctive characteristics of the Judean ethnos) encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world.", "Rosh yeshiva (pl. Heb. \"\"; pl. Yeshivish: \"rosh yeshivahs\") is the title given to the dean of a Talmudical academy (\"yeshiva\"). It is a compound word of the Hebrew words \"rosh\" (\"head\") and \"yeshiva\" (a school of religious Jewish education). The rosh yeshiva is required to have a comprehensive knowledge of the Talmud and the ability to analyse and present new perspectives, called \"chidushim\" (novellae) verbally and often in print.", "Rabbi Shmuel Rozovsky (19131979) was known as a Talmudic lecturer at the Ponevezh Yeshiva located in Bnei Brak, Israel, and was counted amongst the great rabbis of his generation. He was known worldwide for his clarity in explaining complex Talmud topics.", "Lebanon , officially known as the Lebanese Republic, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity. At just 10,452 km (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent.", "Rabbi Dovid Povarsky (19021999) is known for his erudite Talmudic lectures and his deanship as Rosh Yeshiva of Ponevezh Yeshiva. He was asked by Rabbi Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman to join the previous two heads of the institute, Rabbi Elazar Menachem Shach and Rabbi Shmuel Rozovsky to create a triumvirate in leading the Yeshiva.", "Egypt (; ', , \"Kimi\"), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt. It is the world's only contiguous Afrasian nation." ]

[ "4", "dean", "leader", "lecturer", "libya", "master", "rabbi", "rosh yeshiva", "sovereign", "teacher" ]

[ "Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark (22 January 1872 8 February 1938), of the Glücksburg branch of the House of Oldenburg, was the fourth child and third son of George I, King of the Hellenes, and of Queen Olga. He was known as \"Greek Nicky\" in the family to distinguish him from his paternal first cousin Emperor Nicholas II of Russia. Prince Nicholas was a talented painter, often signing his works as \"Nicolas Leprince.\"", "Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia (17 January 1882 13 March 1957), sometimes known as Helen, Helena, Helene, Ellen, Yelena, Hélène, or Eleni, was a Russian grand duchess as the only daughter and youngest child of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia and Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Her husband was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and paternal first cousin of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.", "Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia (\" \") ) (22 April 1847 17 February 1909) was a son of Emperor Alexander II of Russia, a brother of Tsar Alexander III of Russia and the senior Grand Duke of the House of Romanov during the reign of his nephew, Tsar Nicholas II.", "Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (later Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, known as \"Miechen\" or \"Maria Pavlovna the Elder\"; 14 May 1854 6 September 1920) was born Marie Alexandrine Elisabeth Eleonore of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, daughter of Grand Duke Frederick Francis II of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Princess Augusta of Reuss-Köstritz. A prominent hostess in St Petersburg following her marriage to the Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, she was known as the \"grandest of the grand duchesses\" and had an open rivalry with the Empress Maria Feodorovna.", "Princess Elisabeth of Greece and Denmark ( Greek : ) ( 24 May 1904 -- 11 January 1955 ) was the middle daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia ." ]

[ "alexander ii of russia", "george", "grand duke vladimir alexandrovich of russia", "prince nicholas of greece and denmark" ]

[ "The Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of three Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom.", "Normandy (pronounced , Norman: \"Normaundie\", from Old French \"Normanz\", plural of \"Normant\", originally from the word for \"northman\" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the regions of France, roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy.", "The Duchy of Normandy grew out of the 911 Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between King Charles III of West Francia and Rollo, leader of the Vikings. From 1066 until 1204 it was held by the kings of England, except for the brief rule of Robert Curthose (10871106) and Geoffrey Plantagenet (11441150). Normandy was declared forfeit by Philip II of France in 1202, and seized by force of arms in 1204. It remained disputed territory until the Treaty of Paris of 1259, when the English sovereigns ceded their claim, except for the Channel Islands.", "Nice (; Niçard , classical norm, or \"\", nonstandard, ) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes \"département\". The urban area of Nice extends beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of about 1 million on an area of . Located in the French Riviera, on the south east coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and the second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is about 13 kilometres (8 miles) from the principality of Monaco, and its airport is a gateway to the principality as well.", "The Crown dependencies are three territories of the United Kingdom: the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea, and the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Being independently administered jurisdictions, they do not form part of either the United Kingdom or the British Overseas Territories. They are self-governing possessions of the Crown (defined uniquely in each jurisdiction). Internationally, the dependencies are considered \"territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible\" rather than as sovereign states. As a result, they are not member states of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, they do have a relationship with the Commonwealth, the European Union, and other international organisations and are members of the BritishIrish Council. They are not part of the European Union (EU), although they are within the EU's customs area.", "Herm (Guernésiais: \"Haerme\") is one of the Channel Islands and part of the Parish of St Peter Port in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It is located in the English Channel, north-west of France and south of England. It is long and under wide; orientated north-south, with several stretches of sand along its northern coast. The much larger island of Guernsey lies to the west and Jersey to the south-east, and the smaller island of Jethou is just off the south-west coast.", "Jèrriais is the form of the Norman language spoken in Jersey, one of the Channel Islands off the coast of France. It has been in decline over the past century as English has increasingly become the language of education, commerce and administration. There are very few people who speak Jèrriais as a mother tongue and, owing to the age of the remaining speakers, their numbers decrease annually. Despite this, efforts are being made to keep the language alive.", "The Rhine (, , ) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the \nSwiss-Austrian, Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the Rhineland and eventually empties into the North Sea in the Netherlands. \nThe largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe (after the Danube), at about , with an average discharge of about .", "Toulouse is the capital city of the southwestern French department of Haute-Garonne, as well as of the Occitanie region. The city lies on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean, and from Paris. It is the fourth-largest city in France with 466,297 inhabitants in January 2014. \nThe Toulouse Metro area is, with 1 312 304 inhabitants as of 2014, France's 4th metropolitan area after Paris, Lyon and Marseille and ahead of Lille and Bordeaux.", "Paris (French: ) is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of and a population in 2013 of 2,229,621 within its administrative limits. The city is both a commune and department, and forms the centre and headquarters of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an area of and a population in 2014 of 12,005,077, comprising 18.2 percent of the population of France.", "The euro (sign: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of the eurozone, which consists of 19 of the member states of the European Union: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also officially used by the institutions of the European Union and four other European countries, as well as unilaterally by two others, and is consequently used daily by some 337 million Europeans . Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency.", "Guernsey is a jurisdiction within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a Crown dependency. Situated in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, the jurisdiction embraces not only all ten parishes on the island of Guernsey, but also the much smaller inhabited islands of Herm, Jethou and Lihou together with many small islets and rocks. The jurisdiction is not part of the Commonwealth of Nations. However, defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government.", "The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or \"shelf\") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .", "The Mediterranean Sea (pronounced ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the east by the Levant. The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water.", "Jersey (; Jèrriais: \"Jèrri\" [ri]), officially the Bailiwick of Jersey (Jèrriais: \"Bailliage dé Jèrri\"), is a Crown dependency of the United Kingdom, ruled by the Crown in right of Jersey, off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey was part of the Duchy of Normandy, whose dukes went on to become kings of England from 1066. After Normandy was lost by the kings of England in the 13th century, and the ducal title surrendered to France, Jersey and the other Channel Islands remained attached to the English crown.", "France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux.", "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.", "Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: \"\") is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Jethou is a small island that is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands. It is privately leased, and not open to the public.", "Condor Ferries is an operator of passenger and freight ferry services between The United Kingdom , Bailiwick of Guernsey , Bailiwick of Jersey and France .", "French Guiana (pronounced or ), officially called Guiana, is an overseas department and region of France, located on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas. It borders Brazil to the east and south, and Suriname to the west. Its area has a very low population density of only 3 inhabitants per km, with half of its 244,118 inhabitants in 2013 living in the metropolitan area of Cayenne, its capital. By land area, it is the second largest region of France and the largest outermost region within the European Union.", "Lille is a city in northern France, in French Flanders. On the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France region and the prefecture of the Nord department.", "Lyon or (more archaically) Lyons (or ) is a city in east-central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, about from Paris and from Marseille. Inhabitants of the city are called \"Lyonnais\".", "Lihou is a small tidal island located just off the west coast of the island of Guernsey, in the English Channel, between Great Britain and France. Administratively, Lihou forms part of the Parish of St. Peter's in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and is now owned by the Parliament of Guernsey (officially known as the States of Guernsey), although there have been a number of owners in the past. Since 2006, the island has been jointly managed by the Guernsey Environment Department and the Lihou Charitable Trust. In the past the island was used by locals for the collection of seaweed for use as a fertiliser, but today Lihou is mainly used for tourism, including school trips. Lihou is also an important centre for conservation, forming part of a Ramsar wetland site for the preservation of rare birds and plants as well as historic ruins of a priory and a farmhouse.", "Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. To the east and southeast, Europe is generally considered as separated from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the Turkish Straits. Yet the non-oceanic borders of Europea concept dating back to classical antiquityare arbitrary. The primarily physiographic term \"continent\" as applied to Europe also incorporates cultural and political elements whose discontinuities are not always reflected by the continent's current overland boundaries.", "The Channel Islands (Norman: \"Îles d'la Manche\", French: \"Îles Anglo-Normandes\" or \"Îles de la Manche\") are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two Crown dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, consisting of Jersey, the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark and some smaller islands. They are considered the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, and although they are not part of the United Kingdom, it is responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown dependencies are not members of the Commonwealth of Nations nor of the European Union. They have a total population of about 168,000, and the bailiwicks' respective capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 16,488, respectively. The total area of the islands is 198 km.", "The English Channel (\"the Sleeve\" [hence ] \"Sea of Brittany\" \"British Sea\"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean." ]

[ "africa", "asia", "austria", "belgium", "bordeaux", "brazil", "canton", "central", "channel islands", "cologne", "commerce", "cyprus", "england", "estonia", "europe", "finland", "france", "great britain", "guernsey", "ireland", "isle of man", "jersey", "lille", "lyon", "lyons", "malta", "monaco", "nice", "norman", "pacific", "paris", "portugal", "saint peter port", "toulouse", "united kingdom", "wales", "western europe" ]

[ "The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs has been a junior position in the British government since 1782, subordinate to both the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and since 1945 also to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. The post has been based at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, which was created in 1968, by the merger of the Foreign Office, where the position was initially based, and the Commonwealth Office. Notable holders of the office include Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley, Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, and Anthony Eden. The current holders are Alistair Burt and Henry Bellingham.", "Captain The Right Honourable Neil James Archibald Primrose PC , MC ( 14 December 1882 -- 15 November 1917 ) was a British Liberal politician and soldier . The second son of prime minister Lord Rosebery , he represented Wisbech in parliament from 1910 to 1917 and served as Under - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1915 and as joint - Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1916 to 1917 . He died from wounds received in action in Palestine in 1917 .", "John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley (7 January 18268 April 1902), known as the Lord Wodehouse from 1846 to 1866, was a British Liberal politician. He held office in every Liberal administration from 1852 to 1895, notably as Secretary of State for the Colonies and as Foreign Secretary.", "Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, KG, PC, DL, FZS (25 April 1862 7 September 1933), better known as Sir Edward Grey (he was 3rd Baronet Grey of Fallodon), was a British Liberal statesman. An adherent of the \"New Liberalism\", he served as Foreign Secretary from 1905 to 1916, the longest continuous tenure of any person in that office. He is probably best remembered for his \"the lamps are going out\" remark on 3 August 1914 on the outbreak of the First World War. He signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement on 16 May 1916. Ennobled in 1916, he was Ambassador to the United States between 1919 and 1920 and Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Lords between 1923 and 1924.", "Alistair James Hendrie Burt (born 25 May 1955) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for North East Bedfordshire since 2001 and served as the MP for his native Bury North in Greater Manchester from 1983 until 1997. Burt was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State then Minister of State at the Department of Social Security from 1992 to 1997, and Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 2010 to 2013. Burt was Minister of State at the Department of Health from May 2015 to July 2016." ]

[ "conservative party", "liberal", "liberal party", "liberalism" ]

[ "Albania (; ), officially the Republic of Albania, is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe. It has a population of 3.03 million as of 2016. Tirana is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Durrës and Vlorë. Albania is located in the south-western part of the Balkan peninsula, bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south and southeast. The country has a coastline on the northern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea to the west and the Ionian Sea to the southwest where the Albanian Riviera begins. Albania is less than from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which connects the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.", "The Partnership for Peace (PfP) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union; 22 states are members. It was first discussed by the Bulgarian Society Novae, after being proposed as an American initiative at the meeting of NATO defense ministers in Travemünde, Germany, on 2021 October 1993, and formally launched on 1011 January 1994 NATO summit in Brussels, Belgium.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "Operation Deny Flight was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operation that began on 12 April 1993 as the enforcement of a United Nations (UN) no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. The United Nations and NATO later expanded the mission of the operation to include providing close air support for UN troops in Bosnia and carrying out coercive air strikes against targets in Bosnia. Twelve NATO members contributed forces to the operation and, by its end on 20 December 1995, NATO pilots had flown 100,420 sorties.", "The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially Great Britain , was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 31 December 1800. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands. It did not include Ireland, which remained a separate realm. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Queen Elizabeth I, bringing about a \"Union of the Crowns\". Also after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover.", "Operation Sky Monitor was a NATO mission to monitor unauthorized flights in the airspace of Bosnia - Herzegovina during the Bosnian War . The operation began in response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 781 , which established a ban on the use of military aircraft in Bosnian airspace , and requested the aid of member states in monitoring compliance . Beginning on October 16 , 1992 , NATO monitored violations of the no - fly zone using E- 3 Sentry NAEW aircraft based in Germany , Italy , Greece , and the United Kingdom . The operation documented more than 500 violations of the no - fly zone by April 1993 . In response to this high volume of unauthorized flights , the Security Council passed Resolution 816 , which authorized NATO to enforce the no - fly zone , and engage violators . In response , NATO deactivated Sky Monitor on April 12 , 1993 , transferring its forces to the newly established Operation Deny Flight .", "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO '), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. Three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states: the United States, France and the United Kingdom. NATO's headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, where the Supreme Allied Commander also resides. Belgium is one of the 28 member states across North America and Europe, the newest of which, Albania and Croatia, joined in April 2009. An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members' defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP.", "The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.", "Northern Ireland (; Ulster Scots: \"\") is a top-level constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the northeast of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or \"part\" of the United Kingdom, amongst other terms. Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the UK's population. Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement, the Northern Ireland Assembly holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, while other areas are reserved for the British government. Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in some areas, and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to \"put forward views and proposals\" with \"determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments\".", "Frankfurt am Main is a metropolis and the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2015 population of 731,095 within its administrative boundaries, and 2.3 million in its urban area. The city is at the centre of the larger Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, which has a population of 5.8 million and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after Rhine-Ruhr. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about to the east of Frankfurt's CBD, the Bankenviertel. Frankfurt is culturally and ethnically diverse, with around half of the population, and a majority of young people, having a migration background. A quarter of the population are foreign nationals, including many expatriates.", "The Charter of the United Nations (also known as the UN Charter) of 1945 is the foundational treaty of the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. It was signed at the San Francisco War Memorial and Performing Arts Center in San Francisco, United States, on 26 June 1945, by 50 of the 51 original member countries (Poland, the other original member, which was not represented at the conference, signed it two months later). It entered into force on 24 October 1945, after being ratified by the original five permanent members of the Security Councilthe Republic of China (later replaced by the People's Republic of China), the French Fourth Republic (later replaced by the Fifth Republic), the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (later replaced by the Russian Federation), the United Kingdom, and the United Statesand a majority of the other signatories.", "Athens (\"Athína\" ) is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years, and its earliest human presence starting somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC. Classical Athens was a powerful city-state that emerged in conjunction with the seagoing development of the port of Piraeus, which had been a distinct city prior to its 5th century BC incorporation with Athens. A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely because of its cultural and political impact on the European continent, and in particular the Romans. In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece. In 2015, Athens was ranked the world's 29th richest city by purchasing power and the 67th most expensive in a UBS study.", "Düsseldorf (Low Franconian, Ripuarian: \"Düsseldörp\" ) is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the seventh most populous city in Germany. Düsseldorf is an international business and financial centre, renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. The city is headquarters to one Fortune Global 500 and two DAX companies. Messe Düsseldorf organises nearly one fifth of premier trade shows.", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.", "Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.", "Greece (' ), officially the Hellenic Republic (Greek: ' ), historically also known as Hellas (\"\" ), is a country in southeastern Europe. \nGreece's population is approximately 10.955 million as of 2015. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki.", "The North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949, is the treaty establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).", "The Bosnian War was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following a number of violent incidents in early 1992, the war is commonly viewed as having started on 6 April 1992. The war ended on 14 December 1995. The main belligerents were the forces of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and those of the self-proclaimed Bosnian Serb and Bosnian Croat entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia, who were led and supplied by Serbia and Croatia respectively.", "The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, charged with the maintenance of international peace and security as well as accepting new members to the United Nations and approving any changes to its United Nations Charter. Its powers include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action through Security Council resolutions; it is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states. The Security Council held its first session on 17 January 1946." ]

[ "100", "12 april 1993", "15", "1800", "1945", "1946", "1949", "1992", "1993", "1998", "1999", "2002", "2009", "2011", "2015", "2016", "500", "70" ]

[ "Comedy is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor. These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect. Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound. When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s, comedy films took another swing, as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue.", "Silent Movie is a 1976 American satirical comedy film co-written, directed by, and starring Mel Brooks, and released by 20th Century Fox on June 17, 1976. The ensemble cast includes Dom DeLuise, Marty Feldman, Bernadette Peters, and Sid Caesar, with appearances by Anne Bancroft, Liza Minnelli, Burt Reynolds, James Caan, Marcel Marceau, and Paul Newman playing themselves.", "Marcel Marceau (born Marcel Mangel, 22 March 1923 22 September 2007) was a French actor and mime most famous for his stage persona as \"Bip the Clown\". He referred to mime as the \"art of silence\", and he performed professionally worldwide for over 60 years. As a youth, he lived in hiding and worked with the French Resistance during most of World War II, giving his first major performance to 3000 troops after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. Following the war, he studied dramatic art and mime in Paris.", "Pathé or Pathé Frères (styled as PATHÉ!) is the name of various French businesses that were founded and originally run by the Pathé Brothers of France starting in 1896. In the early 1900s, Pathé became the world's largest film equipment and production company, as well as a major producer of phonograph records. In 1908, Pathé invented the newsreel that was shown in cinemas prior to a feature film.", "The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.", "Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund. At , Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low population density of , with the highest concentration in the southern half of the country. Approximately 85% of the population lives in urban areas.", "California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.", "Anna Maria Louisa Italiano (September 17, 1931 June 6, 2005), known professionally as Anne Bancroft, was an American actress associated with the method acting school, having studied under Lee Strasberg. Respected for her acting prowess and versatility, Bancroft was acknowledged for her work in film, theatre and television. She won one Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globes, two Tony Awards and two Emmy Awards, and several other awards and nominations.", "Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893 February 27, 1993) was an American actress of the screen and stage, as well as a director and writer whose film acting career spanned 75 years, from 1912 in silent film shorts to 1987. Gish was called the First Lady of American Cinema, and she is credited with pioneering fundamental film performing techniques.", "Bernadette Peters (born Bernadette Lazzara; February 28, 1948) is an American actress, singer and children's book author. Over the course of a career that has spanned five decades, she has starred in musical theatre, films and television, as well as performing in solo concerts and recordings. She is one of the most critically acclaimed Broadway performers, having received nominations for seven Tony Awards, winning two (plus an honorary award), and nine Drama Desk Awards, winning three. Four of the Broadway cast albums on which she has starred have won Grammy Awards.", "Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation (known as Twentieth Century-Fox with hyphen from 1935 until 1985, professionally as 20th Century Fox, Twentieth Century Fox or simply known as Fox) is an American film studio and film distributor currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the \"Big Six\" major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, just west of Beverly Hills. The studio was formerly owned by News Corporation.", "Nevada (Spanish for \"snowy\"; see pronunciations) is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Nearly three-quarters of Nevada's people live in Clark County, which contains the Las VegasParadise metropolitan area where three of the state's four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City. Nevada is officially known as the \"Silver State\" because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the \"Battle Born State\", because it achieved statehood during the Civil War (the words \"Battle Born\" also appear on the state flag); as the \"Sage-brush State\", for the native plant of the same name; and as the \"Sage-hen State\". Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast and Utah to the east.", "Dominick \"Dom\" DeLuise (August 1, 1933 May 4, 2009) was an American actor, voice actor, comedian, film director, television producer, chef, and author. He was the husband of actress Carol Arthur from 1965 until his death and the father of actor, director, pianist, and writer Peter DeLuise, actor David DeLuise, and actor Michael DeLuise. He starred in a number of movies directed by Mel Brooks, in a series of films with career-long best friend Burt Reynolds, and as a voice actor in various animated films by Don Bluth.", "Arizona (O'odham: \"Al onak\" [ai onak]) is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states. It is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, and one point in common with the southwestern corner of Colorado. Arizona's border with Mexico is 389 miles (626 km) long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California.", "Martin Alan \"Marty\" Feldman (8 July 1934  2 December 1982) was a British comedy writer, comedian, and actor, easily identified by his bulbous and crooked eyes. He starred in several British television comedy series, including \"At Last the 1948 Show\" and \"Marty\", the latter of which won two BAFTA awards. He was the first Saturn Award winner for Best Supporting Actor for his role in \"Young Frankenstein\".", "An ensemble cast or main cast is made up of cast members in which the principal actors and performers are assigned roughly equal amounts of importance and screen time in a dramatic production.", "Baja California, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Baja California, is a state in Mexico. It is the northernmost and westernmost of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, comprises the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Before becoming a state in 1953, the area was known as the North Territory of Baja California (\"El Territorio Norte de Baja California\"). It has an area of , or 3.57% of the land mass of Mexico and comprises the northern half of the Baja California Peninsula, north of the 28th parallel, plus oceanic Guadalupe Island. The mainland portion of the state is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by Sonora, the U.S. State of Arizona, and the Gulf of California (also known as the \"Sea of Cortez\"), and on the south by Baja California Sur. Its northern limit is the U.S. state of California.", "David Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 July 23, 1948), known as D. W. Griffith, was an American film director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. He is known for \"The Birth of a Nation\" (1915) and \"Intolerance\" (1916).", "Isaac Sidney \"Sid\" Caesar (September 8, 1922  February 12, 2014) was an American comic actor and writer, best known for two pioneering 1950s live television series: \"Your Show of Shows\", which was a 90-minute weekly show watched by 60 million people, and its successor, \"Caesar's Hour\", both of which influenced later generations of comedians. \"Your Show of Shows\" and its cast received seven Emmy nominations between the years 1953 and 1954 and tallied two wins. He also acted in movies; he played Coach Calhoun in \"Grease\" (1978) and its sequel \"Grease 2\" (1982) and appeared in the films \"It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World\" (1963), \"Silent Movie\" (1976), \"History of the World, Part I\" (1981), and \"Cannonball Run II\" (1984).", "The Biograph Company also, known as the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company, was a motion picture company founded in 1895 and active until 1928. It was the first company in the United States devoted entirely to film production and exhibition, and for two decades was one of the most prolific, releasing over three thousand short films and twelve feature films. \nDuring the height of silent film as a medium, Biograph was America's most prominent film studio and one of the most respected and influential studios worldwide, only rivaled by Germany's UFA, Sweden's Svensk Filmindustri, and France's Pathé. The company was distinguished with pioneering director D. W. Griffith and such actors as Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and Lionel Barrymore.", "In Old California is a silent movie filmed in 1910 . It was the first movie shot in Hollywood , California . It was directed by D. W. Griffith of the Biograph Company ( then based in New York , New York ) . The film is a melodrama about the Mexican era of California .", "The Birth of a Nation (originally called The Clansman) is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed and co-produced by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from the novel and play \"The Clansman\", both by Thomas Dixon Jr. Griffith co-wrote the screenplay (with Frank E. Woods), and co-produced the film (with Harry Aitken). It was released on February 8, 1915.", "Los Angeles (Spanish for \"The Angels\"), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over .", "Lionel Barrymore (born Lionel Herbert Blythe; April 28, 1878 November 15, 1954) was an American actor of stage, screen and radio as well as a film director. He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in \"A Free Soul\" (1931), and remains best known to modern audiences for the role of the villainous Mr. Potter character in Frank Capra's 1946 film \"It's a Wonderful Life\". He is also particularly remembered as Ebenezer Scrooge in annual broadcasts of \"A Christmas Carol\" during his last two decades. He is also known for playing Dr. Leonard Gillespie in MGM's nine Dr. Kildare films, a role he reprised in a further six films focussing solely on Gillespie and in a radio series entitled \"The Story of Dr. Kildare\". He was a member of the theatrical Barrymore family.", "James Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American actor. After early roles in \"The Glory Guys\" (1965), for which he received a Golden Globe nomination, \"El Dorado\" (1966), and \"The Rain People\" (1969). he came to prominence in the 1970s with significant roles in films such as \"Brian's Song\" (1971), \"Cinderella Liberty\" (1973), \"The Gambler\" (1974), \"Freebie and the Bean\" (1974), \"Rollerball\" (1975), \"Funny Lady\" (1975), \"A Bridge Too Far\" (1977), \"1941\" (1979), and \"Chapter Two\" (1979). For his signature role in \"The Godfather\" (1972), that of hot-tempered Sonny Corleone, Caan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe.", "Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946) is an American actress and singer. With a career spanning six decades, she has reached legendary status in multiple fields of entertainment and is among a small group of entertainers who have been honored with an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony Award. She is considered both an American icon and a gay icon.", "Filmmaking (or in an academic context, film production) is the process of making a film. Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or commission, through screenwriting, casting, shooting, sound recording and reproduction, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a film release and exhibition. Filmmaking takes place in many places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of technologies and cinematic techniques. Typically, it involves a large number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete.", "A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often simply drawn, and may appear stereotyped.", "Melvin Brooks (né Kaminsky, born June 28, 1926) is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker, composer and songwriter.", "In social psychology, a stereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things. These thoughts or beliefs may or may not accurately reflect reality. However, this is only a fundamental psychological definition of a stereotype. Within psychology and spanning across other disciplines, there are different conceptualizations and theories of stereotyping that provide their own expanded definition. Some of these definitions share commonalities, though each one may also harbor unique aspects that may contradict the others." ]

[ "art", "book", "british comedy", "burlesque", "christmas carol", "comedian", "comedy", "comedy film", "comic", "country", "drama", "dramatic", "education", "entertainment", "epic", "fashion", "genre", "james", "live television", "march", "mass", "melodrama", "musical", "news", "newsreel", "play", "psychology", "radio", "sequel", "share", "shooting", "silent film", "slapstick", "television", "television series", "urban", "variety", "various", "western", "world war ii", "youth" ]

[ "Cycling has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the birth of the modern Olympic movement at the 1896 Summer Olympics , at which a road race and five track events were held . Mountain bike racing entered the Olympic programme in 1996 , followed by BMX racing in 2008 . All events are speed races - there is no BMX freestyle or dirt jumping for example . Women 's cycling did not enter the Olympic programme until the road race at the 1984 Summer Olympics . Women have competed in track events as well since 1988 . The 2012 Summer Olympics were the first at which men and women competed in the same number of events in all cycling disciplines including track cycling , which previously had more men 's and fewer women 's events than the 2012 programme . However , women have shorter distances for some events .", "A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from (mostly) nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of international significance is the modern Olympic Games.", "Cycle sport is competitive physical activity using bicycles. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, time trialling, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, and cycle speedway. Non-racing cycling sports include artistic cycling, cycle polo, freestyle BMX and mountain bike trials. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) is the world governing body for cycling and international competitive cycling events. The International Human Powered Vehicle Association is the governing body for human-powered vehicles that imposes far fewer restrictions on their design than does the UCI. The UltraMarathon Cycling Association is the governing body for many ultra-distance cycling races.", "The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: Comité international olympique, CIO) is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter: to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means.", "A unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common variation has a frame with a saddle, and has a pedal-driven direct drive. Unicycling is practiced professionally in circuses, by street performers, and in festivals and as a hobby. Unicycles have also been used to create new sports such as unicycle hockey. In recent years unicycles have also been used in activities similar to mountain biking or trials.", "The Winter Olympic Games is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. Unlike the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics feature sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France. The original five sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating). The Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936, after which they were interrupted by World War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was again held every four years. Until 1992, the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994.", "The Union Cycliste Internationale, commonly known by the acronym UCI, is the world governing body for sports cycling and oversees international competitive cycling events. The UCI is based in Aigle, Switzerland.", "The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international Olympic Games held in modern history. Organised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had been created by Pierre de Coubertin, it was held in Athens, Greece, from 6 to 15 April 1896. ", "BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. The format of BMX was derived from motocross racing. BMX bicycle races are sprint races on purpose-built off-road single-lap race tracks. The track usually consists of a starting gate for up to eight racers, a groomed, serpentine, dirt race course made of various jumps and rollers and a finish line. The course is usually flat, about wide and has large banked corners that help the riders maintain speed. \nThe sport of BMX racing is facilitated by a number of regional and international sanctioning bodies. They provide rules for sanctioning the conduct of the flying, specify age group and skill-level classifications among the racers, and maintain some kind of points-accumulation system over the racing season. The sport is very family oriented and largely participant-driven, with riders ranging in age from 2 to 70, and over. Professional ranks exist for both men and women, where the age ranges from 18 to 40 years old.", "A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated Mtn Bike, MTB; or ATB, for all-terrain bicycle) is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain. These typically include suspension on the frame and fork, large knobby tires, more durable heavy duty wheels, more powerful brakes, and lower gear ratios needed for steep grades with poor traction.", "The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event that is hosted by a different city every four years. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The International Olympic Committee organizes the games and oversees the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third; this tradition began in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics.", "BMX, an abbreviation for bicycle motocross, is a cycle sport performed on BMX bikes, either in competitive BMX racing or freestyle BMX, or else in general on- or off-road recreation. BMX began when young cyclists appropriated motocross tracks for fun, racing and stunts, eventually evolving specialized BMX bikes and competitions.", "Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as \"cyclists\", \"bikers\", or less commonly, as \"bicyclists\". Apart from two-wheeled bicycles, \"cycling\" also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles (HPVs).", "Mountain bike racing (shortened MTB or ATB racing) is a competitive cycle sport held on off-road terrain. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) recognised the discipline relatively late in 1990, when it sanctioned the world championships in Durango, Colorado. The first UCI Mountain Bike World Cup series took place in 1988. Its nine-race circuit covered two continentsEurope and North Americaand was sponsored by Grundig. Cross-country racing was the only World Cup sport at this time. In 1993, a six-event downhill World Cup was introduced. In 1996, cross-country mountain biking events were added to the Olympic Games. In 2006, cross-country mountain biking events became part of the World Deaf Cycling Championships for the first time in San Francisco, USA." ]

[ "bobsleigh", "curling", "cycle sport", "cycling", "hockey", "motocross", "mountain biking", "nordic combined", "nordic skiing", "road bicycle racing", "ski jumping", "speed skating", "sport", "track cycling" ]

[ "Svend Erik Hovmand ( born 8 December 1945 ) is a Danish politician representing the Liberal Party . He was Tax Minister in the Cabinet of Anders Fogh Rasmussen I from 27 November 2001 to 2 August 2004 , when he was replaced by Kristian Jensen . He has been a member of parliament ( Folketinget ) since 9 January 1975 .", "Politika is a Serbian daily newspaper, published in Belgrade. Founded in 1904 by Vladislav F. Ribnikar, it is the oldest daily newspaper still in circulation in the Balkans and is considered to be Serbia's newspaper of record.", "A politician (from \"politics\" + \"-ian\", from the Greek title of Aristotle's book \"Politika\", meaning \"Civic Affairs\") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. Broadly speaking, a \"politician\" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution.", "Kristian Jensen (born May 21, 1971) is a Danish politician who has been Minister for Foreign Affairs of Denmark since 2015. Jensen is a member of the Liberal party Venstre." ]

[ "denmark", "politician", "serbia" ]

[ "Okada Shigeyoshi ( , 1527 -- May 17 , 1583 ) was a warrior who was anotable retainer of the Oda family of the Owari region of Japan . Shigeyoshi was known as one of the ' Seven Spears of Azukizaka ' , due to his brave military actions during the year of 1542 . Shigeyoshi continued to serve under Oda Nobunaga for many years afterwards . After Nobunaga 's death during the year of 1582 , Shigeyoshi went on to serve Oda Nobuo . Sometime later , Shigeyoshi was granted title over the Hoshizaka Castle , but died the following year .", ", first called Jbei from his clan and later from his title, was a samurai and general who lived during the Sengoku period of Feudal Japan. His full name was thus Akechi Jbei Minamoto-no-Mitsuhide ( ).", "Historical context.\nThe goal of national unification and a return to the comparative political stability of the earlier Muromachi period was widely shared by the multitude of autonomous \"daimys\" during the Sengoku period. Oda Nobunaga was the first for whom this goal seemed attainable. Nobunaga had gained control over most of Honshu (see map below) before his death during the 1582 Honn-ji incident, a coup attempt executed by Nobunaga's vassal, Akechi Mitsuhide. It is not certain whether Nobunaga was killed in the attack or else committed seppuku. The motivations behind Mitsuhide's betrayal was never revealed to anyone who survived the incident, and has been a subject of debate and conjecture ever since the incident.", "The is a period in Japanese history marked by social upheaval, political intrigue and near-constant military conflict. Japanese historians named it after the otherwise unrelated Warring States period in China. It came to an end when all political power was unified under the Tokugawa shogunate.", "The refers to the forced suicide on June 21, 1582, of Japanese daimy Oda Nobunaga at the hands of his samurai general Akechi Mitsuhide. This occurred in Honn-ji, a temple in Kyoto, ending Nobunaga's quest to consolidate centralized power in Japan under his authority." ]

[ "military", "samurai" ]

[ "Amos Ives Root ( 1839 -- 1923 ) was an Ohio entrepreneur who developed innovative techniques for beekeeping during the latter 19th century , a period when the practice played an important role in the economy of many communities in the U.S. He founded his own company , which continues in business to the present day . His wide - ranging interests and curiosity led him to become the only eyewitness to publish articles about successful airplane flights made by the Wright brothers in Ohio in 1904 - 1905 .", "Honey is a sugary food substance produced and stored by certain social hymenopteran insects. It is produced from the sugary secretions of plants or insects, such as floral nectar or aphid honeydew, through regurgitation, enzymatic activity, and water evaporation. The variety of honey produced by honey bees (the genus \"Apis\") is the most well-known, due to its worldwide commercial production and human consumption.\nHoney gets its sweetness from the monosaccharides fructose and glucose, and has about the same relative sweetness as granulated sugar. It has attractive chemical properties for baking and a distinctive flavor that leads some people to prefer it to sugar and other sweeteners. Most microorganisms do not grow in honey, so sealed honey does not spoil, even after thousands of years. However, honey sometimes contains dormant endospores of the bacterium \"Clostridium botulinum\", which can be dangerous to babies, as it may result in botulism.\nPeople who have a weakened immune system should not eat honey because of the risk of bacterial or fungal infection. Although some evidence indicates honey may be effective in treating diseases and other medical conditions, such as wounds and burns, the overall evidence for its use in therapy is not conclusive. Providing 64 calories in a typical serving of one tablespoon (15 ml) equivalent to 1272 kj per 100 g, honey has no significant nutritional value. Honey is generally safe, but may have various, potential adverse effects or interactions with excessive consumption, existing disease conditions, or drugs.\nHoney use and production have a long and varied history as an ancient activity, depicted in Valencia, Spain by a cave painting of humans foraging for honey at least 8,000 years ago.", "Beeswax (Cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus \"Apis\". The wax is formed into \"scales\" by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, who discard it in or at the hive. The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey-storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive. Chemically, beeswax consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.", "A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee member of the genus Apis, primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial, colonial nests from wax. Currently, only seven species of honey bee are recognized, with a total of 44 subspecies, though historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination. Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, including the stingless honey bees, but only members of the genus \"Apis\" are true honey bees. The study of bees including honey bees is known as melittology.", "Beekeeping is the maintenance of honey bee colonies, commonly in hives, by humans. A beekeeper (or apiarist) keeps bees in order to collect their honey and other products that the hive produces (including beeswax, propolis, pollen, and royal jelly), to pollinate crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary or \"bee yard\".", "Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens. It is secreted from the glands in the hypopharynx of worker bees, and fed to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.", "An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.", "A beekeeper is a person who keeps honey bees (i.e. practices beekeeping).", "The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871  January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867  May 30, 1912), were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 190405 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.", "Ohio is an Eastern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.", "The Great Lakes (also called the Laurentian Great Lakes, or the Great Lakes of North America) are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the CanadaUnited States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron (or MichiganHuron), Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is , and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is . Due to their sea-like characteristics (rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons) the five Great Lakes have also long been referred to as \"inland seas\". Lake Superior is the second largest lake in the world by area, and Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country. The southern half of the Great Lakes is bordered by the Great Lakes Megalopolis." ]

[ "aviation", "beekeeper", "beekeeping", "canada", "commercial", "member", "military", "research", "saint", "worker" ]

[ "Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a \"literature of ideas.\" It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction.", "Matriarch is a science - fiction novel by Karen Traviss published in September , 2006 . It is the fourth book in the Wess'Har Series , following The World Before and preceding Ally .", "\"The Wess'har Wars\" series is a six book science fiction novel series written by author Karen Traviss and is set several hundred years in the future. It involves humanity's contact with a number of alien species with conflicting interests and beliefs, while her central character, Shan Frankland, is caught in the middle of a coming conflict.\nAll six novels have been published by Eos, an imprint of HarperCollins: \"City of Pearl\", \"Crossing the Line\", \"The World Before\", \"Matriarch\" and \"Ally\" (formerly \"Task Force\"). The last book of the series, \"Judge\" was released on March 25, 2008.", "Karen Traviss is a science fiction author from Wiltshire, England. She is the author of the Wess'Har series, and is also known for writing tie-in material based on \"Star Wars\", \"Gears of War\", \"Halo\", and \"G.I. Joe\". Her work crosses various forms of media including novels, short stories, comics, and video games." ]

[ "eos", "faster than light", "harpercollins" ]

[ "Varteg is a village in the county borough of Torfaen in Wales.", "A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.", "A World Heritage Site is a landmark which has been officially recognized by the United Nations, specifically by UNESCO. Sites are selected on the basis of having cultural, historical, scientific or some other form of significance, and they are legally protected by international treaties. UNESCO regards these sites as being important to the collective interests of humanity.", "Pontypool is a town of approximately 36,000 people in the county borough of Torfaen, within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire in South Wales.", "Monmouthshire is a county in south east Wales. The name derives from the historic county of Monmouthshire of which it covers the eastern 60%. The largest town is Abergavenny. Other towns and large villages are Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth, Magor and Usk.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "County borough is a term introduced in 1889 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (excluding Scotland), to refer to a borough or a city independent of county council control. They were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 in England and Wales, but continue in use for lieutenancy and shrievalty in Northern Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland they remain in existence but have been renamed \"cities\" under the provisions of the Local Government Act 2001. The Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 re-introduced the term for certain \"principal areas\" in Wales. Scotland did not have county boroughs but instead counties of cities. These were abolished on 16 May 1975. All four Scottish cities of the time Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, and Glasgow were included in this category. There was an additional category of large burgh in the Scottish system, which were responsible for all services apart from police, education and fire.", "Yr Wyddfa commonly known as Snowdon in English, is the highest mountain in Wales, at an elevation of above sea level, and the highest point in the British Isles south of the Scottish Highlands. It is located in Snowdonia National Park (\") in Gwynedd, and has been described as \"probably the busiest mountain in Britain\". It is designated as a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna.", "Talywain ( Welsh : Talywaun ) is situated between Garndiffaith , Abersychan and Pentwyn in Torfaen in south east Wales , within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire .", "Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.", "A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French \"conté\" or \"cunté\" denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount. The modern French is \"comté\", and its equivalents in other languages are \"contea\", \"contado\", \"comtat\", \"condado\", \"Grafschaft\", \"graafschap\", \"Gau\", etc. (cf. \"conte\", \"comte\", \"conde\", \"Graf\").", "The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset in South West England. It extends from the lower estuary of the River Severn to the North Atlantic Ocean. It takes its name from the English city of Bristol, and is over 30 miles (50 km) across at its widest point.", "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.", "The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: \"Airish Sea\"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.", "Torfaen is a county borough in Wales within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. It was originally formed in 1974 as a district of the county of Gwent and in 1996 it was reconstituted as a principal area.", "Garndiffaith is a village located in Torfaen, south east Wales. It is a small rural area situated between Talywain and Varteg, three miles north of the town of Pontypool and 3.5 miles south of the town of Blaenavon (a World Heritage Site). The village is now part of the Abersychan suburb of Pontypool which also includes Cwmavon, Pentwyn, Talywain, Varteg, and Victoria Village.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Abersychan is a settlement and community north of Pontypool in Torfaen, Wales, and lies within the boundaries of the historic county of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent.", "Blaenavon is a town in south eastern Wales, lying at the source of the Afon Lwyd north of Pontypool, within the boundaries of the historic county of Monmouthshire and the preserved county of Gwent. The town lies high on a hillside and has a population of 6,055. \"Blaenavon\" literally means \"front of the river\" or loosely \"river's source\" in the Welsh language.\nParts of the town and surrounding country form the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000." ]

[ "1", "1937", "borough", "category", "channel", "city", "coast", "collective", "count", "country", "county", "county council", "district", "earl", "elevation", "england", "fire", "four", "geographic region", "geographical", "geography", "inlet", "island", "jurisdiction", "landmark", "landscape", "language", "local government", "may", "mountain", "name", "national park", "ocean", "point", "police", "population", "principal", "region", "republic", "river", "rural area", "sea", "settlement", "system", "town", "union", "village", "viscount", "world heritage site" ]

[ "Chocky is a science fiction story by John Wyndham , first published as a novelette in the March 1963 issue of Amazing Stories and later developed into a novel in 1968 , published by Michael Joseph . The BBC produced a radio adaption by John Tydeman in 1967 . In 1984 a children 's television drama based on the novel was shown on ITV in the United Kingdom .", "The supernatural (Medieval Latin: \"superntrlis\": \"supra\" \"above\" + \"naturalis\" \"natural\", first used: 15201530 AD) includes all that cannot be explained by science or the laws of nature, including things characteristic of or relating to ghosts, gods, or other supernatural beings, or to things beyond nature.", "Hugo Gernsback (August 16, 1884 August 19, 1967), born Hugo Gernsbacher, was a Luxembourgish-American inventor, writer, editor, and magazine publisher, best known for publications including the first science fiction magazine. His contributions to the genre as publisher were so significant that, along with the novelists H. G. Wells and Jules Verne, he is sometimes called \"The Father of Science Fiction\". In his honour, annual awards presented at the World Science Fiction Convention are named the \"Hugos\".", "John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (10 July 1903  11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works written using the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Many of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes.", "Genre (or ; from French \"genre\" , \"kind\" or \"sort\", from Latin \"genus\" (stem \"gener-\"), Greek , \"gés\") ", "Amazing Stories is an American science fiction magazine launched in April 1926 by Hugo Gernsback's Experimenter Publishing. It was the first magazine devoted solely to science fiction. Science fiction stories had made regular appearances in other magazines, including some published by Gernsback, but \"Amazing\" helped define and launch a new genre of pulp fiction.", "Technology (\"science of craft\", from Greek , \"techne\", \"art, skill, cunning of hand\"; and , \"-logia\") is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines which can be operated without detailed knowledge of their workings.", "Science fiction (often shortened to SF, sci-fi or scifi) is a genre of speculative fiction, typically dealing with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a \"literature of ideas.\" It usually avoids the supernatural, and unlike the related genre of fantasy, historically science fiction stories were intended to have a grounding in science-based fact or theory at the time the story was created, but this connection is now limited to hard science fiction." ]

[ "english", "french", "greek", "luxembourgish", "medieval latin" ]

[ "The Order of Preachers (postnominal abbreviation O.P.), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the papal bull \"Religiosam vitam\" on 22 December 1216. Members of the order, who are referred to as \"Dominicans\", generally carry the letters O.P. after their names, standing for \"Ordinis Praedicatorum\", meaning \"of the Order of Preachers\". Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, and affiliated lay or secular Dominicans (formerly known as tertiaries, though recently there has been a growing number of associates who are unrelated to the tertiaries).", "The Basilica of San Domenico is one of the major churches in Bologna , Italy . The remains of Saint Dominic , founder of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) , are buried inside the exquisite shrine Arca di San Domenico , made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop , Arnolfo di Cambio and with later additions by Niccolò dell'Arca and the young Michelangelo .", "Saint Dominic, also known as Dominic of Osma and Dominic of Caleruega, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo Félix de Guzmán (August 8, 1170 August 6, 1221), was a Castilian priest and founder of the Dominican Order. Dominic is the patron saint of astronomers.", "A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family or person. Catholics believe that patron saints, having already transcended to the metaphysical, are able to intercede effectively for the needs of their special charges." ]

[ "catholicism", "dominican order" ]

