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Add new SentenceTransformer model.
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---
base_model: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:26
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: The Supplier shall deliver the Batteries to the Manufacturer within
5 days of receipt of each
sentences:
- according to the MOU?
- What is the Delivery Schedule for the Batteries?
- single order?
- source_sentence: The Employee agrees to abide by the Employer’s rules, regulations,
guidelines, policies, and
sentences:
- When does this Agreement terminate?
- What rules and policies must the Employee abide by?
- Which law governs this Agreement, and where would disputes be resolved?
- source_sentence: 'Answer: Deepak Babbar agrees to pay Rs 5,10,000 as a full and
final settlement to Ayushi'
sentences:
- What are the Payment Terms for the Batteries?
- What financial settlement does Deepak Babbar agree to in the MOU?
- order?
- source_sentence: The Supplier agrees to supply 60,000 Batteries over the course
of one year, as specified in
sentences:
- When does the Employee commence employment with the Employer?
- When does the Company employ the Employee?
- How many Batteries are Supplier obligated to supply under this Agreement?
- source_sentence: The term of this Agreement shall continue until terminated by either
party in accordance with
sentences:
- What is the pricing per Battery under this Agreement?
- What events constitute Force Majeure under this Agreement?
- What is the term of the Agreement?
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 768
type: dim_768
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.1111111111111111
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.4336766652213271
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.3703703703703704
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.3862433862433863
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 512
type: dim_512
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.1111111111111111
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.4336766652213271
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.3703703703703704
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.38703703703703707
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 256
type: dim_256
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.1111111111111111
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.4336766652213271
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.3703703703703704
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.38791423001949316
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 128
type: dim_128
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.1111111111111111
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.10000000000000002
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 1.0
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.5524123942573345
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.425925925925926
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.425925925925926
name: Cosine Map@100
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: dim 64
type: dim_64
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.2222222222222222
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.13333333333333333
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.06666666666666667
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.3333333333333333
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.6666666666666666
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.5
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.4444444444444444
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.47008547008547
name: Cosine Map@100
---
# SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co./BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5](https://huggingface.co./BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5) <!-- at revision a5beb1e3e68b9ab74eb54cfd186867f64f240e1a -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co./models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("vineet10/fm")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'The term of this Agreement shall continue until terminated by either party in accordance with',
'What is the term of the Agreement?',
'What events constitute Force Majeure under this Agreement?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)
<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>
</details>
-->
<!--
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)
You can finetune this model on your own dataset.
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
</details>
-->
<!--
### Out-of-Scope Use
*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
-->
## Evaluation
### Metrics
#### Information Retrieval
* Dataset: `dim_768`
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1111 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.4337 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.3704 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.3862** |
#### Information Retrieval
* Dataset: `dim_512`
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1111 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.4337 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.3704 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.387** |
#### Information Retrieval
* Dataset: `dim_256`
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1111 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.4337 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.3704 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.3879** |
#### Information Retrieval
* Dataset: `dim_128`
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.1111 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.1 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 1.0 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.5524 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.4259 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.4259** |
#### Information Retrieval
* Dataset: `dim_64`
* Evaluated with [<code>InformationRetrievalEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.InformationRetrievalEvaluator)
| Metric | Value |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.2222 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.1333 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.0667 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.3333 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.6667 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.5 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.4444 |
| **cosine_map@100** | **0.4701** |
<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations
*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
-->
<!--
### Recommendations
*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
-->
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 26 training samples
* Columns: <code>context</code> and <code>question</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | context | question |
|:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | <ul><li>min: 2 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.19 tokens</li><li>max: 28 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 11.27 tokens</li><li>max: 18 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
| context | question |
|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| <code>Answer: Deepak Babbar makes the final payment of Rs 2,60,000 at the time of quashing FIR</code> | <code>MOU?</code> |
| <code>This Agreement is governed by the laws of Indiana, and any disputes arising out of or in</code> | <code>Which law governs this Agreement, and where would disputes be resolved?</code> |
| <code>Answer: After the first motion, both parties must file petitions for quashing FIRs and</code> | <code>according to the MOU?</code> |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional
</details>
### Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | dim_128_cosine_map@100 | dim_256_cosine_map@100 | dim_512_cosine_map@100 | dim_64_cosine_map@100 | dim_768_cosine_map@100 |
|:-----:|:----:|:----------------------:|:----------------------:|:----------------------:|:---------------------:|:----------------------:|
| 0 | 0 | 0.4259 | 0.3879 | 0.3870 | 0.4701 | 0.3862 |
### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
- Transformers: 4.42.4
- PyTorch: 2.3.1+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.32.1
- Datasets: 2.20.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1
## Citation
### BibTeX
#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```
#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
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