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On [June 16], 2007, [ABC] began to phase in a new [imaging campaign] for the [upcoming 2007–08 season], "[Start Here]". Also developed by [Troika], the [on-air design] was intended to [emphasize] the [availability] of [ABC content] across [multiple platforms] (in [particular], [using a system] of [icons] representing [different devices], such as [television], [computers] and [mobile devices]), and "simplify and bring [a lot more consistency and continuity] to the [visual representation] of [ABC]". The [ABC logo] was also significantly [redesigned] as part of the [transition], with [a glossy "ball" effect] that was specifically designed for [HD]. [On-air], the [logo] was accompanied by [animated water] and [ribbon effects]. [Red ribbons] were used to represent the [entertainment division], while [blue ribbons] were used for [ABC News]. | On June 16, 2007, ABC began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season, "Start Here". Also developed by Troika, the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of ABC content across multiple platforms (in particular, using a system of icons representing different devices, such as television, computers and mobile devices), and "simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of ABC". The ABC logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition, with a glossy "ball" effect that was specifically designed for HD. On-air, the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects. Red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division, while blue ribbons were used for ABC News. |
Kenya’s armed forces, like many [government institutions] in the [country], have been [tainted] by [corruption allegations]. Because the [operations] of the armed forces have been traditionally [cloaked] by the [ubiquitous blanket] of “state security”, the corruption has been [less] in [public view], and thus less subject to [public scrutiny] and [notoriety]. This has [changed] recently. In what are by Kenyan standards [unprecedented revelations], in [2010], [credible claims] of corruption were made with regard to [recruitment] and [procurement] of [Armoured Personnel Carriers]. Further, the [wisdom] and [prudence] of certain [decisions] of [procurement] have been [publicly questioned]. | Kenya’s armed forces, like many government institutions in the country, have been tainted by corruption allegations. Because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “state security”, the corruption has been less in public view, and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety. This has changed recently. In what are by Kenyan standards unprecedented revelations, in 2010, credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of Armoured Personnel Carriers. Further, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned. |
On [August 15, 1971], the [United States] unilaterally pulled out of the [Bretton Woods Accord]. The US abandoned the [Gold Exchange Standard] whereby the value of the [dollar] had been pegged to the price of [gold] and all other [currencies] were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, [Britain] followed, floating the [pound sterling]. The other [industrialized nations] followed suit with their respective currencies. [Anticipating] that [currency values] would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their [reserves] (by expanding their [money supplies]) in amounts [far greater] than before. The result was a [depreciation] of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because [oil] was priced in dollars, [oil producers]' [real income] decreased. In [September 1971], [OPEC] issued a joint [communiqué] stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold. | On August 15, 1971, the United States unilaterally pulled out of the Bretton Woods Accord. The US abandoned the Gold Exchange Standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar, whose value was left to "float" (rise and fall according to market demand). Shortly thereafter, Britain followed, floating the pound sterling. The other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies. Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves (by expanding their money supplies) in amounts far greater than before. The result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations' currencies. Because oil was priced in dollars, oil producers' real income decreased. In September 1971, OPEC issued a joint communiqué stating that, from then on, they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold. |
It was not until the late 1950s that the ABC network became a serious contender to NBC and CBS, and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series. Despite an almost 500% increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958, the network only had a national reach of between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV; Treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national, under the revised title American Bandstand; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to America's youth and helped make a star out of its host, Dick Clark.