[ "Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L.P. \"Businessweek\" was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world. It is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016.", "New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern United States and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the combined statistical areas of New York City and Philadelphia and is the third-wealthiest U.S. state by per capita income as of 2014.", "VDARE is an American website that publishes socio-political commentary pieces, particularly focusing on advocating for a moratorium on immigration into the United States as well as arguments related to race and American politics. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, VDARE is \"an anti-immigration hate website\" which \"regularly publishes articles by prominent white nationalists, race scientists and anti-Semites.\" \"Salon\" calls it a white supremacist group. VDARE editor Peter Brimelow rejected Southern Poverty Law Center's accusations as guilt by association.", "The National Post is a Canadian English-language newspaper. The paper is the flagship publication of Postmedia Network, and is published Mondays through Saturdays. It was founded in 1998 by Conrad Black. Once distributed nationally, it later began publishing a daily edition in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Alberta and British Columbia, with only its weekend edition available in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. As of 2006, the \"Post\" is no longer distributed in Canada's Atlantic provinces and the territories.", "The Forbes 400 or 400 Richest Americans (first published in 1982) is a list published by \"Forbes\" magazine of the wealthiest 400 Americans, ranked by net worth. The list is published annually in September, and 2011 marked the 30th issue. The 400 was started by Malcolm Forbes in 1982. Peter W. Bernstein and Annalyn Swan describe the Forbes 400 as capturing \"a period of extraordinary individual and entrepreneurial energy, a time unlike the extended postwar years, from 1945 to 1982, when American society emphasized the power of corporations.\" Bernstein and Swan also describe it as representing \"a powerful argument and sometimes a dream about the social value of wealth in contemporary America.\"", "William Frank Buckley Jr. (born William Francis Buckley; November 24, 1925  February 27, 2008) was an American conservative author and commentator. He founded \"National Review\" magazine in 1955, which had a major impact in stimulating the conservative movement; hosted 1,429 episodes of the television show \"Firing Line\" (19661999), where he became known for his transatlantic accent and wide vocabulary; and wrote a nationally syndicated newspaper column along with numerous spy novels.", "Peter Brimelow (born 13 October 1947) is a British-born American writer. Prior to founding the webzine VDARE, Brimelow was a writer and editor at \"Forbes\", the \"Financial Post\", and \"National Review\".", "National Review (NR) is a semi-monthly magazine founded by author William F. Buckley Jr. in 1955. Although the print version of the magazine is available online to subscribers, the free content on the website is essentially a separate publication under different editorial direction. The online version, \"National Review Online\", describes itself as \"America's most widely read and influential magazine and web site for conservative news, commentary, and opinion.\"", "The Forbes Global 2000 is an annual ranking of the top 2,000 public companies in the world by \"Forbes\" magazine. The ranking is based on a mix of four metrics: sales, profit, assets and market value. The list has been published since 2003.", "Peter Brimelow ( born October 13 , 1947 ) is a British - born American writer . Prior to founding the webzine VDARE , Brimelow was a writer and editor at Forbes , the Financial Post , and National Review . Brimelow founded the Center for American Unity in 1999 and served as its first president but is no longer affiliated with the organization . Brimelow is a paleoconservative . Until September 2012 , he was a columnist for Dow Jones ' Marketwatch .", "The Financial Post was an English Canadian business newspaper, which published from 1907 to 1998. In 1998, the publication was folded into the new \"National Post\", although the name \"Financial Post\" has been retained as the banner for that paper's business section and also lives on in the \"Post\"<nowiki></nowiki>s monthly business magazine, \"Financial Post Business.\"", "Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features original articles on finance, industry, investing, and marketing topics. \"Forbes\" also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, and law. Its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the national business magazine category include \"Fortune\" and \"Bloomberg Businessweek\". The magazine is well known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans (the Forbes 400) and rankings of world's top companies (the Forbes Global 2000). Another well-known list by the magazine is the The World's Billionaires list." ]

[ "13 october 1947", "1907", "1925", "1929", "1947", "1955", "1966", "1998", "1999", "2", "2000", "2003", "2006", "400", "429", "50" ]

[ "Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya. It is famous for having the Nairobi National Park, the world's only game reserve found within a major city. The city and its surrounding area also form Nairobi County, whose current governor is Evans Kidero and Deputy Governor is Jonathan Mueke.", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.", "Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million (2.6 million within the metropolitan area, nearly one third of Austria's population), and its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was the largest German-speaking city in the world, and before the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I, the city had 2 million inhabitants. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the eastern part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U.S. delegation, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. The position is more formally known as the \"Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary, and Representative of the United States of America in the Security Council of the United Nations\"; it is also known as the U.S. Permanent Representative, or \"Perm Rep\", to the United Nations.", "Geneva (, , , ) is the second most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva.", "Samantha Power ( born September 21 , 1970 ) is an Irish - American academic , author and diplomat who currently serves as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations . Power began her career by covering the Yugoslav Wars as a journalist . From 1998 to 2002 , Power served as the Founding Executive Director of the Carr Center for Human Rights Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School , where she later served as the first Anna Lindh Professor of Practice of Global Leadership and Public Policy . She was a senior adviser to Senator Barack Obama until March 2008 , when she resigned from his presidential campaign after apologizing for referring to then - Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton as `` a monster '' . Power joined the Obama State Department transition team in late November 2008 , and was named Special Assistant to President Obama and Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights on the National Security Council -- responsible for running the Office of Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights -- positions that she held from January 2009 to March 2013 . In April 2012 , Obama chose her to chair a newly formed Atrocities Prevention Board . During her time in office , Power 's office focused on such issues as the reform of the U.N. ; the promotion of women 's rights and LGBT rights ; the promotion of religious freedom and the protection of religious minorities ; the protection of refugees ; the campaign against human trafficking ; and the promotion of human rights and democracy , including in the Middle East and North Africa , Sudan , and Burma . She is considered to be a key figure in the Obama administration in persuading the president to intervene militarily in Libya . As of 2014 , she is listed as the 63rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes . Power has written or co-edited four books , including the Pulitzer Prize - winning A Problem from Hell : America and the Age of Genocide , a study of the U.S. foreign policy response to genocide ." ]

[ "austria", "canton of geneva", "czech republic", "kenya", "slovakia", "switzerland", "united states of america" ]

[ "Kemal Amin \"Casey\" Kasem (April 27, 1932  June 15, 2014) was an American disc jockey, music historian, radio personality, voice actor, and actor, known for being the host of several music radio countdown programs, most notably \"American Top 40\", from 1970 until his retirement in 2009, and for providing the voice of Norville \"Shaggy\" Rogers in the \"Scooby-Doo\" franchise from 1969 to 1997, and again from 2002 until 2009.", "Robert Weston Smith, known as Wolfman Jack (January 21, 1938 July 1, 1995) was an American disc jockey. Famous for his gravelly voice, he credited it for his success, saying, \"It's kept meat and potatoes on the table for years for Wolfman and Wolfwoman. A couple of shots of whiskey helps it. I've got that nice raspy sound.\"", "Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the Western world as a softer alternative to rock and roll. The terms \"popular music\" and \"pop music\" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many styles. \"Pop\" and \"rock\" were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were increasingly used in opposition from each other.", "Martin Block (February 3, 1903 September 18, 1967) was an American disc jockey. Walter Winchell is said to have invented the term \"disk jockey\" as a means of describing Block's radio work.", "Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services. Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, i.e., not directed to a particular individual.\nAdvertising is communicated through various mass media, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, Television, Radio, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as search results, blogs, websites or text messages. The actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or \"ad\".", "Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication wherein knowledge, art, ideas and cultural material is received, preserved and transmitted orally from one generation to another. The transmission is through speech or song and may include folktales, ballads, chants, prose or verses. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledge across generations without a writing system, or in parallel to a writing system. Indian religions such as Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism, for example, have used an oral tradition, in parallel to a writing system, to transmit their canonical scriptures, secular knowledge such as Sushruta Samhita, hymns and mythologies from one generation to the next.", "Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, \"poiesis\", \"making\") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.", "A disc jockey (abbreviated DJ, D.J. or deejay) is a person who mixes recorded music as it is playing. Originally, the \"disc\" in \"disc jockey\" referred to gramophone records, but now \"DJ\" is used as an all-encompassing term to describe someone who mixes recorded music from any sources, including cassettes, CDs, or digital audio files on a CDJ or laptop. DJs typically perform for a live or broadcast audience, but DJs also create mixes that are recorded for later sale and distribution.", "Larry Claxton Flynt, Jr. (born November 1, 1942) is an American publisher and the president of Larry Flynt Publications (LFP). LFP mainly produces sexually graphic videos and magazines, most notably \"Hustler\". Flynt has fought several prominent legal battles involving the First Amendment, and has unsuccessfully run for public office. He is paralyzed from the waist down due to injuries sustained in a 1978 murder attempt by Joseph Paul Franklin. In 2003, \"Arena\" magazine listed him at No. 1 on the \"50 Powerful People in Porn\" list.", "Howard Allan Stern (born January 12, 1954) is an American radio and television personality, producer, author, actor, and photographer. He is best known for his radio show \"The Howard Stern Show\", which gained popularity when it was nationally syndicated on terrestrial radio from 1986 to 2005. Stern has broadcast on Sirius XM Radio since 2006. Stern first wished to be on the radio at five years of age. He landed his first radio jobs while at Boston University. From 1976 to 1982, Stern developed his on-air personality through morning positions at WRNW in Briarcliff Manor, New York, WCCC in Hartford, Connecticut, WWWW in Detroit, Michigan, and WWDC in Washington, D.C. Stern worked afternoons at WNBC in New York City from 1982 until his firing in 1985.", "A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas. Writers produce various forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels, short stories, poetry, plays, screenplays, and essays as well as various reports and news articles that may be of interest to the public. Writers' texts are published across a range of media. Skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society. The word is also used elsewhere in the arts such as songwriter but as a standalone term, \"writer\" normally refers to the creation of written language. Some writers work from an oral tradition.", "Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (; born January 12, 1951) is an American entertainer, radio talk show host, writer, and conservative political commentator. Since he was 16, Limbaugh has worked a series of disc jockey jobs. His talk show began in 1984 at Sacramento, California radio station KFBK, featuring his ongoing format of political commentary and listener calls. In 1988, Limbaugh began broadcasting his show nationally from radio station WABC in New York City, and the show's flagship station became WOR in 2014. He currently resides in Palm Beach, Florida, where he broadcasts \"The Rush Limbaugh Show\". According to December 2015 estimates by \"Talkers Magazine\", Rush Limbaugh has a cume (cumulative weekly audience) of around 13.25 million unique listeners (listening for at least five minutes), making it the most listened-to talk-radio program in the US.\nIn the 1990s, Limbaugh's books \"The Way Things Ought to Be\" (1992) and \"See, I Told You So\" (1993) made \"The New York Times\" Best Seller list. Limbaugh frequently criticizes, in his books and on his show, what he regards as liberal policies and politicians, as well as what he perceives as a pervasive liberal bias in major U.S. media. Limbaugh is among the highest paid people in U.S. media, signing a contract in 2008 for $400 million through 2016. In 2015, \"Forbes\" listed his earnings at $79 million for the previous 12 months, and ranked him the 11th highest earning celebrity in the world. His most recent contract, signed on July 31, 2016, will take his radio program to 2020, its 32nd year.", "Hustler is a monthly pornographic magazine published in the United States. It was first published in 1974 by Larry Flynt. It was a step forward from the \"Hustler Newsletter\", which was cheap advertising for his strip club businesses at the time. The magazine grew from a shaky start to a peak circulation of around 3 million; it has since dropped to approximately 500,000. It shows explicit views of the female genitalia, becoming one of the first major US-based magazines to do so, in contrast with relatively modest publications like \"Playboy\".", "A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three.At its root, the word \"magazine\" refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles. This explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores.", "Pakistan (or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people. It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.", "Strip clubs are venues that regularly provide adult entertainment, predominantly in the form of striptease or other erotic or exotic dances. Strip clubs typically adopt a nightclub or bar style, and can also adopt a theatre or cabaret-style. American-style strip clubs began to appear outside of North America after World War II, arriving in Asia in the late 1940s and Europe in the 1950s, where they competed against the local English and French styles of striptease and erotic performances.", "Ashley Blue ( born Oriana Small July 8 , 1981 ) is an American radio personality , writer , and former pornographic actress . She currently hosts her own Vivid Radio show and writes for Hustler magazine .", "Satellite radio is according to \"article 1.39\" of the International Telecommunication Unions (ITU) ITU Radio Regulations (RR) a \"Broadcasting-satellite service\".", "A shock jock is a type of radio broadcaster or disc jockey who entertains listeners or attracts attention using humor and/or melodramatic exaggeration that some portion of the listening audience may find offensive. The term is usually used pejoratively to describe provocative or irreverent broadcasters whose mannerisms, statements and actions are typically offensive to many members of the community. It is a popular term, generally not used within the radio industry. A shock jock is considered to be the radio equivalent of the tabloid newspaper, for which entertaining readers is as important as, or more important than, providing factual information. Within the radio industry, a radio station that relies primarily on shock jocks for its programming is said to have a hot talk format.", "John Donald \"Don\" Imus, Jr. (born July 23, 1940) is an American radio host, humorist, landscape photographer, philanthropist and writer. His nationally syndicated talk show, \"Imus in the Morning\", is broadcast throughout the United States by Cumulus Media Networks.", "Albert James \"Alan\" Freed (December 15, 1921  January 20, 1965), also known as Moondog, was an American disc jockey. He became internationally known for promoting the mix of blues, country and rhythm and blues music on the radio in the United States and Europe under the name of rock and roll. His career was destroyed by the payola scandal that hit the broadcasting industry in the early 1960s.", "In philosophy, ideas are usually construed as mental representational images of some object. Ideas can also be abstract concepts that do not present as mental images. Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being. The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings. In a popular sense, an idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the \"idea\" of a person or a place. A new or original idea can often lead to innovation.", "Playboy is an American men's lifestyle and entertainment magazine. It was founded in Chicago in 1953, by Hugh Hefner and his associates, and funded in part by a $1,000 loan from Hefner's mother. Notable for its centerfolds of nude and semi-nude models (Playmates), \"Playboy\" played an important role in the sexual revolution and remains one of the world's best-known brands, having grown into Playboy Enterprises, Inc., with a presence in nearly every medium. In addition to the flagship magazine in the United States, special nation-specific versions of \"Playboy\" are published worldwide.", "Richard Augustus Wagstaff \"Dick\" Clark Jr. (November 30, 1929  April 18, 2012) was an American radio and television personality, as well as a cultural icon who remains best known for hosting \"American Bandstand\" from 1957 to 1987. He also hosted the game show \"Pyramid\" and \"Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve\", which transmitted Times Square's New Year's Eve celebrations. Clark was also well known for his trademark sign-off, \"For now, Dick Clark so long!\", accompanied with a military salute.", "India, officially the Republic of India (\"Bhrat Gaarjya\"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.", "Michael Patrick \"Mike\" Francesa, Jr. (born March 20, 1954) is an American radio talk show host and television commentator. He is primarily known in his former role co-hosting the \"Mike and the Mad Dog\" show on WFAN in New York City. Francesa now hosts his own show, \"Mike's On: Francesa on the FAN\", during the afternoon drive slot formerly occupied by \"Mike and the Mad Dog\".", "A radio personality (American English) or radio presenter (British English) is a person who has an on-air position in radio broadcasting. A radio personality that hosts a radio show is also known as a radio host, and in India and Pakistan as a radio jockey. Radio personalities who introduced and played individual selections of recorded music were originally known as disc jockeys before the term evolved to describe a person who mixes a continuous flow of recorded music in real time. Broadcast radio personalities may include Talk radio hosts, AM/FM radio show hosts, and Satellite radio program hosts. Notable radio personalities include pop music radio hosts Martin Block, Alan Freed, Dick Clark, Wolfman Jack, and Casey Kasem, shock jock's such as Don Imus and Howard Stern, as well as sports talk hosts such as Mike Francesa and political talk hosts such as Rush Limbaugh.", "Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio." ]

[ "1942", "afghanistan", "ahmedabad", "albert", "bangladesh", "bar", "bengal", "best", "bhutan", "boston", "california", "casey", "central", "central asia", "chennai", "chicago", "clark", "connecticut", "delhi", "detroit", "don", "hartford", "howard", "hudson", "hyderabad", "imus", "india", "industry", "iran", "itu", "lead", "legal", "march", "martin", "media", "mumbai", "new york city", "of", "oman", "oral", "pakistan", "price", "purchase", "republic", "rush", "sacramento", "sale", "tajikistan", "time", "tradition", "washington", "weston" ]

[ "Cape Reinga , official name Cape Reinga/Te Rerenga Wairua, is the northwesternmost tip of the Aupouri Peninsula, at the northern end of the North Island of New Zealand. Cape Reinga is more than 100 km north of the nearest small town of Kaitaia. State Highway 1 extends all the way to the Cape, but until 2010 was unsealed gravel road for the last 19 km. Suitable vehicles can also travel much of the way via Ninety Mile Beach and Te Paki stream bed.", "The Far North District of New Zealand, as its name suggests, is the northernmost district within New Zealand, consisting of the northern tip of the North Island. The current mayor is former local Member of Parliament John Carter.", "Whangarei (alt. ) is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a local body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be up from 47,000 in 2001. The wider Whangarei area had an estimated population of 85,900 in 2015.", "Pearl Zane Grey (January 31, 1872 October 23, 1939) was an American dentist and author best known for his popular adventure novels and stories associated with the Western genre in literature and the arts; he idealized the American frontier. \"Riders of the Purple Sage\" (1912) was his best-selling book. In addition to the commercial success of his printed works, they had second lives and continuing influence when adapted as films and television productions. His novels and short stories have been adapted into 112 films, two television episodes, and a television series, \"Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater\".", "The Bay of Islands is an area on the east coast of the Far North District of the North Island of New Zealand. It is one of the most popular fishing, sailing and tourist destinations in the country, and has been renowned internationally for its big-game fishing since American author Zane Grey publicised it in the 1930s. It is 60 km north-west of the city of Whangarei. Cape Reinga, at the northern tip of the country, is about 210 km by road further to the north-west.", "The North Island or Te Ika-a-Mui (\"Mori\") is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The island's area is , making it the world's 14th-largest island. It has a population of ", "Hikurangi is a settlement in Northland, New Zealand. The city of Whangarei is 17 km (11 miles) to the south, and Kawakawa is 39 km (24 miles) northwest. The Glenbervie Forest is southeast of the settlement. State Highway 1 once passed through the town, but now bypasses it to the west. Mount Hikurangi is a volcanic dome rising 365 metres (1,198 ft) to the west of the town. It is 1.2 million years old, and part of the Harbour Fault which also includes Parakiore, near Kamo, and Parihaka in Whangarei.", "Although not as prominent as its eastern namesake , Northland 's Mount Hikurangi is also of note . At 625 metres , this peak overlooks central Northland and is a prominent peak on the skyline at the Bay of Islands , the site of the first permanent European settlement in New Zealand . There is also a volcanic cone near Hikurangi , 365 metres high , called Hikurangi ." ]

[ "best", "far north", "new zealand", "north", "north island", "northern", "northland region", "northwest", "of", "pearl", "powell", "road", "south", "whangarei", "whangarei district" ]

[ "Titus Alone is a novel written by Mervyn Peake and first published in 1959 . It is the fourth work in the Gormenghast series . The other works in the series are Titus Groan , Gormenghast , the novella Boy in Darkness , and the fragment Titus Awakes . It was re-edited by Langdon Jones in 1970 using more of the original manuscript .", "A novella is a work of written, fictional, narrative prose normally longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. The English word \"\"novella\" derives from the Italian \"novella\", feminine of \"novello\", which means \"new\". The novella is a common literary genre in several European languages.", "John Wyndham Parkes Lucas Beynon Harris (10 July 1903  11 March 1969) was an English science fiction writer best known for his works written using the pen name John Wyndham, although he also used other combinations of his names, such as John Beynon and Lucas Parkes. Many of his works were set in post-apocalyptic landscapes.", "Mervyn Laurence Peake (9 July 1911  17 November 1968) was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He is best known for what are usually referred to as the \"Gormenghast\" books. The three works were part of what Peake conceived as a lengthy cycle, the completion of which was prevented by his death. They are sometimes compared to the work of his older contemporary J. R. R. Tolkien, but his surreal fiction was influenced by his early love for Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson rather than Tolkien's studies of mythology and philology.", "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, (3 January 1892 2 September 1973), known by his pen name J. R. R. Tolkien, was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor who is best known as the author of the classic high-fantasy works \"The Hobbit\", \"The Lord of the Rings\", and \"The Silmarillion\".", "Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are \"Treasure Island\", \"Kidnapped\", \"Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde\" and \"A Child's Garden of Verses\".", "Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812  9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity.", "Joanne Michèle Sylvie Harris, (born 3 July 1964) is an English author, best known for her award-winning novel \"Chocolat\" which was later turned into a successful film. The film adaption was released in 2000, directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Juliette Binoche, Judi Dench, Alfred Molina, Lena Olin and Johnny Depp. It was nominated for 8 BAFTAS and 5 Oscars.", "Boy in Darkness is a novella written by Mervyn Peake. It was first published in 1956 by Eyre & Spottiswoode as part of the anthology \"Sometime, Never: Three Tales of Imagination\" (with other stories by William Golding and John Wyndham). A corrupt version of \"Boy in Darkness\" was published both in an anthology, \"The Inner Landscape\" (1969), and separately in 1976 with an introduction by Peake's widow, Maeve Gilmore. Referring to the corrupt text, she wrote that \"although the Boy in \"Boy in Darkness\" is assuredly Titus Groan, [Peake] did not call him so by name\"; however, adding the name Titus was one of the specific changes that Peake made between writing and publishing his novella. The correct text has recently become available again in an anthology entitled \"Boy in Darkness and Other Stories\", with a foreword by Joanne Harris and a preface by Peake's son Sebastian, as well as Maeve Gilmore's uncorrected introduction from 1976." ]

[ "english", "eyre & spottiswoode", "treasure" ]

[ "A trunk road, trunk highway, or strategic road is a major road, usually connecting two or more cities, ports, airports and other places, which is the recommended route for long-distance and freight traffic. Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway, or are of motorway standard.", "Fishguard (meaning \"Mouth of the River Gwaun\") is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, with a population of 3,419 recorded in the 2011 Census. The community of Fishguard and Goodwick had a population of 5,043 in 2001 and 5,407 in 2011.", "The Brecon Beacons National Park is one of three national parks in Wales, and is centred on the Brecon Beacons range of hills in southern Wales. It includes the Black Mountain in the west, (\"Great Forest\") and the Brecon Beacons in the centre and the Black Mountains in the east.", "Usk is a small town in Monmouthshire, south-east Wales, situated northeast of Newport.", "The Usk Reservoir is located in the upper Usk Valley, at above sea level, and is located in the counties of Carmarthenshire and Powys, in southern Wales. The boundary between the counties runs through the reservoir.", "The River Usk rises on the northern slopes of the Black Mountain (\"y Mynydd Du\"), Wales, in the westernmost part of the Brecon Beacons National Park. Initially forming the boundary between Carmarthenshire and Powys, it flows north into Usk Reservoir, then east by Sennybridge to Brecon before turning southeast to flow by Talybont-on-Usk, Crickhowell and Abergavenny after which it takes a more southerly course.", "Powys (or ; Welsh: ) is a principal area, local-government county and preserved county in Mid Wales. It is named after the successor Kingdom of Powys, which formed after the Romans withdrew from Britain.", "The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. The force was initially administered by the War Office from London, which in 1964 was subsumed into the Ministry of Defence. The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff.", "Abergavenny (archaically \"Abergafenni\" meaning \"Mouth of the River Gavenny\") is a market town in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is located west of Monmouth on the A40 and A465 roads, from the English border. Originally the site of a Roman fort, Gobannium, it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh marches. The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales. The town hosted the 2016 National Eisteddfod of Wales.", "The War Office was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between the 17th century and 1964, when its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Defence.", "The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Goodwick (Fishguard), Wales, and officially called The London to Fishguard Trunk Road (A40) in all legal documents and Acts. It is long.", "Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Sennybridge is a village in Powys, mid Wales, situated some from Cardiff and from Swansea. It lies west of Brecon on the A40 trunk road to Llandovery, at the point where the Afon Senni flows into the Usk. It is in the community of Maescar.", "London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it \"Londinium\". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, \"London\" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.", "Cwrt y Gollen ( `` Hazel Court '' ) was a British Army training base 2 miles ( 3 km ) south - east of Crickhowell , just north of the A40 road and the River Usk .", "Carmarthenshire (or informally \"Sir Gâr\") is a unitary authority in the south-west of Wales and is the largest of the thirteen historic counties of Wales. The three largest towns are Llanelli, Carmarthen and Ammanford. Carmarthen is the county town and administrative centre of Carmarthenshire, but the most populous settlement is Llanelli.", "Crickhowell (also spelled ', or ') is a small town in southeastern Powys, Wales. It lies on the A40 between Abergavenny and Brecon.", "A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a \"town\" varies considerably in different parts of the world.", "Goodwick is a coastal town in Pembrokeshire, south-west Wales, immediately west of its twin town of Fishguard. The coasts of Wales were subjected to Norse raids during the Viking Era and, in the latter 10th century, Norse trading posts and settlements became established. The place name probably derives from a combination of the old Norse forms: \"góðr\" (good) and \"vik\" (bay or cove) giving \"góðrvik\". Compare formation with Reykjavík (Smoking Bay) where \"reykr\" = 'smoke'.\nGoodwick was a small fishing village in the parish of Llanwnda, but in 1887 work commenced on a railway connection and harbour, and the village grew rapidly to service this. The main industry is now tourism although in the town's industrial past brick making was once an important industry. Some fishing still takes place on a small scale but most activity is centered on Milford Haven. The local beach, Goowick Sands, is where the defeated French invasion force assembled prior to their unconditional surrender on 24 February 1797.", "Brecon, archaically known as Brecknock, is a market town and community in Powys, Mid Wales, with a population in 2001 of 7,901, increasing to 8,250 at the 2011 census. Historically it was the county town of Brecknockshire; although its role as such was eclipsed with the formation of the County of Powys, it remains an important local centre. Brecon is the third-largest town in Powys, after Newtown and Ystradgynlais. It lies north of the Brecon Beacons mountain range, but is just within the Brecon Beacons National Park.", "Talybont-on-Usk is a village and community in Powys, Wales. It lies on both the River Usk and the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal. It had a population in 2001 of 743, reducing to 719 at the 2011 Census." ]

[ "brecknockshire", "brecon", "bristol", "carmarthen", "carmarthenshire", "crickhowell", "east", "england", "forest", "fort", "ireland", "kingdom of great britain", "llanelli", "london", "middlesex", "monmouth", "monmouthshire", "most", "national park", "norman", "northern", "of", "pembrokeshire", "ports", "powys", "river", "road", "south", "split", "surrey", "union", "united kingdom", "usk", "vik", "wales" ]

[ "The Anthony J. Celebrezze Federal Building ( also known as the Federal Office Building , the Celebrezze Building , or the Federal Building for short ) is a skyscraper located in downtown Cleveland , Ohio .", "Anthony Joseph Celebrezze, Sr. (born Antonio Giuseppe Cilibrizzi, ; September 4, 1910 October 29, 1998) was an American politician of the Democratic Party, who served as the 49th Mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, as a cabinet member in the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and as a U.S. appeals court judge.", "Ohio is an Eastern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.", "A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was originally used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors but now describes one of at least 40-50 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, but the term skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than . For buildings above a height of , the term \"Supertall\" can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond are classified as \"Megatall\".", "Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame." ]

[ "multiple", "populous" ]

[ "Quentin Cooper (born 1961, Grimsby) is a science journalist and facilitator, best known as the presenter of BBC Radio 4's \"Material World\". He speaks at science festivals and lectures, and works regularly with science and educational organisations such as the Royal Society and the British Council.", "Material World was a weekly science magazine programme on BBC Radio 4 broadcast on a Thursday afternoon . The programme 's regular presenter was Quentin Cooper , with contributions from scientists researching areas under discussion in each programme .", "The British Council is a British organisation specialising in international cultural and educational opportunities. It works in over 100 countries: promoting a wider knowledge of the UK and the English language; encouraging cultural, scientific, technological and educational co-operation with the UK; and changing peoples lives through access to UK education, skills, qualifications, culture and society.", "The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society for science and is possibly the oldest such society still in existence. Founded in November 1660, it was granted a royal charter by King Charles II as \"The Royal Society\". The Society is the United Kingdom's and Commonwealth of Nations' Academy of Sciences and fulfills a number of roles; promoting science and its benefits, recognising excellence in science, supporting outstanding science, providing scientific advice for policy, fostering international and global cooperation, education and public engagement. \nThe society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, the basic members of the society, who are themselves elected by existing Fellows. As of 2016, there are about 1,600 fellows, allowed to use the postnominal title FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society), with up to 52 new fellows appointed each year. There are also royal fellows, honorary fellows and foreign members, the last of which are allowed to use the postnominal title ForMemRS (Foreign Member of the Royal Society). The Royal Society President is Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, who took up the post on November 30, 2015." ]

[ "basic", "english" ]

[ "Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile.", "Microsoft Corporation (commonly referred to as Microsoft or MS) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup. As of 2016, it was the world's largest software maker by revenue, and one of the world's most valuable companies.", "TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple and Microsoft in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS, macOS, and Microsoft Windows operating systems. ", "In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font was a matched set of type, one piece (called a \"sort\") for each glyph, and a typeface consisting of a range of fonts that shared an overall design.", "ProFont is a monospace font available in many formats . It is intended to be used for programming in IDE environments and it is available in bitmap and TrueType versions for various platforms . Originally developed as shareware by Andrew Welch for the Apple Macintosh in TrueType format , ProFont was intended to have metrics identical with Apple 's default Monaco font -- resulting in an 80 column by 25 line display in a Compact Macintosh full screen window -- but with additional features desirable for programming , such as a slashed zero and easily distinguished curly brackets . ProFont was bundled with the BBEdit text editor .", "A postscript (P.S.) is an afterthought, thought of occurring after the letter has been written and signed. The term comes from the Latin \"post scriptum\", an expression meaning \"written after\" (which may be interpreted in the sense of \"that which comes after the writing\").", "macOS (pronounced ; previously Mac OS X, then simply OS X) is the current series of Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers, having been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows." ]

[ "apple", "architecture", "company", "computer", "corporation", "electronics", "family", "flagship", "game", "home", "industry", "laptop", "letter", "line", "market", "may", "metal", "microsoft windows", "outline", "product", "sector", "sense", "series", "set", "size", "software", "surface", "term", "typeface", "video game" ]

[ "Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini (born 1 September 1980 in Mbabane) is a Swazi football striker who currently plays for Malanti Chiefs. He has been capped for Swaziland.", "Mbabane is the capital and largest city in Swaziland. With an estimated population of 94,874 (2010), it is located on the Mbabane River and its tributary the Polinjane River in the Mdzimba Mountains. It is located in the Hhohho Region, of which it is also the capital. The average elevation of the city is 1243 meters. The population (estimated) in 1987 was 30,000. It lies on the MR3 road.", "A presidential system is a system of government where a head of government is also head of state and leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. The United States, for instance, has a presidential system. The executive is elected and often titled \"president\" and is not responsible to the legislature and which cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it. The legislature may have the right, in extreme cases, to dismiss the executive, often through impeachment. However, such dismissals are seen as so rare as not to contradict a central tenet of presidentialism, that in \"normal circumstances using normal means\" the legislature cannot dismiss the executive.", "A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the government. In most systems, the prime minister is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential systems of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.\nIn parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.", "Head of government is a generic term used for either the highest or second highest official in the executive branch of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, (commonly referred to as countries, nations or nation-states) who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments. The term \"head of government\" is often differentiated from the term \"head of state\", (e.g. as in article 7 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 1 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents and the United Nations protocol list), as they may be separate positions, individuals, and/or roles depending on the country.", "A civil servant or public servant is a person in the public sector employed for a government department or agency. The extent of civil servants of a state as part of the \"civil service\" varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom, for instance, only Crown (national government) employees are referred to as civil servants whereas county or city employees are not.", "Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: \"Umbuso weSwatini\"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.", "A unit trust is a form of collective investment constituted under a trust deed.\nTrusts are found in Fiji, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, New Zealand, Australia, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Singapore, Malaysia and the UK. Unit trusts offer access to a wide range of securities.", "The Westminster system is a parliamentary system of government modelled after that which developed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This term comes from the Palace of Westminster, the seat of the British parliament.\nThe system is a series of procedures for operating a legislature. It is used, or was once used, in the national legislatures and subnational legislatures of most Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth nations upon being granted responsible government, beginning with the first of the Canadian provinces in 1848 and the six Australian colonies between 1855 and 1890. However, some former colonies have since adopted either the presidential system (Nigeria for example) or a hybrid system (like South Africa) as their form of government.", "A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona that officially represents the national unity and legitimacy of a sovereign state. In developing the current Constitution of France (1958), former French president Charles de Gaulle said the head of state should embody \"the spirit of the nation\" (\"\"). In some countries, typically those with parliamentary governments, the head of state is a ceremonial figurehead that does not actually guide day-to-day government activities and may not even be empowered to exercise any kind of political authority (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom). In other countries, the head of state is also the head of government, such as in the U.S., where the president is both a public figurehead and the actual highest ranking political leader who, in practice, oversees the executive branch.", "Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, and including several countries.\nThe term \"southern Africa\" or \"Southern Africa\", generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power.", "A stock exchange or bourse is an exchange where stock brokers and traders can buy and/or sell stocks (also called shares), bonds, and other securities. Stock exchanges may also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include stock issued by listed companies, unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products and bonds. Stock exchanges often function as \"continuous auction\" markets, with buyers and sellers consummating transactions at a central location, such as the floor of the exchange.", "Mozambique (or ), officially the Republic of Mozambique (or \"\") is a country in Southeast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest. It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo (known as \"Lourenço Marques\" before independence).", "The Swaziland Stock Market is a small but thriving stock exchange . The stock exchange was established in July 1990 by Sibusiso Dlamini , a former World Bank executive who became Swaziland 's prime minister , to enable ordinary Swazis to become stakeholders in their economy . All listings are included in the sole index , the SSM Index , which is unweighted . There are a handful of listed public companies , as well as some listed government stock options , listed debentures , government guaranteed stock and non trading mutual funds . Exchange Control approval is required for foreigners wishing to invest on the stock market . Stockbrokers on the Exchange are licensed by the Central Bank of Swaziland and there is no regulation regarding the foreign ownership of brokerage firms ." ]

[ "africa", "angola", "born", "central", "elizabeth", "fiji", "france", "great britain", "ireland", "isle of man", "kenya", "mbabane", "northern ireland", "united kingdom", "vienna", "westminster", "zambia" ]

[ "India, officially the Republic of India (\"Bhrat Gaarjya\"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.", "Latin (Latin: ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets.", "Hinduism is a religion, or a way of life, found most notably in India and Nepal. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world, and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as \"\", \"the eternal law,\" or the \"eternal way,\" beyond human origins. Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no founder. This \"Hindu synthesis\" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).", "The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582.", "Ancient Greek includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It is often roughly divided into the Archaic period (9th to 6th centuries BC), Classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), and Hellenistic period (3rd century BC to the 6th century AD). It is antedated in the second millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek.", "In any country, the civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within that country for civil, official or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always used for general purposes by people and private organizations.", "Ayya Vaikundar (c.1810c.1851), also known as Incarnation of Lord Vishnu, was a 19th-century social reformer and iconoclast who worked for the upliftment of downtrodden people in the Kingdom of Travancore. He is central to the Hindu denomination of Ayyavazhi, as per holy scripture. Akilattirattu Ammanai says that he was Lord Vishnu. In order to attain human form, Vishnu used the body of previous (Krishna) avatar for the incarnation of Ayya Vaikundar, kept in Parvatha Ucchi Malai (a mythical mountain believed to be in this region) after the completion of the Krishna Avatar. In order to attain natural growth of the human body, Vishnu used the soul of Sampooranathevan a deva also called Mudisoodum Perumal, he was granted moksha (liberation from the cycle of death and birth, synonymous with heaven) before the Ayya Vaikunda Avathar in the sea.", "Time is the indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future. Time is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to compare the duration of events or the intervals between them, and to quantify rates of change of quantities in material reality or in the conscious experience. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.", "Pope Gregory XIII (7 January 1502 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585. He is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the Gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this day.", "A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in chronological order, sometimes described as a project artifact. It is typically a graphic design showing a long bar labelled with dates alongside itself and usually events", "Hindu refers to any person who regards themselves as culturally, ethnically, or religiously adhering to aspects of Hinduism. It has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, rather than a religious identifier for people indigenous to South Asia.", "The purpose of this chronology is to give a detailed account of Ayyavazhi from the beginning of the incarnational events of Vaikundar to the present time . Question marks on dates indicate approximate dates . A star ( * ) indicates the mentioning of that particular date in Akilam or Arul Nool . All dates but a few are found in the Tamil calendar and so does n't coincide exactly with the months of the Gregorian calendar . The dates may span over any halves of the two consecutive months ( Gregorian ) .", "Chronology (from Latin \"chronologia\", from Ancient Greek , \"chrónos\", \"time\"; and , \"-logia\") is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. Consider, for example, the use of a timeline or sequence of events. It is also \"the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events\".", "South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Telangana as well as the union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, occupying 19.31% of India's area. Covering the southern part of the peninsular Deccan Plateau, South India is bounded by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and the Indian Ocean in the south. The geography of the region is diverse with two mountain ranges - the Western and Eastern Ghats, bordering the plateau heartland. Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra and Vaigai rivers are important non-perennial sources of water. Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Coimbatore and Kochi are the largest urban areas.", "Ayyavazhi (\"Ayyvai\" , \"Path of the Master\") is an henotheistic belief that originated in South India. It is cited as an independent monistic religion by several newspapers, government reports and academic researchers. In Indian censuses, however, the majority of its followers declare themselves as Hindus. Therefore, Ayyavazhi is also considered a Hindu denomination.", "The Arul Nool is a supplement to the Akilattirattu Ammanai, and is likewise considered a holy scripture of Ayyavazhi, an offshoot sect of Hinduism. This book contains the collection of messages given by Ayya Vaikundar to his Disciples (\"Citars\" or \"Arulalarkal\"), whose names are unknown. Since they are believed to be composed by \"Arylalarkar\", it acquired the name \"Arulnool\". There is no direct indication within the book regarding the time of its composition. ", "Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe." ]

[ "1", "alphabet", "april", "area", "avatar", "bar", "bay", "book", "branch", "calendar", "century", "change", "chronology", "church", "component", "composition", "country", "day", "death", "denomination", "enterprise", "founder", "geographical", "government", "gregorian calendar", "india", "january", "language", "latin alphabet", "material", "may", "millennium", "name", "october", "official", "order", "path", "period", "person", "quantity", "region", "religion", "republic", "science", "sect", "supplement", "three", "time", "timeline", "union" ]

[ "Fresh FM ( formerly Acorn FM ) is a student - run radio station based at the Barnstaple campus of Petroc , a further education college in North Devon , England . It broadcasts on 87.7 MHz FM across the college campus between the hours of 8:30 and 16:30 on college days . The station has a long term Restricted Service Licence granted by Ofcom . The station is presented and run by college students , with a large base of student presenters and a small number of elected executive committee members who oversee , manage and make any crucial decisions regarding the station . It comprises a Station Manager , a Head of Production , a Head of Music , a Head of IT , a Head of Advertising , a Head of Competitions , a Programme Controller , a Head of News , a Head of Technical , and a Head of Events , and is often assisted by an allocated staff member .", "The Bristol Channel is a major inlet in the island of Great Britain, separating South Wales from Devon and Somerset in South West England. It extends from the lower estuary of the River Severn to the North Atlantic Ocean. It takes its name from the English city of Bristol, and is over 30 miles (50 km) across at its widest point.", "Devon (archaically known as Devonshire) is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, and Dorset to the east. The City of Exeter is the county town; seven other districts of East Devon, Mid Devon, North Devon, South Hams, Teignbridge, Torridge, and West Devon are under the jurisdiction of Devon County Council; Plymouth and Torbay are each a part of Devon but administered as unitary authorities. Combined as a ceremonial county, Devon's area is and its population is about 1.1 million.", "Instow is a village in north Devon, England. It is on the estuary where the rivers Taw and Torridge meet, between the villages of Westleigh and Yelland and on the opposite bank of Appledore. There is an electoral ward with the same name. Its total population at the 2011 census was 1,501.", "The Independent Television Commission (ITC) licensed and regulated commercial television services in the United Kingdom (except S4C in Wales) between 1 January 1991 and 28 December 2003. In this context, 'independent' indicates freedom from the BBC, rather than the government, as the latter is taken as being read.", "South Molton is a small town in Devon, England. It is part of the North Devon local government district. The town is on the River Mole. According to the 2001 census the civil parish of South Molton had a population of 4,093, increasing to 5,108 at the 2011 Census. The town also has an electoral ward with the same name. The population of this ward at the same census was 4,875 We have therefore the unusual situation where the town is larger than the ward.\nThe town was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835. It retained this status as a municipal borough until 1967, when it became a rural borough in the South Molton Rural District.", "Municipal boroughs were a type of local government district which existed in England and Wales between 1835 and 1974, in Northern Ireland from 1840 to 1973 and in the Republic of Ireland from 1840 to 2002. Broadly similar structures existed in Scotland from 1833 to 1975 with the reform of royal burghs and creation of police burghs.", "Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and county in South West England with an estimated population of 449,300 in 2016. It is England's sixth and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, and the most populous city in Southern England after London. The city borders the Unitary Authority areas of North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the historic cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "A UK Restricted Service Licence (often called an RSL), is typically granted to radio stations and television stations broadcasting within the UK to serve a local community or a special event. Licences are granted by the broadcasting authority Ofcom (formerly the Radio Authority and the Independent Television Commission, respectively).", "The Office of Communications, commonly known as Ofcom, is the government-approved regulatory and competition authority for the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries of the United Kingdom.", "Barnstaple or is the main town of North Devon, England, and possibly the oldest borough in the United Kingdom. It is a former river-port, located at the lowest crossing-point of the River Taw, flowing into the Bristol Channel.", "North Devon is a local government district in Devon, England. Its council is based in Barnstaple. Other towns and villages in the North Devon District include Braunton, Fremington, Ilfracombe, Instow, South Molton, Lynton and Lynmouth. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 as a merger of the Barnstaple municipal borough, the Ilfracombe and Lynton urban districts, and the Barnstaple and South Molton rural districts.", "Braunton is an English village, civil parish, ecclesiastical parish and former manor in North Devon. The village is situated west of Barnstaple. While not the largest village in England, it is amongst the most populous in Devon with a population at the 2011 census of 7,353 people. There are two electoral wards (East and West). Their joint population at the above census was 8,218. Within the parish is the fertile, low-lying Braunton Great Field, which adjoins the undulating Braunton Burrows, the Core Area in North Devon Biosphere Reserve, the largest psammosere (sand dune system) in England. It confronts the Atlantic Ocean at the west of the parish at the large beach of Saunton Sands, one of the South West's international-standard surfing beaches." ]

[ "1", "1 april 1974", "1 january 1991", "1833", "1835", "1974", "1975", "2001", "2003", "2011", "2016", "30", "300", "7", "8", "april 1974" ]

[ "Samegrelo (\"Samegrelo\"; \"Samargalo\"; \"Margalona\") is a historic province in the western part of Georgia, formerly also known as Odishi.", "The Chanistsqali is a river in the historic Mengrelia province of western Georgia. It flows through the town Tsalenjikha, and passes through the districts Tsalenjikha, Chkhorotsqu, Zugdidi and Khobi. It discharges into the river Khobistsqali near the village Narazeni, north of the town Khobi.", "Narazeni is a village in Georgia situated 17 km east of Zugdidi. ", "Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti (Georgian: - ) is a region (Mkhare) in western Georgia which includes the historical Georgian provinces of Samegrelo (Mingrelia) and Zemo Svaneti (i.e., Upper Svaneti) and has Zugdidi as its capital.\nThe region comprises one city, Poti, and the following municipalities:", "A mkhare (\"mxare\") is a type of administrative division in the country of Georgia. It is usually translated as \"region\". ", "Zugdidi (or ) is a city in the Western Georgian historical province of Samegrelo (Mingrelia). It is situated in the north-west of that province. The city is located 318 kilometres west of Tbilisi, 30 km from the Black Sea coast and 30 km from the Egrisi Range, at an elevation of 100110 metres above sea level. Zugdidi is the capital of the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, which combines Samegrelo (Mingrelia) and upper part of Svaneti, and the center of the Zugdidi Municipality within.", "Poti (; Mingrelian: ; Laz: /Fai or /Pai) is a port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti in the west of the country. Built near the site of the ancient Greek colony of Phasis and deriving its name from the same, the city has become a major port city and industrial center since the early 20th century. It is also home to a main naval base and the headquarters of the Georgian navy. Adjacent to the Poti port area is the RAKIA owned Free Industrial Zone. Inaugurated in April 2008, it has registered a number of businesses, including those from Iranian businesspeople trying to evade sanctions against Iran.", "Khobi is a town in western Georgia with a population of 4,242. The settlement of Khobi acquired the status of a town in 1981 and currently functions as an administrative center of the Khobi District within the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region.", "Tsalenjikha ( Georgian : , also transliterated as Tsalendjikha and Tzalenjikha ) is a town in Samegrelo - Zemo Svaneti region of western Georgia with the population of c. 8,900 ( 2002 ) . It is located on the river Chanistsqali . Historically , Tsalenjikha functioned as one of the residences of the Dadiani princes of Mingrelia and a bishopric seat with a medieval cathedral of the Savior ." ]

[ "area", "city", "coast", "colony", "country", "district", "division", "elevation", "fortress", "headquarters", "iran", "mkhare", "naval base", "navy", "part", "population", "port", "province", "region", "river", "settlement", "status", "town", "village" ]

[ "Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.", "Priolo ( foaled March 17 , 1987 in the United States ) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse . He was bred and raced by Chryss Goulandris ' Ecurie Skymarc Farm . In 1990 he won two Group One races and ran second to Saumarez in the Grand Prix de Paris . Sent to Belmont Park in the United States , he was third behind winner Royal Academy and runnerup , Itsallgreektome in the 1990 Breeders ' Cup Mile . In 1991 , Priolo won his third Group One event , capturing the Prix du Moulin de Longchamp . Retired from racing , in December 1991 , Priolo was sent to stand at stud in Ireland . His offspring have met with limited racing success .", "Itsallgreektome (19872007) was an American Thoroughbred Champion racehorse. Sired by Sovereign Dancer, who also sired Preakness Stakes winners Gate Dancer and Louis Quatorze, he was out of the mare Sans Supplement, a daughter of Grey Dawn, who was a multiple stakes winner in France.", "Sovereign Dancer (January 24, 1975 December 25, 1993) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known as a sire of two American Classic Race winners.", "The Breeders' Cup Mile is a Grade 1 Weight for Age stakes race for thoroughbred racehorses three years old and up, run on a grass course. It has been conducted annually as part of the Breeders' Cup World Championships since the event's inception in 1984. All Breeders' Cups to date have been held in the United States except for the 1996 event in Canada.", "The Grand Prix de Paris is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at Longchamp over a distance of 2,400 metres (about 1 miles), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.", "France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans and had a total population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary semi-presidential republic with the capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse and Bordeaux." ]

[ "include", "sovereign dancer" ]

[ "Punctuation is \"the use of spacing, conventional signs, and certain typographical devices as aids to the understanding and the correct reading, both silently and aloud, of handwritten and printed texts.\" Another description is: \"The practice, action, or system of inserting points or other small marks into texts, in order to aid interpretation; division of text into sentences, clauses, etc., by means of such marks.\"", "In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition. A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate, the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes not expressed, often the case in null-subject languages if the subject is retrievable from context, but it sometimes also occurs in other languages such as English (as in imperative sentences and non-finite clauses).", "In written language, a logogram or logograph is a written character that represents a word or phrase. Chinese characters and Japanese kanji are logograms; some Egyptian hieroglyphs and some graphemes in cuneiform script are also logograms. The use of logograms in writing is called \"logography\". A writing system that is based on logograms is called a \"logographic system\".", "A planned or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally. It is also referred to as an artificial or invented language. There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as: to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code), to give fiction or an associated constructed setting an added layer of realism, for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning, for artistic creation, and for language games.", "Esperanto (or ; in Esperanto: ) is a constructed international auxiliary language. It is the most widely spoken constructed language in the world. The Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, \",\" on 26 July 1887. The name of Esperanto derives from \" (\"\" translates as \"one who hopes\"), the pseudonym under which Zamenhof published Unua Libro.", "Esperanto is written in a Latin alphabet of twenty - eight letters , with upper and lower case . This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms , such as the numerals 0 -- 9 , currency signs such as $ , and mathematical symbols . Twenty - two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet ( q , w , x , and y being omitted ) . The remaining six have diacritic marks , , , , , , and ( that is , c , g , h , j , and s circumflex , and u breve ) . The full alphabet is : In handwritten Esperanto , the diacritics pose no problem . However , since they do n't appear on standard alphanumeric keyboards , various alternate methods have been devised for representing them in printed and typed text . The original method was a set of digraphs now known as the `` h - system '' , but with the rise of computer word processing a so - called `` x-system '' has become equally popular . These systems are described below . However , with the advent of Unicode , the need for such work - arounds has lessened . Unique to the Esperanto script is the spesmilo ( 1000 specie ) sign , an Sm monogram for a now - obsolete international unit of auxiliary Esperanto currency used by a few British and Swiss banks before World War I. It has been assigned the Unicode value U +20B7 , though in ordinary fonts it is often transcribed as Sm , usually italic .", "Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof (), usually credited as L. L. Zamenhof, was a Polish-Jewish medical doctor, inventor, and writer. He is most widely known for creating Esperanto, the most successful constructed language in the world. He grew up fascinated by the idea of a world without war and believed that this could happen with the help of a new international auxiliary language, which he first developed in 1873 while still in school.", "Dr. Esperanto's International Language, usually referred to as Unua Libro, was the first publication to describe Esperanto, then called the International Language. It was first published in Russian on July 26, 1887 in Warsaw, by Polish oculist L. L. Zamenhof. Over the next few years editions were published in Polish, Russian, Hebrew, French, German, and English. This booklet included the Lord's Prayer, some Bible verses, a letter, poetry, the sixteen rules of grammar and 900 roots of vocabulary. In the book Zamenhof declared, \"an international language, like a national one, is common property\" and renounced all rights to the language, effectively putting it into the public domain. Zamenhof signed the work as \"Doktoro Esperanto\" (Doctor One-Who-Hopes). Those who learned the new language began to call it \"Esperanto\" after Zamenhof's pen name, and Esperanto soon became the official name of the language.", "An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common first language. An auxiliary language is primarily a second language." ]

[ "action", "bible", "case", "clause", "code", "constructed language", "description", "division", "grammar", "idea", "international auxiliary language", "july", "language", "letter", "machine", "pen name", "people", "poetry", "practice", "predicate", "property", "punctuation", "school", "share", "text", "understanding", "verb", "war", "work", "writing" ]

[ "Extreme metal is a loosely defined umbrella term for a number of related heavy metal music subgenres that have developed since the early 1980s. It has been defined as a \"cluster of metal subgenres characterized by sonic, verbal and visual transgression\". The term usually refers to a more abrasive, harsher, underground, non-commercialized style or sound associated with the speed metal, thrash metal, death metal, black metal and doom metal genres. With the exception of doom metal, all of these genres are characterized by fast tempos, attesting to their roots in hardcore punk, which has also fused with extreme metal in the forms of crossover thrash, crust punk, grindcore, sludge metal and metalcore. Though many extreme sub-styles are not very well known to mainstream music fans, extreme metal has influenced an array of musical performers inside and outside of heavy metal.", "Grindcore is an extreme genre of music that originated in the early to mid-1980s. It draws inspiration from some of the most abrasive-sounding genres including hardcore punk, thrash metal, crust punk, industrial, death metal and noise rock. Grindcore is characterized by a noise-filled sound that uses heavily distorted, down-tuned guitars, grinding overdriven bass, high speed tempo, blast beats, and vocals which consist of growls and high-pitched shrieks. Early groups like Napalm Death are credited with laying the groundwork for the style. It is most prevalent today in North America and Europe, with popular contributors such as Brutal Truth and Nasum. Lyrical themes range from a primary focus on social and political concerns, to gory subject matter and black humor.", "Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses is the debut album by American metalcore band Atreyu, released on June 4, 2002, under Victory Records. The album featured re-worked versions of the songs \"Living Each Day Like You're Already Dead,\" \"Someone's Standing on My Chest\" and \"Tulips are Better\", which originally appeared on the band's 2001 EP, \"Fractures in the Facade of Your Porcelain Beauty\". \"Ain't Love Grand\" and \"Lip Gloss and Black\" were released as singles and music videos were also made for these two songs. The latter video found significant airplay on \"Headbangers Ball\" and \"Uranium\" in fall 2003.", "Fractures In the Facade of Your Porcelain Beauty is Atreyu's second EP, which was originally released on November 20, 2001, then released again on January 29, 2002, under the independent label Tribunal Records. The EP features early versions of the songs \"Living Each Day Like You're Already Dead,\" \"Someone's Standing on My Chest\" and \"Tulips are Better,\" which were re-worked and featured on the band's next release, \"Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses\". The EP was released before the band's huge success following their debut album and original pressings are getting increasingly hard to find. Vocalist Alex Varkatzas has a deeper approach to his screams on this album compared to \"Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses\". The album is the first Atreyu release to feature Travis Miguel on rhythm guitar, as opposed to the \"Visions\" EP which only featured founding guitarist, Dan Jacobs.", "Bullet for My Valentine, often abbreviated as BFMV or B4MV, are a Welsh heavy metal band from Bridgend, formed in 1998. The band is composed of Matthew Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backing vocals), Michael Thomas (drums) and Jamie Mathias (bass guitar). Former members include Nick Crandle and Jason James; both were on bass. They were formed under the name Jeff Killed John and started their music career by covering songs by Metallica and Nirvana. Jeff Killed John recorded six songs which were not released; two of these tracks were reworked later in their career as Bullet for My Valentine. Financial difficulties dictated the name change, which was followed by a change in music direction. In 2002, the band secured a five-album deal with Sony BMG. The band has stated that their music is influenced by classic metal acts such as Metallica, Iron Maiden and Slayer. The band is part of the Cardiff music scene.", "Hardcore punk (often abbreviated to hardcore) is a punk rock music genre that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock. Its roots can be traced to earlier punk scenes in San Francisco and Southern California which arose as a reaction against the still predominant hippie cultural climate of the time and was also inspired by New York punk rock and early proto-punk. New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the established music industry and \"anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock\" and often addresses social and political topics.", "Parkway Drive is an Australian metalcore band from Byron Bay, New South Wales, formed in 2003. As of 2015, Parkway Drive has released five full-length albums (\"Killing with a Smile\", \"Horizons\", \"Deep Blue\", \"Atlas\" and \"Ire\"), one EP, two DVDs, a split album and one book, titled \"Ten Years of Parkway Drive\". The band's latest four albums have reached the top 10 of the Australian ARIA Charts, with \"Ire\" reaching number 1 in October 2015.", "Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Westfield, Massachusetts, formed in 1999 after the disbanding of Overcast and Aftershock. Killswitch Engage's current lineup consists of vocalist Jesse Leach, guitarists Joel Stroetzel and Adam Dutkiewicz, bassist Mike D'Antonio, and drummer Justin Foley. The band has released seven studio albums and one DVD. Their latest album, \"Incarnate\", was released on March 11, 2016.", "Bleeding Through was an American metalcore band from Orange County, California. Formed in 1999, the band blended influences stemming from modern hardcore punk, symphonic black metal, and melodic death metal. Although the band was often labeled as simply metalcore, when Brandan Schieppati was asked if he considered Bleeding Through a hardcore band, he said: \"I think we're a hardcore band and I'll never say we are a metal band, we're all hardcore kids and we came from the hardcore scene. Ours is just a different version of hardcore, we're trying to do something which adds a different variety to the hardcore scene, which has been sounding the same way for so long.\"", "Metalcore is a broad fusion genre of extreme metal and hardcore punk. The word is a blend of the names of the two genres. Among other genres blending metal and hardcore, such as crust punk and grindcore, metalcore is noted for its use of breakdowns, which are slow, intense passages that are conducive to moshing. Pioneering metalcore bandssuch as Integrity, Earth Crisis and Converge, all of which had formed by 1990are described as leaning more toward hardcore, with their style sometimes being called metallic hardcore, whereas later bandssuch as Killswitch Engage, All That Remains, As I Lay Dying, Bullet for My Valentine, and Parkway Drive are described as leaning more towards metal. Pantera (who influenced Trivium, Atreyu, Bleeding Through and Unearth) and Sepultura have been particularly influential to the development of metalcore in the 2000s, which saw many bands in the genre achieve considerable commercial success.", "Victory Records is a Chicago-based record label founded by Tony Brummel. It is a privately held corporation. It also operates a music publishing company called \"Another Victory, Inc.\" and is the distributor of several smaller independent record labels. Its artists have included Thursday, Hawthorne Heights, Silverstein, Taking Back Sunday, Bayside, Streetlight Manifesto, and A Day to Remember.", "Pantera was an American heavy metal band from Arlington, Texas. The group was formed in 1981 by the Abbott brothers drummer Vinnie Paul and guitarist Dimebag Darrell along with vocalist Terry Glaze. Bassist Rex Brown joined the band the following year, replacing the original unofficial bass guitarist Tommy D. Bradford. Having started as a glam metal band, Pantera released four albums during the 1980s. Looking for a new and heavier sound, Pantera replaced Glaze with Phil Anselmo in late 1986 and released \"Power Metal\" in 1988. With its fifth album, 1990's \"Cowboys from Hell\", Pantera introduced a groove metal sound. Pantera's sixth album, 1992's \"Vulgar Display of Power\", exhibited an even heavier sound. \"Far Beyond Driven\" (1994) debuted at number one on the \"Billboard\" 200.", "Headbangers Ball was a music television program consisting of heavy metal music videos airing on MTV, MTV2 (its sister channel), MTV Australia, MTV Rocks (formerly known as MTV2 Europe), MTV Adria (the MTV subsidiary covering the former Yugoslavia), MTV Brand New, MTV Portugal, MTV Finland, MTV Arabia, MTV Norway, MTV Sweden, MTV Denmark, MTV Greece, MTV Türkiye, MTV Hungary and MTV Japan. The show began on MTV on Saturday, April 18, 1987, playing heavy metal and hard rock music videos late at night, from both well-known and more obscure artists. The show offered (and became famous because of) a stark contrast to Top 40 music videos shown during the day.", "`` Ai n't Love Grand '' is the first single from American metalcore band Atreyu 's debut album , Suicide Notes and Butterfly Kisses , released in 2002 ." ]

[ "album", "black metal", "denmark", "europe", "heavy metal music", "label", "napalm", "norway", "phil anselmo", "record label", "rock music", "sony", "victory records", "wales" ]

[ "Punjabi literature refers to literary works written in the Punjabi language particularly by peoples from the historical Punjab of India and Pakistan including the Punjabi diaspora. The Punjabi language is written in several different scripts, of which the Shahmukhi, the Gurmukh scripts are the most commonly used.", "Punjabi (Shahmukhi: ; Gurmukhi: ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world. It is the native language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of Pakistan and India. Among the Indo-European languages it is unusual in being a tonal language.", "Dr. Dalip Kaur Tiwana is a foremost novelist and short - story writer of contemporary Punjabi literature . She has won awards , both regional and national , and is a widely translated author . She retired as Professor of Punjabi , and Dean , Faculty of Languages , Punjabi University , Patiala ." ]

[ "india", "pakistan" ]

[ "\"Jack Be Nimble\" is an English language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13902.", "TekWar is a series of science fiction novels created by William Shatner and ghost-written by science-fiction author Ron Goulart, published by Putnam. The novels gave rise to a comic book series, video game and later TV movies and a series, both of the latter featuring Shatner.", "Atlantis High is a teen comedy TV show, shot in New Zealand in 2001.\nThe plot revolves around 16-year-old Giles Gordon (Michael Wesley-Smith), who has just moved to Sunset Cove, \"a beautiful coastal surfing town where the sun is always shining, the people are all beautiful and everything is perfect... or so it seems.\" He enrolls in Atlantis High School, where he soon discovers that Sunset Cove is unlike any town he's ever seen: populated by double-agents, aliens and high school students with blue hair and pointy ears, its inhabitants are eccentric lunatics who at times turn into superheroes or other whimsical figures.", "An adventure is an exciting or unusual experience. It may also be a bold, usually risky undertaking, with an uncertain outcome. Adventures may be activities with some potential for physical danger such as traveling, exploring, skydiving, mountain climbing, scuba diving, river rafting or participating in extreme sports. The term also broadly refers to any enterprise that is potentially fraught with physical, financial or psychological risk, such as a business venture, or other major life undertakings.", "James Tiberius \"Jim\" Kirk is a fictional character in the \"Star Trek\" franchise. Kirk first appears in \"\" and has been portrayed in numerous films, books, comics, webisodes, and video games. As the captain of the starship USS \"Enterprise\", Kirk leads his crew as they explore \"where no man has gone before\". Often, the characters of Spock and Leonard McCoy act as his logical and emotional sounding boards, respectively.", "Star Trek is an American science fiction entertainment franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called \"Star Trek\" and now referred to as \"\", debuted in 1966 and aired for three seasons on the television network NBC. It followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner) and his crew aboard the starship USS \"Enterprise\", a space exploration vessel, built by the interstellar federal republic United Federation of Planets in the twenty-third century. The \"Star Trek\" canon of the franchise include \"The Original Series\", an animated series, four television series, its film franchise and an upcoming television series scheduled to debut in 2017.", "Victoria `` Tori '' Spence ( born 30 April 1984 ) is a New Zealand stage and television actress most famous for her role as Salene in the Cloud 9 television drama The Tribe . She made her acting debut in the 1993 film Jack Be Nimble and later appeared in the teen comedy series Atlantis High , in which she played the dual role of Antonia and Anthony , and William Shatner 's A Twist in the Tale alongside Tribe co-star Ryan Runciman . While attending high school , she appeared in several plays including a leading role in The Joker as well as supporting roles in Memory , Moon Launcher , Desire , Shortland Street , Sticky TV and Mother Tongue . Spence also starred in several television commercials and had experience as a stills photographic model prior to being cast as The Tribe 's Salene at age 14 . Her character was introduced as an emotional frightened child and early storylines dealt with her suffering from bulimia and alcoholism . By the fourth season however , Spence had emerged as one of the lead characters and , at one point , became leader of the Mall Rats . Her character would also become romantically involved with Ryan Runciman ( Ryan ) and Nick Miller ( Pride ) . On 28 January 2001 , she appeared in a stage performance with Tribe cast members Ari Boyland ( KC ) , Jennyfer Jewell ( Ellie ) , Michelle Ang ( Tai - San ) , Caleb Ross ( Lex ) , Vanessa Stacey ( Alice ) and Meryl Cassie ( Ebony ) in which they sang and performed for fans in New Zealand at the Te Papa Museum . On 2 September 2004 , Spence made her first appearance in North America with fellow Tribe co-stars Daniel James ( Zoot ) and Matt Robinson ( Slade ) at the 2004 Dragon * Con convention in Atlanta , Georgia . Featured guests at the event , the three appeared in series of panels during Labor Day weekend , judging a Tribe fan - based costume contest and attended an autograph signing . While at the convention , she gave an interview discussing her character 's development on The Tribe . In July 2008 , Spence appeared in the Thomas Sainsbury 's horror play Beast with David de Lautour and Todd Emerson ( who co-starred with Victoria in Atlantis High ) . In 2009 , Victoria tread the stage with Thomas Sainsbury again where she played the lead role in his production Little Blonde Hen . The play ran from 11 to 14 June 2009 and featured her co-stars from The Tribe , Beth Allen and Antonia Prebble .", "Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme, or setting. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds. Fantasy is generally distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the expectation that it steers clear of scientific and macabre themes, respectively, though there is a great deal of overlap between the three, all of which are subgenres of speculative fiction.", "A teen drama is a genre or type of drama series with a major focus on teenage characters. It came into prominence in the early 1990s, especially with the popularity of the Fox series \"Beverly Hills, 90210\". After \"90210\" became a success, television writers and producers realized the potential for this new genre to reach out to a previously ignored demographic. In the past, most series that maintained a focus on teenagers had been sitcoms, while adolescents in drama series were usually part of a larger ensemble that included adults and children.", "Michael Thomas Hickland Wesley-Smith (born 2 December 1983) is a New Zealand television actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Jack in the teen sci-fi TV show \"The Tribe\".", "Ryan Runciman (born 22 November 1982) is a New Zealand voice and television actor. Although best known for his role in the long-running teen drama science fiction series \"The Tribe\", he has appeared on other children's television series including \"The Enid Blyton Adventure Series\", \"Mirror, Mirror II\" and William Shatner's \"A Twist in the Tale\". Runciman has also guest starred on the fantasy-adventure series \"Dark Knight\" and \"Revelations\".", "William Shatner (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, author, producer, and director. In his seven decades of television, Shatner became a cultural icon for his portrayal of James T. Kirk, Captain of the USS \"Enterprise\", in the \"Star Trek\" franchise. He has written a series of books chronicling his experiences playing Captain Kirk and being a part of \"Star Trek\", and has co-written several novels set in the \"Star Trek\" universe. He has written a series of science fiction novels called \"TekWar\", which were adapted for television.", "English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global \"lingua franca\". Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia (Angeln) peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is most closely related to the Frisian languages, although its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages in the early medieval period, and later by Romance languages, particularly French. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the most commonly spoken language in the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand, and is widely spoken in some areas of the Caribbean, Africa, and South Asia. It is the third most common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish. It is the most widely learned second language and an official language of the United Nations, of the European Union, and of many other world and regional international organisations. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch.", "New Zealand is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmassesthat of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Mui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamuand numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland." ]

[ "accounting", "actor", "canada", "captain", "comic book", "entertainment", "game", "magic", "major", "mountain", "official", "science", "sovereign", "television", "television actor", "united kingdom" ]

[ "X (named \"ex\" , plural \"exes\") is the 24th and antepenultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.", "Sweave is a function in the statistical programming language R that enables integration of R code into LaTeX or LyX documents . The purpose is `` to create dynamic reports , which can be updated automatically if data or analysis change '' . The data analysis is performed at the moment of writing the report , or more exactly , at the moment of compiling the Sweave code with Sweave ( i.e. , essentially with R ) and subsequently with LaTeX . This can facilitate the creation of up - to - date reports for the author . Because the Sweave files together with any external R files that might be sourced from them and the data files contain all the information necessary to trace back all steps of the data analyses , Sweave also has the potential to make research more transparent and reproducible to others . However , this is only the case to the extent that the author makes the data and the R and Sweave code available . If the author only publishes the resulting PDF document or printed versions thereof , a report created using Sweave is no more transparent or reproducible than the same report created with other statistical and text preparation software .", "Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name \"Multi-Tool Word\" for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features.", "Typesetting is the composition of text by means of arranging physical types or the digital equivalents. Stored letters and other symbols (called sorts in mechanical systems and glyphs in digital systems) are retrieved and ordered according to a language's orthography for visual display. Typesetting requires the prior process of designing a font (which is widely but erroneously confused with and substituted for typeface). One significant effect of typesetting was that authorship of works could be spotted more easily, making it difficult for copiers who have not gained permission.", "WYSIWYG is an acronym for \"what you see is what you get\". In computing, a WYSIWYG editor is a system in which content (text and graphics) can be edited in a form closely resembling its appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product, such as a printed document, web page, or slide presentation.", "The term cross-reference can refer to either:", "Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). References to single, machine-readable assertions in electronic scientific articles are known as nanopublications, a form of microattribution.", "WYSIWYM (an acronym for \"what you see is what you mean\") is a paradigm for editing a structured document. It is an adjunct to the better-known WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) paradigm, which displays a formatted document on screen as it will appear in only one mode of presentation.", "A word processor is an electronic device or computer software application, that performs the task of composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents.", "TeX (or , see below) is a typesetting system (or \"formatting system\") designed and mostly written by Donald Knuth and released in 1978. Together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces, TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books using minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time. TeX is free software, which has made it more accessible to a wider range of users.", "MiKTeX is a distribution of the TeX/LaTeX typesetting system for Microsoft Windows. It also contains a set of related programs. MiKTeX provides the tools necessary to prepare documents using the TeX/LaTeX markup language, as well as a simple tex editor: TeXworks. The name comes from Christian Schenk's login: MiK for Micro-Kid.", "In computing, plain text is the data (e.g. file contents) that represent only characters of readable material but not its graphical representation nor other objects (images, etc.). It may also include a limited number of characters that control simple arrangement of text, such as line breaks or tabulation characters. Plain text is different from formatted text, where style information is included, and from \"binary files\" in which some portions must be interpreted as binary objects (encoded integers, real numbers, images, etc.).", "A document processor is a computer application that superficially resembles a word processorbut emphasizes the visual layout of the document's components, above creation and formatting of text. Document processor tools are not just typical document elementsparagraphs, lists, headers, etc. The primary attraction of a document processor is the ability to program documents with strong layout controls and powerful conditional automatic formatting rules that create structured documents. This facilitates creating large numbers of similar elements generated and reformatted for different media with little human effort.", "TeX Live is a free software distribution for the TeX typesetting system that includes major TeX-related programs, macro packages, and fonts. It is the replacement of its no-longer supported counterpart teTeX.\nIt is now the default TeX distribution for several Linux distributions such as\nopenSUSE,\nFedora,\nDebian, Ubuntu\nand Gentoo.\nOther Unix operating systems like OpenBSD, FreeBSD and NetBSD have also converted from teTeX to TeX Live.", "Digital distribution (also called content delivery, online distribution, or electronic software distribution (ESD), among others) is the delivery or distribution of media content such as audio, video, software and video games. The term is generally used to describe distribution over an online delivery medium, such as the Internet, thus bypassing physical distribution methods, such as paper, compact discs, and VHS videocassettes. The term online distribution is typically applied to freestanding products; downloadable add-ons for other products are more commonly known as downloadable content. With the advancement of network bandwidth capabilities, online distribution became prominent in the 21st century.", "Formatted text, styled text, or rich text, as opposed to plain text, has styling information beyond the minimum of semantic elements: colours, styles (boldface, italic), sizes, and special features (such as hyperlinks).", "LyX (styled as formula_1; pronounced ) is an open source document processor based on top of the LaTeX typesetting system. Unlike most word processors, which follow the WYSIWYG (\"what you see is what you get\") paradigm, LyX has a WYSIWYM (\"what you see is what you mean\") approach, where what shows up on the screen is only an approximation of what will show up on the page.", "LaTeX (, also pronounced as , a shortening of Lamport TeX) is a document preparation system. When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to formatted text, as in WYSIWYG word processors like Microsoft Word or LibreOffice Writer. The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the general structure of a document (such as article, book, and letter), to stylise text throughout a document (such as bold and italic), and to add citations and cross-references. A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MikTeX is used to produce an output file (such as PDF or DVI) suitable for printing or digital distribution. Within the typesetting system, its name is stylised as LaTeX." ]

[ "acronym", "alphabet", "apple", "apple macintosh", "application", "approximation", "book", "citation", "combination", "composition", "cross", "data", "debian", "delivery", "description", "device", "digital distribution", "document", "editor", "family", "fedora", "free software", "freebsd", "freeware", "information", "internet", "language", "letter", "line", "machine", "markup language", "may", "microsoft windows", "name", "number", "october", "plain", "point", "presentation", "process", "processor", "quality", "reference", "running", "show", "single", "software", "software distribution", "system", "term", "tex editor", "text", "tool", "web page", "will", "word", "word processor", "work", "writing" ]

[ "Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics and the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup are ongoing.", "Ski jumping is a form of Nordic skiing in which athletes descend a specially constructed takeoff ramp (known as the \"inrun\"), jump from the end of it (the \"table\") with as much power as they can generate, and \"fly\" as far as possible down a steeply sloped hill. Points are awarded for distance and style by five judges, with competition sanctioned by the International Ski Federation (FIS). To enable the athletes (who are known as \"ski jumpers\") to effectively glide such long distances and land safely, the skis they use are considerably wider and longer than their cross-country and alpine skiing counterparts. Ski jumping is predominantly a winter sport and has been part of the Winter Olympic Games since its inception in 1924 for men and since 2014 for women. Since 1954 it is possible to ski jump in summer on artificial surfaces made from plastic. Along with cross-country skiing, ski jumping is one of two sports which form the Nordic combined discipline. Holmenkollbakken in Oslo is the holy place of this sport, which is most popular in Austria, Germany, Finland, Japan, Norway, Poland and Slovenia.", "Nordic skiing pertains to skiing disciplines that use equipment where the toe of the ski boot is fixed to the binding in a manner that allows the heel to rise off the ski, unlike Alpine skiing, where the boot is attached to the ski from toe to heel. Recreational disciplines include cross-country skiing and Telemark skiing.", "The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2005 took place February 16 - 27 , 2005 in Oberstdorf , Germany for the second time after hosting it previously in 1987 . The ski jumping team normal hill returned after not being held in 2003 . The double pursuit distances of 10 km ( 5 km classical mass start + 5 km freestyle pursuit ) women and 20 km ( 10 km classical mass start + 10 km freestyle pursuit ) men were lengthened to 15 km for women ( 7.5 km classical mass start + 7.5 km freestyle pursuit ) and 30 km for men ( 15 km classical mass start + 15 km freestyle pursuit ) . Team sprint was also added as well . The Nordic combined 4 × 5 km team event had its change between ski jumping points and cross country skiing start time changed from 1 point equals to 1.5 seconds to 1 point equals 1 second at this championship .", "The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. Championship events include nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping). From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the Winter Olympics. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.", "Oberstdorf is a municipality and skiing and hiking town in southwest Germany, located in the Allgäu region of the Bavarian Alps. Oberstdorf is one of the highest market towns in Germany. The southernmost point in Germany is located in the municipality." ]

[ "alpine skiing", "nordic combined", "nordic skiing", "ski jumping", "skiing", "sport" ]

[ "Toronto is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. Growing in population, the 2011 census recorded a population of 2,615,060. As of 2015, the population is now estimated at 2,826,498, making Toronto the fourth-largest city in North America based on the population within its city limits. Toronto trails only Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles by this measure, while it is the fifth-largest (behind also Chicago) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area . An established global city, Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.", "Ontario Hydro , established in 1906 as the Hydro - Electric Power Commission of Ontario , was a publicly owned electricity utility in the Province of Ontario . It was formed to build transmission lines to supply municipal utilities with electricity generated by private companies already operating at Niagara Falls , and soon developed its own generation resources by buying private generation stations and becoming a major designer and builder of new stations . As most of the readily developed hydroelectric sites became exploited , the corporation expanded into building coal - fired generation and then nuclear - powered facilities . Renamed as `` Ontario Hydro '' in 1974 , by the 1990s it had become one of the largest , fully integrated electricity corporations in North America .", "Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis. The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include petroleum, coal, and natural gas. Other commonly used derivatives include kerosene and propane. Fossil fuels range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquids like petroleum, to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields either alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates.", "The Northwest Territories (also known as NWT; French: \"les Territoires du Nord-Ouest\", \"TNO\"; Athabaskan languages: \"Denendeh\"; Inuinnaqtun: \"Nunatsiaq\"; Inuktitut: ) is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately and a 2011 population of 41,462, it is the second largest and most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.", "Canada's geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. When Canada was formed in 1867, three provinces of British North America New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, on the formation of Canada, was divided into Ontario and Quebec) were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area.", "Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province by a large margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians, and is the second-largest province in total area. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are included. It is home to the nation's capital city, Ottawa, and the nation's most populous city, Toronto.", "Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec; the two form the core of the OttawaGatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) and the National Capital Region (NCR). The 2011 census reported a population of 883,391, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada; and 1,236,324 within the CMA, making it the fourth-largest CMA in Canada. The City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015.", "Nunavut (from Inuktitut: ) is the newest, largest, northernmost, and least populous territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the boundaries had been contemplatively drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949.", "Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means \"change in form\". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary rock, an igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.", "Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Henry Cavendish had independently done so at about the same time, Rutherford is generally accorded the credit because his work was published first. The name \"nitrogen\" was suggested by Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal in 1790, when it was found that nitrogen was present in nitric acid and nitrates; this name derives from the Greek roots \"nitre\" and - \"to form\". Antoine Lavoisier suggested instead the name \"azote\", from the Greek \"no life\", as it is an asphyxiant gas; his name is instead used in many languages, such as French, Russian, and Turkish, and appears in the English names of some nitrogen compounds such as hydrazine, azides and azo compounds.", "Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time." ]

[ "1500", "1772", "1790", "1867", "1967", "1999", "200", "2011", "2015", "391", "650", "960" ]

[ "The Colorado Avalanche are a professional ice hockey team based in Denver, Colorado. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Avalanche are the only team in their division not based in the Central Time Zone; the team is situated in the Mountain Time Zone. Their home arena is Pepsi Center. Their general manager is Joe Sakic.", "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver, Colorado. The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Western Conference Northwest Division. The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association (ABA), but changed its name to Rockets before the first season. It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974. After the name change, the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976, losing to the New York Nets.", "The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the predominant men's professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier men's professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada), and is an active member of USA Basketball (USAB), which is recognized by FIBA (also known as the International Basketball Federation) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States. The NBA is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. NBA players are the world's best paid sportsmen, by average annual salary per player.", "The MLS Cup is the trophy awarded at the conclusion of the MLS Cup final, the post-season championship match of Major League Soccer, the top tier of professional soccer in the United States and Canada. The winner is crowned champion in the same manner as other North American sports leagues (i.e. via a playoff following a regular season). This differs from other top soccer leagues around the world which consider the club with the most points at the end of the season to be the sole champion. MLS honors this achievement with the Supporters' Shield. An American team that wins the MLS Cup is awarded a berth in the following year's CONCACAF Champions League.", "The Confederation of North, Central America and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF) is the continental governing body for association football in North America, that includes Central America and the Caribbean regions. Three South American entitiesthe independent nations of Guyana and Suriname and the French department of French Guianaare also members. CONCACAF's primary functions are to organize competitions for national teams and clubs, and to conduct Men's World Cup and Women's World Cup qualifying tournaments.", "The Los Angeles metropolitan area, also known as Metropolitan Los Angeles or the Southland, is the 18th largest metropolitan area in the world and the second-largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is entirely located in the southern portion of the U.S. State of California.", "Box lacrosse, also known as indoor lacrosse and sometimes shortened to boxla or simply box, is an indoor version of lacrosse played mostly in North America. The game originated in Canada, where it is the most popular version of the game played in contrast to the traditional field lacrosse game. It is played between two teams of five players and one goalie each, and is traditionally played on an ice hockey rink once the ice has been removed or covered. The playing area is called a box, in contrast to the open playing field of field lacrosse. The object of the game is to use a long handled racket, known as a lacrosse stick, to catch, carry, and pass the ball in an effort to score by ultimately hurling a solid rubber lacrosse ball into an opponent's goal.", "The National Football Conference (NFC) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference and its counterpart, the American Football Conference (AFC), currently contain 16 teams each, making up the 32 teams of the NFL. Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger with the rival American Football League (AFL), with all ten of the former AFL teams and three NFL teams forming the AFC while the remaining thirteen NFL clubs formed the NFC. A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total 16 clubs per each conference.", "Pepsi Center is an American multi-purpose arena located in Denver, Colorado. The arena is home to the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA), the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). When not in use by one of Denver's sports teams, the building frequently serves as a concert venue.", "The Mountain Time Zone of North America keeps time by subtracting seven hours from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), during the shortest days of autumn and winter (UTC7), and by subtracting six hours during daylight saving time in the spring, summer, and early autumn (UTC6). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the exact specification for the location of time zones and the dividing lines between zones is set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations at 49 CFR 71.", "The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America. Headquartered in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, the NLL currently has 9 teams with 5 in the United States and 4 in Canada. Unlike other lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from January to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Champion's Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004.", "The City of Commerce City is a Home Rule Municipality located in Adams County, Colorado, United States. Commerce City is a northern suburb of Denver and is the 18th most populous municipality in Colorado. The city population was 45,913 at the 2010 United States Census, a population increase of 118.7% in the ten years since the 2000 census.", "American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada, and also known as gridiron, is a sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, the team with control of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the team without control of the ball, the defense, aims to stop their advance and take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team; if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.", "The National Football League (NFL) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams, divided equally between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America, and the highest professional level of American football in the world. The NFL's 17-week regular season runs from the week after Labor Day to the week after Christmas, with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week. Following the conclusion of the regular season, six teams from each conference (four division winners and two wild card teams) advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl, played between the champions of the NFC and AFC.", "Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: \"Pennsylvaani\"), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle. The commonwealth borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.", "The MLS Cup Playoffs is the postseason elimination tournament of Major League Soccer held at the end of the regular season en route to the MLS Cup, the playoff championship game. Twelve teams in total from the Eastern Conference and Western Conference qualify for the tournament based on regular-season records, and a tiebreaking procedure exists in the case of equal records. Awarding a championship through a postseason tournament differs from most other soccer leagues around the world where the team with the most points at the end of the season is deemed champion. MLS awards the regular-season champions with the Supporters' Shield and a direct berth in the CONCACAF Champions League, the continental tournament. The regular-season champion must be a U.S.-based club in order to receive direct entry to Champions League. Since 2015 Audi is the official sponsor.", "A county is a geographical region of a country used for administrative or other purposes, in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French \"conté\" or \"cunté\" denoting a jurisdiction under the sovereignty of a count (earl) or a viscount. The modern French is \"comté\", and its equivalents in other languages are \"contea\", \"contado\", \"comtat\", \"condado\", \"Grafschaft\", \"graafschap\", \"Gau\", etc. (cf. \"conte\", \"comte\", \"conde\", \"Graf\").", "The Canadian Championshipknown as the Amway Canadian Championship for sponsorship reasonsis an annual soccer tournament contested by premier Canadian professional teams. The winner is awarded the Voyageurs Cup and Canada's berth in the CONCACAF Champions League. As of 2015, it is contested by MLS sides Toronto FC, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, and Montreal Impact, NASL side FC Edmonton and USL side Ottawa Fury FC. It is currently sponsored by Amway Canada and organized by the Canadian Soccer Association.", "The CONCACAF Champions League is an annual continental football club competition organized by CONCACAF for the top football clubs in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The winner of the CONCACAF Champions League qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup. The tournament is officially known as the Scotiabank CONCACAF Champions League due to sponsorship reasons.", "Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location on the lake shore, as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines. Cleveland's economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, and biomedical. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over a land area of just , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. A global power city, New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment, its fast pace defining the term \"New York minute\". Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural and financial capital of the world.", "The Colorado Mammoth are a member of the National Lacrosse League. They have played at Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado, United States, since the 2003 season.", "Denver, officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the \"Mile-High City\" because its official elevation is exactly one mile above sea level, making it one of the highest major cities in the United States. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.\nDenver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With a 2015 estimated population of 682,545, Denver ranks as the 19th-most populous U.S. city, and with a 2.8% increase in 2015, the city is also the fastest growing major city in the United States. The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2,814,330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area. The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3,418,876, which ranks as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area. Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2015 population of 4,757,713. Denver is the most populous city within a radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U.S. News & World Report.", "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent's net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six players each: one goaltender, and five players who skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team.", "St. Louis is an independent city and major U.S. port in the State of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, on the border with Illinois. The city has an estimated 2015 population of 315,685, and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area (home to 2,916,447 people), making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th-largest in the United States.", "Joseph Steven Sakic (born July 7, 1969) is a Canadian professional ice hockey executive and former player. He played his entire 21-year National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche franchise. Named captain of the team in 1992 (after serving as a co-captain in 199091), Sakic is regarded as one of the most capable team leaders in league history and was able to motivate his team to play at a winning level. Sakic led the Avalanche to Stanley Cup titles in 1996 and 2001, being named the most valuable player of the 1996 playoffs, and honored as the MVP of the NHL in 2001 by the hockey writers and his fellow players. As such, he is one of six Avalanche players in franchise history to participate in both of the team's Stanley Cup victories. Sakic was also named to play in 13 NHL All-Star Games and selected to the NHL First All-Star Team at centre three times.", "Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's 10 southernmost counties. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used based on historical political divisions. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.", "Enos Stanley `` Stan '' Kroenke ( / krki / ; born July 29 , 1947 ) is an American business entrepreneur . He is the owner of Kroenke Sports Enterprises , which includes the Denver Nuggets of the NBA , Colorado Avalanche of the NHL , Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer , Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League and the Los Angeles Rams of the NFL ( the Colorado sports properties are in the name of Josh Kroenke , one of his children , to satisfy NFL ownership restrictions that forbid a team owner from owning teams in other markets ) . Kroenke is also the largest shareholder of English football club Arsenal . Kroenke is named after St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famers Enos `` Country '' Slaughter and Stan `` The Man '' Musial . His wife , Ann Walton Kroenke , is the daughter of Walmart co-founder James `` Bud '' Walton . Kroenke was estimated to be worth $ US 7.7 billion by Forbes in 2015 .", "The North American Central Time Zone (CT) is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean.", "Lacrosse is a contact team sport played between two teams using a small rubber ball and a long-handled stick called a \"crosse\" or lacrosse stick. The men's version is considered as a rough sport, with slashes and intense checks to the stick and body. The head of the lacrosse stick is strung with loose mesh designed to catch and hold the lacrosse ball. There are many different ways to put mesh on the head of the stick, also known as \"stringing the stick.\" ", "The original American Basketball Association (ABA) was a major-league professional basketball league founded in 1967. The ABA ceased to exist with the ABANBA merger in 1976.", "California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.", "A mediterranean climate or dry summer climate is the climate typical of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. The lands around the Mediterranean Sea form the largest area where this climate type is found, but it also is found in most of coastal California, in parts of Western and South Australia, in southwestern South Africa, sections of Central Asia, and in central Chile.", "The Supporters' Shield is an annual award given to the Major League Soccer team with the best regular season record, as determined by the MLS points system. The Supporters' Shield has been annually awarded at the MLS Supporters' Summit since 1999, and has been recognized as a major trophy by the league. It echoes the practice of the top European soccer leagues in which the team with the best record is the champion. Since 2006, the Supporters' Shield winner has earned a berth in the CONCACAF Champions League.", "The Colorado Rapids are an American professional men's soccer team, based in the Denver suburb of Commerce City, Colorado. The Rapids compete in Major League Soccer, as a member of the Western Conference in the league. The franchise began play in 1996 as one of the charter clubs in MLS.", "The Los Angeles Rams are a professional American football team based in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The Rams compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division. The Rams franchise has won three NFL championships, and is the only franchise to win championships while representing three different cities (Cleveland in 1945, Los Angeles in 1951, and St. Louis in 1999).", "Los Angeles (Spanish for \"The Angels\"), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over .", "Major League Soccer (MLS) is a men's professional soccer league, sanctioned by U.S. Soccer, that represents the sport's highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada. The league is composed of 22 teams19 in the U.S. and 3 in Canada. The MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games; the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters' Shield. The postseason includes twelve teams competing in the MLS Cup Playoffs through November and December, culminating in the championship game, the MLS Cup. MLS teams also play in other domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U.S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship. MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League.", "The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional ice hockey league currently composed of 31 member clubs. Of the 30 clubs currently playing, 23 are in the United States and 7 in Canada. Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the league playoff champion at the end of each season.", "Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,456,574 on July 1, 2015, an increase of 8.50% since the 2010 United States Census." ]

[ "aba", "america", "an", "are", "asia", "autumn", "bernardino", "beta", "carry", "cherry", "cleveland", "e .", "earl", "else", "french", "german", "home", "i .", "joe", "joseph", "june", "just", "l .", "lies", "louis", "luis", "per", "puck", "rocky", "s .", "stanley", "summer", "u .", "urban", "virginia" ]

[ "Dame Elizabeth Jane Campion (born 30 April 1954) is a New Zealand screenwriter, producer, and director. Campion is the second of four women ever nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and is the firstand thus far, onlyfemale filmmaker in history to receive the Palme d'Or, which she received for directing the acclaimed film \"The Piano\" (1993), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.", "Alice James (August 7, 1848 March 6, 1892) was an American diarist, sister of novelist Henry James and philosopher William James. Her relationship with William was unusually close, and she seems to have been badly affected by his marriage. James suffered lifelong psychological problems, that were generally dismissed as hysteria, in the style of the day. She is best known for her published diaries, which reveal much about her obsessions and mental imbalance. They display sharp insights into psychosomatic illness as a deliberate flight from reality.", "A screenplay writer, screenwriter for short, scriptwriter or scenarist is a writer who practices the craft of screenwriting, writing screenplays on which mass media such as films, television programs, comics or video games are based.", "William James (January 11, 1842 August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist who was also trained as a physician. The first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States, James was one of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century and is believed by many to be one of the most influential philosophers the United States has ever produced, while others have labeled him the \"Father of American psychology\".", "The Piano is a 1993 New Zealand drama film about a mute piano player and her daughter. Set during the mid-19th century in a rainy, muddy frontier backwater town on the west coast of New Zealand, it revolves around the piano player's passion for playing the piano and her efforts to regain her piano after it is sold. \"The Piano\" was written and directed by Jane Campion, and stars Holly Hunter, Harvey Keitel, Sam Neill, and Anna Paquin in her first acting role. The film's score for the piano by Michael Nyman became a best-selling soundtrack album, and Hunter played her own piano pieces for the film. She also served as sign language teacher for Paquin, earning three screen credits. The film is an international co-production by Australian producer Jan Chapman with the French company Ciby 2000.", "The Portrait of a Lady is a 1996 film adaptation of Henry James 's novel The Portrait of a Lady directed by Jane Campion . The story was also previously a Broadway play , which opened in December 1954 , with Barbara O'Neil in the role of Madame Serena Merle . The film stars Nicole Kidman , Barbara Hershey , John Malkovich , Mary - Louise Parker , Martin Donovan , Shelley Duvall , Richard E. Grant , Shelley Winters , Viggo Mortensen , Valentina Cervi , Christian Bale , and John Gielgud .", "Henry James, OM ( ) was an American-born British writer. He is regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.", "The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James, first published as a serial in \"The Atlantic Monthly\" and \"Macmillan's Magazine\" in 188081 and then as a book in 1881. It is one of James's most popular long novels and is regarded by critics as one of his finest.", "Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin) and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Literary realism, in contrast to idealism, attempts to represent familiar things as they are. Realist authors chose to depict everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of using a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation." ]

[ "drama", "drama film", "flight", "history", "james", "magazine", "march", "portrait", "psychology", "realism", "screenplay", "serial", "television", "video" ]

[ "Mammals are any vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin \"mamma\" \"breast\"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles and birds by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones and mammary glands. The sister group of mammals may be the extinct \"Haldanodon.\" The mammals represent the only living Synapsida, which together with the Sauropsida form the Amniota clade. The mammals consist of the Yinotheria including monotrema and the Theriiformes including the theria.", "Synapsids (Greek, 'fused arch'), synonymous with theropsids (Greek, 'beast-face'), are a group of animals that includes mammals and every animal more closely related to mammals than to other living amniotes. They are easily separated from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each; this accounts for their name. Primitive synapsids are usually called pelycosaurs or pelycosaur-grade synapsids; more advanced mammal-like ones, therapsids. The non-mammalian members are described as mammal-like reptiles in classical systematics; they can also be called stem mammals or proto-mammals. Synapsids evolved from basal amniotes and are one of the two major groups of the later amniotes; the other is the sauropsids, a group that includes modern reptiles and birds. The distinctive temporal fenestra developed in the ancestral synapsid about 312 million years ago, during the Late Carboniferous period.", "Dinocephalia is a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished for a brief time in the Middle Permian between 272 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct leaving no descendants. Dinocephalians included both herbivorous and carnivorous forms. Many species had thickened skulls with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalian fossils are known from Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.", "In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Wordian lasted between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian.", "In the geologic timescale, the Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian (from in the Liangshan area of Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian epoch or series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between and million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Capitanian and followed by the Changhsingian.", "The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to \"Wide Bantu\", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and \"Ethnologue\" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).", "Therapsida is a group of synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors. Many of the traits today seen as unique to mammals had their origin within early therapsids, including having their four limbs extend vertically beneath the body, as opposed to the sprawling posture of other reptiles. The earliest fossil attributed to Therapsida is \"Tetraceratops insignis\" from the Lower Permian. ", "Reptiles are tetrapod (four-limbed vertebrate) animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives. The study of these traditional reptile orders, historically combined with that of modern amphibians, is called herpetology.", "In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian epoch or series. The Capitanian lasted between and . It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian.", "Keratocephalus ( `` horned head '' ) is an extinct genus of tapinocephalian therapsid from the early Capitanian age of South Africa . It was found in the Lower and Middle Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Karoo deposits , in the Lower Beaufort Beds in Beaufort West .", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.", "Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland (or ; Swazi: \"Umbuso weSwatini\"; sometimes called kaNgwane or Eswatini), is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south. The country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified.", "Lesotho, officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is an enclaved, landlocked country in southern Africa completely surrounded by South Africa. It is just over in size and has a population slightly over two million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. ", "Tapinocephalia is one of the major groups of dinocephalian therapsids and the major herbivorous group. Tapinocephalia is thought to consist of three clades: Styracocephalidae, Titanosuchidae, and the very successful Tapinocephalidae. Notable tapinocephalians include \"Moschops\", \"Tapinocephalus\", and \"Titanosuchus\"." ]