[late 1950s], [ABC network], [serious contender], [NBC], [CBS], [diverse range], [programming], [expectations], [public], [westerns], [detective series], [almost 500% increase], [advertising revenues], [1953], [1958], [network], [national reach], [10%], [18%], [total U.S. population], [relatively fewer affiliates], [NBC], [CBS], [1957], [ABC Entertainment president], [Ollie Treiz], [discovered], [locally produced variety show], [Bandstand], [pulled very strong ratings], [Philadelphia market], [WFIL-TV], [Treiz], [negotiated], [deal], [show national], [revised title], [American Bandstand], [social phenomenon], [presenting new musical talent], [dances], [America's youth], | It was not until the late 1950s that the ABC network became a serious contender to NBC and CBS, and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public, such as westerns and detective series. Despite an almost 500% increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958, the network only had a national reach of between 10% and 18% of the total U.S. population, as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than NBC and CBS. In 1957, ABC Entertainment president Ollie Treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show Bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the Philadelphia market on WFIL-TV; Treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national, under the revised title American Bandstand; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to America's youth and helped make a star out of its host, Dick Clark. |
[Cyanobacteria] are considered the [ancestors] of [chloroplasts]. They are sometimes called [blue-green algae] even though they are [prokaryotes]. They are a [diverse phylum] of [bacteria] capable of carrying out [photosynthesis], and are [gram-negative], meaning that they have [two cell membranes]. Cyanobacteria also contain a [peptidoglycan cell wall], which is [thicker] than in other [gram-negative bacteria], and which is located between their [two cell membranes]. Like chloroplasts, they have [thylakoids] within. On the thylakoid membranes are [photosynthetic pigments], including [chlorophyll a]. [Phycobilins] are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into [hemispherical phycobilisomes] attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though). | Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though). |
The [French] acquired a copy of the [British war plans], including the activities of [Shirley] and [Johnson]. [Shirley]'s efforts to [fortify Oswego] were [bogged down] in [logistical difficulties], [exacerbated] by [Shirley]'s [inexperience] in [managing large expeditions]. In [conjunction], [Shirley] was made [aware] that the [French] were [massing] for an [attack] on [Fort Oswego] in his [absence] when he [planned] to [attack Fort Niagara]. As a [response], [Shirley] left [garrisons] at [Oswego], [Fort Bull], and [Fort Williams] (the [latter two] located on the [Oneida Carry] between the [Mohawk River] and [Wood Creek] at [present-day Rome], [New York]). [Supplies] for use in the [projected attack] on [Niagara] were [cached] at [Fort Bull]. | The French acquired a copy of the British war plans, including the activities of Shirley and Johnson. Shirley's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties, exacerbated by Shirley's inexperience in managing large expeditions. In conjunction, Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara. As a response, Shirley left garrisons at Oswego, Fort Bull, and Fort Williams (the latter two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present-day Rome, New York). Supplies for use in the projected attack on Niagara were cached at Fort Bull. |
The [official opening] by [Queen Victoria] was on [22 June 1857]. In the following year, [late night openings] were introduced, made possible by the use of [gas lighting]. This was to enable in the words of [Cole] "to ascertain practically what [hours] are most [convenient] to the [working classes]"—this was linked to the use of the [collections] of both [applied art] and [science] as [educational resources] to help boost [productive industry]. In these early years the [practical use] of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of "High Art" at the [National Gallery] and [scholarship] at the [British Museum]. [George Wallis] (1811–1891), the first [Keeper] of [Fine Art Collection], passionately promoted the idea of [wide art education] through the museum collections. This led to the [transfer] to the museum of the [School of Design] that had been founded in 1837 at [Somerset House]; after the transfer it was referred to as the [Art School] or [Art Training School], later to become the [Royal College of Art] which finally achieved [full independence] in 1949. From the [1860s] to the [1880s] the [scientific collections] had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of [Exhibition Road]. In [1893] the "[Science Museum]" had effectively come into existence when a [separate director] was appointed. | The official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting. This was to enable in the words of Cole "to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes"—this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry. In these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of "High Art" at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis (1811–1891), the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections. This led to the transfer to the museum of the School of Design that had been founded in 1837 at Somerset House; after the transfer it was referred to as the Art School or Art Training School, later to become the Royal College of Art which finally achieved full independence in 1949. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the "Science Museum" had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed. |