[ "branch", "class", "form", "group", "kingdom", "series", "species", "variety" ]

[ "Vilnius (see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania and its largest city, with a population of 542,664 . Vilnius is located in the southeast part of Lithuania and is the second largest city in the Baltic states. Vilnius is the seat of the main government institutions of Lithuania as well as of the Vilnius District Municipality. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies, and is known for the architecture in its Old Town, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. Its Jewish influence until the 20th century has led to it being described as the \"Jerusalem of Lithuania\" and Napoleon named it \"the Jerusalem of the North\" as he was passing through in 1812. In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with the Austrian city of Linz.", "Senieji Trakai ( literally : Old Trakai ) is a historic Lithuanian village located 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) east of Trakai . According to the census of 2001 , it has 1501 inhabitants . The Saint Petersburg -- Warsaw Railway passes through Senieji Trakai . The central part of the village is proclaimed an architectural reserve . The main street is dominated by uniform wooden houses , facing it with two - windowed sides .", "Trakai District Municipality is one of 60 municipalities in Lithuania.", "The Poles (; singular masculine: \"Polak\", singular feminine: \"Polka\") are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland. The population of Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,538,000 (based on the 2011 census). Poland's population inhabits several historic regions, including Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Silesia, Pomerania, Kuyavia, Warmia (Ermland), Masuria, and Podlachia.", "Russians (\"russkiye\") are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and other former Soviet states such as Belarus. A large Russian diaspora exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe.", "The Tatars are a Turkic people living in Asia and Europe who were one of the five major tribal confederations (\"khanlig\") in the Mongolian plateau in the 12th century CE. The name \"Tatar\" first appears in written form on the Kul Tigin monument as (\"TaTaR\"). Historically, the term \"Tatars\" was applied to a variety of Turco-Mongol semi-nomadic empires who controlled the vast region known as Tartary. More recently, however, the term refers more narrowly to people who speak one of the Turkic languages.", "Trakai ((see names section for alternate and historic names) is a historic city and lake resort in Lithuania. It lies west of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Because of its proximity to Vilnius, Trakai is a popular tourist destination. Trakai is the administrative centre of Trakai district municipality. The town covers of area and, according to 2007 estimates, is inhabited by 5,357 people. A notable feature of Trakai is that the town was built and preserved by people of different nationalities. Historically, communities of Karaims, Tatars, Lithuanians, Russians, Jews and Poles lived here.", "Lithuania (UK and US: ), officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden and Denmark. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people , and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. Lithuanians are a Baltic people. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of only two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.", "A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds, though there are no official or scientific definitions. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams.", "Lithuanians (singular \"lietuvis/lietuv\") are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people. Another million or more make up the Lithuanian diaspora, largely found in countries such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Russia, United Kingdom and Ireland. Their native language is Lithuanian, one of only two surviving members of the Baltic language family. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.45% of the population of Lithuania identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.74% as Poles, 6.31% as Russians, 1.23% as Belarusians, and 2.27% as members of other ethnic groups. Most Lithuanians belong to the Roman Catholic Church, while the Lietuvininkai who lived in the northern part of East Prussia prior to World War II, were mostly Evangelical Lutherans." ]

[ "argentina", "basin", "canada", "centre", "district", "east", "europe", "germany", "ireland", "israel", "kaliningrad", "kaliningrad oblast", "kazakhstan", "latvia", "linz", "lithuania", "most", "northern", "of", "old town", "poland", "prussia", "russia", "southwest", "trakai", "trakai district municipality", "vilnius", "west" ]

[ "North Malabar refers to the historic and geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala's present day Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, the Mananthavady taluk of Wayanad District, the taluks of Koyilandy and Vatakara in the Kozhikode District of Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of the Union Territory of Puducherry.", "Thiruvananthapuram (\"Tiruvaantapuram\"), formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the \"Evergreen city of India\", it is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India.", "Talap is a suburb of Kannur on NH 17 in Kerala in southern India. Talap is the nearest town or village in kannur district. Whilst seen predominantly residential, Talap has many prominent educational and health institutions in Kannur. It is also famous for its cultural and religious heritage. With the city expanding, Talap is one of the hotspots of commercial activity in Kannur.", "Kannur East is suburb of Kannur city in Kerala , India .", "Malayalam is a language spoken in India, predominantly in the state of Kerala. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was designated as a Classical Language in India in 2013. It was developed to the current form mainly by the influence of the poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan in the 16th century. Malayalam has official language status in the state of Kerala and in the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry. It belongs to the Dravidian family of languages and is spoken by some 38 million people. Malayalam is also spoken in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka; with significant speakers in the Nilgiris, Kanyakumari and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu, and Dakshina Kannada of Karnataka.", "Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the largest urban area in the state and 195th largest urban area in the world. The city lies about 275 km west of Bangalore. The greater Calicut urban area in the Malabar coast is the part of the ninth biggest urban area in the world and the second biggest in India after the greater Kolkatta urban area, which constitute of the northern Kerala region or the Malabar coast.\nCity of spices.\nDuring classical antiquity and the Middle Ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the \"City of Spices\" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in the Middle Ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar District under British rule. Arab merchants traded with the region as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on 20 May 1498, thus opening a trade route between Europe and Malabar. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (15111525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructing a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of its occupation of the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode, once a famous cotton-weaving centre, gave its name to the Calico cloth.", "Kerala, historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions. Spread over , it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest state by population and is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.", "Indian Railways (reporting mark IR) is a state-owned railway company, responsible for rail transport in India. It is owned and operated by the Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising of track over a route of and 7,112 stations. In 2015-16, IR carried 8.101 billion passengers annually or more than 22 million passengers a day and 1.107 billion tons of freight in the year. In 20142015 Indian Railways had revenues of which consists of from freight and from passengers tickets.", "India, officially the Republic of India (\"Bhrat Gaarjya\"), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country (with over 1.2 billion people), and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Its capital is New Delhi; other metropolises include Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad.", "Kannur (Malayalam: ), also known by its English name Cannanore, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Kannur district, state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur District and situated 518 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. During British rule in India, Kannur was known as Cannanore, which is used now only by the Indian Railways. It is largest city of the North Malabar region.Talap is the nearest village or town next to railway station. Kannur is one of the million-plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011,Kannur on the other hand is the 4th largest city after Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram and Kochi.", "Kannur District is one of the 14 districts along the west coast in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters and gives the district its name. The old name, Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name \"Kannur\". Kannur district is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode district to the south and Wayanad District to the southeast. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with the state of Karnataka (Kodagu district). The Arabian Sea lies to the west. The district was established in 1957." ]

[ "ahmedabad", "bangalore", "bhutan", "centre", "chennai", "coimbatore", "dakshina kannada", "delhi", "district", "east", "evergreen", "fort", "hyderabad", "india", "indian", "indonesia", "kannur district", "kanyakumari", "karnataka", "kerala", "kozhikode", "kozhikode district", "lakshadweep", "mainland", "maldives", "mysore", "north", "of", "post", "puducherry", "south", "south india", "southwest", "thailand", "thiruvananthapuram", "union", "wayanad district", "west" ]

[ "Alternative for Change (- AC), formerly known as \"Christian Alternative,\" is a Nicaraguan political party.", "Mercedes Tenorio ( born November 11 , 1956 , Rivas ) , a Nicaraguan nurse , was Edén Pastora 's running mate in the Nicaraguan general election , 2006 for the Alternative for Change party . Tenorio was an active member of the Sandinista Health Workers ' Federation ( FETSALUD ) .", "Nicaragua held a general election on November 5, 2006. The country's voters went to the polls to elect a new President of the Republic and 90 members of the National Assembly, all of whom will serve five-year terms. Daniel Ortega (FSLN) won the race with 37.99% of the vote, Eduardo Montealegre (ALN) trailing with 28.30%, José Rizo (PLC) with 27.1%, Edmundo Jarquín (MRS) with 6.29%, and Edén Pastora (AC) with just 0.29%.", "Eduardo Montealegre Rivas (born May 9, 1955) is a Nicaraguan politician. He ran for president in the 2006 general election as the candidate of the Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance (ALN-PC) a spin-off of the Constitutional Liberal Party (PLC) in alliance with other liberal parties and the Conservative Party. He finished in second place after Daniel Ortega, receiving 28.3% of the vote.", "Edmundo Jarquín (born in Ocotal, September 1946) is a Nicaraguan politician. He was the vice presidential running-mate of Herty Lewites, who was the presidential candidate for the MRS Sandinista Renovation Movement in the 2006 elections until his death on July 2, 2006. Edmundo Jarquín became the presidential candidate for the MRS following Lewites's death. He chose Carlos Mejía Godoy to be his running mate.", "Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus. Nicaragua's capital, Managua, is the country's largest city and the third-largest city in Central America. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the eastern coast speak their own languages.", "José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (born November 11, 1944) is a Nicaraguan politician who has been President of Nicaragua since 2007; previously he was leader of Nicaragua from 1979 to 1990, first as Coordinator of the Junta of National Reconstruction (19791985) and then as President (19851990). A leader in the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front (\"Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional\", \"FSLN\"), his policies in government have seen the implementation of leftist reforms across Nicaragua.", "Edén Atanacio Pastora Gómez (born in Ciudad Darío January 22, 1937) is a Nicaraguan politician and former guerrilla who ran for president as the candidate of the Alternative for Change (AC) party in the 2006 general elections. In the years prior to the fall of the Somoza regime, Pastora was the leader of the Southern Front, the largest militia in southern Nicaragua, second only to the FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front) in the north. Pastora was nicknamed \"Comandante Cero\" (\"Commander Zero\")." ]

[ "candidate", "general", "guerrilla", "leader", "nicaragua", "politician", "president" ]

[ "The Looking Glass War is a 1965 spy novel by John le Carré about a British intelligence agency known as the Department and its attempts to infiltrate an agent into East Germany.", "The Russia House is a spy novel by John le Carré published in 1989. The title refers to the nickname given to the portion of the British Secret Intelligence Service that was devoted to spying on the Soviet Union. A film based on the novel was released in 1990, starring Sean Connery and Michelle Pfeiffer, and directed by Fred Schepisi. The BBC also produced a radio play which starred Tom Baker.", "Smiley's People is a spy novel by John le Carré, published in 1979. Featuring British master-spy George Smiley, it is the third and final novel of the \"Karla Trilogy\", following \"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\" and \"The Honourable Schoolboy\". George Smiley is called out of retirement to investigate the death of one of his old agents: a former Soviet general, the head of an Estonian émigré organisation based in London. Smiley learns the general had discovered information that will lead to a final confrontation with Smiley's nemesis, the Soviet spymaster Karla.", "George Smiley is a fictional character created by John le Carré. Smiley is a career intelligence officer with \"The Circus\", the British overseas intelligence agency. He is a central character in the novels \"Call for the Dead\", \"A Murder of Quality\", \"Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy\", \"The Honourable Schoolboy\", and \"Smiley's People\", and a supporting character in \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\", \"The Looking Glass War\" and \"The Secret Pilgrim\".", "The Honourable Schoolboy (1977) is a spy novel by John le Carré. George Smiley must reconstruct an intelligence service in order to run a successful offensive espionage operation to save the service from being dismantled by the government.", "A spymaster is the leader of a spy ring, run by a secret service.", "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is a 1963 Cold War spy novel by British author John le Carré. It depicts a British agent being sent to East Germany as a faux defector to sow disinformation about a powerful East German intelligence officer. With the aid of his unwitting English girlfriend, an idealistic communist, he allows himself to be recruited by the East Germans, but soon his charade unravels and he admits to still being a British agenta revelation that perversely achieves the ultimate objective of the mission.", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy is a 1974 spy novel by British author John le Carré. It follows the endeavors of taciturn, ageing spymaster George Smiley to uncover a Soviet mole in the British Secret Intelligence Service. Since the time of its publication, the novel has received critical acclaim for its complex social commentary and lack of sensationalism, and remains a staple of the spy fiction genre.", "Toby Esterhase is a fictional character in John le Carré 's George Smiley spy novels including Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ; The Honourable Schoolboy ; and Smiley 's People , as well as some of the stories in The Secret Pilgrim . He is a high - ranking officer in `` the Circus '' ( a British secret intelligence agency ) , eventually becoming head of `` lamplighters . ''", "The Secret Pilgrim is a 1990 novel, set within the frame narrative of a series of lectures by John le Carré's George Smiley, famous only within the 'Circus'. The memoirs, narrated by Ned, a former Smiley protege, are, except for the last, triggered by tangential comments from the man himself in lectures given at Sarratt, the spy-training college which Ned runs. However, they are primarily accounts of Ned's own experiences rather than of Smiley's. Ned, who does not give his surname, represents himself as the head of the Russia House in \"The Russia House\", disgraced by the defection of Barley Blair and hence condemned to a semi-retirement in charge of Sarratt. \"The Secret Pilgrim\" is effectively a collection of short stories, tied together as Ned's recollection. Many of them are recognisable anecdotes or urban legends within the British Intelligence community.", "David John Moore Cornwell, alias John le Carré , (born 19 October 1931) is a British author of espionage novels. During the 1950s and the 1960s, he worked for the Security Service and the Secret Intelligence Service, and began writing novels under his pen name. His third novel, \"The Spy Who Came in from the Cold\" (1963), became an international best-seller, and remains one of his best-known works. Following the success of this novel, he left MI6 to become a full-time author.", "Spy fiction, a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device, emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies.", "Call for the Dead is John le Carré's first novel, published in 1961. It introduces George Smiley, the most famous of le Carré's recurring characters, in a story about East German spies inside Great Britain. It also introduces a fictional version of British Intelligence, called \"the Circus\" because of its location in Cambridge Circus, that is apparently based on MI6 and that recurs throughout le Carré's spy novels." ]

[ "secret intelligence service", "spy" ]

[ "In electronic systems and computing, firmware is a type of software that provides control, monitoring and data manipulation of engineered products and systems. Typical examples of devices containing firmware are embedded systems (such as traffic lights, consumer appliances, remote controls and digital watches), computers, computer peripherals, mobile phones, and digital cameras. The firmware contained in these devices provides the low-level control program for the device. As of 2013, most firmware can be updated.", "In typography, a serif is a small line attached to the end of a stroke in a letter or symbol. A typeface with serifs is called a serif typeface (or serifed typeface). A typeface without serifs is called sans serif or sans-serif, from the French \"sans\", meaning \"without\". Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as \"Grotesque\" (in German \"grotesk\") or \"Gothic\", and serif typefaces as \"Roman\".", "In typography, a glyph is an elemental symbol within an agreed set of symbols, intended to represent a readable character for the purposes of writing. As such, glyphs are considered to be unique marks that collectively add up to the spelling of a word, or otherwise contribute to a specific meaning of what is written, with that meaning dependent on cultural and social usage.", "X (named \"ex\" , plural \"exes\") is the 24th and antepenultimate letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.", "In typography, small capitals (usually abbreviated small caps) are uppercase (\"capital\") characters set at the same height and weight as surrounding lowercase (\"small\") letters or text figures. They are used in running text to prevent capitalized words from appearing too large on the page, and as a method of emphasis or distinctiveness for text alongside or instead of italics, or when boldface is inappropriate. For example, the all-caps TEXT IN CAPS appears as in small caps. They can be used to draw attention to the opening phrase or line of a new section of text, or to provide an additional style in a dictionary entry where many parts must be typographically differentiated.", "Computer hardware is the collection of physical components that constitute a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic card, sound card, memory (RAM), motherboard, and so on, all of which are tangible physical objects. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.", "System 7 (codenamed \"Big Bang\" and sometimes retrospectively called Mac OS 7) is a single-user graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and was part of the classic Mac OS line of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997. Features added with the System 7 release included virtual memory, personal file sharing, QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, and an improved user interface.", "Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing (leading), and letter-spacing (tracking), and adjusting the space between pairs of letters (kerning). The term typography is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. Type design is a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography; most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers. Typography also may be used as a decorative device, unrelated to communication of information.", "A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the program's instructions in a central processing unit.", "In typography, a typeface (also known as font family) is a set of one or more fonts each composed of glyphs that share common design features. Each font of a typeface has a specific weight, style, condensation, width, slant, italicization, ornamentation, and designer or foundry (and formerly size, in metal fonts). For example, \"ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic\" means the bold, condensed-width, italic version of ITC Garamond. It is a different font from \"ITC Garamond Condensed Italic\" and \"ITC Garamond Bold Condensed,\" but all are fonts within the same typeface, \"ITC Garamond.\" ITC Garamond is a different typeface from \"Adobe Garamond\" or \"Monotype Garamond.\" (These are all alternative updates or digitisations of the typeface Garamond, originally created in the 16th century.)\nThere are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly.", "I (named \"i\" , plural \"ies\") is the ninth letter and the third vowel in the ISO basic Latin alphabet.", "In typography and lettering, a sans-serif, sans serif, gothic, or simply sans letterform is one that does not have extending features called \"serifs\" at the end of strokes. Sans-serif fonts tend to have less line width variation than serif fonts. In most print, they are often used for headings rather than for body text. They are often used to convey simplicity and modernity or minimalism.", "An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function.", "Capitals is a serif font composed entirely of capital letters . Uppercase keystrokes produced normal capitals , while lowercase produced a small caps variant . Capitals was one of the available operating system fonts that could be applied to the Macintosh operating system using the Appearance Manager .", "In the classic Mac OS, the Appearance Manager controlled the overall look of the Mac GUI widgets and supported several themes. The Appearance Manager was originally developed for Apple's failed Copland project, but with the cancellation of this project the system was moved into newer versions of the Mac OS, notably bundled with Mac OS 8 and 9. However, the Appearance Manager is also available free as part of a downloadable SDK for System 7. The current version of the operating system, macOS, no longer directly supports the Appearance Manager.", "Text figures (also known as non-lining, lowercase, old style, ranging, hanging, medieval, billing, or antique figures or numerals) are numerals typeset with varying heights in a fashion that resembles a typical line of running text, hence the name. They are contrasted with lining figures (also called titling or modern figures), which are the same height as upper-case letters.", "In metal typesetting, a font is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface. Each font was a matched set of type, one piece (called a \"sort\") for each glyph, and a typeface consisting of a range of fonts that shared an overall design.", "System software, or systems software, is computer software designed to provide services to other software. Examples of system software include \"operating systems\", computational science software, game engines, industrial automation, and software as a service applications." ]

[ "alphabet", "apple", "capital", "case", "central processing unit", "century", "character", "communication", "computer hardware", "computer program", "craft", "data", "device", "family", "fashion", "file", "firmware", "function", "game", "glyph", "gui", "information", "interface", "latin alphabet", "letter", "line", "metal", "monitor", "opening", "operating system", "page", "point", "sans", "science", "sharing", "single", "size", "software", "software as a service", "space", "style", "system", "term", "text", "typeface", "typography", "variation", "vowel", "word", "writing" ]

[ "Napoleon Bonaparte (\"Napoléon Bonaparte\"; , born \"\"Napoleone di Buonaparte\"\"; 15 August 1769 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. One of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy has ensured his status as one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.", "Minnesota (locally ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". Its official motto is \"L'Étoile du Nord\" (French: \"Star of the North\").\nMinnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the MinneapolisSaint Paul metropolitan area (known as the \"Twin Cities\"), the center of transportation, business, industry, education, and government and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.\nMinnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the large majority of the European settlers emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany, and the state remains a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesota's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation.", "A double entendre is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to be understood in either of two ways, having a double meaning. Typically one of the meanings is obvious, given the context whereas the other may require more thought. The innuendo may convey a message that would be socially awkward, sexually suggestive, or offensive to state directly (the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" describes a double entendre as being used to \"convey an indelicate meaning\", whilst Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines it as \"a word or phrase that may be understood in two different ways, one of which is often sexual\").", "The Northwest Territories (also known as NWT; French: \"les Territoires du Nord-Ouest\", \"TNO\"; Athabaskan languages: \"Denendeh\"; Inuinnaqtun: \"Nunatsiaq\"; Inuktitut: ) is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately and a 2011 population of 41,462, it is the second largest and most populous of the three territories in Northern Canada. Its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the territorial capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission.", "An earl is a member of the nobility. The title is Anglo-Saxon in origin, akin to the Scandinavian form jarl, and meant \"chieftain\", particularly a chieftain set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it became obsolete in the Middle Ages and was replaced by duke (\"hertig\"/\"hertug\"/\"hertog\"). In later medieval Britain, it became the equivalent of the continental count (in England in the earlier period, it was more akin to a duke; in Scotland it assimilated the concept of mormaer). However, earlier in Scandinavia, \"jarl\" could also mean a sovereign prince. For example, the rulers of several of the petty kingdoms of Norway had the title of \"jarl\" and in many cases they had no less power than their neighbours who had the title of king. Alternative names for the \"Earl/Count\" rank in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as Hakushaku during the Japanese Imperial era.", "Word play or wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which the words that are used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Examples of word play include puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, clever rhetorical excursions, oddly formed sentences, double entendres, and telling character names (such as in the play \"The Importance of Being Earnest\", \"Ernest\" being a given name that sounds exactly like the adjective \"earnest\").", "Professor James Moriarty is a fictional character in some of the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Moriarty is a criminal mastermind whom Holmes describes as the \"Napoleon of crime\". Doyle lifted the phrase from a Scotland Yard inspector who was referring to Adam Worth, a real-life criminal mastermind and one of the individuals upon whom the character of Moriarty was based. The character was introduced primarily as a narrative device to enable Conan Doyle to kill Sherlock Holmes, and only featured in two of the Sherlock Holmes stories. However, in many adaptations, he has been given a greater prominence and treated as Holmes' archenemy.", "Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three prairie provinces (with Alberta and Saskatchewan) and Canada's fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers with a widely varied landscape. The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west, the territories of Nunavut to the north, and Northwest Territories to the northwest, and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south.", "The Adventures of Shirley Holmes is a Canadian mystery TV series that originally aired from 1997 to 2000 . The show was created by Ellis Iddon and Phil Meagher ( of Winklemania Productions , UK ) who had produced a successful series of books with Harper Collins , teaming up with Credo and Forefront to develop the TV series . Filmed in Winnipeg , Manitoba , the series follows the life of Shirley Holmes , the great - grandniece of Sherlock Holmes who , with the help of ex-gang member Bo Sawchuk , tackles a variety of mysteries in and around the fictional Canadian city of Redington . On some occasions , she found herself matching wits with nemesis Molly Hardy ( whose name is a word play on Sherlock Holmes ' archenemy Professor Moriarty ) . The show has been broadcast in over 80 countries and has been dubbed in French , Spanish , Italian , Portuguese , German , Norwegian , Russian , Serbian , Polish and Turkish . Her performance in the show led to actress Meredith Henderson being nominated for a Gemini Award in 1998 and winning one in 1999 . The show itself was twice nominated for a Gemini Award in the category `` Best Children 's or Youth Program or Series '' in 1998 and eventually won it in 1999 . In the spring of 1998 Susin Nielsen won a Gemini Award in the category `` Best Writing in a Children 's or Youth Program '' for her screenplay of the episode `` The Case of the Burning Building '' . In the same year , Elizabeth Stewart won a WGC Award from the Writers Guild of Canada for her writing of the episode `` The Case of the Maestro 's Ghost '' . Credo spokesperson and producer Kim Todd named a growth spurt in the cast as one of the key reasons for cancelling the show . The aging of the actors would have meant a distinct change in tone and content had the show continued .", "Adam Worth (18448 January 1902) was a German-born American criminal. Scotland Yard Detective Robert Anderson nicknamed him \"the Napoleon of the criminal world\", This is widely considered the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional criminal mastermind James Moriarty in the Sherlock Holmes series, whom Conan Doyle calls \"The Napoleon of Crime\".", "Nunavut (from Inuktitut: ) is the newest, largest, northernmost, and least populous territory of Canada. It was separated officially from the Northwest Territories on April 1, 1999, via the Nunavut Act and the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act, though the boundaries had been contemplatively drawn in 1993. The creation of Nunavut resulted in the first major change to Canada's political map since the incorporation of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador in 1949.", "The Canadian titles debate has been ongoing since the presentation to the Canadian House of Commons of the Nickle Resolution in 1917. This resolution marked the earliest attempt to establish a Canadian government policy requesting the sovereign not to grant knighthoods, baronetcies, and peerages to Canadians and set the precedent for later policies restricting Canadians from accepting titles from foreign countries. Dissatisfaction with the British honours system led to the gradual creation of a separate system for Canada.", "Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton." ]

[ "english", "french", "german", "inuktitut", "japanese" ]

[ "Colin Newman (born 16 September 1954) is an English musician, record producer and record label owner. He is best known as the primary vocalist and songwriter for the post-punk band Wire.", "Ash International is a British record company and audio - visual organisation started in 1993 by Mike Harding and Robin Rimbaud . In 1995 Robin Rimbaud left to pursue his music group Scanner full - time . Ash International is part of the Touch organisation , founded by Jon Wozencroft in 1981 . In 1998 , after the release of Ash 3.9 ( a compact disc by Edvard Graham Lewis ) , Ash International was killed off and reborn as Ash International ( R.I.P. ) . As it is essentially a continuation of the same label , discographies list both Ash International and Ash International ( R.I.P. ) releases . The experimental music magazine EST ( Summer 1996 issue ) described Ash International releases as existing `` somewhere in the gap between post-industrial and techno , with releases ranging from the notorious ( Scanner ) to the relatively accessible ( S.E.T.I. , Aurobindo ) to the hopelessly idiosyncratic ( Runaway Train , Mesmer ) . ''", "Minimal Compact was an Israeli rock band associated with the post-punk and indie rock movement of the 1980s. ", "Robin Rimbaud (born 1964) is an electronic musician who works under the name Scanner due to his use of cell phone and police scanners in live performance. He is also a member of the band Githead with Wire's Colin Newman and Malka Spigel and Max Franken from Minimal Compact.", "Githead is a musical collaboration that includes Wire's Colin Newman as well as electronic musician Robin Rimbaud (Scanner) alongside ex-Minimal Compact members Malka Spigel and Max Franken.", "Malka Spigel is an Israeli-born, London-based musician and artist. She was founding member of the Israeli-Belgian rock band Minimal Compact. She has also worked as a solo musician and as a visual artist, exhibiting in prominent venues such as The Irish Museum of Modern Art and the Royal Festival Hall. She is a member of Githead along with husband Colin Newman, Robin Rimbaud and fellow Minimal Compact refugee Max Franken.", "Electronic Musician is a monthly magazine published by NewBay Media featuring articles on synthesizers, music production and electronic musicians.", "Max Franken is the drummer of Minimal Compact, a rock band that achieved success in Europe in the 1980s. Born in Amsterdam, he is the only non-Israeli member of the band." ]

[ "band", "festival", "magazine", "member", "monthly magazine", "museum", "music", "musical", "musician", "name", "performance", "production", "record label", "rock", "september" ]

[ "Sounds of the Universe is the twelfth studio album by English electronic music band Depeche Mode, released on 17 April 2009 by Mute Records. It was supported by the 200910 concert tour Tour of the Universe. Three singles were released from the album; \"Wrong\", \"Peace\", and a double A-side of \"Fragile Tension\" and \"Hole to Feed\". \"Perfect\" was also released in the US as a promotional single.", "Ben Hillier is a British songwriter and pop - rock music producer who is part of the creative team 140dB . He has produced such popular and critically acclaimed albums as Playing the Angel , Sounds of the Universe and Delta Machine by Depeche Mode , Think Tank by Blur , Some Cities by Doves and Cast of Thousands by Elbow .", "Cast of Thousands is the second album by English alternative rock band Elbow, released on 18 August 2003 in the UK and on 27 January 2004 in the US by V2 Records. The album title refers to the song \"Grace Under Pressure\", whose refrain was recorded live at the Glastonbury Festival in 2002, as sung by the audience during the band's set. Participants were then invited to register their names at the Elbow website, with all responders gaining a 'credit' on the album sleeve. The US version of the album contains two additional songs: \"Whisper Grass\" (which was a B-side to first single \"Fallen Angel\") and \"Lay Down Your Cross\" (a B-side to third single \"Not a Job\"). The Japanese version includes \"Whisper Grass\" and \"Brave New Shave\" (another \"Fallen Angel\" B-side) as bonus tracks.", "A Broken Frame is the second studio album by the British electronic band Depeche Mode, released in 1982. The album was written entirely by Martin Gore and recorded after the departure of Vince Clarke, who had left the band to form Yazoo with singer Alison Moyet. Alan Wilder was part of a second tour in the United Kingdom occurring prior to the release of this album, but he had not officially joined the band yet, and thus, does not appear on the album.", "Mute Records (simply known and stylized as mute) is a British record label owned and founded in 1978 by Daniel Miller. It featured several prominent musical acts on its roster such as Depeche Mode, Erasure, Fad Gadget, Goldfrapp, Grinderman, Inspiral Carpets, Moby, New Order, Nitzer Ebb, Wire, Yeasayer, and Yazoo.", "Some Cities is the third studio album by the British indie rock band Doves. The album was released by Heavenly Records on 21 February 2005, and became the band's second consecutive album to top the UK Albums Chart at number 1. \"Some Cities\" was conceived as a rawer, stripped-down record, and conceptually touches upon the physical changes of the band's hometown of Manchester, as well as emotional transformations. The album features the band's second-highest charting single, \"Black and White Town\", which peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart.", "The UK Singles Chart (currently entitled Official Singles Chart) is compiled by the Official Charts Company (OCC), on behalf of the British record industry, listing the top-selling singles in the United Kingdom, based upon physical sales, paid-for downloads and streaming. To be eligible for the chart, a single is currently defined by the Official Charts Company (OCC) as either a 'single bundle' having no more than four tracks and not lasting longer than 25 minutes or one digital audio track not longer than 15 minutes with a minimum sale price of 40 pence. The rules have changed many times as technology has developed, the most notable being the inclusion of digital downloads in 2005 and streaming in 2014.", "Electronic music is music that employs electronic musical instruments and electronic music technology in its production, an electronic musician being a musician who composes and/or performs such music. In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, and the electric guitar. Purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer.", "\"Black and White Town\" is the lead single on Doves' third album, \"Some Cities\". The single was released as a promo CD on 13 December 2004, and as a full single on 7 February 2005. The song scored the band their second Top 10 hit, charting at #6 on the UK Singles Chart. The atmospheric single is noted for its heavy piano and guitars played in unison, with Andy Williams' percussion maintaining a driving beat. The music video for \"Black and White Town\" was filmed on the Summerston council estate in Glasgow. There also exists a \"director's cut\" of the video, featuring different footage, which can be found on the DVD in the limited edition box set version of the \"Some Cities\" album.", "David \"Dave\" Gahan (born David Callcott; 9 May 1962) is an English singer-songwriter, best known as the baritone lead singer for the electronic music band Depeche Mode since their debut in 1980. He is also an accomplished solo artist, releasing albums in 2003 (\"Paper Monsters\") and 2007 (\"Hourglass\"). Though his bandmate Martin Gore continues to be the main Depeche Mode songwriter, Gahan has also contributed a number of songs to the band's most recent albums; \"Playing the Angel\" (2005), \"Sounds of the Universe\" (2009) and \"Delta Machine\" (2013). Three of these songs were released as singles, including \"Suffer Well\" in 2005, \"Hole to Feed\" in 2009, and \"Should Be Higher\" in 2013. In 2012 and 2015, he also contributed lyrics and sang lead vocals on the Soulsavers albums \"The Light the Dead See\" and \"Angels & Ghosts\". \"Q\" magazine ranked Gahan no. 73 on the list of the \"100 Greatest Singers\" and no. 27 on \"The 100 Greatest Frontmen\".", "Alan Charles Wilder (born 1 June 1959) is an English musician, composer, arranger and record producer, known as a former member of the electronic band Depeche Mode from 1982 to 1995. Since his departure from the band, the musical project called Recoil became his primary musical enterprise, which initially started as a side project to Depeche Mode in 1986. Wilder has also provided production and remixing services to the bands Nitzer Ebb and Curve.\nHe is a classically trained musician and renowned contemporary music producer.", "V2 Records (or V2 Music) is a record label that was purchased by Universal Music Group in 2007, and then by PIAS Entertainment Group in 2013.", "Martin Lee Gore (born 23 July 1961) is an English singer-songwriter, guitarist, keyboardist, producer, remixer, and DJ. He is a founding member of Depeche Mode and has written the majority of their songs. His work now spans over four decades. Gore's best-known compositions include hits such as \"Personal Jesus\", \"Enjoy the Silence\", \"Stripped\", \"It's No Good\", \"In Your Room\", \"Strangelove\", \"I Feel You\", \"People Are People\", \"Precious\", \"A Question of Time\", \"Policy of Truth\", \"Everything Counts\", \"Behind the Wheel\", \"Shake the Disease\", \"Never Let Me Down Again\" and many more.", "Depeche Mode are an English electronic music band that formed in 1980 in Basildon, Essex. The group's original line-up consisted of Dave Gahan (lead vocals, occasional songwriter since 2005), Martin Gore (keyboards, guitar, vocals, main songwriter after 1981), Andy Fletcher (keyboards), and Vince Clarke (keyboards, main songwriter from 1980 to 1981). Depeche Mode released their debut album in 1981, \"Speak & Spell\", bringing the band onto the British new wave scene. Clarke left the band after the release of the album, leaving the band as a trio to record \"A Broken Frame\", released the following year. Gore took over lead songwriting duties and, later in 1982, Alan Wilder (keyboards, drums, occasional songwriter) officially joined the band to fill Clarke's spot, establishing a line up that would continue for the next thirteen years.", "Indie rock is a genre of alternative rock that originated in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1980s. Indie rock encapsulates indie pop and lo-fi, among others. Originally used to describe record labels, the term became associated with the music they produced and was initially used interchangeably with alternative rock. As grunge and punk revival bands in the US, and then Britpop bands in the UK, broke into the mainstream in the 1990s, it came to be used to identify those acts that retained an outsider and underground perspective. In the 2000s, as a result of changes in the music industry and the growing importance of the Internet, some indie rock acts began to enjoy commercial success, leading to questions about its meaningfulness as a term.", "Reprise Records is an American major record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra. It was mostly inactive from 1976 to 1987. It is owned by Warner Music Group, and operates through Warner Bros. Records.", "The UK Albums Chart (currently called the Official Albums Chart) is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and (from March 2015) audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company (OCC) on Fridays (previously Sundays). It is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 (top 5) and published in \"Music Week\" magazine (top 75), and on the OCC website (top 100).", "Playing the Angel is the eleventh studio album by English electronic music band Depeche Mode, released in the United Kingdom on 17 October 2005 by Mute Records and in the United States, Mexico and Canada on 18 October by Sire Records and Reprise Records. It was supported by the Touring the Angel tour.", "Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 . It lies within the United Kingdom's second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million. Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council.", "Vince Clarke (born Vincent John Martin; 3 July 1960) is an English synthpop musician and songwriter. Clarke has been the main composer and musician of the band Erasure since 1985, and was previously the main songwriter of several groups, including Depeche Mode, Yazoo and The Assembly." ]

[ "artist", "band", "canada", "commercial", "composer", "electronic musician", "entertainment", "general", "indie pop", "major", "miller", "music producer", "musician", "official", "radio", "record producer", "sales", "singer", "songwriter", "united kingdom" ]

[ "Dy Saveth (born 1944) is a Cambodian actress and first Miss Cambodia (1959). She was featured in many films throughout the 1960s and 1970s until the communist takeover in 1975, and later from 1993 to present. She married Huoy Keng, an actor, producer and film director, during the 1970s. Just as Van Vanak ran his own production company, Huoy Keng and Dy Saveth jointly ran Sovann Kiry. After the Khmer Rouge came to power in 1975, Dy Saveth and Huoy Keng escaped to France together and later moved to Hong Kong. There they separated while Keng continued his film business and became one of Hong Kong's first millionaires.", "Virak Dara (born Kim Hiek in Kampot province, 1947) is a Cambodian actress primarily known for her roles in the 1960s and early-to-mid-1970s. In 1967 she starred as \"Kong Rey\" in \"Puthisean Neang Kong Rey\", which is to date the biggest Cambodian movie ever made. Her most famous film is \"An Euil Srey An\", released in 1971. Dara, who is of Cambodian and Chinese Hai Nam origin, quickly became a fan favorite.", "Saksy Sbong ( born 1944 ) is a Cambodian actress who mainly played the role of villains in Cambodian pre-Khmer Rouge films . Saksy Sbong fled Cambodia to live in France before the rule of the Khmer Rouge but only returned to Cambodia to film one last movie in the early 1990s . Today , Saksy Sbong is recognized for her cruel vicious character in films such as Tep Sodachan and Pos Keng Kong . She is one of the Khmer actress that will never be forgotten along with Vichara Dany , Dy Saveth , Saom Vansodany , Virak Dara , Kim Nova , Dara Chom Chan , Poung Phavy , Keo Montha and many other famous Cambodian actress from the 1960s and early 70s . Filmography Apsara ( 1965 ) ... . Madame Rathana The Little Prince ( 1966 ) ... . step aunt of the little prince Chet Mdai ( 1967 ) Tep Sodachan ( 1968 ) La Joie de Vivre ( The Joy of Living - 1969 ) Sdach Domrei Sa ( 1969 ) Veasna Akosol ( 1970 ) Norok Lokey ( 1970 ) Pinpea Sa Cheat Vil Vinh Na Bong ( 1971 ) The Snake King 's Wife ( Pos Keng Kong - 1972 ) ... . step wife , Sarika Pichayvongsa ( 1972 ) The Snake King 's Wife Part 2 ( Pos Keng Kong 2 - 1973 ) ... . step wife , Sarika Pka Dos Kontuy Aso Oun Pong Lea Oun Tao Chbang Reference http://nostalgie-films-khmers-avant-1975.kazeo.com/Autres-acteurs-et-comediens,g5249.html", "Vann Vannak was a popular actor in Cambodia during the late 1960s until 1975. Despite his talents, producers usually favored casting his rivals Kong Som Oeurn or Chea Yuthorn in their movies. Due to their lack of support, Vann Vannak starred in considerably fewer films when compared to his rivals. Nevertheless, he was pivotal in movies such as \"Sovann Pancha\", \"Neang Kakey\", and \"Champa Meas\" all of which had Vichara Dany as the female lead. To increase his presence in the industry he created his own production company known as Pisnoka in 1970 which made eight films casting himself as the male lead in all of them.", "Khmers rouges (French for \"Red Khmers\" \"Khmer Kraham\"), more commonly known in English as Khmer Rouge, was the name given to the followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia. It was formed in 1968 as an offshoot of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam, and allied with North Vietnam, the Viet Cong, and the Pathet Lao during the Vietnam War against the anti-communist forces from 1968 to 1975. The Khmer Rouge emerged victorious in the Cambodian Civil War, overthrew the military dictatorship of the Khmer Republic and installed their own government Democratic Kampuchea in 1975, led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan. This was followed by the Cambodian genocide from 1975 until 1979, when the Khmer Rouge were finally removed from power by Vietnam in the CambodianVietnamese War. The military power of the Khmer Rouge organization was not broken however, and a long era of guerrilla warfare involving large swaths of the Cambodian countryside began. Many different military factions were involved in the guerrilla war era and it ended around 1994. \nThe Khmer Rouge organization is remembered especially for orchestrating the Cambodian genocide, which resulted from the enforcement of its social engineering policies. Its attempts at agricultural reform led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency, even in the supply of medicine, led to the death of thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. Arbitrary executions and torture carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978, are considered to have constituted genocide.", "Saom Vansodany or Som Van Sok Dany was a famous Cambodian actress from the late 1960s until 1975. She was mainly featured and famous for her roles in melodramatic movies such as Thavory Meas Bong and Sovannahong. She married fellow actor, Chea Yuthorn before the communist era and is survived by their son, Thorn Tharith. Details of her life are relatively unknown and she is believed to have perished from overwork under the Khmer Rouge regime shortly after giving birth to her son.", "Tith Vichara Dany was a widely popular actress in Cambodia who most likely made her debut in 1967. She starred in a majority of films which include \"Thavory Meas Bong\", \"Tep Sodachan\", and \"Sovann Pancha\" during the nation's golden age of cinema. She is often paired on screen with fellow actor Kong Sam-Oeurn. Other notable actors she started with are Chea Yuthorn and \"Vann Vannak\". In only a span of at least seven years she is credited to have starred in over one hundred films. Details of her life are relatively unknown and is believed to have perished shortly after the Khmer Rouge regime." ]

[ "actor", "actress", "army", "engineering", "fan", "film director", "military" ]

[ "Armchair Theatre is a British television drama anthology series of single plays that ran on the ITV network from 1956 to 1974. It was originally produced by Associated British Corporation. Its franchise successor Thames Television took over from mid-1968.", "Uncommon Valor is a 1983 American action war film directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Gene Hackman, Fred Ward, Reb Brown, Robert Stack, Michael Dudikoff, andPatrick Swayze in an early screen appearance. It follows a ex-U.S. Marine (Hackman) officer who puts together a rag-tag team to rescue his son, who he believes is among those still held in Laos after the Vietnam War.", "The Strange Love of Martha Ivers is a film noir released in the United States in 1946, starring Barbara Stanwyck, Van Heflin, Lizabeth Scott and featuring Kirk Douglas in his film debut. The movie is based on the short story \"Love Lies Bleeding\" by playwright John Patrick using the pseudonym Jack Patrick and was produced by Hal B. Wallis. The film was directed by Lewis Milestone from a screenplay written by Robert Rossen and Robert Riskin, who was not credited. ", "A miniseries (or mini-series, also known as a serial in the UK) is a television program that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes.", "David Morrell (born April 24, 1943) is a Canadian novelist, best known for his debut 1972 novel \"First Blood\", which would later become the successful Rambo film franchise starring Sylvester Stallone. He has written 28 novels, and his work has been translated into 26 languages. He also wrote the 20072008 Captain America comic book miniseries \"The Chosen\".", "Colonel Samuel `` Sam '' Trautman is a fictional character in the Rambo novel and film series . His first appearance was in David Morrell 's novel First Blood . His character was expanded on in the film series where he was played by Richard Crenna , although Kirk Douglas was cast in the part , had been outfitted and shown up on the first day of shooting . It was then that Douglas , already unhappy with the ending , decided more rewrites were required . Director Ted Kotcheff and producers Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna strongly disagreed and Douglas left the production . Richard Crenna was then contacted and arrived on set the next day . Marketing stills of Kirk Douglas in the uniform of Col. Trautman exist and are now part of the extras on the DVD of First Blood .", "William Theodore \"Ted\" Kotcheff (born April 7, 1931; as Velichko Todorov Tsochev) is a Bulgarian-Canadian film and television director and producer, known primarily for his work on several high-profile British and American television productions such as \"Armchair Theatre\" and \"\". He has also directed numerous successful films including the seminal Australian classic \"Wake in Fright,\" action films such as \"First Blood\" and \"Uncommon Valor\", and comedies like \"Weekend at Bernie's, Fun with Dick and Jane,\" and \"North Dallas Forty\". He is sometimes credited as William T. Kotcheff, and currently resides in Beverly Hills, California.", "Brian Manion Dennehy (born July 9, 1938) is an American actor of film, stage, and television. A winner of one Golden Globe, two Tony Awards and a recipient of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations, he gained initial recognition for his role as the antagonistic Sheriff Will Teasle in \"First Blood\" (1982). He has had numerous roles in films such as \"Gorky Park, Silverado, Cocoon, F/X, Romeo + Juliet\", and \"Knight of Cups\".", "Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. Originally a Spanish ranch where lima beans were grown, Beverly Hills was incorporated in 1914 by a group of investors who had failed to find oil, but found water instead and eventually decided to develop it into a town. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658. Sometimes referred to as \"90210\", one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field.", "Barbara Stanwyck (born Ruby Catherine Stevens; July 16, 1907 January 20, 1990) was an American actress. She was a film and television star, known during her 60-year career as a consummate and versatile professional with a strong, realistic screen presence, and a favorite of directors including Cecil B. DeMille, Fritz Lang, and Frank Capra. After a short but notable career as a stage actress in the late 1920s, she made 85 films in 38 years in Hollywood, before turning to television.", "First Blood is a 1982 American action adventure film directed by Ted Kotcheff. It is co-written by and starring Sylvester Stallone as John Rambo, a troubled and misunderstood Vietnam veteran who must rely on his combat and survival senses against the abusive law enforcement of a small town. It is based on David Morrell's 1972 novel of the same name and is the first installment of the \"Rambo\" series. Brian Dennehy and Richard Crenna also appear in supporting roles.", "A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.", "Captain America is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by cartoonists Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in \"Captain America Comics\" #1 (cover dated March 1941) from Timely Comics, a predecessor of Marvel Comics. Captain America was designed as a patriotic supersoldier who often fought the Axis powers of World War II and was Timely Comics' most popular character during the wartime period. The popularity of superheroes waned following the war and the \"Captain America\" comic book was discontinued in 1950, with a short-lived revival in 1953. Since Marvel Comics revived the character in 1964, Captain America has remained in publication.", "North Dallas Forty is a 1979 American sports comedy-drama film starring Nick Nolte, Mac Davis, and G. D. Spradlin set in the world of American professional football. It was directed by Ted Kotcheff and based on the best-selling novel by Peter Gent. The screenplay was by Kotcheff, Gent, Frank Yablans and Nancy Dowd (uncredited). This was the first film role for Davis, a popular country music recording artist.", "Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It can refer to a television set, a television program (\"TV show\"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, education, news, and advertising.", "Wake in Fright (also known as Outback) is a 1971 Australian thriller film directed by Ted Kotcheff and starring Gary Bond, Donald Pleasence and Chips Rafferty. The screenplay, written by Evan Jones, is based on Kenneth Cook's 1961 novel of the same name. An Australian and American venture produced by Group W and NLT Productions, \"Wake in Fright\" tells the story of a young schoolteacher from Sydney who descends into personal moral degradation after finding himself stranded in a brutal, menacing town in outback Australia.", "Mario F. Kassar (born October 10, 1951) is a Lebanese film producer and industry executive whose projects are frequently in association with Andrew G. Vajna. He founded Carolco Pictures, which produced many blockbuster movies. Many films he has produced have gone on to gross over $250 million worldwide at the box office.", "A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, usually dialog contained in word balloons emblematic of the comics art form. Although some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. The first modern comic book, \"Famous Funnies\", was released in the United States in 1933 and was a reprinting of earlier newspaper humor comic strips, which had established many of the story-telling devices used in comics. The term \"comic book\" derives from American comic books once being a compilation of comic strips of a humorous tone; however, this practice was replaced by featuring stories of all genres, usually not humorous in tone.", "Andrew George Vajna (born Vajna András György; August 1, 1944) is a Hungarian / American film producer.", "A Vietnam veteran is someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War.", "A television director directs the activities involved in making a television program and is part of a television crew.", "Richard Donald Crenna (November 30, 1926 January 17, 2003) was an American motion picture, television, and radio actor and occasional television director.", "Film producers fill a variety of roles depending upon the type of producer. Either employed by a production company or independent, producers plan and coordinate various aspects of film production, such as selecting script, coordinating writing, directing and editing, and arranging financing. During the \"discovery stage\", the producer has to find and acknowledge promising material. Then, unless the film is supposed to be based on an original script, the producer has to find an appropriate screenwriter.", "Kirk Douglas (born Issur Danielovitch; December 9, 1916) is an American actor, producer, director, and author. He is one of the last living people of the industry's Golden Age. After an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in \"The Strange Love of Martha Ivers\" (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for serious dramas, including westerns and war movies. During a 64-year acting career, he has appeared in more than 90 movies.", "Michael Sylvester Gardenzio Stallone (born July 6, 1946) is an American actor, filmmaker, and screenwriter. He is well known for his Hollywood action roles, including boxer Rocky Balboa, the title character of the \"Rocky\" series' seven films from 1976 to 2015; soldier John Rambo from the four \"Rambo\" films, released between 1982 and 2008; and Barney Ross in the three \"The Expendables\" films from 2010 to 2014. He wrote or co-wrote most of the 14 films in all three franchises, and directed many of the films." ]

[ "actor", "actress", "advertising", "artist", "book", "boxer", "captain", "comic book", "computer", "cook", "director", "entertainment", "knight", "law enforcement", "novelist", "officer", "playwright", "producer", "radio", "ranch", "script", "sheriff", "soldier", "television", "television director", "vietnam veteran" ]

[ "Humulus lupulus (common hop or hop) is a species of flowering plant in the Cannabaceae family, native to Europe, western Asia and North America. It is a dioecious, perennial, herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. Strictly speaking it is a bine rather than a vine, using its own shoots to act as supports for new growth.", "The PHP Extension and Application Repository, or PEAR, is a repository of PHP software code. Stig S. Bakken founded the PEAR project in 1999 to promote the re-use of code that performs common functions. The project seeks to provide a structured library of code, maintain a system for distributing code and for managing code packages, and promote a standard coding style. Though community-driven, the PEAR project has a PEAR Group which serves as the governing body and takes care of administrative tasks. Each PEAR code package comprises an independent project under the PEAR umbrella. It has its own development team, versioning-control and documentation.", "Erysiphales are an order of ascomycete fungi. The order contains one family, Erysiphaceae. Many of them cause plant diseases called powdery mildew.", "Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of plants. Powdery mildew diseases are caused by many different species of fungi in the order Erysiphales, with \"Podosphaera xanthii\" (a.k.a. \"Sphaerotheca fuliginea\") being the most commonly reported cause. \"Erysiphe cichoracearum\" was formerly reported to be the primary causal organism throughout most of the world. Powdery mildew is one of the easier plant diseases to identify, as its symptoms are quite distinctive. Infected plants display white powdery spots on the leaves and stems. The lower leaves are the most affected, but the mildew can appear on any above-ground part of the plant. As the disease progresses, the spots get larger and denser as large numbers of asexual spores are formed, and the mildew may spread up and down the length of the plant.", "Asteraceae or Compositae (commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family) is an exceedingly large and widespread family of flowering plants (Angiospermae).", "A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds.", "Chamomile or camomile (or ) is the common name for several daisy-like plants of the family Asteraceae that are commonly used to make herb infusions to serve various medicinal purposes. Popular uses of chamomile preparations include treating hay fever, inflammation, muscle spasms, menstrual disorders, insomnia, ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, and haemorrhoids. Camomile tea is also used to treat skin conditions such as eczema, chickenpox and psoriasis.", "Podosphaera macularis ( formerly Sphaerotheca macularis ) is a plant pathogen infecting several hosts including chamomile , caneberrie , strawberries , hop , hemp and Cineraria . It causes powdery mildew of hops .", "Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant \"Humulus lupulus.\" They are used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer, to which they impart bitter, zesty, or citric flavours; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and U.S.) when grown commercially. Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types being used for particular styles of beer.", "Mildew is a form of fungus. It is distinguished from its closely related counterpart, mold (British English: mould), largely by its color: molds appear in shades of black, blue, red, and green, whereas mildew is white. It appears as a thin, superficial growth consisting of minute hyphae (fungal filaments) produced especially on living plants or organic matter such as wood, paper or leather. Both mold and mildew produce distinct offensive odors, and both have been identified as the cause of certain human ailments." ]

[ "division", "family", "form", "group", "order", "species" ]

[ "Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just \"binomial\"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus \"Homo\" and within this genus to the species \"Homo sapiens\". The \"formal\" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work \"Species Plantarum\" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book \"Pinax theatri botanici\" (English, \"Illustrated exposition of plants\") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.", "Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland. Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finland's population is 5.5 million (2014), staying roughly on the same level over the past two decades. The majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union.", "Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.", "Libya (\"\") is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica. With an area of almost , Libya is the fourth largest country in Africa, and is the 16th largest country in the world. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world.", "Milvus is a genus of medium - sized birds of prey . It is an Old World group consisting of three kites that form part of the subfamily Milvinae . Its systematics are under revision ; it contains 3 or 4 species . Red kite , Milvus milvus Cape Verde kite , Milvus ( milvus ) fasciicauda extinct ( 2000 ) Black kite , Milvus migrans Black - eared kite , Milvus ( migrans ) lineatus Yellow - billed kite , Milvus aegyptius Allozyme data indicates that the genetic diversity in both black and red kites is rather low . Successful hybridization between Milvus kites is fairly commonplace , making mtDNA analyses unreliable to resolve the genus ' phylogeny . Furthermore , there is no good correlation between molecular characters and biogeography and morphology in the red kite due to very incomplete lineage sorting . The yellow - billed kite is apparently a separate species , as indicated by mtDNA phylogeny showing two supported clades , biogeography , and morphology . The black - eared kite is somewhat distinct morphologically , but is better considered a well - marked parapatric subspecies . The status of the Cape Verde kite is in doubt ; while not a completely monophyletic lineage according to mtDNA data , it is still best regarded as a distinct species . Whatever its status , this population is extinct . A prehistoric kite from the Early Pleistocene ( 1.8 million -- 780,000 years ago ) deposits at Ubeidiya ( Israel ) was described as Milvus pygmaeus .", "A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.", "Eagle is a common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae; it belongs to several groups of genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other.", "Buzzard is the common name of several species of bird of prey:", "Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition.", "The Accipitridae, one of the four families within the order Accipitriformes (the others being Cathartidae, Pandionidae and Sagittariidae), are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals, with a number feeding on carrion and a few feeding on fruit. The Accipitridae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all the world's continents (except Antarctica) and a number of oceanic island groups. Some species are migratory.", "Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the \"de facto\" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.", "In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.", "Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.", "Israel , officially known as the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel's financial and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over the city of Jerusalem is internationally unrecognized.", "The red kite (\"Milvus milvus\") is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species is currently endemic to the Western Palearctic region in Europe and northwest Africa, though formerly also occurred just outside in northern Iran. It is resident in the milder parts of its range in western Europe and northwest Africa, but birds from northeastern and central Europe winter further south and west, reaching south to Turkey. Vagrants have reached north to Finland and south to Israel, Libya and Gambia." ]

[ "accipitridae", "accipitriformes", "animal", "area", "bird", "bulgaria", "gaza", "homo", "insects", "milvus", "ostrich", "plant" ]

[ "The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where all weather takes place. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. The average depths of the troposphere are in the tropics, in the mid latitudes, and in the polar regions in winter. The lowest part of the troposphere, where friction with the Earth's surface influences air flow, is the planetary boundary layer. This layer is typically a few hundred meters to deep depending on the landform and time of day. Atop the troposphere is the tropopause, which is the border between the troposphere and stratosphere. The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.", "In meteorology, a cloud is an aerosol comprising a visible mass of minute liquid droplets or frozen crystals, both of which are made of water or various chemicals. The droplets or particles are suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body. On Earth, clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere (which includes the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere). The air may be cooled to its dew point by a variety of atmospheric processes or it may gain moisture (usually in the form of water vapor) from an adjacent source. Nephology is the science of clouds which is undertaken in the cloud physics branch of meteorology.", "An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.", "Climate is the statistics of weather, usually over a 30-year interval. It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Climate differs from weather, in that weather only describes the short-term conditions of these variables in a given region.", "A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion. This broad definition includes airbreathing jet engine(turbojets, turbofans, ramjets, and pulse jets) and non-airbreathing jet engines (such as rocket engines). In general, jet engines are combustion engines.", "The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere. About 20% of the atmosphere's mass is contained in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is stratified in temperature, with warmer layers higher and cooler layers closer to the Earth. The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation by ozone. This is in contrast to the troposphere, near the Earth's surface, where temperatures decreases with altitude. The border between the troposphere and stratosphere, the tropopause, marks where this temperature inversion begins. Near the equator, the stratosphere starts at ; at mid latitudes, it starts at and ends at ; at the poles, it starts at about . Temperatures vary within the stratosphere with the seasons, in particular with the polar night (winter). The greatest variation of temperature takes place over the poles in the lower stratosphere; those variations are largely steady at lower latitudes and higher altitudes.", "Aircraft systems is a complex system. In the design stage and in the operating process to ensure continued airworthiness of the aircraft. It is broken down into simpler sub systems that carry out homogeneous functions. Some examples include but are not limited to:", "The Boeing Model 307 Stratoliner was the first commercial transport aircraft to enter service with a pressurized cabin . This feature allowed the aircraft to cruise at an altitude of 20,000 ft ( 6,000 m ) , well above many weather disturbances . The pressure differential was 2.5 psi ( 17 kPa ) , so at 14,700 ft ( 4,480 m ) the cabin air pressure was equivalent to an altitude of 8,000 ft ( 2,440 m ) . The Model 307 had capacity for a crew of five and 33 passengers . The cabin was nearly 12 ft ( 3.6 m ) across . It was the first land - based aircraft to include a flight engineer as a crew member ( several flying boats had included a flight engineer position earlier ) .", "A machine is a tool containing one or more parts that uses energy to perform an intended action. Machines are usually powered by chemical, thermal, or electrical means, and are often motorized. Historically, a power tool also required moving parts to classify as a machine. However, the advent of electronics has led to the development of power tools without moving parts that are considered machines.", "Weather is the state of the atmosphere, to the degree that it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy. Most weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas climate is the term for the statistics of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, \"weather\" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.", "An airfoil (in American English) or aerofoil (in British English) is the shape of a wing, blade (of a propeller, rotor, or turbine), or sail (as seen in cross-section).", "An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body. An atmosphere is more likely to be retained if the gravity it is subject to is high and the temperature of the atmosphere is low.", "The Boeing 707 is a mid-sized, long-range, narrow-body, four-engine jet airliner built by Boeing Commercial Airplanes from 1958 to 1979. Its name is commonly pronounced as \"seven oh seven\". Versions of the aircraft have a capacity from 140 to 219 passengers and a range of .", "An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.", "A spacecraft is a vehicle, or machine designed to fly in outer space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, space colonization, planetary exploration, and transportation of humans and cargo.", "A flight engineer (FE), also sometimes called an air engineer, is the member of an aircraft's flight crew who monitors and operates its complex aircraft systems. In the early era of aviation, the position was sometimes referred to as the \"air mechanic\". Flight engineers can still be found on some larger fixed-wing airplanes, and rotary wing helicopters. A similar crew position exists on some spacecraft. For U.S. civilian aircraft that require a flight engineer as part of the crew, the FE must possess an FAA Flight Engineer certificate with reciprocating, turboprop, or turbojet ratings appropriate to the aircraft. Whereas the four-engine Douglas DC-4 did not require an FE, the FAA Type Certificates of subsequent four engine reciprocating engine airplanes (DC-6, DC-7, Constellation, Boeing 307 and 377) and early three- and four-engine jets (Boeing 707, 727, early 747, DC-10) required flight engineers. Later three- and four-engine jets (MD-11, B-747-400 and later) were designed with sufficient automation to eliminate the position.", "Earth, otherwise known as the world, is the third planet from the Sun and the only object in the Universe known to harbor life. It is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest of the four terrestrial planets." ]

[ "aircraft", "airliner", "airplane", "atmosphere", "aviation", "border", "branch", "climate", "cloud", "commercial aviation", "constellation", "cross", "definition", "design", "electronics", "energy", "engine", "era", "four", "harbor", "humans", "hundred", "jet airliner", "landform", "liquid", "machine", "mass", "material", "member", "military", "particle", "people", "physics", "planet", "precipitation", "range", "reciprocating engine", "result", "rocket", "shape", "space", "spacecraft", "state", "statistics", "system", "temperature", "term", "three", "vapor", "variation", "vehicle", "water", "weather", "wind", "wing" ]

[ "Arabic (' or ' ) is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the \"lingua franca\" of the Arab world. Arabic also is a liturgical language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six official languages of the United Nations. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, and from northwestern Arabia to the Sinai in the south.", "Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history.", "The Byzantine Rite, also known as the Greek Rite, Rite of Constantinople or Constantinopolitan Rite, is the liturgical rite currently used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Catholic Churches. It has also been employed, although less frequently, in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran churches. For example, it is utilized by the Society of Eastern Rite Anglicanism, and the Ukrainian Lutheran Church. Its development began during the third century in Constantinople and it is now the second most-used rite in Christendom after the Roman Rite.", "Yahya of Antioch , full name Yaya ibn Sad al - Ank ( Ar . ) , was a Melkite Christian physician and historian of the 11th century . He was most likely born in Fatimid Egypt . He became a physician , but the anti-Christian pogroms of Caliph Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah ( r. 996 -- 1021 ) forced him to flee to Byzantine - held Antioch . His chief work is a continuation of Eutychius ' Annals , stretching from 938 to 1034 . Drawing on a variety of sources , his history deals with events in the Byzantine Empire , Egypt , as well as Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus ' . Whilst in Antioch , he also wrote theological works in defence of Christianity and refutations of Islam and Judaism . He died ca . 1066 . His history was published , edited and translated into French in Volume 18 of the Patrologia Orientalis in 1928 , and into Italian .", "The term \"Melkite\", also written \"Melchite\", refers to various Byzantine Rite Christian churches and their members originating in the Middle East. The word comes from the Syriac word \"malkoyo\", and the Arabic word \"Malk\" (meaning \"royal\", and by extension, \"imperial\"). When used in an ecclesiastical sense, it refers specifically to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church as an ethnoreligious group.", "Antioch on the Orontes (also Syrian Antioch) was an ancient Greco-Roman city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. Its ruins lie near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey, and lends the modern city its name.", "The Melkite (Greek) Catholic Church (\"\") is an Eastern Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See as part of the worldwide Catholic Church. The Melkites, Byzantine Rite Catholics of mixed Eastern Mediterranean (Levantine) and Greek origin, trace their history to the early Christians of Antioch, formerly part of Syria and now in Turkey, of the 1st century AD, where Christianity was introduced by Saint Peter. It is headed by \"His Beatitude\" Patriarch Gregory III Laham." ]

[ "arabic", "greek", "syriac", "turkish" ]

[ "The Archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby. His enthronement took place at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th in a line which goes back more than 1400 years to Augustine of Canterbury, the \"Apostle to the English\", sent from Rome in the year 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams.", "Mary Tudor ( / tudr , tju - / ; 18 March 1496 -- 25 June 1533 ) , the third daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York , was Queen of France . Mary became the third wife of Louis XII of France , more than 30 years her senior . Following his death , she married Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk . The marriage , which was performed secretly in France , took place without her brother 's consent . This necessitated the intervention of Thomas Wolsey and although the couple were eventually pardoned by Henry VIII , they were forced to pay a large fine . Mary 's second marriage produced four children ; and through her eldest daughter Frances , Mary was the maternal grandmother of Lady Jane Grey , who was the de facto monarch of England for a little over a week in July 1553 .", "Thomas Wolsey (c. March 1473 29 November 1530; sometimes spelled \"Woolsey\") was an English churchman, statesman and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered, and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state and extremely powerful within the Church, as Archbishop of York, the second most important cleric in England. The 1515 appointment of Wolsey as a cardinal by Pope Leo X gave him precedence even over the Archbishop of Canterbury.", "An almoner is a chaplain or church officer who originally was in charge of distributing money to the deserving poor. The first deacons mentioned in Acts 6:14 dealt with the distribution of the charity of the early Christian churches to needy members. The title \"almoner\" has fallen out of use in English, but its equivalents in other languages are often used for many pastoral functions exercised by chaplains or pastors. The word derives from the ' (alms), via the popular Latin '.", "The Archbishop of York is a senior bishop in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and the metropolitan bishop of the Province of York, which covers the northern regions of England (north of the Trent) as well as the Isle of Man. The Archbishop of York is an \"ex officio\" member of the House of Lords and is styled \"Primate of England\" (the Archbishop of Canterbury is the \"Primate of All England\")." ]

[ "anglican communion", "catholic church", "church", "church of england" ]

[ "Flanders is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium, although there are several overlapping definitions, including ones related to culture, language, politics and history. It is one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium. The demonym associated with Flanders is Fleming, while the corresponding adjective is Flemish. The official capital of Flanders is Brussels, although Brussels itself has an independent regional government, and the government of Flanders only oversees some cultural aspects of Brussels life.", "Jurisdiction (from the Latin \"ius, \" meaning \"law\" and \"\" meaning \"to speak\") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law. In the federations like USA, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels; e.g. the court has jurisdiction to apply federal law.", "Politics (from Greek: Politiká: P\"olitika\", definition \"affairs of the cities\") is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance organized control over a human community, particularly a state. Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community (a usually hierarchically organized population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities.", "A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution). It has the force of law. The particular term used for this concept may vary from country to country. The \"executive orders\" made by the President of the United States, for example, are decrees (although a decree is not exactly an order). In non-legal English usage, however, the term refers to any authoritarian decision.", "Gentil Theodoor Antheunis ( 9 September 1840 -- 5 August 1907 ) was a Flemish poet . He was the son - in - law of Hendrik Conscience , whose only daughter Maria he married in 1870 . He was born in Oudenaarde . From 1859 until 1860 , he was a teacher in the college of Oudenaarde and in 1861 he became a teacher in Dendermonde . After his early career as a teacher he studied law at the University of Ghent , where he graduated in 1866 . He became a judge on 1 January 1868 in Oostrozebeke , later in Torhout , on 15 July 1877 he became a judge at Halle and finally in Brussels . He wrote songs and poems in several newspapers and journals , of which several were put to music by Willem De Mol , such as Lentelied , Ik ken een lied , Droeve tijden , and Bethlehem . They were published in one volume in 1873 . In 1874 , he was awarded for a minnelied ( E : romantic song ) by the Antwerp Chamber of rhetoric , De Olijftak ( E : Olive branch ) . In addition he wrote Uit het hart ' , Liederen en gedichten ( Dendermonde and Leiden , 1875 ) ; Liederkrans uit de Loverkens van Hoffmann von Fallersleben , with his own music ( Ghent , 1877 ) ; Leven , lieven en zingen ( Ghent , 1879 ) , Naar wijd en zijd ( 1905 , put on music by François - Auguste Gevaert ) . One of his best known songs is Mijn Vlaanderen heb ik hart'lijk lief , on lyrics by Theofiel Coopman . He was buried in Oudenaarde , where the Gentiel Antheunisplein is named after him . Antheunis died in 1907 at Elsene .", "East Flanders (Dutch: \"Oost-Vlaanderen\" , ) is a province of Flanders, one of the three regions of Belgium. It borders (clockwise from the North) on Zeelandic Flanders (the Netherlands) and (in Belgium) on the provinces of Antwerp, Flemish Brabant (both in Flanders), of Hainaut (Wallonia) and of West Flanders (Flanders). It has an area of 2,991 km² which is divided into six administrative districts (\"arrondissementen\" in Dutch) containing 65 municipalities. The provincial population is 1,408,484 and the capital is Ghent.", "Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people.", "Oudenaarde (French \"Audenarde\", English sometimes \"Oudenarde\") is a Belgian municipality in the Flemish province of East Flanders. The municipality comprises the city of Oudenaarde proper and the towns of Bevere, Edelare, Eine, Ename, Heurne, Leupegem, Mater, Melden, Mullem, Nederename, Welden, Volkegem and a part of Ooike.", "Economics (, ) is a social science concerned with the factors that determine the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The term \"economics\" comes from the Ancient Greek from (', pronounced \"eekos\", \"house\") and (', \"custom\" or \"law\"), hence \"rules of the house (hold for good management)\". 'Political economy' was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the late 19th century suggested \"economics\" as a shorter term for \"economic science\" to establish itself as a separate discipline outside of political science and other social sciences.", "History (from Greek , \"historia\", meaning \"inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation\") is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians.", "The Battle of the Golden Spurs, also known as the Battle of Courtrai, was a battle fought between the Kingdom of France and the County of Flanders at Kortrijk (Courtrai in French) in modern-day Belgium on 11 July 1302.", "Henri or Hendrik Conscience (3 December 1812 10 September 1883) was a Belgian author. He is considered the pioneer of Dutch-language literature in Flanders, writing at a time when Belgium was dominated by the French language among the upper classes, in literature and government. Conscience fought as a Belgian revolutionary in 1830 and was a notable writer in the Romanticist style popular in the early 19th century. He is best known for his romantic nationalist novel, \"De Leeuw van Vlaenderen\" (1838), inspired by the victory of a Flemish peasant militia over French knights at the 1302 Battle of the Golden Spurs during the Franco-Flemish War." ]

[ "ancient greek", "dutch", "english", "flemish", "french", "greek", "latin" ]

[ "The General officer commanding (GOC) is the usual title given in the armies of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth (and some other, such as in Ireland) nations to a general officer who holds a command appointment. Thus, a general might be the GOC British II Corps or GOC British 7th Armoured Division. A general officer heading a particularly large or important command, such as Middle East Command or the Allied Armies in Italy, may be called a general officer commanding-in-chief (GOC-in-C).", "Middle East Command, later Middle East Land Forces, was a British Army Command established prior to the Second World War in Egypt. Its primary role was to command British land forces and co-ordinate with the relevant naval and air commands to defend British interests in the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean region. it primarily composed of Arabs, Sudanese and Persians. ", "Field Marshal Sir Francis Wogan Festing GCB KBE DSO DL ( 28 August 1902 -- 3 August 1976 ) , called in Chinese , was a field marshal of the British Army . His most important posts were as Commander of British Forces in Hong Kong ( 1945 -- 1946 and 1949 ) , General Officer Commanding British Troops in Egypt ( 1952 ) , General Officer Commanding Eastern Command ( 1954 ) , Commander - in - Chief Far East Land Forces ( 1956 ) , and Chief of the Imperial General Staff ( 1958 -- 1961 ) . He saw active service in the Second World War , taking a prominent role in Operation Ironclad ( the Battle of Madagascar ) and the Arakan offensive of the Burma Campaign , and later advised the British Government on ending conscription and reducing the size of the Army by fifteen battalions .", "The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal democracies. Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East. Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.", "The South-East Asian Theatre of World War II was the name given to the campaigns of the Pacific War in Burma, Ceylon, India, Thailand, Indochina, Malaya and Singapore. Objectives for conquering these countries included the seizure of natural resources such as rubber and petroleum from European colonies in the region. Conflict in this theatre began when the Empire of Japan invaded French Indochina in September 1940 and rose to a new level following the Raid on Pearl Harbor, and simultaneous attacks on Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Malaya on 7/8 December 1941. The main landing at Singora (now Songkhla) on the east side of the Isthmus of Kra preceded the bombing of Pearl Harbor by several hours. Action in the theatre officially ended on 9 September 1945.", "The Allied Armies in Italy (AAI) was the title of the highest Allied field headquarters in Italy, during the middle part of the Italian Campaign of World War II. In the early and later stages of the campaign the headquarters was known as the 15th Army Group; it reported to the Joint Allied command Allied Forces Headquarters (AFHQ), the theatre command for the Mediterranean theatre.", "The Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II was fought in the British colony of Burma primarily between the forces of the British Empire and China, with support from the United States, against the invading forces of the Empire of Japan, Thailand, and the Indian National Army. British Empire forces peaked at around 1,000,000 land, naval and air forces, and were drawn primarily from British India, with British Army forces (equivalent to 8 regular infantry divisions and 6 tank regiments), 100,000 East and West African colonial troops, and smaller numbers of land and air forces from several other Dominions and Colonies. The Burmese Independence Army (known to the legitimate Burmese government and the Allies as the \"Burmese Traitor Army\" - BTA) was trained by the Japanese and spearheaded the initial attacks against British Empire forces.", "The Indian National Army (INA; \"Azad Hind Fauj\"); (\"Lit\": Free-Indian Army) was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II. Its aim was to secure Indian independence from British rule. It formed an alliance with Imperial Japan in the latter's campaign in the Southeast Asian theatre of WWII. The army was first formed in 1942 under Mohan Singh, by Indian PoWs of the British-Indian Army captured by Japan in the Malayan campaign and at Singapore. This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership and the Japanese military over its role in Japan's war in Asia. It was revived under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943. The army was declared to be the army of Bose's \"Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind\" (the Provisional Government of Free India). Under Bose's leadership, the INA drew ex-prisoners and thousands of civilian volunteers from the Indian expatriate population in Malaya (present-day Malaysia) and Burma. This second INA fought along with the Imperial Japanese Army against the British and Commonwealth forces in the campaigns in Burma, in Imphal and at Kohima, and later against the successful Burma Campaign of the Allies.", "The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, % of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered , % of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.", "Conscription, or drafting, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 18 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force." ]

[ "british empire", "french revolution", "italian campaign", "world war", "world war ii" ]

[ "Christy Brown (5 June 1932 7 September 1981) was an Irish writer and painter who had cerebral palsy and was able to write or type only with the toes of one foot. His most recognized work is his autobiography, titled \"My Left Foot\" (1954). It was later made into a 1989 Academy Award-winning film of the same name, starring Daniel-Day Lewis as Brown.", "Black comedy or dark comedy is a comic style that makes light of subjects that are generally considered serious or taboo. Literary critics have associated black comedy and black humor with authors as early as the ancient Greeks with Aristophanes. Black comedy corresponds to the earlier concept of gallows humor.", "Graham Frederick Young (7 September 1947 1 August 1990) was an English serial killer who used poison to kill his victims. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital in 1962 after poisoning several members of his family, killing his stepmother. After his release in 1971 he went on to poison 70 more people, two of whom died. Young, who was known as the Teacup Poisoner, was then sent to Parkhurst Prison where he died of a heart attack in 1990.", "Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people. Often, symptoms include poor coordination, stiff muscles, weak muscles, and tremors. There may be problems with sensation, vision, hearing, swallowing, and speaking. Often babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl, or walk as early as other children of their age. Difficulty with the ability to think or reason and seizures each occurs in about one third of people with CP. While the symptoms may get more noticeable over the first few years of life, the underlying problems do not worsen over time.\nCerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often the problems occur during pregnancy; however, they may also occur during childbirth, or shortly after birth. Often the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth, being a twin, certain infections during pregnancy such as toxoplasmosis or rubella, exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy, a difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life, among others. About 2% of cases are believed to be due to an inherited genetic cause. A number of sub-types are classified based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy, those with poor coordination have ataxic cerebral palsy, and those with writhing movements have athetoid cerebral palsy. Diagnosis is based on the child's development over time. Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes.\nCP is partly preventable through immunization of the mother and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as through improved safety. There is no cure for CP; however, supportive treatments, medications, and surgery may help many individuals. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. Medications such as diazepam, baclofen, and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles. Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves. Often external braces and other assistive technology are helpful. Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment. While alternative medicines are frequently used there is no evidence to support their use.\nCP is the most common movement disorder in children. It occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births. Cerebral palsy has been documented throughout history with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE. Extensive study of the condition began in the 19th century by William John Little, after whom spastic diplegia was called \"Little disease\". William Osler first named it \"cerebral palsy\" from the German \"zerebrale Kinderlähmung\" (cerebral child-paralysis). A number of potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy. However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe.", "Hugh Charles O'Conor (born 19 April 1975) is an Irish actor. He started his acting career when he was ten. His first film appearance was opposite Liam Neeson in the 1985 movie \"Lamb\". He won Young Artist Awards of 1990 for his role in the film \"My Left Foot\", in which he portrayed the childhood days of Christy Brown, an Irishman born with cerebral palsy, who could control only his left foot. It was his biggest hit to date.", "In a modern sense, comedy (from the , \"kmidía\") refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece. In the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a \"Society of Youth\" and a \"Society of the Old\". A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. In this struggle, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter.", "The Young Poisoner 's Handbook is a 1995 British - German - French - produced black comedy film based on the life of Graham Young , more commonly known as `` The Teacup Murderer '' . It was directed by Benjamin Ross and written by Ross and Jeff Rawle . The film stars Hugh O'Conor in the lead role ." ]

[ "english", "german", "greek", "irish" ]

[ "Mannerism is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520, lasting until about 1580 in Italy, when the Baroque style began to replace it. Northern Mannerism continued into the early 17th century.", "Guido Reni (4 November 1575 18 August 1642) was an Italian painter of high-Baroque style.", "The Baroque (or ) is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe.", "Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the Metropolitan City of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants, expanding to over 1,520,000 in the metropolitan area.", "The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of , and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the internal market, enact legislation in justice and home affairs, and maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished. A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.", "Northern Italy is a cultural and geographical region, without any administrative purpose, used to indicate the northern part of the Italian state, also informally referred as \"Il Nord\", \"Settentrione\" or \"Alta Italia\". It consists of 8 regions in northern Italy: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. According to the 2011 census, its population was 27,213,372. For statistic purposes, the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) uses the term Northwest Italy and Northeast Italy for identifying two of the five statistical regions in its reporting. These same subdivisions are used to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) regions (\"NUTS 1 regions\") within the European Union, and the Italian constituencies for the European Parliament.", "Ludovico (or Lodovico) Carracci (21 April 1555 13 November 1619) was an Italian, early-Baroque painter, etcher, and printmaker born in Bologna. His works are characterized by a strong mood invoked by broad gestures and flickering light that create spiritual emotion and are credited with reinvigorating Italian art, especially fresco art, which was subsumed with formalistic Mannerism. He died in Bologna in 1619.", "Tuscany is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013). The regional capital is Florence (\"Firenze\").", "Palazzo Farnese or Farnese Palace is one of the most important High Renaissance palaces in Rome. Owned by the Italian Republic, it was given to the French government in 1936 for a period of 99 years, and currently serves as the French embassy in Italy.", "The Bolognese School or the School of Bologna of painting flourished in Bologna , the capital of Emilia Romagna , between the 16th and 17th centuries in Italy , and rivalled Florence and Rome as the center of painting . Its most important representatives include the Carracci family , including Ludovico Carracci , and his two cousins , the brothers Agostino Carracci and Annibale Carracci . Later , it included other prominent Baroque painters : Domenichino and Lanfranco , active mostly in Rome , eventually Guercino and Guido Reni , and Accademia degli Incamminati in Bologna , which was run by Lodovico Carracci . Certain artistic conventions , which over time became traditionalist , had been developed in Rome during the first decades of the 16th century . As time passed , some artists sought new approaches to their work that no longer reflected only the Roman manner . The Carracci studio sought innovation or invention , seeking new ways to break away from traditional modes of painting while continuing to look for inspiration from their literary contemporaries ; the studio formulated a style that was distinguished from the recognized manners of art in their time . This style was seen as both systematic and imitative , borrowing particular motifs from the past Roman schools of art and innovating a modernistic approach .", "Annibale Carracci (November 3, 1560 July 15, 1609) was an Italian painter, active in Bologna and later in Rome. Along with his brothers, Annibale was one of the progenitors, if not founders of a leading strand of the Baroque style, borrowing from styles from both north and south of their native city, and aspiring for a return to classical monumentality, but adding a more vital dynamism. Painters working under Annibale at the gallery of the Palazzo Farnese would be highly influential in Roman painting for decades.", "Rome is a city and special \"comune\" (named \"Roma Capitale\") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and of the Lazio region. With 2,870,336 residents in , it is also the country's largest and most populated \"comune\" and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. The Metropolitan City of Rome has a population of 4.3 million residents. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio (Latium), along the shores of Tiber river. The Vatican City is an independent country geographically located within the city boundaries of Rome, the only existing example of a country within a city: for this reason Rome has been often defined as capital of two states. ", "Bologna (; ) is the largest city (and the capital) of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, located in the heart of a metropolitan area (officially recognized by the Italian government as a \"città metropolitana\") of about one million." ]

[ "15", "1580", "1600", "1642", "1936", "1999", "2011", "2013" ]

[ "Japanese whisky is a style of whisky developed and produced in Japan. Whisky production in Japan began around 1870, but the first commercial production was in 1924 upon the opening of the country's first distillery, Yamazaki. Broadly speaking the style of Japanese whisky is more similar to that of Scotch whisky than other major styles of whisky.", "Japan (\"Nippon\" or \"Nihon\" ; formally \"\" or \"Nihon-koku\", means \"State of Japan\") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. ", "Scotch whisky, often simply called Scotch, is malt whisky or grain whisky made in Scotland. Scotch whisky must be made in a manner specified by law.", "Malt whisky is whisky that is made from a fermented mash produced primarily from a malted grain. Unless otherwise indicated, it is generally assumed that the primary grain is barley, although whisky is also made using malted rye or other grains. A whisky made from malted rye is usually called a rye malt whisky instead of just a malt whisky.", "Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as \"malting\". The grains are made to germinate by soaking in water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying with hot air. Malting grains develops the enzymes required for modifying the grain's starches into various types of sugar, including the monosaccharide glucose, the disaccharide maltose, the trisaccharide maltotriose, and higher sugars called maltodextrines. It also develops other enzymes, such as proteases, which break down the proteins in the grain into forms that can be used by yeast. Depending on when the malting process is stopped one gets a preferred starch enzyme ratio and partly converted starch into fermentable sugars. Malt also contains small amounts of other sugars, such as sucrose and fructose, which are not products of starch modification but were already in the grain. Further conversion to fermentable sugars is achieved during the mashing process.", "Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.", "A blended malt , formerly called a vatted malt , or pure malt , is a blend of different single malt whiskies from different distilleries . These terms are most commonly used in reference to Scotch whisky , or whisky in that style , such as Japanese whisky .", "Grain whisky ordinarily refers to any whisky made, at least in part, from grains other than malted barley, such as whisky made using maize (corn), wheat or rye. Grain whiskies may also contain some malted barley (and are required to if produced in Ireland or Scotland.) Whisky made from only malted barley is generally called malt whisky rather than grain whisky. Most American and Canadian whiskies are grain whiskies.", "Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, corn (maize), rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak." ]

[ "alcoholic beverage", "cereal", "coast", "country", "england", "enzyme", "grain whisky", "island", "japanese", "malt whisky", "nation", "ocean", "opening", "process", "production", "scotch whisky", "state", "stretching", "style", "third", "water", "whisky", "white" ]

[ "Sucre is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia . The department ranks 27th by area , 10,670 km2 ( 4,120 sq mi ) and it has a population of 772,010 , ranking 20th of all the 32 departments of Colombia . Sucre is bordered by the Caribbean on the northwest ; by Bolívar Department on the east and by Córdoba Department on the west . Sucre was named in honor of the Independence hero Antonio José de Sucre who was quoted by the founders of this department in reference to Simón Bolívar 's death as saying `` They have killed my heart '' , expression said while cruising the territory of the present day Sucre Department . As of 2009 , the Sucre Department has an estimated population of 802,733 , of which 234,886 are in the department capital Sincelejo , according to the DANE projections .", "The United States of Colombia was the name adopted during 1861 by the Rionegro Constitution for the Confederation Granadine, after years of civil war. Colombia became a federal state itself composed of nine \"sovereign states\". It comprised the present-day nations of Colombia and Panama and parts of northwestern Brazil. After several more years of intermittent civil wars, it was replaced by the more centralist Republic of Colombia during 1886.", "Montería is a municipality and city located in northern Colombia and is the capital of the Department of Córdoba. The city is located away from the Caribbean sea, by the Sinú River. The city and region are famous for their distinct cultural heritages, which include a blend of indigenous Zenú Indians, African descendants, colonial Spanish descendants, and more recently, Arab immigrants. The city is home to the Sombrero Vueltiao, a national symbol; and is the home of Porro folklore music. The city has an inland seaport connected to the Caribbean Sea by the Sinú River.", "Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti, is a sovereign state located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti is in size and has an estimated 10.6 million people, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and the second-most populous country in the Caribbean as a whole.", "Atlántico is a department of Colombia, located in northern Colombia with the Caribbean sea to its north, the Bolívar Department to its west and south separated by the Canal del Dique, and the Magdalena Department to its east separated by the Magdalena River. It is the third smallest of the country's departments but its population of 2,272,170 makes it one of the most densely populated.", "Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the largest country in the Central American isthmus. Nicaragua's capital, Managua, is the country's largest city and the third-largest city in Central America. The multi-ethnic population of six million includes indigenous peoples, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The main language is Spanish. Native tribes on the eastern coast speak their own languages.", "Peru , officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is an extremely biodiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river.", "The Department of Antioquia is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the central northwestern part of Colombia with a narrow section that borders the Caribbean Sea. Most of its territory is mountainous with some valleys, much of which is part of the Andes mountain range. Antioquia has been part of many territorial divisions of former countries created over the present day territory of Colombia, and prior to the Colombian Constitution of 1886, Antioquia State had its own sovereign government.", "Central America is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Central America consists of seven countries: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 (2009 estimate) and 42,688,190 (2012 estimate).", "The Dominican Republic is a sovereign state occupying the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western one-third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands, along with Saint Martin, that are shared by two countries. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest Caribbean nation by area (after Cuba) at , and 3rd by population with 10.08 million people, of which approximately three million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city.", "Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island, in area, lies about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola (the island containing the nation-states of Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area.", "Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.", "The flag of Lithuania consists of a horizontal tricolor of yellow, green and red. It was re-adopted on March 20, 1989, almost two years before the re-establishment of Lithuania's independence and more than three years before the collapse of the Soviet Union.", "Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a republic in Central America. It has at times been referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras, which became modern-day Belize. Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca, and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras, a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea.", "Córdoba is a Department of the Republic of Colombia located to the north of this country in the Colombian Caribbean Region. Córdoba faces to the north with the Caribbean Sea, to the northeast with the Sucre Department, east with the Bolívar Department and south with the Antioquia Department. Its capital is the city of Montería ", "Tairona was a group of chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira Departments of Colombia, South America, which goes back at least to the 1st century CE and had significant demographic growth around the 11th century.", "Costa Rica (literally meaning \"Rich Coast\"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.5 million, of whom nearly a quarter live in the metropolitan area of the capital and largest city, San José.", "Magdalena is a department of Colombia, located to the north of the country by the Caribbean Sea. The capital of the Magdalena Department is Santa Marta and was named after the Magdalena River. It inherited the name of one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia that its current territory integrated.", "Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador (which literally translates as \"Republic of the Equator\"), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about west of the mainland.", "Colombia (or ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a transcontinental country largely situated in the northwest of South America, with territories in Central America. Colombia shares a border to the northwest with Panama, to the east with Venezuela and Brazil and to the south with Ecuador and Peru. It shares its maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. It is a unitary, constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous peoples including the Muisca, the Quimbaya and the Tairona.", "Bolívar is a department of Colombia. It was named after one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. It is located to the north of the country, extending roughly north-south from the Caribbean coast at Cartagena near the mouth of the Magdalena River, then south along the river to a border with Antioquia Department. The departments of Sucre and Córdoba are located to the west, and Atlántico Department is to the north and east (most of the border formed by the Canal del Dique). Across the Magdalena River to the east is Magdalena Department. The flag of the department bears a resemblance to the flag of Lithuania.", "Panama, officially called the Republic of Panama, is a country usually considered to be entirely in North America or Central America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia (in South America) to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's 3.9 million people.", "South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It is also considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the model used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions (like Latin America or the Southern Cone) has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics (in particular, the rise of Brazil).", "The Magdalena River (; Less commonly \"Rio Grande de la Magdalena\") is the principal river of Colombia, flowing northward about through the western half of the country. It takes its name from the biblical figure Mary Magdalene. It is navigable through much of its lower reaches, in spite of the shifting sand bars at the mouth of its delta, as far as Honda, at the downstream base of its rapids. It flows through the Magdalena River Valley.", "Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a federal republic located on the northern coast of South America. It is bordered by Colombia on the west, Brazil on the south, Guyana on the east, and the islands of Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east. Venezuela's territory covers around with an estimated population . Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity (currently ranks 7th in the world's list of nations with the most number of species), with habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rain-forest in the south, via extensive \"llanos\" plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east." ]

[ "area", "bars", "base", "brazil", "century", "city", "coast", "confederation", "constitution", "constitutional republic", "continent", "country", "debate", "department", "department of colombia", "federal republic", "flag", "folklore", "government", "group", "guatemala", "home", "indigenous peoples", "island", "isthmus", "list", "metropolitan", "metropolitan area", "model", "mountain range", "municipality", "name", "number", "population", "range", "ranking", "region", "representative", "republic", "river", "romance", "saint", "sea", "seaport", "sierra", "sierra nevada", "soviet", "subcontinent", "symbol", "territory", "three", "transcontinental country", "union", "valley", "war" ]

[ "`` I Said Never Again ( But Here We Are ) '' is the third and final single taken from Rachel Stevens 's second album Come and Get It , released on October 3 in 2005 . The song peaked at number 12 in the UK charts , making it Stevens ' second single to miss the top ten . The single received some of the best reviews of Stevens ' career with it being hailed by HMV.co.uk for its `` astonishingly flawless vocal performance '' and as Stevens ' `` most commercially accessible and quirky single since '' Some Girls `` . The song was featured in the film Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo .", "\"Sweet Dreams My LA Ex\" is the début single by English singer-songwriter Rachel Stevens. It was released on 15 September 2003 as lead single from her first solo album, \"Funky Dory\". Originally written for Britney Spears, the song was produced by Swedish Bloodshy & Avant, and received a mixed reception from contemporary critics. The single is Stevens's most successful single to date, peaking at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It was the 22nd best-selling single of 2003 in the United Kingdom, selling 210,000 copies. It has sold over 233,000 copies as of 2013.", "A charity record (also known as a charity single) is a release of a song for a specific charitable cause.", "S Club 7 are an English pop group from London created by former Spice Girls manager Simon Fuller consisting of members Tina Barrett, Paul Cattermole, Rachel Stevens, Jo O'Meara, Hannah Spearritt, Bradley McIntosh, and Jon Lee. The group was formed in 1998 and quickly rose to fame by starring in their own BBC television series, \"Miami 7\". In their five years together, S Club 7 had four UK number-one singles, one UK number-one album, and a string of hits throughout Europe, including a top-ten single in the United States, Asia, Latin America and Africa. They recorded four studio albums, released 11 singles and went on to sell over 10 million albums worldwide.", "Sport Relief is a biennial charity event from Comic Relief, in association with BBC Sport, which brings together the worlds of sport and entertainment to raise money to help vulnerable people in both the UK and the world's poorest countries. At the heart of the campaign is the \"Sport Relief Mile\", which involves members of the public doing their bit for charity.", "Funky Dory is the solo debut album by British popdance singer Rachel Stevens. It was released by Polydor Records on September 29, 2003 in the United Kingdom. The album was produced by various record producers including Bloodshy & Avant and Richard X.", "Rachel Lauren Stevens (born 9 April 1978) is an English singer, songwriter, actress, television presenter, model and businesswoman. She was a member of the pop group S Club 7 between 1999 and 2003. She released her solo debut studio album \"Funky Dory\" in September 2003. The album reached number nine on the UK album chart and the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) awarded it with a gold certification in October 2003. Two singles, \"Sweet Dreams My LA Ex\" and \"Funky Dory\", were initially released from the album: \"Sweet Dreams My LA Ex\" peaked at number two in the UK and received a silver certification from the BPI. In July 2004, Stevens released the single \"Some Girls\" as a charity record for Sport Relief, and the single's success prompted Polydor to re-issue \"Funky Dory\" with three new songs. \"Come and Get It\", her second studio album, was released in October 2005. It peaked at #28 in the UK, and two of its three singles reached the Top 10." ]

[ "album", "bbc", "english", "europe", "latin", "polydor records", "record", "united kingdom" ]