Sometimes the [prosecution] proposes a [plea bargain] to [civil disobedients], as in the case of the [Camden 28], in which the [defendants] were offered an opportunity to [plead guilty] to one [misdemeanor count] and receive [no jail time]. In some [mass arrest] situations, the [activists] decide to use [solidarity tactics] to secure the same [plea bargain] for everyone. But some [activists] have opted to enter a [blind plea], [pleading guilty] without any [plea agreement] in place. [Mohandas Gandhi] [pleaded guilty] and told the court, "I am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the [highest penalty] that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a [deliberate crime] and what appears to me to be the [highest duty] of a [citizen]." | Sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients, as in the case of the Camden 28, in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time. In some mass arrest situations, the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone. But some activists have opted to enter a blind plea, pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place. Mohandas Gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court, "I am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen." |
It has been claimed that the [transmission] of the [first episode] was [delayed] by [ten minutes] due to [extended news coverage] of the [assassination] of [US President John F. Kennedy] the [previous day]; whereas in fact it went out after a [delay] of [eighty seconds]. The [BBC] believed that many viewers had missed this [introduction] to a [new series] due to the [coverage] of the [assassination], as well as a series of [power blackouts] across the [country], and they [broadcast] it again on [30 November 1963], just before [episode two]. | It has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of US President John F. Kennedy the previous day; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds. The BBC believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination, as well as a series of power blackouts across the country, and they broadcast it again on 30 November 1963, just before episode two. |
The [Maroons] compete in the [NCAA]'s [Division III] as members of the [University Athletic Association] ([UAA]). The university was a [founding member] of the [Big Ten Conference] and participated in the [NCAA Division I] [Men's Basketball] and [Football] and was a [regular participant] in the [Men's Basketball tournament]. In [1935], the [University of Chicago] reached the [Sweet Sixteen]. In [1935], Chicago Maroons football player [Jay Berwanger] became the [first winner] of the [Heisman Trophy]. However, the university chose to [withdraw] from the [conference] in [1946] after University President [Robert Maynard Hutchins] [de-emphasized] [varsity athletics] in [1939] and [dropped] [football]. (In [1969], Chicago reinstated football as a [Division III team], [resuming playing] its [home games] at the new [Stagg Field].) | The Maroons compete in the NCAA's Division III as members of the University Athletic Association (UAA). The university was a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and participated in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball and Football and was a regular participant in the Men's Basketball tournament. In 1935, the University of Chicago reached the Sweet Sixteen. In 1935, Chicago Maroons football player Jay Berwanger became the first winner of the Heisman Trophy. However, the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after University President Robert Maynard Hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football. (In 1969, Chicago reinstated football as a Division III team, resuming playing its home games at the new Stagg Field.) |
Due to [pressure] from [film studios] wanting to [increase] their [production], as the [major networks] began airing [theatrically released films], ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting [films] on [Sunday nights] in 1962, with the launch of the [ABC Sunday Night Movie], which debuted a [year behind] its competitors and was initially presented in [black-and-white]. Despite a [significant increase] in [viewership] (with its [audience share] having increased to [33%] from the [15% share] it had in [1953]), ABC remained in [third place]; the company had a [total revenue] of [$15.5 million], a [third] of the [revenue] pulled in by CBS at the [same period]. To [catch up], ABC followed up [The Flintstones] with another [animated series] from [Hanna-Barbera], [The Jetsons], which debuted on [September 23, 1962] as the [first television series] to be broadcast in [color] on the [network]. On [April 1, 1963], ABC debuted the [soap opera] [General Hospital], which would go on to become the television network's [long-running entertainment program]. That year also saw the premiere of [The Fugitive] (on [September 17]), a [drama series] centering on a [man on the run] after being accused of committing a [murder] he did not commit. | Due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production, as the major networks began airing theatrically released films, ABC joined CBS and NBC in broadcasting films on Sunday nights in 1962, with the launch of the ABC Sunday Night Movie, which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white. Despite a significant increase in viewership (with its audience share having increased to 33% from the 15% share it had in 1953), ABC remained in third place; the company had a total revenue of $15.5 million, a third of the revenue pulled in by CBS at the same period. To catch up, ABC followed up The Flintstones with another animated series from Hanna-Barbera, The Jetsons, which debuted on September 23, 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network. On April 1, 1963, ABC debuted the soap opera General Hospital, which would go on to become the television network's long-running entertainment program. That year also saw the premiere of The Fugitive (on September 17), a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit. |