[ "Salé (\"Sala\", Berber \"Sla\") is a city in north-western Morocco, on the right bank of the Bou Regreg river, opposite the national capital Rabat, for which it serves as a commuter town. Founded in about 1030 by Arabic-speaking Berbers, the Banu Ifran, it later became a haven for pirates as an independent republic before being incorporated into Alaouite Morocco.", "Al-Andalus (trans. Berber: \"Andalus\"), also known as Muslim Spain or Islamic Iberia, was a medieval Muslim territory and cultural domain occupying at its peak most of what are today Spain and Portugal. At its greatest geographical extent in the eighth century, southern FranceSeptimaniawas briefly under its control. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors) at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly as the Christian Reconquista progressed.", "The (Spanish and Portuguese for the \"reconquest\") is the period of history of the Iberian Peninsula spanning approximately 770 years between the Islamic conquest of Hispania in 710 and the fall of the last Islamic state in Iberia at Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492. The \" ended just before the European discovery of the Americasthe \"New World\"which ushered in the era of the Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires.", "Ibn Baqi or Abu Bakr Yahya Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd al - Rahman Ibn Baqi ( died 1145 or 1150 ) was an Arab poet from Córdoba or Toledo in al - Andalus . Baqi is one of the best - known strophic poets and song writers of Al - Andalus . He moved between Morocco and Al - Andalus and wrote several poems honoring members of a Moroccan family , the Banu Asara , qadis of Salé . He is especially famous for his muwashshahat . In the anthology of Al - Maqqari we find a considerable number of his poems .", "The Maghreb (or ; literally \"sunset\"; ', \"the Arab West\" previously known as Barbary Coast, derived from Berber), or the Greater Maghreb (\"al-Maghrib al-Kabr\"), is usually defined as much or most of the region of western North Africa or Northwest Africa, west of Egypt. The traditional definition as the region including the Atlas Mountains and the coastal plains of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, was later superseded, especially following the 1989 formation of the Arab Maghreb Union ( ), by the inclusion of Mauritania and of the disputed territory of Western Sahara (mostly controlled by Morocco). During the Al-Andalus era in Spain (7111492), the Maghreb's inhabitants, Maghrebis, were known as \"Moors\"; the Muslim areas of Spain in those times were usually included in contemporary definitions of the Maghrebhence the use of \"Moorish\" or \"Moors\" to describe the Muslim inhabitants of Spain in Western sources.", "Portugal (Portuguese: ), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: ), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe. To the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The PortugalSpain border is long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.", "North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of Africa. The United Nations definition of \"North Africa\" includes seven countries and territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara. The countries of Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya are often collectively referred to as the Maghreb, which is the Arabic word for \"sunset\". Egypt lies to the northeast and encompasses part of West Asia, while Sudan is situated on the edge of the Sahel, to the south of Egypt.", "Muwashshah ('  literally means \"girdled\" in Classical Arabic; plural ' or \"\" ) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a secular musical genre. The poetic form consists of a multi-lined strophic verse poem written in classical Arabic, usually consisting of five stanzas, alternating with a refrain with a running rhyme. It was customary to open with one or two lines which matched the second part of the poem in rhyme and meter; in North Africa poets ignore the strict rules of Arabic meter while the poets in the East follow them. The musical genre of the same name uses \"muwašša\" texts as lyrics, still in classical Arabic. This tradition can take two forms: the \"wala\" of Aleppo and the Andalusi \"nubah\" of the western part of the Arab world.", "Morocco (', lit. \"The West\"; '), officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco (', lit. \"The Western Kingdom\"; '), is a sovereign country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Geographically, Morocco is characterized by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert, and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.", "Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, \"poiesis\", \"making\") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of languagesuch as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metreto evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.", "Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a sovereign state largely located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, with two large archipelagos, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands off the North African Atlantic coast, two cities Ceuta and Melilla in the North African mainland and several small islands in the Alboran Sea near the Moroccan coast. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the only European country to have a border with an African country (Morocco) and its African territory accounts for nearly 5% of its population, mostly in the Canary Islands but also in Ceuta and Melilla.", "The Iberian Peninsula , also known as Iberia , is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Portugal and Spain, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula which forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately , it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian.", "A poet is a person who writes poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be a writer of poetry, or may perform their art to an audience.", "Septimania ( ) was the western region of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis that passed under the control of the Visigoths in 462, when Septimania was ceded to their king, Theodoric II. Under the Visigoths it was known as simply Gallia or Narbonensis. It corresponded roughly with the modern French region of Languedoc-Roussillon. It passed briefly to the Emirate of Córdoba in the eighth century before its conquest by the Franks, who by the end of the ninth century termed it Gothia or the Gothic March (\"Marca Gothica\")." ]

[ "arabic", "french", "greek", "portugal", "portuguese", "spain", "spanish" ]

[ "Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear, in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. It is classified as fourth-generation warfare and as a violent crime. In modern times, terrorism is considered a major threat to society and therefore illegal under anti-terrorism laws in most jurisdictions. It is also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used to target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutral military personnel, or enemy prisoners of war.", "Jurisdiction (from the Latin \"ius, \" meaning \"law\" and \"\" meaning \"to speak\") is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e.g., Michigan tax law. In the federations like USA, areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, and federal levels; e.g. the court has jurisdiction to apply federal law.", "Arson is the crime of intentionally, deliberately and maliciously setting fire to buildings, wildland areas, dumpsters, vehicles or other property with the intent to cause damage. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires. Arson often involves fires deliberately set to the property of another or to one's own property so as to collect insurance compensation.", "The Uniform Crime Reports ( UCR ) are official data on crime in the United States , published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . UCR is `` a nationwide , cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city , university and college , county , state , tribal , and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention . '' Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the Crime in the United States series . The FBI does not collect the data itself . Rather , law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI , which then compiles the Reports . The Uniform Crime Reports program began in 1930 , and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement , policymakers , scholars , and the media . The UCR Program consists of four parts : Traditional Summary Reporting System ( SRS ) and the National Incident Based Reporting System ( NIBRS ) -- Offense and arrest data Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted ( LEOKA ) Program Hate Crime Statistics Program -- hate crimes Cargo Theft Reporting Program -- cargo theft The FBI publishes annual data from these collections in Crime in the United States , Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted , and Hate Crime Statistics .", "Burglary (also called breaking and entering and sometimes housebreaking) is an unlawful entry into a building or other location for the purposes of committing an offence. Usually that offence is theft, but most jurisdictions include others within the ambit of burglary. To engage in the act of burglary is to \"burgle\" (in British English) or to \"burglarize\" (in American English).\nCommon law definition.\nAt common law, burglary was defined by Sir Matthew Hale as:", "Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft (such as burglary, shoplifting or car theft) by its inherently violent nature (a violent crime); whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word \"rob\" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g. \"deraubare\") of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic \"raub\" -- \"theft\".", "Property crime is a category of crime that includes, among other crimes, burglary, larceny, theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, shoplifting, and vandalism. Property crime involves the taking of property, and does not involve force or threat of force against a victim. Crimes against property are divided into two groups: destroyed property and stolen property. When property is destroyed, it could be called arson or vandalism. Examples of the act of stealing property is robbery or embezzlement. Although robbery involves taking property, it is classified as a violent crime, as force or threat of force on an individual that is present is involved in contrast to burglary which is typically of an unoccupied dwelling or other unoccupied building.", "Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking of the personal property of another person or business. It was an offence under the common law of England and became an offence in jurisdictions which incorporated the common law of England into their own law. ", "The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), administered by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, is a national survey of approximately 49,000 to 77,400 households twice a year in the United States, on the frequency of crime victimization, as well as characteristics and consequences of victimization. The survey focuses on gathering information on the following crimes: assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, rape, and robbery. The survey results are used for the purposes of building a crime index. It has been used in comparison with the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Incident Based Reporting System to assess the dark figure of crime. The NCVS survey is comparable to the British Crime Survey conducted in the United Kingdom.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI, is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nation's prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI is concurrently a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U.S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes.", "The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) is a federal government agency belonging to the U.S. Department of Justice and a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. Established on 27 December 1979, the bureau collects, analyzes and publishes data relating to crime in the United States. The agency publishes data regarding statistics gathered from the roughly fifty-thousand agencies that comprise the U.S. justice system on its Web site.", "Crime in the United States has been recorded since colonization. Crime rates have varied over time, with a sharp rise after 1963, reaching a broad peak between the 1970s and early 1990s. Since then, crime has declined significantly in the United States, and current crime rates are approximately the same as those of the 1960s.\nStatistics on specific crimes are indexed in the annual Uniform Crime Reports by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and by annual National Crime Victimization Surveys by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. In addition to the primary Uniform Crime Report known as \"Crime in the United States\", the FBI publishes annual reports on the status of law enforcement in the United States. The report's definitions of specific crimes are considered standard by many American law enforcement agencies. According to the FBI, index crime in the United States includes violent crime and property crime. Violent crime consists of four criminal offenses: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault; property crime consists of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.", "The Director of National Intelligence (DNI) is the United States government official subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President required by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 to:", "Law enforcement operates primarily through governmental police agencies. The law-enforcement purposes of these agencies are the investigation of suspected criminal activity, referral of the results of investigations to the courts, and the temporary detention of suspected criminals pending judicial action. Law enforcement agencies, to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different agencies, are also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress. Other duties may include the service and enforcement of warrants, writs, and other orders of the courts.", "Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration perpetrated against a person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious, incapacitated, has an intellectual disability or is below the legal age of consent. The term \"rape\" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term \"sexual assault.\"", "Motor vehicle theft or, grand theft auto, is the criminal act of stealing or attempting to steal a car (or any other motor vehicle). Nationwide in the US in 2012, there were an estimated 721,053 motor vehicle thefts, or approximately 229.7 motor vehicles stolen for every 100,000 inhabitants. Property losses due to motor vehicle theft in 2012 were estimated at $4.3 billion.", "Counterintelligence (CI) refers to information gathered and activities conducted to protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign\npowers, organizations or persons or international terrorist activities, but not including\npersonnel, physical, document or communications security programs." ]

[ "abuse", "action", "addition", "age", "arson", "assault", "building", "category", "city", "court", "crime", "criminal", "damage", "data", "definition", "director", "dwelling", "embezzlement", "england", "espionage", "federal government", "federal law", "fire", "force", "government", "index", "information", "insurance", "jurisdiction", "law", "law enforcement agency", "may", "murder", "nation", "official", "order", "organization", "person", "police", "principal", "property", "rape", "robbery", "sabotage", "security", "service", "set", "society", "state", "statistics", "system", "tax law", "term", "terrorism", "theft", "time", "value", "vehicle", "violent crime" ]

[ "Sommersby is a 1993 romantic drama film directed by Jon Amiel and starring Richard Gere , Jodie Foster , Bill Pullman and James Earl Jones . Set in the Reconstruction period following the U.S. Civil War , the story is adapted from the historical account of 16th century French peasant Martin Guerre ( previously filmed by Daniel Vigne as The Return of Martin Guerre with Gérard Depardieu in 1982 ) .", "Taxi Driver is a 1976 American vigilante film with neo-noir and psychological thriller elements, directed by Martin Scorsese and written by Paul Schrader. Set in New York City following the Vietnam War, the film stars Robert De Niro, and features Jodie Foster, Harvey Keitel, Cybill Shepherd, Peter Boyle, and Albert Brooks.", "Alicia Christian \"Jodie\" Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress and filmmaker who has worked in films and on television. She has often been cited as one of the best actresses of her generation. Foster began her career at the age of three as a child model in 1965, and two years later moved to acting in television series, with the sitcom \"Mayberry R.F.D.\" being her debut. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she worked in several primetime television series and starred in children's films. Foster's breakthrough came in Martin Scorsese's \"Taxi Driver\" (1976), in which she played a teenage prostitute; the role garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. Her other critically acclaimed roles as a teenager were in the musical \"Bugsy Malone\" (1976) and the thriller \"The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane\" (1976), and she became a popular teen idol by starring in Disney's \"Freaky Friday\" (1976), \"Candleshoe\" (1977) and \"Foxes\" (1980).", "James Earl Jones (born January 17, 1931) is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has been described as \"one of America's most distinguished and versatile\" actors and \"one of the greatest actors in American history.\" Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won many awards, including a Tony Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in \"The Great White Hope\". Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the same year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of \"The Great White Hope\". He is also known for his voice roles as Darth Vader in the \"Star Wars\" film series and Mufasa in Disney's \"The Lion King\" as well as many other film, stage, and television roles.", "Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of various characters \"a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away\"." ]

[ "george lucas", "martin scorsese", "peter boyle" ]

[ "Geckos are lizards belonging to the infraorder Gekkota, found in warm climates throughout the world. They range from 1.6 to 60 cm (0.64 to 24 inches). Most geckos cannot blink, but they often lick their eyes to keep them clean and moist. They have a fixed lens within each iris that enlarges in darkness to let in more light.", "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.", "In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.", "The tokay gecko (\"Gekko gecko\") is a nocturnal arboreal gecko in the genus \"Gekko\", the true geckos. It is native to Asia and some Pacific Islands.", "A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralised government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. It is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state.", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.", "Hemidactylus (the house geckos) is a genus of the family of common geckos, Gekkonidae. It has about 90 described species, newfound ones being described every few years. These geckos are found in all the tropical regions of the world, extending into the subtropical parts of Africa and Europe. They excel in colonizing oceanic islands by rafting on flotsam, and are for example found across most of Polynesia. In some archipelagoes, cryptic species complexes are found. Geckos like to live in and out of houses. They are introduced to Australia.", "A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic. Most \"arid\" climates surround the equator; these places include most of Africa and parts of South America, Central America and Australia.", "A desert is a barren area of land where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or \"cold deserts\". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.", "A republic (from ) is a sovereign state, country, or government which is organized with a form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law. In modern times, the definition of a republic commonly refers to a government which excludes a monarch. Currently, 147 of the world's 206 sovereign states use the word \"republic\" as part of their official names; not all of these are republics in the sense of having elected governments, nor do all nations with elected governments use the word \"republic\" in their names.", "The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.", "Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara desert. According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara. It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.", "Ants are eusocial insects of the family Formicidae and, along with the related wasps and bees, belong to the order Hymenoptera. Ants evolved from wasp-like ancestors in the Cretaceous period, about 99 million years ago and diversified after the rise of flowering plants. More than 12,500 of an estimated total of 22,000 species have been classified. They are easily identified by their elbowed antennae and the distinctive node-like structure that forms their slender waists.", "Windhoek (; German: \"\"; ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the \"Khomas Highland\" plateau area, at around above sea level, almost exactly at the country's geographical centre. The population of Windhoek in 2011 was 325,858, growing continually due to an influx from all over Namibia.", "Gekkonidae is the largest family of geckos, containing over 950 described species in 51 genera. Many \"typical\" geckos are members of Gekkonidae, including house geckos (\"Hemidactylus\"), tokay geckos (\"Gekko gecko\"), and day geckos (\"Phelsuma\"). Gekkonid geckos occur globally and are particularly species-rich in tropical areas.", "The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages (as opposed to \"Wide Bantu\", a loosely defined categorization which includes other Bantoid languages), constitute a traditional branch of the NigerCongo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, though the distinction between language and dialect is often unclear, and \"Ethnologue\" counts 535 languages. Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families (see map).", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Umbundu: \"Repubilika ya Ngola\"), is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda.", "Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia (German: ), is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.", "Gekko is a genus of colorful and diverse Southeast Asian geckos commonly known as true geckos or calling geckos. Although species such as \"Gekko gecko\" (the tokay gecko) are very widespread and common, some species in the same genus have a very small range and are considered rare or endangered.", "Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics, and including several countries.\nThe term \"southern Africa\" or \"Southern Africa\", generally includes Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. From a political perspective the region is said to be unipolar with South Africa as a first regional power.", "Polar deserts are areas with annual precipitation less than and a mean temperature during the warmest month of less than . Polar deserts on Earth cover nearly 5 million square kilometers and are mostly hard bedrock or gravel plains. Sand dunes are not prominent features in these deserts, but snow dunes occur commonly in areas where precipitation is locally more abundant. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. This \"freeze-thaw\" alternation forms patterned textures on the ground, as much as 5 meters in diameter.", "Desertification is a type of land degradation in which relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. It is caused by a variety of factors, such as through climate change and through the overexploitation of soil through humankind's undertaking. When deserts appear automatically over the natural course of a planet's life cycle, then it can be called a natural phenomenon; however, when deserts emerge due to the rampant and unchecked depletion of nutrients in soil that are essential for it to remain arable, then a virtual \"soil death\" can be spoken of, which traces its cause back to human overexploitation. Desertification is a significant global ecological and environmental problem.", "The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster, and armed conflict.", "Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just \"binomial\"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus \"Homo\" and within this genus to the species \"Homo sapiens\". The \"formal\" introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work \"Species Plantarum\" in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book \"Pinax theatri botanici\" (English, \"Illustrated exposition of plants\") many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.", "A genus ( genera) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms in biology. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus.", "Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20.4 % of its total land area. With 1.1 billion people as of 2013, it accounts for about 15% of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two \"de facto\" independent states with limited or no recognition.", "In geography, regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography). Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law.", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\".", "Colopus is a genus of Gekkonidae that is found in the Kalahari desert , in the nation states of Botswana , Namibia , and the Republic of South Africa .", "Phelsuma is a large genus of mostly small lizards in the family Gekkonidae. Species in the genus \"Phelsuma\" are commonly referred to as day geckos." ]

[ "animal", "area", "areas", "geckos", "gekko", "hemidactylus", "homo", "human", "insects", "lens", "namibia", "phelsuma", "plant", "polynesia" ]

[ "Guinea , officially the Republic of Guinea, is a country on the West coast of Africa. Formerly known as French Guinea, the modern country is sometimes referred to as Guinea-Conakry in order to distinguish it from other parts of the wider region of the same name, such as Guinea-Bissau and Equatorial Guinea. Guinea has a population of 10.5 million and an area of .", "Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic, is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo on the east and south, and the Gulf of Guinea to the west. It has an area of nearly and its population is estimated at 1.5 million people. Its capital and largest city is Libreville.", "Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, and Mozambique to the east and northeast. Although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.", "The eastern bronze-naped pigeon (\"Columba delegorguei\") is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Angola, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It is part of the \"Turturoena\" subgenus.", "Benin (or -; ), officially the Republic of Benin and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. A majority of the population live on its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Benin is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in Cotonou, the country's largest city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of 114,763 square kilometers and its population in 2015 was estimated to be approximately 10.88 million. Benin is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with substantial employment and income arising from subsistence farming.", "Turturoena , commonly called bronze - naped pigeon , is a pigeon subgenus comprising three species : the eastern bronze - naped pigeon , the western bronze - naped pigeon , and the São Tomé bronze - naped pigeon .", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Umbundu: \"Repubilika ya Ngola\"), is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda.", "Equatorial Guinea, officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, is a country located in Central Africa, with an area of . Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, its post-independence name evokes its location near both the Equator and the Gulf of Guinea. Equatorial Guinea is the only sovereign African state in which Spanish is an official language. , the country has an estimated population of over 1.2 million.", "Pigeons and doves constitute the bird family Columbidae, which includes about 310 species.", "The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: \"Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka\";   , or \"\" ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million .", "Uganda (or ), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. Uganda is the world's second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.", "Birds (Aves), also known as avian dinosaurs, are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.", "In biology, a species (abbreviated sp., with the plural form species abbreviated spp.) is the basic unit of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which two individuals can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. While this definition is often adequate, looked at more closely it is often problematic. For example, in a species complex, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear or disappear altogether. Other ways of defining species include similarity of DNA, morphology, or ecological niche. The presence of locally adaptive traits may further subdivide species into infraspecific taxa such as subspecies.", "Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea on the north, Liberia in the south-east, and the Atlantic Ocean in the south-west. Sierra Leone has a tropical climate, with a diverse environment ranging from savannah to rainforests. Sierra Leone has a total area of and a population of 7,075,641 (based on 2015 national census).", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo , also known as DR Congo, DRC, DROC, East Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo is a country located in Central Africa. From 1971 to 1997 it was named, and is sometimes still called Zaire, and from 1908 to 1960 it was called the Belgian Congo. The DRC borders the Central African Republic, and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania to the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Republic of the Congo to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It is the second-largest country in Africa by area and eleventh largest in the world. With a population of over 80 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth most-populated nation in Africa and the eighteenth most populated country in the world.", "In biology, an organism is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, archaeon, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis. An organism consists of one or more cells; when it has one cell it is known as a unicellular organism; and when it has more than one it is known as a multicellular organism. Most unicellular organisms are of microscopic scale and are thus loosely described as microorganisms. Humans are multicellular organisms composed of many trillions of cells grouped into specialized tissues and organs.", "Sexual reproduction is a form of reproduction where two morphologically distinct types of specialized reproductive cells called gametes fuse together, involving a female's large ovum (or egg) and a male's smaller sperm. Each gamete contains half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. They are created by a specialized type of cell division, which only occurs in eukaryotic cells, known as meiosis. The two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce DNA replication and the creation of a single-celled zygote which includes genetic material from both gametes. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) joins up so that homologous chromosome sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. Two rounds of cell division then produce four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes from each original parent cell, and the same number of chromosomes as both parents, though self-fertilization can occur. For instance, in human reproduction each human cell contains 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs, except gamete cells, which only contain 23 chromosomes, so the child will have 23 chromosomes from each parent genetically recombined into 23 pairs. Cell division initiates the development of a new individual organism in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, for the vast majority of whom this is the primary method of reproduction.", "South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded on the south by of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans, on the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, and on the east and northeast by Mozambique and Swaziland, and surrounding the kingdom of Lesotho. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area, and with close to 56 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. It is the only country that borders both the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status. The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European (white), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (coloured) ancestry.", "The western bronze-naped pigeon (\"Columba iriditorques\") is a species of bird in the family Columbidae. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. It is part of the \"Turturoena\" subgenus.", "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix.", "Malawi (or ; or [maláwi]), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over with an estimated population of 16,777,547 (July 2013 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre, the third is Mzuzu and the fourth largest is its old capital Zomba. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed \"The Warm Heart of Africa\".", "Liberia , officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. Liberia means \"Land of the Free\" in Latin. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to its west, Guinea to its north and Ivory Coast to its east. It covers an area of and has a population of 4,503,000 people. English is the official language and over 20 indigenous languages are spoken, representing the numerous tribes who make up more than 95% of the population. The country's capital and largest city is Monrovia.", "Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community (EAC). Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. Kenya's territory lies on the equator and overlies the East African Rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from Lake Victoria to Lake Turkana (formerly called Lake Rudolf) and further south-east to the Indian Ocean. It is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in July 2014.", "The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country." ]

[ "animal", "area", "bird", "columba", "helix", "human", "namibia", "ostrich", "pigeon", "victoria" ]

[ "Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, and the Mountain States. Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 22nd most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,456,574 on July 1, 2015, an increase of 8.50% since the 2010 United States Census.", "The Colorado House of Representatives is the lower house of the Colorado General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Colorado. The House is composed of 65 members from an equal amount of constituent districts, with each district having 75,000 people. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and are limited to four consecutive terms in office but can run again after a two-year respite.", "Sal Pace ( born December 14 , 1976 ) is a County Commissioner in Pueblo County , Colorado and is a former American legislator from the U.S. state of Colorado . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Elected to the Colorado House of Representatives in 2008 , Pace represented House District 46 , which encompasses western Pueblo , Colorado from 2008 to 2012 . During his time at the statehouse , Pace was elected as the Colorado House minority leader . In 2012 , he ran against incumbent congressman Republican Scott Tipton in Colorado 's 3rd Congressional District , although Tipton was ultimately re-elected .", "The Western United States, commonly referred to as the American West, the Far West, or simply the West, traditionally refers to the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States. Because European settlement in the U.S. expanded westward after its founding, the meaning of the West has evolved over time. Prior to about 1800, the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier.", "Scott R. Tipton (born November 9, 1956) is the U.S. Representative for . In November 2010, he defeated three-term Democratic incumbent John Salazar, to whom he lost by a wide margin in 2006. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Colorado House of Representatives and a co-owner of a pottery company in Cortez, Colorado.", "A U.S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).", "John Tony Salazar (born July 21, 1953) is the former Congressman for , serving from 2005 until 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Following his service in Congress, he was appointed as Commissioner of the Colorado Department of Agriculture in the Cabinet of Governor John Hickenlooper in 2011, and announced his retirement as Commissioner in November, 2014.", "The Colorado General Assembly is the state legislature of the State of Colorado. It is a bicameral legislature that was created by the 1876 state constitution. Its statutes are codified in the \"Colorado Revised Statutes\" (C.R.S.). The session laws are published in the \"Session Laws of Colorado\".", "The 2010 United States Census, (known as \"Census 2010\"), is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010. As part of a drive to increase the count's accuracy, 635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, a 9.7% increase from the 2000 Census.", "A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means: \"a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader (such as a president) rather than by a king or queen\"." ]

[ "commissioner", "congress", "count", "leader", "member of the colorado house of representatives", "president", "prior", "state legislature" ]

[ "Brian Froud is a Canadian actor , voice actor and comedian . He is best known for his roles as Harold and Sam on Total Drama , Beezy J. Heinous on Jimmy Two - Shoes , and Lynch Webber on Detentionaire .", "A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand. Afterwards audience members often applaud.", "A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession. The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created by photographing actual scenes with a motion picture camera; by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques; by means of CGI and computer animation; or by a combination of some or all of these techniques and other visual effects.", "An actor (or actress for females; see terminology) is a person who portrays a character in a performance. The actor performs \"in the flesh\" in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is, literally \"one who answers\". The actor's interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is \"playing themselves\", as in some forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly; to act, is to create, a character in performance.", "Radio is the technology of using radio waves to carry information, such as sound, by systematically modulating properties of electromagnetic energy waves transmitted through space, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form.", "Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word \"theatre\" as derived from the Ancient Greek (théatron, \"a place for viewing\"), itself from (theáomai, \"to see\", \"to watch\", \"to observe\").", "Teletoon is a Canadian English-language Category A specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment that broadcasts animated programming. Its name is a portmanteau of \"television\" and \"cartoon\".", "Jimmy Two-Shoes (known also as JTS; known as Jimmy Cool in most parts of Europe) is a Canadian animated television series that aired on Disney XD in the USA, Teletoon in Canada, and Jetix in the United Kingdom (by August 19, 2009, rebranded as Disney XD). The series were centered on the exploits of the happy-go-lucky title character, who lives in Miseryville, a miserable town filled with monsters and demon-like creatures. The series were created by Edward Kay and Sean Scott.", "Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.", "Prop comedy is a comedy genre in which performers use humorous objects, or conventional objects in humorous ways. The stages and films term \"prop\", an abbreviation of \"property\", refers to any object an actor handles in the course of a performance. Though some form of prop comedy has likely existed as long as there have been comedians, the genre reached its zenith in the vaudeville era. The vaudeville team Olsen and Johnson used prop comedy extensively in their long running Broadway revue \"Hellzapoppin\".", "Slapstick is a style of humor involving exaggerated physical activity which exceeds the boundaries of normal physical comedy. The term arises from a device developed during the broad, physical comedy style known as Commedia dell'arte in 16th Century Italy. The 'slap stick' consists of two thin slats of wood made from splitting a single long stick, which make a 'slap' when striking another actor, with little force needed to make a loud - and comical - sound.", "A joke is a display of humour in which words are used within a specific and well-defined narrative structure to make people laugh. It takes the form of a story, usually with dialogue, and ends in a punch line. It is in the punch line that the audience becomes aware that the story contains a second, conflicting meaning. This can be done using a pun or other word play such as irony, a logical incompatibility, nonsense or other means. Linguist Robert Hetzron offers the definition:", "In a modern sense, comedy (from the , \"kmidía\") refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece. In the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a dramatic performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a \"Society of Youth\" and a \"Society of the Old\". A revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. In this struggle, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse in ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter.", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It can refer to a television set, a television program (\"TV show\"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, education, news, and advertising.", "A comedian or comic is a person who seeks to entertain an audience, primarily by making them laugh. This might be through jokes or amusing situations, or acting a fool, as in slapstick, or employing prop comedy. A comedian who addresses an audience directly is called a stand-up comic.", "Performance art is a performance presented to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally interdisciplinary. Performance may be either scripted or unscripted, random or carefully orchestrated; spontaneous or otherwise carefully planned with or without audience participation. The performance can be live or via media; the performer can be present or absent. It can be any situation that involves four basic elements: time, space, the performer's body, or presence in a medium, and a relationship between performer and audience. Performance art can happen anywhere, in any type of venue or setting and for any length of time. The actions of an individual or a group at a particular place and in a particular time constitute the work." ]

[ "ancient greece", "calgary", "canada", "canadian", "forest", "greece", "hamilton", "industry", "ireland", "italy", "kingdom of great britain", "made", "media", "most", "normal", "northern ireland", "of", "pacific", "quebec city", "scott", "union", "united kingdom", "vancouver", "winnipeg", "wood" ]

[ "A branch (or ) or tree branch (sometimes referred to in botany as a ramus) is a woody structural member connected to but not part of the central trunk of a tree (or sometimes a shrub). Large branches are known as boughs and small branches are known as twigs. Due to a broad range of species of trees, branches and twigs can be seen in many different shapes and sizes.", "\"For botanical organ transplant, see Grafting\" In agriculture and gardening, transplanting or replanting is the technique of moving a plant from one location to another. Most often this takes the form of starting a plant from seed in optimal conditions, such as in a greenhouse or protected nursery bed, then replanting it in another, usually outdoor, growing location. This is common in market gardening and truck farming, where setting out or planting out are synonymous with transplanting. In the horticulture of some ornamental plants, transplants are used infrequently and carefully because they carry with them a significant risk of killing the plant. ", "ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. It was originally designed for particle physics data analysis and contains several features specific to this field, but it is also used in other applications such as astronomy and data mining.", "In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots, or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.", "Pruning is a horticultural and silvicultural practice involving the selective removal of parts of a plant, such as branches, buds, or roots. Reasons to prune plants include deadwood removal, shaping (by controlling or directing growth), improving or maintaining health, reducing risk from falling branches, preparing nursery specimens for transplanting, and both harvesting and increasing the yield or quality of flowers and fruits.", "Harvesting is the process of gathering a ripe crop from the fields. \"Reaping\" is the cutting of grain or pulse for harvest, typically using a scythe, sickle, or reaper. On smaller farms with minimal mechanization, harvesting is the most labor-intensive activity of the growing season. On large mechanized farms, harvesting utilizes the most expensive and sophisticated farm machinery, such as the combine harvester. The term \"harvesting\" in general usage may include immediate postharvest handling, including cleaning, sorting, packing, and cooling.", "Arboriculture / rbrkltr / is the cultivation , management , and study of individual trees , shrubs , vines , and other perennial woody plants . It is both a practice and a science . The science of arboriculture studies how these plants grow and respond to cultural practices and to their environment . The practice of arboriculture includes cultural techniques such as selection , planting , training , fertilization , pest and pathogen control , pruning , shaping , and removal . A person who practices or studies arboriculture can be termed an ' arborist ' or an ' arboriculturist ' . A ' tree surgeon ' is more typically someone who is trained in the physical maintenance and manipulation of trees and therefore more a part of the arboriculture process rather than an arborist . Risk management , legal issues , and aesthetic considerations have come to play prominent roles in the practice of arboriculture . Businesses often need to hire arboriculturists to complete tree hazard surveys and generally manage the trees on - site to fulfill Occupational safety and health obligations . Arboriculture is primarily focused on individual woody plants and trees maintained for permanent landscape and amenity purposes , usually in gardens , parks or other populated settings , by arborists , for the enjoyment , protection , and benefit of human beings . It falls under the general umbrella of horticulture ." ]

[ "activity", "agriculture", "botany", "branch", "condition", "data", "field", "greenhouse", "health", "leaf", "library", "may", "member", "mining", "object", "organ", "plant", "practice", "process", "range", "seed", "species", "term", "tree" ]

[ "New Zealand Football is the governing body for the sport of association football in New Zealand. It oversees the seven New Zealand Football federations, as well as the New Zealand national football team (nicknamed the \"All Whites\"), the national junior and women's teams (nicknamed the \"Football Ferns\"), the men's and women's National League (the men's league is known as the Stirling Sports Premiership, with a number of tournaments, including the Chatham Cup. The Stirling Sports Premiership is played in the New Zealand summer between eight teams. A New Zealand team, Wellington Phoenix FC, play in the Australian A-League.", "Football Federation Australia (FFA) is the governing body of soccer, futsal and beach soccer within Australia. The FFA is headquartered in Sydney. Although the first governing body of the sport was founded in 1911, FFA in its current form was only established in 1963 (as the Australian Soccer Federation), later reconstituted in 2003 (as the Australian Soccer Association), and then renamed Football Federation Australia in 2004.", "The National Soccer League (NSL) was the top-level soccer league in Australia, run by Soccer Australia and later the Australian Soccer Association. The NSL spanned 28 seasons from its inception in 1977 until its demise in 2004, when it was succeeded by the A-League competition run by Football Federation Australia, the successor to the Australian Soccer Association. During the history of the NSL the league was contested by a total of 42 teams; 41 based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. Seasons initially ran during the winter seasons, until 1989 when this was changed to the summer season. In 1984, the league was split into two conferences (Northern and Southern) to introduce more teams into the competition; the league returned to a single division in 1987. The competition was known by various names through sponsorships; these names included the Philips Soccer League, Olympic Airways Soccer League, Coca-Cola Soccer League, the Ericsson Cup and the A-League.", "Ross Aloisi ( born 17 April 1973 in Adelaide , South Australia ) is a former Australian footballer who was the captain of Adelaide United in the Hyundai A-League -- a team he guided to a minor premiership , a pre-season cup and two Asian Champions League campaigns . After leaving Adelaide United in controversial circumstances , he played for Wellington Phoenix FC in the A-League where he was appointed their inaugural captain . Ross hosts a show on internet TV broadcasting station Australia Live TV with John Kosmina , streaming live from Chapel Lane Stuidos in Adelaide Thursdays 6 - 7pm CST and podcast on www.australialivetv.com He is also a regular contributor to the new FFA website powered by Optus .", "Wellington Phoenix Football Club is a New Zealand professional football club based in Wellington. It competes in the Australian A-League, under licence from Football Federation Australia. Phoenix entered the competition in the 200708 season after its formation in March 2007, by New Zealand Football to replace New Zealand Knights as a New Zealand-based club in the Australian A-League competition. The club is one of the few clubs in the world to compete in a league of a different confederation (AFC) from that of the country where it is based (OFC). Ernie Merrick was the head coach following the resignation of founding coach Ricki Herbert late in the 201213 season, until his own resignation on 5 December 2016. Andrew Durante has been the club captain since the 200809 season succeeding from the inaugural captain, Ross Aloisi. The club's highest achievement is reaching the A-League Preliminary Final in 2010. The club plays matches at Westpac Stadium, a 35,000-seat multi-purpose venue in Wellington. Their home kit consists of black and yellow stripes.", "Ernest 'Ernie' Merrick OAM (born 15 January 1953) is a Scottish-Australasian coach, who most recently managed New Zealand football club Wellington Phoenix. He was the former head coach of the Hong Kong national football team and A-League football club Melbourne Victory. He is the most successful coach in A-League history.", "The A-League is a professional men's soccer league run by Football Federation Australia (FFA). At the top of the Australian league system, it is the country's primary competition for the sport. The A-League was established in 2004 as a successor to the National Soccer League (NSL) and competition commenced in August 2005. The league is currently contested by ten teams; nine based in Australia and one based in New Zealand. It is known as the Hyundai A-League (HAL) through a sponsorship arrangement with the Hyundai Motor Company.", "Ricki Lloyd Herbert, CNZM (born 10 April 1961) is a New Zealand former footballer and former head coach of the New Zealand national team, stepping down after the side failed to qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and former manager of A-League side Wellington Phoenix. Herbert represented his country at the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain and coached the New Zealand national team at the 2010 World Cup. His most recent role in international football was as the head coach of Maldives national football team." ]

[ "association football", "football", "futsal", "sport" ]

[ "Cazenga is one of the seven municipalities that make up the province of Luanda, as per the new administrative division of the province (the others being, Luanda, Belas, Cacuaco, Viana, Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama . It has a population of 425 000 inhabitants.", "Brasília is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília and its metro (encompassing the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it Brazil's 4th most populous city. Among major Latin American cities, Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at.", "Rangel is a town and one of the seven municipalities that make up the province of Luanda , as per the new administrative division of the province ( the others being , Belas , Cazenga , Cacuaco , Viana , Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama . Viana lies 15 to 30 kilometers east as a suburb of the capital Luanda and is home to 68.000 inhabitants including about 6,000 long - term refugees , primarily from Katanga Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . Viana is about a 90 minute drive from downtown Luanda . The town was founded on 13 December 1963 . Because of the proximity to the metropolitan city Angola Benguela has experienced in recent years a very large increase in population and industry .", "Angola , officially the Republic of Angola (; Kikongo, Kimbundu and Umbundu: \"Repubilika ya Ngola\"), is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north and east, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda.", "Luanda, formerly named São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, is the capital and largest city in Angola, and the country's most populous and important city, primary port and major industrial, cultural and urban centre. Located on Angola's coast with the Atlantic Ocean, Luanda is both Angola's chief seaport and its administrative centre. It has a metropolitan population of over 6 million. It is also the capital city of Luanda Province, and the world's third most populous Portuguese-speaking city, behind only São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, both in Brazil, and the most populous Portuguese-speaking capital city in the world, ahead of Brasília, Maputo and Lisbon.", "Luanda is a province of Angola. It has an area of and a population of 6,542,942 in 2014. Luanda is the capital of the province and the country of Angola. Despite this, the city occupies , or less than five percent of the total area of the province. In 2011 Luanda Province was subdivided into seven municipalities, namely, Luanda, Belas, Cacuaco, Cazenga, Icolo e Bengo, Quiçama and Viana. These are again subdivided into 47 \"Communes\" (Comunas). The new reform of 2011 moved the municipalities Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama from Bengo to Luanda Province. The administrative reform significantly increased the land area of Luanda Province. Governors of the Luanda Province have included: Francisca Espírito Santo (c. 2009-2010), Jose Maria dos Santos (c. 2011-2013), and Graciano Francisco Domingos (c. 2014).", "A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbors where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to or from land. Port locations are selected to optimize access to land and navigable water, for commercial demand, and for shelter from wind and waves. Ports with deeper water are rarer, but can handle larger ships. Since ports throughout history handled every kind of traffic, support and storage facilities vary widely, may extend for miles, and dominate the local economy. Some ports have an important military role.", "Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda. Middle Africa (as used by the United Nations when categorising geographic subregions) is an analogous term that includes Angola, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé and Príncipe. All of the states in the UN subregion of Middle Africa, plus those otherwise commonly reckoned in Central Africa (11 states in total), constitute the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Since its independence in 2011, South Sudan has also been commonly included in the region.", "Lisbon is the capital and the largest city of Portugal, with a population of 552,700 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km². Its urban area extends beyond the city's administrative limits with a population of around 2.7 million people, being the 11th-most populous urban area in the European Union. About 2.8 million people live in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (which represents approximately 27% of the country's population). It is continental Europe's westernmost capital city and the only one along the Atlantic coast. Lisbon lies in the western Iberian Peninsula on the Atlantic Ocean and the River Tagus. The westernmost areas of its metro area is the westernmost point of Continental Europe.", "Uganda (or ), officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. Uganda is the world's second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya and Tanzania. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region. Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate.", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\".", "Bengo is a province of Angola. Its capital is Caxito. According to 1988 statistics, there were 18,700 people living in urban areas with 137,400 in rural areas, with a total of 156,100 residents. It has an area of 31,371 square kilometres, and its population at the 2014 Census was 351,579. The province had been created in 1980 by dividing the original province Luanda into Bengo and the then smaller province Luanda.", "Tanzania , officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa. It is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south; and by the Indian Ocean to the east. Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania.", "Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga (14 October 1930 7 September 1997), born Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, was the military dictator and President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which Mobutu renamed Zaire in 1971) from 1965 to 1997. He also served as Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity in 19671968.", "A municipality is usually a single urban administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and state laws, to which it is subordinate. It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term \"municipality\" may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality. A municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French \"municipalité\" and Latin \"municipalis\".", "The Democratic Republic of the Congo , also known as DR Congo, DRC, DROC, East Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo is a country located in Central Africa. From 1971 to 1997 it was named, and is sometimes still called Zaire, and from 1908 to 1960 it was called the Belgian Congo. The DRC borders the Central African Republic, and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania to the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Republic of the Congo to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. It is the second-largest country in Africa by area and eleventh largest in the world. With a population of over 80 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated officially Francophone country, the fourth most-populated nation in Africa and the eighteenth most populated country in the world.", "A city council, town council, town board, or board of aldermen is the legislative body that governs a city, town, municipality or local government area.", "A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.", "Kinshasa (formerly Leopoldville (or Dutch )) is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is on the Congo River.", "The Republic of the Congo, also known as the Congo Republic, West Congo, Congo-Brazzaville or simply Congo, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.", "Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire was the name, between 1971 and 1997, of a state in Central Africa which was later renamed the Democratic Republic of the Congo, after the end of the Mobutu Sese Seko era. The state's name derived from the name of the Congo River, sometimes called \"Zaire\" in Portuguese, adapted from the Kongo word \"nzere\" or \"nzadi\" (\"river that swallows all rivers\").", "The Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in Central Africa between 1908 and 1960 in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).", "The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: \"Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka\";   , or \"\" ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about and had an estimated population of around 4.7 million .", "Rio de Janeiro (\"River of January\"), or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, the second-most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and sixth-most populous in the Americas. Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's third-most populous state. Part of the city has been designated as a World Heritage Site, named \"\"Rio de Janeiro: Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea\"\", by UNESCO on 1 July 2012 as a Cultural Landscape.", "São Paulo (\"Saint Paul\" in English) is a municipality located in the southeast region of Brazil. The metropolis is an alpha global cityas listed by the GaWCand is the most populous city in Brazil, the Americas, and in the Southern Hemisphere. The municipality is also Earth's 12th largest city proper by population. The city is the capital of the homonymous state of São Paulo, Brazil's most populous and wealthiest state. It exerts strong international influence in commerce, finance, arts and entertainment. The name of the city honors Saint Paul of Tarsus. The city's metropolitan area of Greater São Paulo ranks as the most populous in Brazil, the 11th most populous on Earth, and largest Portuguese-speaking city in the world.", "Katanga was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces. Between 1971 and 1997 (during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko when Congo was known as Zaïre), its official name was Shaba Province.", "Cacuaco is one of the seven municipalities that make up the province of Luanda, as per the new administrative division of the province (the others being, Luanda, Belas, Cazenga, Viana, Icolo e Bengo and Quiçama). It is a suburb of the capital, Luanda. It has a population of 600,000.", "Icolo e Bengo (English: Icolo and Bengo)\nis a city council (\"município\"\nor municipality) in the province of Luanda in Angola, as per decree 29/11, of 1 September 2011, which moved this municipality, along with the municipality of Quiçama from Bengo Province to Luanda Province. ", "The Republic of Zambia is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, neighbouring the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west. The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, the core economic hubs of the country.", "Rwanda (or ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a sovereign state in central and east Africa and one of the smallest countries on the African mainland. Located a few degrees south of the Equator, Rwanda is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Rwanda is in the African Great Lakes region and is highly elevated; its geography is dominated by mountains in the west and savanna to the east, with numerous lakes throughout the country. The climate is temperate to subtropical, with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons each year.", "Burundi (or ), officially the Republic of Burundi ( or ), is a landlocked country in the African Great Lakes region of East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It is also considered part of Central Africa. Burundi's capital is Bujumbura. The southwestern border is adjacent to Lake Tanganyika.", "Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the world's fifth-largest country by both area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent's land area. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.", "Maputo, known as Lourenço Marques before independence, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. It is known as the \"City of Acacias\", in reference to acacia trees commonly found along its avenues, and the \"Pearl of the Indian Ocean\". Today, it is a port city, with its economy centered on the harbour. According to the 2007 census, the population is 1,766,184. Cotton, sugar, chromite, sisal, copra, and hardwood are the chief exports. The city manufactures cement, pottery, furniture, shoes, and rubber. The city is surrounded by Maputo Province, but is administered as its own province." ]

[ "africa", "angola", "atlantic ocean", "banga", "basin", "bengo", "brasília", "brazil", "burundi", "cabinda", "cameroon", "center", "central", "central african republic", "commerce", "democratic republic of the congo", "district", "earth", "equatorial guinea", "european union", "forest", "gabon", "independence", "indian ocean", "kinshasa", "lakes", "lisbon", "local government area", "luanda", "luanda province", "mainland", "maputo", "mozambique", "namibia", "northwest", "of", "paul", "pearl", "ports", "portugal", "republic of the congo", "rio de janeiro", "river", "rwanda", "saint paul", "south", "southeast region", "sudan", "são paulo", "tanganyika", "tanzania", "uganda", "union", "victoria", "zaire", "zambia", "zimbabwe" ]

[ "Thorstein Bunde Veblen (born Torsten Bunde Veblen; July 30, 1857  August 3, 1929) was a Norwegian-American economist and sociologist. He was famous as a witty critic of capitalism.", "David Ricardo (18 April 1772 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the most influential of the classical economists, along with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith, and James Mill.", "Absentee landlord is an economic term for a person who owns and rents out a profit-earning property, but does not live within the property's local economic region. The term \"absentee ownership\" was popularised by economist Thorstein Veblen's book of the same name, \"Absentee ownership\".", "A narrative or story is any report of connected events, real or imaginary, presented in a sequence of written or spoken words, and/or still or moving images.", "Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1768 22 May 1849) was a prolific Anglo-Irish writer of adults' and children's literature. She was one of the first realist writers in children's literature and was a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe. She held advanced views, for a woman of her time, on estate management, politics and education, and corresponded with some of the leading literary and economic writers, including Sir Walter Scott and David Ricardo.", "Prose is a form of language that exhibits a grammatical structure and a natural flow of speech, rather than a rhythmic structure as in traditional poetry. Where the common unit of verse is based on meter or rhyme, the common unit of prose is purely grammatical, such as a sentence or paragraph.", "In the abstract, property is that which belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing. In the context of this article, property is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to, as in being owned by, a person or jointly a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society. (Given such meaning, the word property is uncountable, and as such, is not described with an indefinite article or as plural.) Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, alter, share, redefine, rent, mortgage, pawn, sell, exchange, transfer, give away or destroy it, or to exclude others from doing these things, as well as to perhaps abandon it; whereas regardless of the nature of the property, the owner thereof has the right to properly use it (as a durable, mean or factor, or whatever), or at the very least exclusively keep it.", "A landlord is the owner of a house, apartment, condominium, land or real estate which is rented or leased to an individual or business, who is called a tenant (also a \"lessee\" or \"renter\"). When a juristic person is in this position, the term landlord is used. Other terms include lessor and owner. The term landlady may be used for women owners, and lessor applies to both genders.", "The Absentee is a novel by Maria Edgeworth , published in 1812 in Tales of Fashionable Life , that expresses the systemic evils of the absentee landlord class of Anglo - Irish and the desperate condition of the Irish peasantry . Just before coming of age , Lord Colambre , the sensitive hero of the novel , finds that his mother Lady Clonbrony 's attempts to buy her way into the high society of London are only ridiculed , while his father , Lord Clonbrony , is in serious debt as a result of his wife 's lifestyle . His mother wishes him to marry an heiress , Miss Broadhurst , who is a friend of Grace Nugent . However , Colambre has already fallen in love with his cousin , Grace Nugent , who lives with the family as a companion to Lady Clonbrony . Worried that his mother will pressure him into a marriage with someone he does not love , Colambre decides to leave the London social scene and visit his ancestral home in Ireland . Upon arriving in Dublin , Colambre becomes good friends with Sir James Brooke , who is a good influence on Colambre and warns him against the schemes of some new arrivals on the Dublin social scene : Lady Dashfort and her widowed daughter , Lady Isobel . It is generally known that Lady Dashfort is looking to ensnare a new , rich Irish peer for her equally unscrupulous daughter , and by any means necessary . Despite a pointed warning from Sir James , Colambre falls under the influence of the persuasive Lady Dashfort , who wishes to secure him as the next husband for Lady Isobel . Chance intelligence from a former maid in the Clonbrony household reveals to Lady Dashfort that Lord Colambre is , in fact , in love with his cousin , Grace Nugent . To discourage the match , Lady Dashfort slyly lets slip that Grace was born out of wedlock , and is therefore illegitimate . This is confirmed by letter by his mother , who while a social climber and generally frivolous , is very loving to Grace and has never told her about her parentage . Colambre is heart broken and feels he can never love a woman with such a heritage . He visits his family estate and discovers that his father 's agents are oppressing the local peasantry and probably cheating his father as well . He reveals himself to the evil agents , and there is a race back to London , Colambre trying to stop his father from signing documents that would ruin some of the good peasants , the agent 's agent trying to get the papers signed . Colambre makes it back just in time to stop his father from ruining the people , and he then assists his father in paying off his debts , on condition that the Clonbrony family return to live in Ireland . The final section concerns Colambre 's love for Grace and how it is discovered that she is both legitimate and an heiress . There are many turns of plot and lots of information about Ireland as well as Irish dialect and details of shallow London fashionable life , and the egregious results of the propertied classes treating their Irish lands as a resource to be exploited rather than as a relationship among classes and with the land .", "A novel is a long narrative, normally in prose, which describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story.", "Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet with many contemporary readers in Europe, Australia, and North America.", "An economist is a practitioner in the social science discipline of economics.", "Fiction is the classification for any story or universe derived from imaginationin other words, not based strictly on history or fact. Fiction can be expressed in a variety of formats, including writings, live performances, films, television programs, animations, video games, and role-playing games, though the term originally and most commonly refers to the narrative forms of literature (see \"literary\" fiction), including the novel, novella, short story, and play. Fiction constitutes an act of creative invention, so that faithfulness to reality is not typically assumed; in other words, fiction is not expected to present only characters who are actual people or descriptions that are factually true. The context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, due to fiction's freedom from any necessary embedding in reality; however, some fictional works are claimed to be, or marketed as, historically or factually accurate, complicating the traditional distinction between fiction and non-fiction. Fiction is a classification or category, rather than a specific mode or genre, unless used in a narrower sense as a synonym for a particular literary fiction form." ]

[ "1", "apartment", "april", "attribute", "august", "book", "classification", "component", "economics", "education", "embedding", "estate", "fiction", "group", "history", "house", "january", "july", "literature", "may", "name", "narrative", "novel", "novella", "ownership", "paragraph", "person", "property", "prose", "report", "rhyme", "role", "science", "sense", "sentence", "september", "sequence", "society", "speech", "structure", "term", "time", "variety", "video" ]

[ "A record label or record company is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Often, a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos; conducts talent scouting and development of new artists (\"artists and repertoire\" or \"A&R\"); and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term \"record label\" derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.", "Slayer is an American thrash metal band from Huntington Park, California, formed in 1981 by guitarist Kerry King and drummer Dave Lombardo. Slayer rose to fame with its 1986 release \"Reign in Blood\", and is credited as one of the \"big four\" thrash metal bands, along with Metallica, Megadeth, and Anthrax. Since its debut album in 1983, the band has released twelve studio albums, two live albums, a box set, six music videos, two extended plays and a cover album. Four of the band's studio albums have received gold certification in the United States. The band has received five Grammy nominations, winning one in 2007 for the song \"Eyes of the Insane\", and one in 2008 for the song \"Final Six\" (both from 2006's \"Christ Illusion\"). Slayer has also played at several music festivals worldwide, including Unholy Alliance, Download and Ozzfest.", "Bridgend (meaning \"the end (or head) of the bridge on the Ogmore\") is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales, west of the capital Cardiff and east of Swansea. The river crossed by the original bridge, which gave the town its name, is the River Ogmore, but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town.", "A boy band (or boyband) is loosely defined as a vocal group consisting of young male singers, usually in their teenage years or in their twenties at the time of formation. The first boy bands consisted of the Beatles, Jackson 5, the Monkees, and the Osmonds singing love songs marketed towards young females. Being vocal groups, most boy band members do not play musical instruments, either in recording sessions or on stage, making the term something of a misnomer. However, exceptions do exist. Many boy bands dance as well as sing, usually giving highly choreographed performances.", "Teen pop is a subgenre of pop music that is created, marketed and oriented towards preteens and teenagers. Teen pop copies genres and styles such as pop, R&B, dance, electronic, hip hop, country and rock.\nTypical characteristics of teen pop music include auto-tuned vocals, choreographed dancing, emphasis on visual appeal (photogenic faces, unique body physiques, immaculately attended hair and designer clothes), lyrics focused on teenage issues such as love/relationships, finding yourself, friendships, coming of age, fitting in and growing up (regardless of the artists' age) and repeated chorus lines.", "Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a record music company, which was a 5050 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann AG. The venture's successor, the again-active Sony Music Entertainment, is 100% owned by the Sony Corporation of America.", "Bullet for My Valentine, often abbreviated as BFMV or B4MV, are a Welsh heavy metal band from Bridgend, formed in 1998. The band is composed of Matthew Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backing vocals), Michael Thomas (drums) and Jamie Mathias (bass guitar). Former members include Nick Crandle and Jason James; both were on bass. They were formed under the name Jeff Killed John and started their music career by covering songs by Metallica and Nirvana. Jeff Killed John recorded six songs which were not released; two of these tracks were reworked later in their career as Bullet for My Valentine. Financial difficulties dictated the name change, which was followed by a change in music direction. In 2002, the band secured a five-album deal with Sony BMG. The band has stated that their music is influenced by classic metal acts such as Metallica, Iron Maiden and Slayer. The band is part of the Cardiff music scene.", "Jive Records was an American record label under the RCA Music Group formed in 1981 by Zomba Records. Formerly headquartered in New York City, the label was best known for a string of successes with hip hop artists in the 1980s, and also in teen pop and boy bands during the 1990s and the early 2000s.", "Scream Aim Fire is the second studio album by Welsh heavy metal band Bullet for My Valentine , released on 28 January 2008 in the UK and the preceding day in the US through Jive Records . Since its release , Scream Aim Fire has sold over 1 million copies worldwide , with 500,000 copies being sold in the US alone .", "RCA Music Group was an umbrella group of labels distributed by Sony Music Entertainment that existed between March 2004 and 2009 and for a short period of time between July 2011 and October 2011 until all RCA Music Group labels were merged with RCA Records." ]

[ "album", "jive records", "labels", "pop", "rca music group", "rca records", "record", "sony", "sony bmg", "sony music entertainment", "the beatles", "the monkees", "wales" ]

[ "Through the Valley of the Kwai (also published under the titles \"Miracle on the River Kwai\" and \"To End All Wars\") is the autobiography of a Scottish captain named Ernest Gordon and recounts the experiences of faith and hope of the men held in a Japanese prisoner of war labour camp, building the Burma Railway during the last three and a half years of World War II. ", "Ernest Gordon ( 31 May 1916 -- 16 January 2002 ) was the former Presbyterian dean of the chapel at Princeton University . A native of Scotland , as an officer in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders , Gordon spent three years in a Japanese prisoner of war ( POW ) camp during the Second World War . He chronicled his experiences on the Death Railway in his book Through the Valley of the Kwai . The book served as an inspiration to the film To End All Wars which opened in 2001 .", "To End All Wars is a 2001 war film starring Robert Carlyle, Kiefer Sutherland and Sakae Kimura and directed by David L. Cunningham.", "The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the BurmaSiam Railway, the ThailandBurma Railway and similar names, was a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand, and Thanbyuzayat, Burma, built by the Empire of Japan in 1943 to support its forces in the Burma campaign of World War II. This railway completed the rail link between Bangkok, Thailand and Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon). The line was closed in 1947, but the section between Nong Pla Duk and Nam Tok was reopened ten years later in 1957.", "War film is a film genre concerned with warfare, typically about naval, air, or land battles, with combat scenes central to the drama. It has been strongly associated with the 20th century. The fateful nature of battle scenes means that war films often end with them. Themes explored include combat, survival and escape, sacrifice, the futility and inhumanity of battle, the effects of war on society, and the moral and human issues raised by war. War films are often categorized by their milieu, such as the Korean War; the most popular subject is the Second World War. The stories told may be fiction, historical drama, or biographical. Critics have noted similarities between the Western and the war film.", "A prisoner of war (POW, PoW, PW, P/W, WP, PsW, enemy prisoner of war (EPW) or \"missing-captured\") is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase \"prisoner of war\" dates to 1660.", "World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's nationsincluding all of the great powerseventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of \"total war\", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust (in which approximately 11 million people were killed) and the strategic bombing of industrial and population centres (in which approximately one million were killed, and which included the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), it resulted in an estimated 50 million to 85 million fatalities. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history." ]

[ "atomic bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki", "captain", "korean war", "prisoner of war", "world war", "world war ii" ]

[ "Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile.", "The iPod is a line of portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first version was released on October 23, 2001, about 8 months after iTunes (Macintosh version) was released. The most recent iPod redesigns were announced on July 15, 2015. There are three current versions of the iPod: the ultra-compact iPod Shuffle, the compact iPod Nano and the touchscreen iPod Touch.", "An online music store is an online business which sells audio files over the Internet, usually sound recordings of music songs or classical pieces, in which the user pays on a per-song or subscription basis. It may be differentiated from music streaming services in that the online music store sells the purchaser the actual digital music file, while streaming services offer the patron partial or full listening without the actually owning the source file. However, online music stores generally offer partial streaming previews of songs, with some songs even available for full length listening. Online music stores typically show a picture of the album art or of the performer or band for each song. Some online music stores also sell recorded speech files, such as podcasts and video files of movies.", "iTunes (or ) is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video (as well as other types of media available on the iTunes Store) on personal computers running the macOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems. The iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch.", "The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide. It is a \"network of networks\" that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing.", "iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apple's iOS mobile operating system. The first generation iPhone was released on June 29, 2007; the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone 7, which was unveiled at a special event on September 7, 2016.", "Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California, a suburb of San Jose, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Its hardware products include the iPhone smartphone, the iPad tablet computer, the Mac personal computer, the iPod portable media player, the Apple Watch smartwatch, and the Apple TV digital media player. Apple's consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and productivity suites. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, and iCloud.", "`` This Is Love '' is Utada Hikaru 's first Japanese digital single ( 23rd overall ) . It was released on May 31 , 2006 as a promotional single for her fourth Japanese studio album . `` This Is Love '' was tied - in as the CM song for a Nissin cup noodle campaign and the opening theme for an anime `` Freedom , '' which was also tied into the Nippon campaign . The digital single reached number one in virtually every online music store in Japan prior to the ULTRA BLUE album 's release , including the most used store in Japan , iTunes Japan , as well as OnGen , among others . Utada herself is quoted to have said that this song is about expressing that `` Love is like a mix of extremes : anxiety and peace . '' On December 20 , 2006 iTunes Japan released a list of top downloaded singles and albums ; `` This is Love '' ranked as # 9 making it the 9th most downloaded song for 2006 .", "A song, most broadly, is a single (and often standalone) work of music that is typically intended to be sung by the human voice with distinct and fixed pitches and patterns using sound and silence and a variety of forms that often include the repetition of sections. Written words created specifically for music or for which music is specifically created, are called lyrics. If a pre-existing poem is set to composed music in classical music it is an art song. Songs that are sung on repeated pitches without distinct contours and patterns that rise and fall are called chants. Songs in a simple style that are learned informally are often referred to as folk songs. Songs that are composed for professional singers who sell their recordings or live shows to the mass market are called popular songs. These songs, which have broad appeal, are often composed by professional songwriters, composers and lyricists. Art songs are composed by trained classical composers for concert or recital performances. Songs are performed live and recorded on audio or video (or in some, cases, a song may be performed live and simultaneously recorded). Songs may also appear in plays, musical theatre, stage shows of any form, and within operas.", "Microsoft Corporation (commonly referred to as Microsoft or MS) is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington, that develops, manufactures, licenses, supports and sells computer software, consumer electronics and personal computers and services. Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup. As of 2016, it was the world's largest software maker by revenue, and one of the world's most valuable companies.", "A stage name, also called a screen name, is a pseudonym used by performers and entertainers such as actors, comedians, and musicians.", ", who also goes by the mononym Utada, is a Japanese-American singer and songwriter. After releasing the commercially unsuccessful English-language album \"Precious\" under the stage name \"Cubic U\" in 1998, she rose to prominence in 1999 with the release of her second album (and first Japanese-language release), \"First Love\", which sold over eight million copies in Japan and became the best selling Japanese-language album of all time. ", "The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28, 2003, and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008, and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010. It offers over 43 million songs, 700,000 apps, 190,000 TV episodes and 45,000 films as of September 12, 2012. The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totalled nearly US$1.4 billion; by May 28, 2014, the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide. ", "Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, then from 1948 as vinyl LP records played at  rpm. Vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc (CD) and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl.", "Ultra Blue is the fourth Japanese studio album (sixth overall) by Hikaru Utada, released in 2006. It debuted at #1 on the Oricon daily, weekly and monthly charts and sold 500,317 copies in its first six days of sales. \"Ultra Blue\" had sold more than one million copies worldwide and almost four million digital single tracks and ringtones as of July 13, 2006 according to EMI.", "A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the latter term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the music industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies. Pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own music publishers, while others have outside publishers.", "A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a small computing device, typically, small enough to hold and operate in the hand and having an operating system capable of running mobile apps. These may provide a diverse range of functions. Typically, the device will have a display screen with a small numeric or alphanumeric keyboard or a touchscreen providing a virtual keyboard and buttons (icons) on-screen. Many such devices can connect to the Internet and interconnect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or near field communication (NFC). Integrated cameras, digital media players, mobile phone and GPS capabilities are common. Power is typically provided by a lithium battery. ", "The iPod Touch (stylized and marketed as iPod touch) is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based. It can be used as a music and video player, digital camera, handheld game device, and personal digital assistant (PDA). It connects to the Internet only through Wi-Fi base stations, does not use cellular network data, and is therefore not a smartphone, though it has a similar design to the iPhone and is often referred to as the \"iPhone without a phone\". Furthermore, it does not fit in Apple's iPhone accessories such as their leather cases. As of May 2013, 100 million iPod Touch units had been sold. It is also the most popular iPod model.", "A podcast is an episodic series of digital media files which a user can set up so that new episodes are automatically downloaded via web syndication to the user's own local computer or portable media player.", "macOS (pronounced ; previously Mac OS X, then simply OS X) is the current series of Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's Macintosh computers, having been preinstalled on all Macs since 2002. Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows." ]

[ "1990s", "2013", "a", "all", "and one", "blue", "can", "composer", "device", "diverse", "electronic", "example", "hardware", "hikaru utada", "if", "industry", "japan", "june", "love", "mac", "means", "mobile", "office", "per", "pieces", "september", "silence", "the music", "the source", "time", "x" ]

[ "Spring Valley is a city in Fillmore County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,479 at the 2010 census.", "A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as \"individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity\", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practice.", "Edward Everett Smith ( May 5 , 1861 -- July 29 , 1931 ) was a Minnesota legislator and the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota . Born in Spring Valley , Minnesota and became Lieutenant Governor under Governor Adolph Olson Eberhart from September 25 , 1909 -- January 3 , 1911 . He died in 1931 in Minneapolis .", "The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Forty different people have been governor of Minnesota, though historically there were also three governors of Minnesota Territory. Alexander Ramsey, the first territorial governor, also served as state governor several years later. State governors are elected to office by popular vote, but territorial governors were appointed to the office by the United States president. The current governor of Minnesota is Mark Dayton of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL).", "Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, containing about 3.5 million residents. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota and 46th-largest in the United States with a population of 410,939. Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago.", "Minnesota (locally ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858, created from the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory. The state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan \"Land of 10,000 Lakes\". Its official motto is \"L'Étoile du Nord\" (French: \"Star of the North\").\nMinnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U.S. states; nearly 60 percent of its residents live in the MinneapolisSaint Paul metropolitan area (known as the \"Twin Cities\"), the center of transportation, business, industry, education, and government and home to an internationally known arts community. The remainder of the state consists of western prairies now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation.\nMinnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the large majority of the European settlers emigrated from Scandinavia and Germany, and the state remains a center of Scandinavian American and German American culture. In recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesota's standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, and the state is also among the best-educated and wealthiest in the nation.", "Chicago (or ), officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States, and the fifth-most populous city in North America. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, and the county seat of Cook County. The Chicago metropolitan area, often referred to as Chicagoland, has nearly 10 million people and is the third-largest in the U.S.", "Adolph Olson Eberhart (June 23, 1870  December 6, 1944) was an American politician, who served as the 17th Governor of Minnesota.", "A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China and Taiwan. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function." ]

[ "canada", "cook", "count", "farmer", "governor", "official", "politician", "saint", "taiwan", "united kingdom" ]

[ "West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost subregion of Africa. West Africa has been defined as including 18 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, the island nation of Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, the island of Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, São Tomé and Príncipe and Togo.", "Lat Dior Ngoné Latyr Diop ( 1842 -- 1886 ) , son of Sakhéwère Sokhna Mbaye and the Linguère royal Ngoné Latyr Fall , was a 19th - century Damel ( king ) of Cayor , a Wolof state that is today in south central Sénégal .", "The Kingdom of Waalo or Walo (formerly ) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emirates; to the south was the kingdom of Cayor; to the east was Jolof.", "The Kingdom of Sine (also: \"Sin\" or Siin in Serer-Sine language) was a pre-colonial Serer kingdom along the north bank of the Saloum River delta in modern Senegal. The inhabitants are called \"Siin-Siin\" or \"Sine-Sine\" (a Serer plural form or Serer-demonym, e.g. \"Bawol-Bawol\" and \"Saloum-Saloum\" / \"Saluum-Saluum\", inhabitants of Baol and Saloum respectively).", "Damel was the title of the ruler (or king) of the Wolof kingdom of Cayor in what is now northwest Senegal, West Africa.", "Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country in West Africa. Senegal is bordered by Mauritania in the north, Mali to the east, Guinea to the southeast, and Guinea-Bissau to the southwest. Senegal also borders The Gambia, a country occupying a narrow sliver of land along the banks of the Gambia River, which separates Senegal's southern region of Casamance from the rest of the country. Senegal also shares a maritime border with Cape Verde. Senegal's economic and political capital is Dakar. It is the westernmost country in the mainland of the Old World, or Afro-Eurasia, and owes its name to the Senegal River, which borders it to the east and north. The name \"Senegal\" comes from the Wolof \"Sunuu Gaal\", which means \"Our Boat\". Senegal covers a land area of almost and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is Sahelian, but there is a rainy season.", "The Kingdom of Baol or Bawol in central Senegal was one of the kingdoms that arose from the split-up of the Empire of Jolof (Diolof) in 1555. The ruler (Teigne or Teen) reigned from a capital in Diourbel.", "The Kingdom of Cayor (1549-1879) was the largest and most powerful kingdom that split off from the Empire of Jolof (Diolof), in what is now Senegal. Cayor was located in north and central Senegal, southeast of Waalo, west of the kingdom of Jolof and north of Baol and the Kingdom of Sine." ]

[ "benin", "burkina faso", "gambia", "ghana", "guinea", "ivory coast", "niger", "senegal", "sierra leone", "waalo" ]

[ "Un Certain Regard (is a section of the Cannes Film Festival's official selection. It is run at the \", parallel to the competition for the Palme d'Or. This section was introduced in 1978 by Gilles Jacob.", "The Cannes Festival (French: Festival de Cannes), named until 2002 as the International Film Festival (\"Festival international du film\") and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès.", "Red Sien is a 1975 Dutch drama film directed by Frans Weisz, produced by Rob du Mée. The story is based on the play with the same name, created by Marius Spree at the start of the 20th century. Beppie Nooij jr. played the role of Rooie Sien (\"Red Sien\") almost 1500 times on the stage. In the film Willeke Alberti plays the role of the young Sien, while Nooij moved on the role of Sien's mother. The film was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival.", "Willeke Alberti (3 February 1945, Amsterdam, Netherlands) (real name: Willy Albertina Verbrugge) is a Dutch singer and actress, the daughter of entertainer and singer Willy Alberti and Hendrika Geertruida Kuiper (1921-2011).", "Frans Weisz ( born 23 July 1938 ) is a Dutch film director . He has directed 22 films since 1964 . His 1975 film Red Sien was entered into the 9th Moscow International Film Festival . His film Havinck was screened in the Un Certain Regard section the 1988 Cannes Film Festival . His 1993 film The Betrayed was entered into the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival ." ]

[ "france", "netherlands" ]

[ "Aldby Park is a country estate in the village of Buttercrambe near the village of Stamford Bridge in the East Riding of Yorkshire , England . The house , replacing the original Tudor one , was built around 1725 by Jane Darley but it occupies the an ancient site believed to be where Edwin of Northumbria was crowned King in 625 AD . Aldby Park is best known as being the ancestral home of the Darley family . This family 's best known member is Thomas Darley , brother of Jane Darley , who owned the celebrated Darley Arabian horse which is widely recognised as being the earliest ancestor of most of the world 's thoroughbred race horses . The three storey house is built of brick with ashlar dressing and a slate roof , with a nine bay frontage .", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "The East Riding of Yorkshire, or simply East Yorkshire, is a ceremonial county of England. It is located in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The East Riding of Yorkshire may also refer to a local government district with unitary authority status, which does not include the city of Kingston upon Hull, the largest settlement in the ceremonial county, which is a separate unitary authority. The modern East Riding of Yorkshire (both ceremonial county and unitary authority), was formed in 1996 from the northern part of the non-metropolitan county of Humberside.", "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.", "The English Channel (\"the Sleeve\" [hence ] \"Sea of Brittany\" \"British Sea\"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the southern part of the North Sea to the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.", "The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric (or \"shelf\") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than long and wide, with an area of around .", "A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise of legal jurisdiction.", "A unitary authority is a type of local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all local government functions within its area or performs additional functions which elsewhere in the relevant country are usually performed by national government or a higher level of sub-national government.", "The Celtic Sea (; ) is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the south coast of Ireland bounded to the east by Saint George's Channel; other limits include the Bristol Channel, the English Channel, and the Bay of Biscay, as well as adjacent portions of Wales, Cornwall, Devon, and Brittany. The southern and western boundaries are delimited by the continental shelf, which drops away sharply. The Isles of Scilly are an archipelago of small islands in the sea.", "Scotland (Scots: ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the south-west. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.", "Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It lies upon the River Hull at its junction with the Humber estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea, with a population of.", "Yorkshire (or ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region. The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common use in the media and the military, and also features in the titles of current areas of civil administration such as North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and East Riding of Yorkshire.", "Ryedale is a non-metropolitan district of the shire county of North Yorkshire in England. Settlements include Helmsley, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, Norton-on-Derwent, and Pickering. Part of Ryedale lies within the North York Moors National Park.", "The Humber is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal rivers Ouse and Trent. From here to the North Sea, it forms part of the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north bank and Lincolnshire on the south bank. Although the Humber is an estuary from the point at which it is formed, many maps show it as the River Humber.", "Buttercrambe with Bossall is a civil parish in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England. The parish had a population of 100 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 105 at the 2011 census. The parish is near Stamford Bridge, and contains Buttercrambe and Bossall.", "Yorkshire and the Humber is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It comprises most of Yorkshire (South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire including Hull, the shire county of North Yorkshire and the City of York), North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. It does not include Middlesbrough or Redcar and Cleveland (which are in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire but not in the shire county). The population in 2011 was 5,284,000.", "Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe, or, by Europeans, simply the Continent, is the continuous continent of Europe, excluding surrounding islands.", "Buttercrambe is a small village in the Buttercrambe with Bossall civil parish, in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire, England.", "Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of . Wales has over of coastline and is largely mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon, its highest summit. The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable, maritime climate.", "York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The municipality is the traditional county town of Yorkshire to which it gives its name. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities making it a popular tourist destination for millions.", "Borders are geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities. Some borderssuch as a state's internal administrative border, or inter-state borders within the Schengen Areaare often open and completely unguarded. Other borders are partially or fully controlled, and may be crossed legally only at designated border checkpoints and border zones may be controlled. Mostly contentious, borders may even foster the setting up of buffer zones. A difference has also been established in academic scholarship between border and frontier, the latter denoting a state of mind rather than state boundaries.", "The Irish Sea (, , , Ulster-Scots: \"Airish Sea\"), separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea.", "The Isles of Scilly (or \"\") are an archipelago off the south western tip of the Cornish peninsula of Great Britain. It is the southernmost location in England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most westerly in England.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England. It is located in the English Channel, about 4 miles (6 km) off the coast of Hampshire, separated by the Solent. The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times, and is known for its mild climate, coastal scenery, and verdant landscape of fields, downland and chines.", "North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county (or shire county) and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber but partly in the region of North East England.", "Humberside was a non-metropolitan and ceremonial county in Northern England from 1 April 1974 until 1 April 1996. It was composed of land from either side of the Humber Estuary, created from portions of East Riding of Yorkshire, West Riding of Yorkshire, and the district of Lindsey, Lincolnshire. The county council's headquarters was County Hall at Beverley, inherited from the East Riding, and its largest settlement and only city was Kingston upon Hull. The county stretched from Wold Newton in its northern tip to a different Wold Newton at its most southern point.", "In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is an administrative parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish." ]

[ "anglesey", "atlantic ocean", "bristol", "brittany", "cleveland", "cornish", "cornwall", "devon", "east", "east riding of yorkshire", "england", "europe", "foster", "france", "hampshire", "hull", "humberside", "indonesia", "ireland", "isle of man", "isle of wight", "java", "kingdom of great britain", "kingston", "mainland", "media", "most", "north", "north east", "north yorkshire", "northern", "northwest", "of", "pickering", "river", "ryedale", "scandinavia", "schengen", "scotland", "south", "time", "ulster", "united kingdom", "wales", "westerly", "york", "yorkshire", "yorkshire and the humber" ]

[ "The Eifel is a low mountain range in western Germany and eastern Belgium. It occupies parts of southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, northwestern Rhineland-Palatinate and the south of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.", "Sir John Young \"Jackie\" Stewart, (born 11 June 1939) is a British former Formula One racing driver from Scotland.\nNicknamed the \"Flying Scot\", he competed in Formula One between 1965 and 1973, winning three World Drivers' Championships, and twice runner-up, over those nine seasons. He also competed in Can-Am. In 2009 he was ranked fifth of the fifty greatest Formula One drivers of all time by journalist Kevin Eason who wrote: \"He has not only emerged as a great driver, but one of the greatest figures of motor racing.\"", "Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, nonpersonal message to promote or sell a product, service or idea. Sponsors of advertising are often businesses who wish to promote their products or services. Advertising is differentiated from public relations in that an advertiser usually pays for and has control over the message. It is differentiated from personal selling in that the message is nonpersonal, i.e., not directed to a particular individual.\nAdvertising is communicated through various mass media, including old media such as newspapers, magazines, Television, Radio, outdoor advertising or direct mail; or new media such as search results, blogs, websites or text messages. The actual presentation of the message in a medium is referred to as an advertisement or \"ad\".", "A department store or magazine is a retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different product categories known as \"departments\". In modern major cities, the department store made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and the definition of service and luxury. Similar developments were under way in London (with Whiteleys), in Paris (\"Le Bon Marché\" in 1852) and in New York (with Stewart's).", "Nürburgring is a 150,000-capacity motorsports complex located in the town of Nürburg, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It features a Grand Prix race track built in 1984, and a much longer old \"North loop\" track which was built in the 1920s around the village and medieval castle of Nürburg in the Eifel mountains. The north loop is long and has more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) of elevation change from its lowest to highest points. Jackie Stewart nicknamed the old track \"The Green Hell\".", "A gunpowder magazine, also known as a polverista, is a magazine (building) designed to store the explosive gunpowder in wooden barrels for safety. Gunpowder, until superseded, was a universal explosive used in the military and for civil engineering: both applications required storage magazines. Most magazines were purely functional and tended to be in remote and secure locations.", "A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published (sometimes referred to as an online magazine). Magazines are generally published on a regular schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a purchase price, by prepaid subscriptions, or a combination of the three.At its root, the word \"magazine\" refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles. This explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores.", "Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular immigration destination in the world. Germany's capital and largest metropolis is Berlin. Other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart and Düsseldorf.", "Detmold is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of about 73,400 (2013). It was the capital of the small Principality of Lippe from 1468 until 1918 and then of the Free State of Lippe until 1947. Today it is the administrative center of the district of Lippe and of the Regierungsbezirk Detmold. The Church of Lippe has its central administration located in Detmold. The Reformed Redeemer Church is the preaching venue of the state superintendent of the Lippe church.", "A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.", "An online magazine is a magazine published on the Internet, through bulletin board systems and other forms of public computer networks. One of the first magazines to convert from a print magazine format to being online only was the computer magazine Datamation. ", "Horst von Saurma - Jeltsch ( born Horst Vieselmann , 28 August 1954 in Detmold ) was the chief editor of the German automobile magazine Sport auto until February 2013 . He also had a brief racing career but is best known for skilful driving at the Nürburgring . He participated in the 1985 TT - F1 race on the Isle Of Man and finished in 25th position .", "To publish is to make content available to the general public. While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any traditional medium, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). The word publication means the act of publishing, and also refers to any printed copies." ]

[ "advertising", "computer", "driver", "engineering", "general", "journalist", "major", "member", "military", "mountain", "racing driver", "superintendent" ]

[ "Chana Orloff ( 1888 -- 1968 ) was an Israeli Art deco and figurative art sculptor .", "Art Deco, or Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It became popular in the 1920s and 1930s, and influenced the design of buildings, furniture, jewellery, fashion, cars, movie theatres, trains, ocean liners, and everyday objects such as radios and vacuum cleaners. It took its name, short for \"Arts Décoratifs\", from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts) held in Paris in 1925. It combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, and faith in social and technological progress.", "Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world. Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. The arts of cultures other than the European had become accessible and showed alternative ways of describing visual experience to the artist. By the end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology, science and philosophy. The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time.", "The International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts was a World's fair held in Paris, France, from April to October 1925. It was designed by the French government to highlight the new \"style moderne\" of architecture, interior decoration, furniture, glass, jewelry and other decorative arts in Europe and throughout the world. Many ideas of the international avant-garde in the fields of architecture and applied arts were presented for the first time at the Exposition. The event took place between the esplanade of Les Invalides and the entrances of the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, and on both banks of the Seine. There were 15,000 exhibitors from twenty different countries; and it was visited by sixteen million people during its seven-month run. The \"Style Moderne\" presented at the Exposition later became known as \"Art Deco\", after the name of the Exposition.", "Figurative art, sometimes written as figurativism, describes artworkparticularly paintings and sculpturesthat is clearly derived from real object sources, and is therefore by definition representational. \"Figurative art\" is often defined in contrast to abstract art:" ]

[ "abstract art", "art deco", "figurative art", "renaissance" ]

[ "Pipturus albidus, known as mmaki (sometimes waimea, for its resemblance to olomea) in Hawaiian and known as Waimea pipturus in English, is a species of flowering plant in the nettle family, Urticaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It inhabits coastal mesic, mixed mesic, and wet forests at elevations of . \"Mmaki\" is a small tree that reaches a height of and a trunk diameter of .", "In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering.", "Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres and sharing the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population, but also dense and large settlements as well as vast barely populated regions within the continent of 4.4 billion people.", "The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, \"Ginkgo\", and gnetophytes. The term \"gymnosperm\" comes from the Greek composite word \"\" ( gymnos, \"naked\" and sperma, \"seed\"), meaning \"naked seeds\", after the unenclosed condition of their seeds (called ovules in their unfertilized state). Their naked condition stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are enclosed within an ovary. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves, often modified to form cones, or at the end of short stalks as in \"Ginkgo\".", "Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word () \"sperma\" (meaning \"seed\"). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the \"male\" or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing, starting as a totipotent zygote. The human sperm cell is haploid, so that its 23 chromosomes can join the 23 chromosomes of the female egg to form a diploid cell. In mammals, sperm develops in the testicles and is released from the penis. It is also possible to extract sperm through TESE. Some sperm banks hold up to of sperm.", "Urtica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. Many species have stinging hairs and may be called nettles or stinging nettles, although the latter name applies particularly to \"Urtica dioica\".", "A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. Generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, up to seven regions are commonly regarded as continents. Ordered from largest in size to smallest, they are: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. In geology, areas of continental crust include regions covered with water.", "Ramie ( / remi / , RAY - mee ) is a flowering plant in the nettle family Urticaceae , native to eastern Asia . It is a herbaceous perennial growing to 1 -- 2.5 m tall ; the leaves are heart - shaped , 7 -- 15 cm long and 6 -- 12 cm broad , and white on the underside with dense small hairs -- this gives it a silvery appearance ; unlike stinging nettles , the hairs do not sting . The true ramie or China grass , is also called Chinese plant or white ramie . A second type , known as green ramie or rhea , is believed to have originated in the Malay Peninsula . It has smaller leaves which are green on the underside , and it appears to be better suited to tropical conditions . The word ramie is derived from the Malay word rami .", "The flowering plants (angiosperms), also known as Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approx. 13,164 known genera and a total of c. 295,383 known species. Like gymnosperms, angiosperms are seed-producing plants; they are distinguished from gymnosperms by characteristics including flowers, endosperm within the seeds, and the production of fruits that contain the seeds. Etymologically, angiosperm means a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure, in other words, a fruiting plant. The term \"angiosperm\" comes from the Greek composite word (\"angeion\", \"case\" or \"casing\", and \"sperma\", \"seed\") meaning \"enclosed seeds\", after the enclosed condition of the seeds.", "A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in plants that are floral (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing (fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population) or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen. After fertilization, the ovary of the flower develops into fruit containing seeds.", "The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus \"Urtica\". The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including the nettles, ramie (\"Boehmeria nivea\"), mmaki (\"Pipturus albidus\"), and ajlai (\"Debregeasia saeneb\").", "Endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein. This can make endosperm a source of nutrition in the human diet. For example, wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread (the rest of the grain is included as well in whole wheat flour), while barley endosperm is the main source of sugars for beer production. Other examples of endosperm that forms the bulk of the edible portion are coconut \"meat\" and coconut \"water\", and corn. Some plants, such as orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds." ]

[ "angiospermae", "angiosperms", "area", "areas", "boehmeria", "ginkgo", "human", "magnoliophyta", "pipturus", "plant", "urtica", "urticaceae" ]

[ "Canada (French: ) is a country in the northern half of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering , making it the world's second-largest country by total area and the fourth-largest country by land area. Canada's border with the United States is the world's longest land border. The majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. About four-fifths of the country's population of 36 million people is urbanized and live near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, its largest city is Toronto; other major urban areas include Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg and Hamilton.", "Nova Scotia (Latin for \"New Scotland\"; French: \"Nouvelle-Écosse\") is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces, and one of the four provinces which form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is Canada's second-smallest province, with an area of , including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second most-densely populated province in Canada with almost .", "Glenn Ells is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia , Canada for the constituency of Kings North . He sat as a member of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party from 1974 to 1978 . A graduate of the Nova Scotia Agricultural College and McGill University , Ells was elected in the 1974 election . In April 1978 , he was appointed to the Executive Council of Nova Scotia as Minister of the Enrvironment . He re-offered in the 1978 general election , but was defeated .", "A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), or a Member of the Legislature (ML), is a representative elected by the voters of a constituency to the legislature or legislative assembly of a sub-national jurisdiction.", "The Nova Scotia Legislature, formally, known as the General Assembly, consists of the Crown represented by a Lieutenant Governor and the House of Assembly, is the legislative branch of the provincial government of Nova Scotia, Canada. The assembly is the oldest in Canada, having first sat in 1758, and in 1848 was the site of the first responsible government in the British Empire.", "Kings North is a provincial electoral district in Nova Scotia, Canada, that elects one member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly.", "Toronto is the most populous city in Canada, the provincial capital of Ontario, and the centre of the Greater Toronto Area, the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. Growing in population, the 2011 census recorded a population of 2,615,060. As of 2015, the population is now estimated at 2,826,498, making Toronto the fourth-largest city in North America based on the population within its city limits. Toronto trails only Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles by this measure, while it is the fifth-largest (behind also Chicago) if ranked by the size of its metropolitan area . An established global city, Toronto is an international centre of business, finance, arts, and culture, and widely recognized as one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world.", "The Nova Scotia Liberal Party is a political party in Nova Scotia, Canada." ]

[ "3", "lieutenant governor", "member of the legislative assembly", "member of the nova scotia house of assembly", "york" ]

[ "United Artists (UA) is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was founded in 1919 by D. W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks with the intention of controlling their own interests rather than depending upon commercial studios. The studio was repeatedly bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century.", "John Orson \"Johnny\" Whitaker, Jr. (born December 13, 1959) is an American actor notable for several performances for film and television during his childhood. The naturally redheaded Whitaker is best known for his role as Brian Keith's nephew, Jody Davis, on \"Family Affair\" from 1966 to 1971, originated the role of Scotty Baldwin on \"General Hospital\" in 1965, played the lead in Hallmark's 1969 \"The Littlest Angel\", and portrayed the title character in the 1973 musical version of \"Tom Sawyer\".", "Clark Joseph Kent is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, he debuted in \"Action Comics\" #1 (June 1938) and serves as the civilian and secret identity of the superhero Superman.", "Jeff East (born October 27, 1957) is an American actor. Beginning his professional acting career at the age of fourteen, East is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Huckleberry Finn in the United Artists feature films \"Tom Sawyer\" (1973) and \"Huckleberry Finn\" (1974), as well as for his portrayal of a teenage Clark Kent in Alexander Salkind's \"Superman: The Movie\" (1978).", "Family Affair is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from September 12, 1966 to March 4, 1971. The series explored the trials of well-to-do engineer and bachelor Bill Davis (Brian Keith) as he attempted to raise his brother's orphaned children in his luxury New York City apartment. Davis' traditional English gentleman's gentleman, Mr. Giles French (Sebastian Cabot), also had adjustments to make as he became saddled with the responsibility of caring for 15-year-old Cissy (Kathy Garver) and the 6-year-old twins, Jody (Johnny Whitaker) and Buffy (Anissa Jones).", "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (or, in more recent editions, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) is a novel by Mark Twain, first published in the United Kingdom in December 1884 and in the United States in February 1885. Commonly named among the Great American Novels, the work is among the first in major American literature to be written throughout in vernacular English, characterized by local color regionalism. It is told in the first person by Huckleberry \"Huck\" Finn, a friend of Tom Sawyer and narrator of two other Twain novels (\"Tom Sawyer Abroad\" and \"Tom Sawyer, Detective\"). It is a direct sequel to \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\".", "General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is an American daytime television medical drama. It is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running American soap opera in production and the third longest-running drama in television in American history after \"Guiding Light\" and \"As the World Turns.\" Concurrently, it is the world's third longest-running scripted drama series in production after British serials \"The Archers\" and \"Coronation Street\", as well as the world's second-longest-running televised soap opera still in production. \"General Hospital\" premiered on the ABC television network on April 1, 1963. Same-day broadcasts as well as classic episodes were aired on SOAPnet from January 20, 2000, to December 31, 2013, following Disney-ABC's decision to discontinue the network. \"General Hospital\" is the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood, and the longest-running entertainment program in ABC television history. It holds the record for most Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series, with 13 wins.", "The idea of the \"Great American Novel\" is the concept that one novel shows the culture of the United States at a specific time in its history. It is presumably written by an American author who is knowledgeable about the state, culture, and perspective of the common American citizen. The author uses the literary work to identify and exhibit the language used by the American people of the time and to capture the unique American experience, especially as it is perceived for the time. In historical terms, it is sometimes equated as being the American response to the national epic.", "Mayberry R.F.D. is an American television series produced as a spin-off and direct continuation of \"The Andy Griffith Show\". When star Andy Griffith decided to leave his series, most of the supporting characters returned for the new program, which ran for three seasons (78 episodes) on the CBS Television Network from 19681971.", "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835  April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer. Among his novels are \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" (1876) and its sequel, \"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" (1885), the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "Tom Sawyer is a 1973 American musical film adaptation of the Mark Twain boyhood adventure story , The Adventures of Tom Sawyer , starring Johnny Whitaker as Tom , Jodie Foster as Becky Thatcher , and Jeff East as Huckleberry Finn . Ho - Chunk tribesman Kunu Hank portrayed Injun Joe . The movie was produced by Reader 's Digest . The film 's screenplay and songs were written by Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman who would go on to provide more award - winning music for the sequel Huckleberry Finn .", "Alicia Christian \"Jodie\" Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress and filmmaker who has worked in films and on television. She has often been cited as one of the best actresses of her generation. Foster began her career at the age of three as a child model in 1965, and two years later moved to acting in television series, with the sitcom \"Mayberry R.F.D.\" being her debut. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, she worked in several primetime television series and starred in children's films. Foster's breakthrough came in Martin Scorsese's \"Taxi Driver\" (1976), in which she played a teenage prostitute; the role garnered her a nomination for an Academy Award. Her other critically acclaimed roles as a teenager were in the musical \"Bugsy Malone\" (1976) and the thriller \"The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane\" (1976), and she became a popular teen idol by starring in Disney's \"Freaky Friday\" (1976), \"Candleshoe\" (1977) and \"Foxes\" (1980)." ]

[ "cbs", "dc comics", "history", "united artists", "united kingdom" ]

[ "John Fitzgerald \"Jack\" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. The Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the establishment of the Peace Corps, developments in the Space Race, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Trade Expansion Act to lower tariffs, and the Civil Rights Movement all took place during his presidency. A member of the Democratic Party, his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963.", "William Ramsey Clark ( born December 18 , 1927 ) is an American lawyer , activist and former federal government official . A progressive , New Frontier liberal , he occupied senior positions in the United States Department of Justice under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson , notably serving as United States Attorney General from 1967 to 1969 ; previously he was Deputy Attorney General from 1965 to 1967 and Assistant Attorney General from 1961 to 1965 . As Attorney General he was known for his vigorous opposition to the death penalty , his aggressive support of civil liberties and civil rights , and his dedication in enforcing antitrust provisions . Clark supervised the drafting of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1968 . Since leaving public office Clark has led many progressive activism campaigns , including opposition to the War on Terror , and he has offered legal defense to controversial figures such as Charles Taylor , Slobodan Miloševi , Saddam Hussein , and Lyndon LaRouche .", "The Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Constructed by the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), starting on 13 August 1961, the Wall completely cut off (by land) West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and from East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989. Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and was completed in 1992. The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, which circumscribed a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, \"fakir beds\" and other defenses. The Eastern Bloc claimed that the Wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the \"will of the people\" in building a socialist state in East Germany. In practice, the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period.", "The Bay of Pigs Invasion (Spanish: Invasión de Playa Girón or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón) was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military (made up of Cuban exiles who traveled to the United States after Castro's take over), trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala and Nicaragua, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro.", "The term New Frontier was used by liberal, Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in the 1960 United States presidential election to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic slogan to inspire America to support him. The phrase developed into a label for his administration's domestic and foreign programs.", "The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. \nThe technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.", "Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Atlantic Ocean meet. It is south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas, west of Haiti, and north of Jamaica. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean, with an area of , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola, with over 11 million inhabitants.", "The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the Caribbean Crisis (tr. \"Karibskij krizis\"), or the Missile Scare, was a 13-day (October 1628, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba. The confrontation, elements of which were televised, was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.", "The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the President of the United States and isalong with the \ncomparable Congressional Gold Medalthe highest civilian award of the United States. It recognizes those people who have made \"an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors\". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform." ]

[ "democratic party", "liberal", "military", "republic", "union" ]