The term ["imperialism"] is often conflated with ["colonialism"], however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. ["Imperialism"] and ["colonialism"] have been used in order to describe one's [superiority], [domination] and [influence] upon a person or group of people. [Robert Young] writes that while ["imperialism"] operates from the [center], is a [state policy] and is developed for [ideological] as well as [financial reasons], ["colonialism"] is simply the [development] for [settlement] or [commercial intentions]. ["Colonialism"] in [modern usage] also tends to imply a degree of [geographic separation] between the [colony] and the [imperial power]. Particularly, [Edward Said] distinguishes the difference between ["imperialism"] and ["colonialism"] by stating; "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while ["colonialism"] refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' [Contiguous] [land empires] such as the [Russian] or [Ottoman] are generally excluded from discussions of ["colonialism."]:116 Thus it can be said that ["imperialism"] includes some form of ["colonialism"], but ["colonialism"] itself does not automatically imply ["imperialism"], as it lacks a [political focus].[further explanation needed] | The term "imperialism" is often conflated with "colonialism", however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition. Imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people. Robert Young writes that while imperialism operates from the center, is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons, colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions. Colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power. Particularly, Edward Said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating; "imperialism involved 'the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory', while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory.' Contiguous land empires such as the Russian or Ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism.:116 Thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism, but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism, as it lacks a political focus.further explanation needed |
Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted [Goldenson] at the end of [1953] for [ABC] to agree to finance part of the [Disneyland project] in exchange for producing a television program for the network. Walt wanted [ABC] to invest [$500,000] and accrued a guarantee of [$4.5 million] in additional loans, a third of the budget intended for the park. Around [1954], [ABC] agreed to finance [Disneyland] in exchange for the right to broadcast a new [Sunday night program], [Disneyland], which debuted on the network on [October 27, 1954] as the first of many [anthology television programs] that [Disney] would broadcast over the course of the next [50 years]. | Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network. Walt wanted ABC to invest $500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $4.5 million in additional loans, a third of the budget intended for the park. Around 1954, ABC agreed to finance Disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new Sunday night program, Disneyland, which debuted on the network on October 27, 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that Disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years. |
During the same year, [Tesla] wrote a treatise, [The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media], concerning [charged particle beam weapons]. Tesla published the document in an attempt to [expound] on the [technical description] of a ["superweapon that would put an end to all war"]. This treatise is currently in the [Nikola Tesla Museum archive] in [Belgrade]. It describes an [open-ended vacuum tube] with a [gas jet seal] that allows [particles] to [exit], a [method] of [charging particles] to [millions of volts], and a [method] of [creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams] (through [electrostatic repulsion]). Tesla tried to [interest] the [US War Department], the [United Kingdom], the [Soviet Union], and [Yugoslavia] in the [device]. | During the same year, Tesla wrote a treatise, The Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media, concerning charged particle beam weapons. Tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a "superweapon that would put an end to all war." This treatise is currently in the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. It describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit, a method of charging particles to millions of volts, and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to interest the US War Department, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia in the device. |
The [Literary and Philosophical Society] of [Newcastle upon Tyne] (popularly known as the '[Lit & Phil]') is the largest [independent library] outside [London], housing more than [150,000 books]. Its [music library] contains [8000 CDs] and [10,000 LPs]. The current [Lit and Phil premises] were built in [1825] and the building was designed by [John and Benjamin Green]. Operating since [1793] and founded as a ‘[conversation club],’ its [lecture theatre] was the first [public building] to be lit by [electric light], during a lecture by [Joseph Swan] on [20 October 1880]. | The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne (popularly known as the 'Lit & Phil') is the largest independent library outside London, housing more than 150,000 books. Its music library contains 8000 CDs and 10,000 LPs. The current Lit and Phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by John and Benjamin Green. Operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘conversation club,’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light, during a lecture by Joseph Swan on 20 October 1880. |
Conservative researchers have argued that [income inequality] is not significant because [consumption], rather than [income] should be the measure of inequality, and [inequality of consumption] is [less extreme] than [inequality of income] in the [US]. [Will Wilkinson] of the [libertarian Cato Institute] states that "the [weight] of the [evidence] shows that the [run-up] in [consumption inequality] has been [considerably less dramatic] than the [rise] in [income inequality]," and [consumption] is [more important] than [income]. According to [Johnson], [Smeeding], and [Tory], [consumption inequality] was actually [lower] in [2001] than it was in [1986]. The [debate] is [summarized] in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist [Thomas B. Edsall]. [Other studies] have not found [consumption inequality] [less dramatic] than [household income inequality], and the [CBO]'s [study] found [consumption data] not "[adequately]" [capturing] "consumption by [high-income households]" as it does their [income], though it did agree that [household consumption numbers] show [more equal distribution] than [household income]. | Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not "adequately" capturing "consumption by high-income households" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income. |
[Formed] in [November 1990] by the [equal merger] of [Sky Television] and [British Satellite Broadcasting], [BSkyB] became the [UK's largest digital subscription television company]. Following [BSkyB]'s [2014 acquisition] of [Sky Italia] and a [majority 90.04% interest] in [Sky Deutschland] in [November 2014], its [holding company] [British Sky Broadcasting Group plc] changed its [name] to [Sky plc]. The [United Kingdom operations] also changed the [company name] from [British Sky Broadcasting Limited] to [Sky UK Limited], still [trading] as [Sky]. | Formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, BSkyB became the UK's largest digital subscription television company. Following BSkyB's 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90.04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, its holding company British Sky Broadcasting Group plc changed its name to Sky plc. The United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. |
While studying [law] and [philosophy] in [England] and [Germany], Iqbal became a member of the [London branch] of the [All India Muslim League]. He came back to [Lahore] in [1908]. While dividing his time between [law practice] and [philosophical poetry], Iqbal had remained active in the [Muslim League]. He did not support [Indian involvement] in [World War I] and remained in close touch with [Muslim political leaders] such as [Muhammad Ali Johar] and [Muhammad Ali Jinnah]. He was a [critic] of the [mainstream Indian nationalist] and [secularist Indian National Congress]. Iqbal's [seven English lectures] were published by [Oxford University press] in [1934] in a book titled [The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]. These lectures dwell on the [role] of [Islam] as a [religion] as well as a [political] and [legal philosophy] in the [modern age]. | While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age. |
As well as [period rooms], the collection includes [parts of buildings], for example the [two top stories] of the [facade] of [Sir Paul Pindar's house] dated [c1600] from [Bishopsgate] with [elaborately carved wood work] and [leaded windows], a [rare survivor] of the [Great Fire of London], there is a [brick portal] from a [London house] of the [English Restoration period] and a [fireplace] from the [gallery] of [Northumberland house]. [European examples] include a [dormer window] dated [1523–35] from the [chateau] of [Montal]. There are several examples from [Italian Renaissance buildings] including, [portals], [fireplaces], [balconies] and a [stone buffet] that used to have a [built in fountain]. The [main architecture gallery] has a series of [pillars] from various buildings and different periods, for example a [column] from the [Alhambra]. Examples covering [Asia] are in those galleries concerned with those countries, as well as [models] and [photographs] in the [main architecture gallery]. | As well as period rooms, the collection includes parts of buildings, for example the two top stories of the facade of Sir Paul Pindar's house dated c1600 from Bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows, a rare survivor of the Great Fire of London, there is a brick portal from a London house of the English Restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of Northumberland house. European examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of Montal. There are several examples from Italian Renaissance buildings including, portals, fireplaces, balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain. The main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods, for example a column from the Alhambra. Examples covering Asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries, as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery. |