[ "Time Warner, Inc. (also known as AOL Time Warner from 2001-2003; stylized as TimeWarner) is an American multinational media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered in New York City. It is currently the world's third largest entertainment company in terms of revenue, after Comcast and The Walt Disney Company. It was also once the world's largest media conglomerate. Time Warner was first founded in 1990 with the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications. The current company consists largely of the assets of the former Warner Communications (as well as HBO, a Time Inc. subsidiary prior to the merger), and the assets of Turner Broadcasting (which was acquired by the company in 1996). Time Warner currently has major operations in film and television, with a limited amount in publishing operations. Among its most popular assets are HBO, Turner Broadcasting System, The CW Television Network, Warner Bros., CNN, DC Comics, and as of August 2016, Hulu, owning 10%. In the past, other major divisions of Time Warner included Time Inc., AOL, Time Warner Cable, Warner Books and Warner Music Group. All of these operations were either sold to other investors or spun off as independent companies from 2004 to 2014.", "IBM PC compatible computers are those similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, able to run the same software and support the same expansion cards as those. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones. They duplicate almost exactly all the significant features of the PC architecture, facilitated by IBM's choice of commodity hardware components and various manufacturers' ability to reverse engineer the BIOS firmware using a \"clean room design\" technique. Columbia Data Products built the first clone of the IBM personal computer by a clean room implementation of its BIOS.", "New World Computing, Inc., was an American video game developer and publisher founded in 1984 by Jon Van Caneghem, his wife, Michaela Van Caneghem, and Mark Caldwell. It was best known for its work on the Might and Magic role-playing video game series and its spin-offs, especially Heroes of Might and Magic. The company was purchased by and became a division of The 3DO Company on July 10, 1996.", "Might and Magic is a series of role-playing video games from New World Computing, which in 1996 became a subsidiary of The 3DO Company. The producer of the series was Jon Van Caneghem.", "The 3DO Company (formerly THDO on the NASDAQ stock exchange), also known as 3DO (short for three-dimensional operating system), was an American video game company. It was founded in 1991 under the name SMSG, Inc. (for San Mateo Software Group) by Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins, in a partnership with seven companies including LG, Matsushita (now Panasonic), AT&T Corporation, MCA, Time Warner, and Electronic Arts itself. After 3DO's flagship video game console, the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, failed in the marketplace, the company exited the hardware business and became a third-party video game developer. It went bankrupt in 2003 due to poor sales of its games. Its headquarters were in Redwood City, California in the San Francisco Bay Area.", "The San Francisco Bay Area (referred to locally as the Bay Area) is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the major cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland, along with smaller urban and rural areas. The Bay Area's nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. Home to approximately 7.65 million people, the nine-county Bay Area contains many cities, towns, airports, and associated regional, state, and national parks, connected by a network of roads, highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels and commuter rail. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California (after the Greater Los Angeles area), the fifth-largest in the United States, and the 43rd-largest urban area in the world.", "Electronic Arts Inc. (EA) is an American video game company headquartered in Redwood City, California. Founded and incorporated on May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. As of 2014, Electronic Arts was the world's fourth-largest gaming company by revenue after Tencent, Sony and Microsoft \nThe company sparked controversies over its advertising efforts, and acquisition of other studios.", "Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile.", "Jon Van Caneghem (born 1962/1963) is an American video game director, designer and producer. He is best known for launching development studio New World Computing in 1983, making his design debut in 1986 with \"\". During the company's 20-year lifespan, Van Caneghem was involved in the creation and direction of several franchises, including the \"Might and Magic\" role-playing series and the spin-off \"Heroes of Might and Magic\" and \"King's Bounty\" strategy series.", "The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, often called simply the 3DO, was a home video game console platform developed by The 3DO Company. Conceived by entrepreneur and Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins, the 3DO was not a console manufactured by the company itself, but a series of specifications, originally designed by Dave Needle and R. J. Mical of New Technologies Group, that could be licensed by third parties. Panasonic produced the first models in 1993, and further renditions of the hardware were released in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar (now LG Corp).", "Heroes of Might and Magic II: The Succession Wars is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing and published in 1996 by the 3DO Company. The game is the second installment of the \"Heroes of Might and Magic\" series and is typically credited as the breakout game for the series. \"Heroes II\" was voted the sixth-best PC game of all time by \"PC Gamer\" in May 1997.", "Redwood City is a city on the San Francisco Peninsula in Northern California's Bay Area, approximately south of San Francisco, and north of San Jose. Redwood City's history spans its earliest inhabitation by the Ohlone people to being a port for lumber and other goods. The county seat of San Mateo County, it is the home of several technology companies such as Box, Oracle, Evernote, Wealthfront, and Electronic Arts. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 76,815. The Port of Redwood City is the only deepwater port on San Francisco Bay south of San Francisco. Redwood City is the location of the San Mateo County Jail, for both women and men. The Malibu Grand Prix long time landmark was recently demolished along with the city's only Mini Golf, Go-Kart, Video Game Arcade, and Batting Cages. Malibu Grand Prix's previous location is currently the construction site of a new additional Jail and Inmate housing facility. The city has a motto \"Climate Best By Government Test\" which is a reference to it being one of the top German scouted scientific climates and the city was one of the locations mapped by them during their testing and data collection. The Hetch Hetchy water pipeline runs through Redwood City and supplies a vast majority of the surrounding area with low grain (+/ 3 grains) rated water.", "Heroes of Might and Magic III : Armageddon 's Blade is the first of two expansion packs for the turn - based strategy game Heroes of Might and Magic III. It was developed by New World Computing for Microsoft Windows and released by the 3DO Company in 1999 .", "Heroes of Might and Magic (Might & Magic Heroes since Heroes VI) is a series of video games originally created and developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing. As part of the \"Might and Magic\" franchise, the series changed ownership when NWC was acquired by 3DO and again when 3DO closed down and sold the rights to Ubisoft.<ref name=\"3DO/Ubi\"></ref> The games feature turn-based, fantasy-themed conflicts in which players control armies of mythical creatures. The series began in 1995 with the release of the first title. A sixth installment, \"Might & Magic Heroes VI\", was released on October 13, 2011.", "A role-playing video game (commonly referred to as role-playing game or RPG, and in the past was also known as computer role-playing game or CRPG) is a video game genre where the player controls the actions of a character (and/or several party members) immersed in some well-defined world. Many role-playing video games have origins in pen-and-paper role-playing games (Including \"Dungeons & Dragons\") and use much of the same , settings and game mechanics. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player character development, complexity, as well as replayability and immersion. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a gamemaster and increases combat resolution speed. RPGs have evolved from simple text-based console-window games into visually rich 3D experiences. Since the 1980s, Role-playing is the most commercially viable video game genre in Japan, and has more market share of any other genre in the japanese gaming industry, although in the 2010s first-person shooters and western iOS and Android games were becoming rapidly and increasingly popular in that country.", "Trip Hawkins (born December 28, 1953) is an American entrepreneur and founder of Electronic Arts, The 3DO Company, and Digital Chocolate.", "Heroes of Might and Magic III: The Restoration of Erathia (also known as Heroes III or HoMM3) is a turn-based strategy game developed by Jon Van Caneghem through New World Computing originally released for Microsoft Windows by the 3DO Company in 1999. Its ports to several computer and console systems followed in 1999-2000. It is the third installment of the \"Heroes of Might and Magic\" series. The game's story is first referenced throughout \"\" and serves as a prequel to \"\". The player can choose to play through seven different campaigns telling the story, or play in a scenario against computer or human opponents." ]

[ "electronic arts", "ibm", "jon van caneghem", "major", "trip hawkins" ]

[ "The Milwaukee Bucks are an American professional basketball franchise based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Bucks compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference Central Division. The team was founded in 1968 as an expansion team, and played at the BMO Harris Bradley Center. Former U.S. Senator Herb Kohl was the long-time owner of the team, with John Hammond as current general manager; as of April 16, 2014 a group led by billionaire hedge fund managers Wesley Edens and Marc Lasry agreed to purchase a majority interest in the team from Kohl, a sale which was approved by the owners of the NBA and its Board of Governors a month later on May 16. The team is currently valued at $675 million according to \"Forbes\", ranking second-to-last in the league.", "The NBA Finals is the championship series of the National Basketball Association (NBA) played between the Western and Eastern champions of the Conference Finals. The first team to win four games in the best-of-seven game series is declared the league champion and is awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Winners from 1946 to 1983 received the Walter A. Brown Trophy redesigned in 1977 to the current form. The NBA Finals has been played at the end of every NBA and Basketball Association of America season in history, the first being held in 1947.", "Patrick James Riley (born March 20, 1945) is an American professional basketball executive, and a former coach and player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has been the team president of the Miami Heat since 1995 and head coach in two separate tenures (1995 through 2003, and 2005 through 2008). Widely regarded as one of the greatest NBA coaches of all time, Riley has served as the head coach of five championship teams, four with the Los Angeles Lakers and one with the Heat.", "Los Angeles (Spanish for \"The Angels\"), officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States (after New York City), the most populous city in California and the county seat of Los Angeles County. Situated in Southern California, Los Angeles is known for its mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, sprawling metropolis, and as a major center of the American entertainment industry. Los Angeles lies in a large coastal basin surrounded on three sides by mountains reaching up to and over .", "The NBA All-Defensive Team is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) honor given since the 196869 NBA season to the best defensive players during the regular season. The All-Defensive Team is generally composed of two five-man lineups, a first and a second team, comprising a total of 10 roster spots. Voting is conducted by a panel of 123 writers and broadcasters. Prior to the 201314 NBA season, voting was performed by the NBA head coaches, who were restricted from voting for players on their own team. The players each receive two points for each first team vote and one point for each second team vote. The top five players with the highest point total make the first team, with the next five making the second team. In the case of a tie at the fifth position of either team, the roster is expanded. If the first team consists of six players due to a tie, the second team will still consist of five players with the potential for more expansion in the event of additional ties. Ties have occurred several times, most recently in 2013 when Tyson Chandler and Joakim Noah tied in votes received.", "The Los Angeles Lakers are an American professional basketball team based in Los Angeles. The Lakers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA), as a member club of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Lakers play their home games at Staples Center, an arena shared with the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association, and the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League. The Lakers are one of the most successful teams in the history of the NBA, and have won 16 NBA championships, their last being in 2010. As of 2015, the Lakers are the second most valuable franchise in the NBA according to \"Forbes\", having an estimated value of $2.7 billion.", "The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in the United States and Canada. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other prominent leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises California's 10 southernmost counties. The region is traditionally described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is also used based on historical political divisions. Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.", "John Robert Wooden (October 14, 1910 June 4, 2010) was an American basketball player and coach. Nicknamed the \"Wizard of Westwood,\" he won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period as head coach at UCLA, including a record seven in a row. No other team has won more than two in a row. Within this period, his teams won an NCAA men's basketball record 88 consecutive games. Wooden was named national coach of the year six times. He also won a Helms national championship at Purdue as a player 19311932 for a total of 11 national titles, a feat matched only by Geno Auriemma of NCAA women's basketball.", "The 50 Greatest Players in National Basketball Association History (also referred to as NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team or NBA's Top 50) were chosen in 1996 to honor the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association (NBA). These fifty players were selected through a vote by a panel of media members, former players and coaches, and current and former general managers. In addition, the top ten head coaches and top ten single-season teams in NBA history were selected by media members as part of the celebration. The fifty players had to have played at least a portion of their careers in the NBA and were selected irrespective of position played.", "The Kansas Jayhawks, commonly referred to as KU, are the teams of the athletic department at the University of Kansas. KU is one of three schools in the state of Kansas that participate in NCAA Division I. The Jayhawks are also a member of the Big 12 Conference. University of Kansas athletic teams have won eleven NCAA Division I championships: three in men's basketball, one in men's cross country, three in men's indoor track and field, three in men's outdoor track and field, and one in women's outdoor track and field.", "USA Basketball (USAB) is a non-profit organization and the governing body for basketball in the United States. The organization represents the United States in FIBA and the men's and women's national basketball teams in the United States Olympic Committee. Its chairman of the board is Jerry Colangelo and its executive director is Jim Tooley.", "Isiah Lord Thomas III (born April 30, 1961) is an American retired basketball player who played professionally for the Detroit Pistons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The 12-time NBA All-Star was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History and was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Thomas has also been a professional and collegiate head coach, a basketball executive, and a broadcaster.", "Steven J. Patterson ( June 24 , 1948 -- July 28 , 2004 ) of Santa Maria , California , was an American professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association for five seasons . A 6 ' 9 `` center for UCLA , Patterson spent his first year of athletic eligibility ( 1968 - 69 , the third of the Bruins ' unprecedented string of seven consecutive national titles ) as the backup to Lew Alcindor , later Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . He then was the starting center for the Bruins ' 1970 and 1971 championship teams under legendary coach John Wooden .", "Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950), commonly known by the nickname Dr. J, is an American retired basketball player who helped popularize a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and playing above the rim. Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association (ABA) and was the best-known player in that league when it merged with the National Basketball Association (NBA) after the 197576 season.", "Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin and the fifth-largest city in the Midwestern United States. The county seat of Milwaukee County, it is on Lake Michigan's western shore. Milwaukee's estimated population in 2015 was 600,155. Milwaukee is the main cultural and economic center of the MilwaukeeRacineWaukesha Metropolitan Area with an estimated population of as of 2014. Ranked by estimated 2014 population, Milwaukee is the 31st largest city in the United States.", "Basketball is a sport that is played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop in diameter and mounted at a height of to backboards at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, who would be the first basketball coach of the Kansas Jayhawks, one of the most successful programs in the game's history. ", "James Naismith (November 6, 1861 November 28, 1939) was a Canadian-American physical educator, physician, chaplain, sports coach and innovator. He invented the game of basketball at age 30 in 1891. He wrote the original basketball rule book and founded the University of Kansas basketball program. Naismith lived to see basketball adopted as an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and as an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as well as the birth of the National Invitation Tournament (1938) and the NCAA Tournament (1939). ", "The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the predominant men's professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier men's professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada), and is an active member of USA Basketball (USAB), which is recognized by FIBA (also known as the International Basketball Federation) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States. The NBA is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. NBA players are the world's best paid sportsmen, by average annual salary per player.", "Santa Maria-style barbecue is a regional culinary tradition rooted in the Santa Maria Valley in Santa Barbara County on the Central Coast of California. This method of barbecuing dates back to the mid-19th century and is today regarded as a mainstay of Californias culinary heritage. The traditional Santa Maria-style barbecue menu was copyrighted by the Santa Maria Valley Chamber of Commerce in 1978.", "North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.", "The International Basketball Federation, more commonly known as FIBA, FIBA World, or FIBA International, from its French name Fédération Internationale de Basket-ball\", is an association of national organizations which governs international competition in basketball. Originally known as the \"Fédération Internationale de Basketball Amateur (hence FIBA), in 1989 it dropped the word \"Amateur\" from its official name but retained the acronym; the \"BA\" now represents the first two letters of \"basketball\".", "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor Jr.; April 16, 1947) is an American retired professional basketball player who played 20 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Bucks and the Los Angeles Lakers. During his career as a center, Abdul-Jabbar was a record six-time NBA Most Valuable Player (MVP), a record 19-time NBA All-Star, a 15-time All-NBA selection, and an 11-time NBA All-Defensive Team member. A member of six NBA championship teams as a player and two as an assistant coach, Abdul-Jabbar twice was voted NBA Finals MVP. In 1996, he was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History. NBA coach Pat Riley and players Isiah Thomas and Julius Erving have called him the greatest basketball player of all time.", "Santa Maria is a city near the Southern California coast in Santa Barbara County. It is approximately northwest of Los Angeles (city limits). Its estimated 2014 population was 103,410, making it the most populous city in the county and the Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA Metro Area. The city is notable for its wine industry and Santa Maria-style barbecue. \"Sunset\" magazine called Santa Maria \"The West's Best BBQ Town\".", "Luigi \"Geno\" Auriemma (born March 23, 1954) is an Italian-born American college basketball coach and the head coach of the University of Connecticut Huskies women's basketball team. He has led UConn to eleven NCAA Division I national championships, a feat matched by no one else in college basketball, and has won seven national Naismith College Coach of the Year awards. Auriemma has been the head coach of the United States women's national basketball team since 2009, during which time his teams won the 2010 and 2014 World Championships, and the gold medal at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics." ]

[ "angeles", "atlantic ocean", "ba", "best", "california", "canada", "canadian", "center", "chandler", "connecticut", "court", "detroit", "harris", "home", "industry", "kansas", "lewis", "los angeles", "los angeles county", "march", "maria", "media", "miami", "milwaukee", "most", "new york", "of", "pacific", "riverside", "sale", "san luis obispo", "santa", "santa barbara", "south america", "the americas", "time", "usa", "ventura", "westwood", "winfield", "wisconsin", "york" ]

[ "Johannes Sigfrid Edström (November 11, 1870 March 18, 1964) was a Swedish industrialist, chairman of the Sweden-America Foundation, and 4th President of the International Olympic Committee.", "Helsinki is the capital and largest city of Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland. Helsinki has a population of , an urban population of 1,214,210, and a metropolitan population of over 1.4 million, making it the most populous municipality and urban area in Finland. Helsinki is located some north of Tallinn, Estonia, east of Stockholm, Sweden, and west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.", "Cross country running is a sport in which teams and individuals run a race on open-air courses over natural terrain such as dirt or grass. Sometimes the runners are referred to as \"harriers\" (dogs). The course, typically long, may include surfaces of grass, and earth, pass through woodlands and open country, and include hills, flat ground and sometimes gravel road. It is both an individual and a team sport; runners are judged on individual times and teams by a points-scoring method. Both men and women of all ages compete in cross country, which usually takes place during autumn and winter, and can include weather conditions of rain, sleet, snow or hail, and a wide range of temperatures.", "The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the second longest in the United Kingdom, after the River Severn. It also flows through Oxford (where it is called Isis), Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its long tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary. The Thames drains the whole of Greater London. ", "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south; and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight.", "London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom, as well as the most populous city proper in the European Union. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain, London has been a major settlement for two millennia. It was founded by the Romans, who named it \"Londinium\". London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, \"London\" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which today largely makes up Greater London, governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "Londinium was a settlement established on the current site of the City of London around  43. Its bridge over the River Thames turned the city into a road nexus and major port, serving as a major commercial centre in Roman Britain until its abandonment during the 5th century.", "Sri Lankabhimanya (The Pride of Sri Lanka) is the highest national honour of Sri Lanka awarded by the President of Sri Lanka on behalf of the Government. It is the highest civil honour and is conferred upon \"\"those who have rendered exceptionally outstanding and most distinguished service to the nation\"\". The honour can only be held by five Sri Lankans contemporaneously, and may also be conferred posthumously. The honour is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the name of the person who receives the award. To date it has only been awarded seven times, since 1986. Currently, A. T. Ariyaratne, Lester James Peries and Christopher Weeramantry hold the honour. The title is also referred to as Lankabhimanya (Pride of Lanka).", "Sri Lanka (or ; Sinhalese: ', Tamil: \"Ilakai\"), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon), is an island country in South Asia near south-east India. Sri Lanka has maritime borders with India to the northwest and the Maldives to the southwest.", "Deshamanya (Pride of the Nation) is the second highest national honor of Sri Lanka (after the Sri Lankabhimanya) awarded by the Government of Sri Lanka as a civil honour. It is awarded for \"\"highly meritorious service\"\". \nIt is conventionally used as a title or prefix to the awardee's name.", "Middlesex (abbreviation: Middx) was a county in southeast England that is now mostly part of Greater London, with small sections in neighbouring counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, and existed as an official unit until 1965. The historic county included land stretching north of the River Thames from east to west of the City of London with the rivers Colne and Lea and a ridge of hills as the other boundaries. The largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest by area in 1831.", "A title is a prefix or suffix added to someone's name in certain contexts. It may signify either veneration, an official position or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted before a last name (for example, \"Graf\" in German, Cardinal in Catholic usage or clerical titles such as Archbishop). Some titles are hereditary.", "The London Assembly is an elected body, part of the Greater London Authority, that scrutinises the activities of the Mayor of London and has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget and to reject the Mayor's draft statutory strategies. The assembly was established in 2000 and meets at City Hall on the South Bank of the River Thames, close to Tower Bridge. The assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners (transport, environmental matters, etc.), publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.", "Hertfordshire (often abbreviated Herts) is a county in southern England, bordered by Bedfordshire to the north, Cambridgeshire to the north-east, Essex to the east, Buckinghamshire to the west and Greater London to the south. For government statistical purposes, it is placed in the East of England region.", "Silver is the metallic element with the atomic number 47. Its symbol is Ag, from the Latin \"\", derived from the Greek \"\" (literally \"shiny\" or \"white\"), and ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European language root reconstructed as *\"her-\", \"grey\" or \"shining\". A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form (\"native silver\"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. Silver is more abundant than gold, but it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as \"0.940 fine\". ", "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, it includes the island of Great Britain (the name of which is also loosely applied to the whole country), the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign statethe Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of , the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants. Together, this makes it the fourth most densely populated country in the European Union.", "Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west, East Sussex to the south west, and Essex across the Thames Estuary to the north. The county town is Maidstone. ", "The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City's borders. The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London; however, the City of London is not a London borough, a status reserved for the other 32 districts (including London's only other city, the City of Westminster). ", "Surrey is a county in the south east of England and also one of the home counties bordering Greater London. Surrey shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west and Berkshire to the north-west. The county town is Guildford. Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent and Hampshire.", "The Government of Sri Lanka (\"GoSL\") is a semi-presidential system determined by the Sri Lankan Constitution.", "An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal: gold, awarded to the winner; silver, awarded to the 1st runner-up; and bronze, awarded to the 2nd runner-up. The granting of awards is laid out in detail in the Olympic protocols. ", "Deshamanya Duncan White , MBE ( 1 March 1918 -- 3 July 1998 ) was the first Ceylonese athlete to win a medal for his country in an Olympic event . He won a silver in the 400 - metre hurdles at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London , England . He was also the only South Asian to have won an Olympic medal in track and field for more than fifty years .", "Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government. Tokyo is in the Kant region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868; at that time Edo was renamed Tokyo. Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former and the .", "The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was held in London, England, United Kingdom. After a 12-year hiatus because of World War II, these were the first Summer Olympics since the 1936 Games in Berlin. The 1940 Games had been scheduled for Tokyo, and then for Helsinki; the 1944 Games had been provisionally planned for London. This was the second occasion that London had hosted the Olympic Games, having previously been the venue in 1908. The Olympics again returned to London in 2012, making it thus far the only city to host the games three times. These were the first of two summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Sigfrid Edström.", "A medal or medallion is, strictly speaking, a small, flat, and round (at times, ovoid) piece of metal that has been sculpted, molded, cast, struck, stamped, or some way marked with an insignia, portrait, or other artistic rendering. A medal may be awarded to a person or organization as a form of recognition for sporting, military, scientific, academic, or various other achievements. Military awards and decorations are more precise terms for certain types of state decoration. Medals may also be created for sale to commemorate particular individuals or events, or as works of artistic expression in their own right. In the past, medals commissioned for an individual, typically with their portrait, were often used as a form of diplomatic or personal gift, with no sense of being an award for the conduct of the recipient.", "Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sport's typical venue: a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running, and race walking. ", "The Mayor of London is an elected politician who, along with the London Assembly of 25 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Greater London. The current mayor is Sadiq Khan, who took up office on 9 May 2016. The position had been held by Ken Livingstone from the creation of the role on 4 May 2000 until he was defeated in 2008 by Boris Johnson, who served two terms before being succeeded by Khan." ]

[ "academic", "british", "earth", "england", "estonia", "finland", "great britain", "india", "indonesia", "ireland", "japan", "london", "maldives", "northern ireland", "politician", "roman britain", "sri lanka", "sweden", "united kingdom" ]

[ "Preity Zinta (pronounced ; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian film actress. She has appeared in Hindi films of Bollywood, as well as Telugu, Punjabi and English language films. After graduating with a degree in criminal psychology, Zinta made her acting debut in \"Dil Se..\" in 1998 followed by a role in \"Soldier\" the same year. These performances earned her a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut, and she was later recognised for her role as a teenage single mother in \"Kya Kehna\" (2000). She subsequently established a career with a variety of character types; her film roles along with her screen persona have been credited with contributing to a change in the concept of a Hindi film heroine, and won her several accolades.", "Akshay Khanna (born 28 March 1975) is an Indian film actor.He made his acting debut in the year 1997 with \"Himalay Putra\" which was produced by his father Vinod Khanna. Since then he has been featured in several critically and commercially acclaimed films. Akshaye has been a recipient of Filmfare Awards twice. ", "Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds the world's largest natural harbour, and sprawls towards the Blue Mountains to the west. Residents of Sydney are known as \"Sydneysiders\". Sydney is the second official seat and second official residence of the Governor-General of Australia and the Prime Minister of Australia and many federal ministries maintain substantial presences in Sydney.", "A Peshwa was the equivalent of a modern Prime Minister in the Maratha Empire. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chatrapati (the Maratha king), but later, they became the \"de facto\" leaders of the Marathas, and the Chatrapati was reduced to a nominal ruler. During the last years of the Maratha Empire, the Peshwas themselves were reduced to titular leaders, and remained under the authority of the Maratha nobles and the British East India Company.", "Aamir Khan (born Mohammed Aamir Hussain Khan on 14 March 1965) is an Indian film actor, director, and producer. Through his career in Hindi films, Khan has established himself as one of the most popular and influential actors of Indian cinema. He is the recipient of numerous awards, including four National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards. He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri in 2003 and the Padma Bhushan in 2010.", "Shivaji Bhonsle (c. 1627/1630 3 April 1680), also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his realm at Raigad.", "Mumbai (also known as Bombay, the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, with an estimated city population of 18.4 million. Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world and the second most populous metropolitan area in India, with a population of 20.7 million . Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, or Central Asia. Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. ", "Dil Chahta Hai (English: \"The Heart Desires\") is a 2001 Indian comedy-drama film starring Aamir Khan, Saif Ali Khan, Akshaye Khanna, Preity Zinta, Sonali Kulkarni, and Dimple Kapadia. The first film written and directed by Farhan Akhtar, it is set in modern-day urban Mumbai and Sydney, and focuses on a major period of transition in the lives of three young friends.", "Sonali Kulkarni ( born 3 November 1974 ) is an Indian actress . She was born in Pune . She has worked in Gujarati , Marathi , Hindi , and Tamil films . She is known for her roles in Doghi , Deool , Dil Chahta Hai , Singham , and Taxi No 9211 .", "Pune (; spelt \"Poona\" during British rule) is the the second largest city in the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ninth most populous city in the country. Situated above sea level on the Deccan plateau on the right bank of the Mutha river, Pune is the administrative headquarters of Pune district and was once the centre of power of the Maratha Empire established by Shivaji Maharaj. In the 18th century, Pune was the political centre of the Indian subcontinent, as the seat of the Peshwas who were the prime ministers of the Maratha Empire.", "Dimple Kapadia (born 8 June 1957) is an Indian film actress. She was launched by Raj Kapoor at age 16, playing the title role in his teen romance \"Bobby\" (1973). In that same year she married Indian actor Rajesh Khanna and retired from acting. Kapadia returned to the film industry in 1984, following her separation from Khanna. One of her films of that period was the drama \"Saagar\" (1985). Both \"Bobby\" and \"Saagar\" won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She went on to establish herself as one of the leading actresses of Hindi cinema in the 1980s.", "Farhan Akhtar (born 9 January 1974) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, playback singer, lyricist and television host. Born in Mumbai to screenwriters Javed Akhtar and Honey Irani, he grew up under the influence of the Hindi film industry. He began his career in Bollywood by working as an assistant director in \"Lamhe\" (1991) and \"Himalay Putra\" (1997).", "Saif Ali Khan (born Sajid Ali Khan on 16 August 1970) is an Indian film actor and producer. The son of actress Sharmila Tagore and the late cricketer Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, Khan made his acting debut in Yash Chopra's unsuccessful drama \"Parampara\" (1993), but achieved success with his roles in the romantic drama \"Yeh Dillagi\" and the action film \"Main Khiladi Tu Anari\" (both 1994). Khan's career prospect declined through much of the 1990s, and his biggest commercial success of the decade came with the ensemble drama \"Hum Saath-Saath Hain\" (1999). He rose to prominence with roles in two ensemble comedy-dramas\"Dil Chahta Hai\" (2001) and \"Kal Ho Naa Ho\" (2003)." ]

[ "actor", "actress", "bank", "bollywood", "commercial", "cricketer", "director", "film director", "khan", "king", "major", "member", "monarch", "official", "prime minister", "ruler", "screenwriter", "soldier", "warrior" ]

[ "Touch of Death was a black and white British crime genre film released in 1961 , starring William Lucas and directed by Lance Comfort .", "Lance Comfort (11 August 1908 25 August 1966) was an English film director and producer born in Harrow, London.", "Harrow is a large suburban town in the London Borough of Harrow, northwest London, England. It is centred northwest of Charing Cross. Harrow-on-the-Hill includes the conservation area with a high proportion of listed buildings with a residential and institutional array of Georgian architecture and a few 17th century examples. Harrow gives its initial letters to a wider postcode area. The administrative offices of the borough are in the town which currently is made up of the Greenhill, Headstone South and West Harrow electoral wards; these had a population of 33,928 in the 2011 census. Harrow was a municipal borough of Middlesex before its inclusion in Greater London in 1965. Harrow is home to a large Westminster polytechnic campus and its oldest secondary schools are Harrow School and Harrow High School." ]

[ "english", "georgian" ]

[ "Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 2 July 1914) was a British politician and statesman, who was first a radical Liberal then, after opposing Home Rule for Ireland, a Liberal Unionist, eventually serving as a leading imperialist in coalition with the Conservatives. He split both major British parties in the course of his career.", "Percy Archer Clive DSO , DL ( 13 March 1873 -- 5 April 1918 ) was a British army officer and Liberal Unionist Party politician . Percy Clive was the eldest son of Charles Meysey Bolton Clive of Whitfield , Herefordshire , by his marriage to Lady Katherine Feilding . He was educated at Eton and Sandhurst and entered the Grenadier Guards as a second lieutenant in 1891 . He was appointed as a Deputy Lieutenant of Herefordshire in December 1894 , and was attached to the Niger Field Force from 1897 to 1899 based in Lagos , rising to the rank of captain . In May 1899 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society . He was elected to the Commons as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for the Ross division of Herefordshire in the `` khaki election '' of 1900 , while fighting in the Second Boer War . He did not return to England to take his seat until February 1902 , and in June that year was Private Secretary for Parliamentary purposes to Lord George Hamilton , Secretary of State for India . In December 1903 he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to E G Pretyman , Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty . He was unseated at the 1906 general election , which saw the Liberal Party win a landslide victory . He returned to Parliament at a by - election in January 1908 , and remained Ross 's MP until his death . Following a merger of the Unionist parties in 1912 he became a Conservative . He returned to the army in World War I and was wounded twice . Clive was awarded the Distinguished Service Order , the Legion of Honour , and the Croix de Guerre , and was twice Mentioned in Despatches . As Lieutenant - Colonel of the Grenadier Guards he was killed in action when attached to the 1/5th Lancashire Fusiliers , 5 April 1918 at Bucquoy . Memorial services were held on 17 April at St Margaret 's , Westminster and Hereford Cathedral . His elder son Major Meysey George Dallas Clive ( 1907 -- 1943 ) was killed with the Grenadier Guards in North Africa on 1 May 1943 . His younger son Lewis Clive ( 1910 -- 1938 ) won a gold medal for rowing at the 1932 Olympics and was a member of the International Brigade in the Spanish Civil War , killed in action in August 1938 . His papers were deposited in the King 's College London archives in 1997 .", "A coalition of the Conservative and Liberal Unionist parties took power in the United Kingdom following the general election of 1895. The Conservative leader, Lord Salisbury, took office as prime minister, and his nephew, Arthur Balfour, was leader of the Commons, but various major posts went to the Liberal Unionist leaders, most notably the Liberal Unionist leader in the Lords, the Duke of Devonshire, who was made Lord President, and his colleague in the Commons, Joseph Chamberlain, who became Colonial Secretary. It was this government which would conduct the Boer War from 1899 to 1902, which was exploited by the government to help win a landslide victory in the general election of 1900.", "The Liberal Unionist Party was a British political party that was formed in 1886 by a faction that broke away from the Liberal Party. Led by Lord Hartington (later the Duke of Devonshire) and Joseph Chamberlain, the party formed a political alliance with the Conservative Party in opposition to Irish Home Rule. The two parties formed the ten-year-long, coalition Unionist Government 18951905 but kept separate political funds and their own party organisations until a complete merger was agreed in May 1912." ]

[ "british", "ireland", "united kingdom" ]

[ "Phil Wickham is the debut album recorded by American Christian & gospel singer Phil Wickham , released on April 25 , 2006 .", "San Diego (Spanish for \"Saint Didacus\") is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico.", "Philip David \"Phil\" Wickham (born April 5, 1984) is a Contemporary Christian musician, singer and songwriter from San Diego, California. Wickham has released nine CDs, \"Give You My World\" in 2003, a self-titled album in 2006, \"Cannons\" in 2007, \"Singalong\" in 2008, \"Heaven & Earth\" in 2009, \"Response\" in 2011, and \"Singalong 2\" in 2012, \"The Ascension\" in 2013, \"Sing-A-Long 3\" in 2015, and \"Children of God\" in 2016. He has also led worship at Soul Survivor.", "California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western (Pacific Ocean) coast of the U.S., California is bordered by the other U.S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. The state capital is Sacramento. Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. The state also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County.", "Give You My World is the first album recorded and released independently by Phil Wickham. Produced by Wickham and his father and recorded in a small home studio. The album gained popularity quickly, especially in the Calvary Chapel affiliation. " ]

[ "1984", "2", "2008", "2009", "2011", "a", "album", "april", "arizona", "california", "cannons", "children", "city", "father", "give", "god", "is", "los angeles", "my", "my world", "new", "new york city", "pacific", "released", "s", "san", "second", "songwriter", "soul", "south", "spanish", "the album", "the ascension", "the other", "the state", "third", "u", "united", "you" ]

[ "Bagh-e Bahadoran (also Romanized as Bgh-e Bahdorn and Bgh-e Bahdern; also known as Bgh Bdrn, Bgh-e Bdern, and Bahdorn) is a city in and the capital of Bagh-e Bahadoran District, in Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 8,808, in 2,432 families.", "Armenia ( tr. \"Hayastan\"), officially the Republic of Armenia (tr. \"Hayastani Hanrapetutyun\"), is a sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located in Western Asia on the \"Armenian Highlands\", it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Russia and Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and Azerbaijan's exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.", "The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is in an endorheic basin (it has no outflows) located between Europe and Asia. It is bound by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast.", "Lenjan County is a county in Isfahan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Zarrin Shahr (Riz-e Lenjan). Lenjan County is also the location of Isfahan Steel Mill. It is located on the banks of the Zayandeh River, which the largest river in Isfahan Province. Farming is an important source of income, and the most important product in Lenjan is rice. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 225,559, in 58,232 families. The county is subdivided into three districts: the Central District, Fuladshahr District and Bagh-e Bahadoran District. The county has eight cities: Chamgardan, Charmahin, Bagh-e Bahadoran, Zarrin Shahr, Sedeh Lenjan, Varnamkhast, Fuladshahr, and Zayandeh Rud.", "Nagorno-Karabakh, officially the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR; \"Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut'yun\"), Artsakh Republic or Republic of Artsakh (\"Arts'akhi Hanrapetut'yun\"), is an unrecognised republic in the South Caucasus. The region is considered by the UN to be part of Azerbaijan, but is under the control of ethnic Armenian separatists. The NKR controls most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and some of the surrounding area, giving it a border with Armenia to the west, Iran to the south, and the uncontested territory of Azerbaijan to the north and east.", "Zayandeh Rud (formerly, Bb Sheykh Al (Persian: ), also Romanized as Bb Sheykh Al) is a city in the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,891, in 2,715 families.", "Western Asia, West Asia, Southwestern Asia or Southwest Asia is the westernmost subregion of Asia. The concept is in limited use, as it significantly overlaps with the Middle East (or Near East), the main difference being the exclusion of Egypt (which would be counted as part of North Africa). The term is sometimes used for the purposes of grouping countries in statistics.", "Turkmenistan (or ); formerly known as Turkmenia is a country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north and east, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west.", "Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a country in the South Caucasus region, situated at the crossroads of Southwest Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having an 8 km border with Turkey in the north west.", "Islam (' ;) is a religion articulated by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God ('), and, for the vast majority of adherents, the teachings and normative example (called the \"sunnah\", composed of accounts called \"hadith\") of Muhammad (5708 June 632 CE). It is the world's second-largest religion and the fastest-growing major religion in the world, with over 1.7 billion followers or 23% of the global population, known as Muslims. Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion that upholds that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God. Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last prophet of God.", "The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface). It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica. It is named after the country of India. The Indian Ocean is known as \"Ratnkara\", \"\"the mine of gems\"\" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as \"Hind Mahsgar\", \"\"the great Indian sea\"\", in Hindi.", "Oman (; ' ), officially the Sultanate of Oman, is an Arab country on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Holding a strategically important position at the mouth of the Persian Gulf, the nation is bordered by the United Arab Emirates to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west, and Yemen to the southwest, and shares marine borders with Iran and Pakistan. The coast is formed by the Arabian Sea on the southeast and the Gulf of Oman on the northeast. The Madha and Musandam exclaves are surrounded by the UAE on their land borders, with the Strait of Hormuz (which it shares with Iran) and Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries.", "Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: , \"Afnistn\"), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east; Iran in the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north; and China in the far northeast. Its territory covers , making it the 41st largest country in the world.", "Sedeh Lenjan (also Romanized as Sedeh Lenjn and Sedeh Lanjn; also known simply as Sedeh) is a city in the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17,335, in 4,167 families.", "Tehran ( \"Tehrn\") is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With a population of around 9 million in the city and 16 million in the wider metropolitan area, Tehran is the most populous city of Iran, the 2nd-most populous city in Western Asia and the 3rd-largest metropolitan area in the Middle East. It is ranked 29th in the world by the population of its metropolitan area.", "The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Makran or Sea of Oman (\"aldj Umn\"; in Balochi: in \"Khaleej Oman\") is a strait (and not an actual gulf) that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf. It borders Pakistan and Iran on the north, Oman on the south, and the United Arab Emirates on the west.", "The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is \"Middle-Eastern\" and the derived noun is \"Middle-Easterner\". The term has come into wider usage as a replacement of the term Near East (as opposed to Far East) beginning in the early 20th century.", "Zarrin Shahr ( Persian : , also Romanized as Zarn Shahr ; also known as Qal `` eh Rz , Rz - e Lanjn , and Rz ) is a city in and the capital of Lenjan County , Isfahan Province , Iran . At the 2006 census , its population was 55,984 , in 15,154 families . It is located in southwest of Isfahan .", "Varnamkhast (also Romanized as Varnmkhst and Varnmkhvst) is a city in the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15,294, in 3,845 families.", "Fuladshahr (also Romanized as Fldshahr and Fld Shahr; formerly, Pld Shahr and ry Shahr) meaning \"steel city\" is a city in the Fuladshahr District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 55,496, in 13,822 families. ", "The Strait of Hormuz \"Tangehyyeh Hormoz\" , \"Maq Hurmuz\") is a strait between the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. It provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean and is one of the world's most strategically important choke points. On the north coast lies Iran, and on the south coast the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman. At its narrowest, the strait has a width of .", "Iran (, also , ; ' ), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (' ), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered to the northwest by Armenia, the \"de facto\" Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and Azerbaijan; to the north by the Caspian Sea; to the northeast by Turkmenistan; to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan; to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Comprising a land area of , it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 18th-largest in the world. With 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 17th-most-populous country. It is the only country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, make it of great geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic center.", "Pakistan (or ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people. It is the 36th largest country in the world in terms of area with an area covering . Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast respectively. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and also shares a maritime border with Oman.", "Isfahan (: pronounced ), historically also rendered in English as Ispahan, Sepahan, Esfahan or Hispahan, is the capital of Isfahan Province in Iran, located about south of Tehran. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 1,756,126 and its built-up (\"or metro\") area was home to 2,391,738 inhabitants including Khomeynishahr, Shahinshahr, Khvorasgan, Dorcheh Piaz, Falavarjan, Kelishad Va Sudarjan, Abrisham, Kushk and Kharizsang cities. The Greater Isfahan Region had a population of 3,793,104 in the 2011 Census, the second most populous metropolitan area in Iran after Tehran. The counties of Isfahan, Borkhar, Najafabad, Khomeynishahr, Shahinshahr, Mobarakeh, Falavarjan, Tiran o Karvan, Lenjan and Jay all constitute the metropolitan city of Isfahan.", "Iraq (, or ; '; '), officially known as the Republic of Iraq ('; ') is a country in Western Asia, bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. The capital, and largest city, is Baghdad. The main ethnic groups are Arabs and Kurds; others include Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians, and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 36 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism, and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.", "Chamgordan (also Romanized as Chamgordn, Chamgordn, Cham-e Gordn, and Cham Gordn; also known as Cham-e Gordn) is a city in the Central District of Lenjan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 16,086, in 4,252 families.", "Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province (\"Ostn-e Kohgrye-o Byer-Ahmad\" ) is one of the thirty-one provinces of Iran. It is in the south-west of the country, in Iran's Region 2, and its capital is Yasuj. The province covers an area of 15,563 square kilometers, and in 2006 had a population of 634,000. According to National Population and Housing Census population of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad in 2011 was 658,629. The people mainly speak Lurish language.", "The Persian Gulf is a mediterranean sea in Western Asia. The body of water is an extension of the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Oman) through the Strait of Hormuz and lies between Iran to the northeast and the Arabian Peninsula to the southwest. The Shatt al-Arab river delta forms the northwest shoreline.", "Geography.\nThe Isfahan province covers an area of approximately 107,027 square km and is situated in the center of Iran. To its north, stand the Markazi (Central) Province and the provinces of Qom and Semnan. To its south, it is bordered by the provinces of Fars, and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Aminabad is the most southern city of Isfahan province just 2 km north of the border. To the east, it is bordered by the province of Yazd. To the west, it is bordered by the province of Lurestan and to the southwest by the province of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari.", "Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: ), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Greece to the west; Bulgaria to the northwest; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the south. The Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, which together form the Turkish Straits, divide Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia. Turkey's location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history." ]

[ "afghanistan", "anatolia", "armenia", "azerbaijan", "banks", "bulgaria", "center", "central", "central district", "cham", "district", "earth", "east", "egypt", "greece", "gulf", "india", "indian", "iran", "iraq", "isfahan", "isfahan province", "jordan", "karabakh", "lenjan county", "most", "najafabad", "nakhchivan", "near east", "north west", "northwest", "noun", "of", "oman", "pakistan", "pashto", "river", "south", "southwest", "syria", "tajikistan", "tehran", "tehran province", "turkey", "turkmenistan", "united arab emirates", "west", "yazd", "yemen" ]

[ "A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients and methods of treatmentknown as specialitiesor they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communitiesknown as general practice. Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines (such as anatomy and physiology) underlying diseases and their treatmentthe \"science\" of medicineand also a decent competence in its applied practicethe art or \"craft\" of medicine.", "The French Prime Minister in the Fifth Republic is the head of government and of the Council of Ministers of France. During the Third and Fourth Republics, the head of government position was called President of the Council of Ministers, generally shortened to President of the Council.", "Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (28 September 1841 24 November 1929) was a French politician, physician, and journalist who served as Prime Minister of France during the First World War. A leader of the Radical Party, he played a central role in the politics of the French Third Republic.", "The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension of the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England, James's daughter, in conjunction with the documentation of the Bill of Rights 1689.", "The French Third Republic (sometimes written as \"\") was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed, until 1940, when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France. It came to an end on 10 July 1940. ", "Java (Indonesian: Jawa; Javanese: ; Sundanese: ) is an island of Indonesia. With a population of over 141 million (the island itself) or 145 million (the administrative region) Census released in December 2015, Java is home to 56.7 percent of the Indonesian population and is the most populous island on Earth. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is located on western Java. Much of Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies. Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during the 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally.", "An ore is a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock. The ores are extracted from the earth through mining; they are then refined (often via smelting) to extract the valuable element, or elements.", "Great Britain, also known as Britain , is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of , Great Britain is the largest European island and the ninth-largest in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.", "Paul Mantoux ( 14 April 1877 -- 14 December 1956 ) was a historian and has written about the industrial revolution in Great Britain . He was a Co-Founder of the Graduate Institute of International Studies ( now IHEID ) and interpreter for Georges Clemenceau at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 .", "The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's oceans with a total area of about . It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earth's surface and about 29 percent of its water surface area. It separates the \"Old World\" from the \"New World\".", "A politician (from \"politics\" + \"-ian\", from the Greek title of Aristotle's book \"Politika\", meaning \"Civic Affairs\") is a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. Some politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. Broadly speaking, a \"politician\" can be anyone who seeks to achieve political power in any bureaucratic institution.", "Japan (\"Nippon\" or \"Nihon\" ; formally \"\" or \"Nihon-koku\", means \"State of Japan\") is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, It is lying off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland (east of China, Korea, Russia) and stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and near Taiwan in the southwest. ", "The British Isles are a group of islands off the north-western coast of continental Europe that consist of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. Situated in the North Atlantic, the islands have a total area of approximately 315,159 km, and a combined population of just under 70 million. Two sovereign states are located on the islands: Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of the island with the same name) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Isles also include three Crown Dependencies: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, although the latter are not physically a part of the archipelago.", "Ireland (Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth.", "The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and most of the important technological innovations were British. The social, economic and political changes in the previous centuries in Great Britain contributed. Whereas absolutism stayed the normal form of power execution through most parts of Europe, institutions ensured property rights and political safety to the people in the UK after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Aided by these legal and cultural foundations, an entrepreneurial spirit and consumer revolution drove industrialisation in Britain, which would be emulated in countries around the world. A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth, thereby encouraging economic development.", "An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, e.g. the Philippines." ]

[ "academic", "british", "china", "earth", "england", "france", "french empire", "french third republic", "great britain", "indonesia", "ireland", "japan", "jersey", "kingdom of great britain", "korea", "philippines", "politician", "russia", "taiwan" ]

[ "Lloyd Arthur Eshbach (June 20, 1910 October 29, 2003) was an American science fiction fan, publisher and writer, secular and religious publisher, and minister.", "Isaac Asimov (born Isaak Ozimov; January 2, 1920 April 6, 1992) was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He was known for his works of science fiction and popular science. Asimov was a prolific writer, and wrote or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. His books have been published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification.", "Fantasy Press was an American publishing house specialising in fantasy and science fiction titles. Established in 1946 by Lloyd Arthur Eshbach in Reading, Pennsylvania, it was most notable for publishing the works of authors such as Robert A. Heinlein and E. E. Smith. One of its more notable offerings was the Lensman series.", "The \"Lensman\" series is a serial science fiction space opera by American author Edward Elmer \"Doc\" Smith. It was a runner-up for the 1966 Hugo award for Best All-Time Series (the winner was the \"Foundation\" series by Isaac Asimov).", "Edward Elmer Smith (also E. E. Smith, E. E. Smith, Ph.D., E. E. \"Doc\" Smith, Doc Smith, \"Skylark\" Smith, orto his familyTed; May 2, 1890 August 31, 1965) was an American food engineer (specializing in doughnut and pastry mixes) and an early science-fiction author, best known for the \"Lensman\" and \"Skylark\" series. He is sometimes called the father of space opera.", "The History of Civilization is a boxed set of science fiction novels by author Edward E. Smith , Ph.D. . It contains the six novels of Smith 's Lensman series . The set was published in 1961 by Fantasy Press in an edition of 75 copies . Each volume was printed from the original Fantasy Press plates , but with a new title page giving the name of the set . They were bound in red half - leather , numbered and signed by Smith ." ]

[ "edward elmer smith", "isaac asimov", "lloyd arthur eshbach" ]