For instance, while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being at rest. [A person] can throw [a ball] [straight up] in the [air] and [catch] it as [it falls down] without worrying about [applying a force] in the [direction] the [vehicle] is moving. [This] is [true] even though [another person] who is [observing] the [moving vehicle] [pass by] also observes the [ball] [follow] a [curving parabolic path] in the [same direction] as the [motion] of the [vehicle]. [It is] the [inertia] of the [ball] associated with its [constant velocity] in the [direction] of the [vehicle's motion] that ensures the [ball] [continues] to [move forward] even as [it is thrown up] and [falls back down]. From the [perspective] of the [person] in the [car], the [vehicle] and [everything inside] of it is [at rest]: [It is] the [outside world] that is [moving] with a [constant speed] in the [opposite direction]. Since there is [no experiment] that can [distinguish] whether [it is the vehicle] that is [at rest] or the [outside world] that is [at rest], the [two situations] are considered to be [physically indistinguishable]. [Inertia] therefore [applies equally] well to [constant velocity motion] as it does to [rest]. | For instance, while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity, the laws of physics do not change from being at rest. A person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving. This is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle. It is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down. From the perspective of the person in the car, the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest: It is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction. Since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest, the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable. Inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest. |
[On] 13 June 1525, the [couple] was [engaged] with [Johannes Bugenhagen], [Justus Jonas], [Johannes Apel], [Philipp Melanchthon] and [Lucas Cranach the Elder] and his [wife] as [witnesses]. On the [evening] of the [same] day, the [couple] was [married] by [Bugenhagen]. The [ceremonial walk] to the [church] and the [wedding banquet] were [left out], and were [made up] [two weeks later] on 27 June. | On 13 June 1525, the couple was engaged with Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Johannes Apel, Philipp Melanchthon and Lucas Cranach the Elder and his wife as witnesses. On the evening of the same day, the couple was married by Bugenhagen. The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out, and were made up two weeks later on 27 June. |
In [December 1878], Tesla left [Graz] and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he [dropped out] of [school]. His [friends] thought that he had [drowned] in the [Mur River]. Tesla went to [Maribor] (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a [draftsman] for [60 florins] a month. He spent his spare time [playing cards] with [local men] on the streets. In [March 1879], [Milutin Tesla] went to [Maribor] to [beg] his son to [return home], but [Nikola] [refused]. Nikola suffered a [nervous breakdown] at around the [same time]. | In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River. Tesla went to Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time. |
In [August 1227], during the fall of [Yinchuan], the capital of [Western Xia], [Genghis Khan] died. The [exact cause] of his death remains a [mystery], and is [variously attributed] to being killed in action against the [Western Xia], [illness], [falling from his horse], or [wounds sustained] in [hunting] or [battle]. According to [The Secret History of the Mongols] Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the [injury]. He was [already old] and [tired] from his [journeys]. The [Galician–Volhynian Chronicle] alleges he was killed by the [Western Xia] in [battle], while [Marco Polo] wrote that he died after the [infection] of an [arrow wound] he received during his [final campaign]. Later [Mongol chronicles] connect Genghis' death with a [Western Xia princess] taken as [war booty]. One chronicle from the [early 17th century] even relates the legend that the princess hid a [small dagger] and stabbed him, though some [Mongol authors] have doubted this version and suspected it to be an [invention] by the rival [Oirads]. | In August 1227, during the fall of Yinchuan, the capital of Western Xia, Genghis Khan died. The exact cause of his death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained in hunting or battle. According to The Secret History of the Mongols Genghis Khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury. He was already old and tired from his journeys. The Galician–Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Western Xia in battle, while Marco Polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign. Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Western Xia princess taken as war booty. One chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him, though some Mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival Oirads. |
During [the Southern Song dynasty] the [descendant] of [Confucius] at [Qufu], the [Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou] [fled] [south] with the [Song Emperor] to [Quzhou], while the [newly established Jin dynasty] (1115–1234) in the [north] [appointed] [Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao] who remained in Qufu as [Duke Yansheng]. [From that time] [up until] the [Yuan dynasty], there were [two Duke Yanshengs], [once] in the [north] in Qufu and the [other] in the [south] at Quzhou. During the [Yuan dynasty], the [Emperor Kublai Khan] [invited] the [southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu] to return to Qufu. [Kong Zhu refused], and [gave up] the [title], so the [northern branch] of the [family] kept the [title] of [Duke Yansheng]. The [southern branch] still remained in Quzhou where they [lived] to this [day]. [Confucius's descendants] in Quzhou alone [number] 30,000. During the [Yuan dynasty], one of [Confucius' descendants] [moved] from [China] to [Goryeo era Korea] and [established] a [branch] of the [family] there after [marrying] a [Korean woman]. | During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. During the Yuan dynasty, the Emperor Kublai Khan invited the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu to return to Qufu. Kong Zhu refused, and gave up the title, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000. During the Yuan dynasty, one of Confucius' descendants moved from China to Goryeo era Korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a Korean woman. |
The [steam engine] contributed much to the development of [thermodynamic theory]; however, the only applications of [scientific theory] that influenced the [steam engine] were the original concepts of [harnessing the power of steam] and [atmospheric pressure] and [knowledge] of [properties] of [heat] and [steam]. The [experimental measurements] made by [Watt] on a [model steam engine] led to the development of the [separate condenser]. [Watt] independently discovered [latent heat], which was confirmed by the original discoverer [Joseph Black], who also advised [Watt] on [experimental procedures]. [Watt] was also aware of the [change] in the [boiling point] of [water] with [pressure]. Otherwise, the improvements to the [engine] itself were more [mechanical] in nature. The [thermodynamic concepts] of the [Rankine cycle] did give [engineers] the [understanding] needed to calculate [efficiency] which aided the development of [modern high-pressure] and [-temperature boilers] and the [steam turbine]. | The steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory; however, the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam. The experimental measurements made by Watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser. Watt independently discovered latent heat, which was confirmed by the original discoverer Joseph Black, who also advised Watt on experimental procedures. Watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure. Otherwise, the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature. The thermodynamic concepts of the Rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine. |
The [executive summary] of the [WG I Summary for Policymakers report] says they are [certain] that [emissions resulting from human activities] are [substantially increasing] the [atmospheric concentrations] of the [greenhouse gases], resulting on average in an [additional warming] of the [Earth's surface]. They [calculate] with [confidence] that [CO2] has been [responsible] for [over half] the [enhanced greenhouse effect]. They [predict] that under a "[business as usual]" (BAU) [scenario], [global mean temperature] will [increase] by about [0.3 °C per decade] during the [21st century]. They [judge] that [global mean surface air temperature] has [increased] by [0.3 to 0.6 °C] over the [last 100 years], [broadly consistent] with [prediction] of [climate models], but also of the [same magnitude] as [natural climate variability]. The [unequivocal detection] of the [enhanced greenhouse effect] is not [likely] for a [decade or more]. | The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface. They calculate with confidence that CO2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect. They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the 21st century. They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. The unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more. |
In [education], [teachers] facilitate [student learning], often in a [school] or [academy] or perhaps in another environment such as [outdoors]. A [teacher] who teaches on an [individual basis] may be described as a [tutor]. | In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors. A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor. |
During the [1960s], [ABC] continued on the [same path] that it began to take in the [mid-1950s], by [consolidating] the [network] as part of its effort to gain [loyalty] from the [public]. The network's [finances] [improved] and allowed it to [invest] in [other properties] and [programming]. In [May 1960], ABC purchased [Chicago radio station WLS], which had [shared airtime] with [WENR] since the [1920s]. This [acquisition] allowed ABC to [consolidate] its [presence] in the [market]. On [May 9, 1960], WLS launched a new [lineup] consisting of ABC [Radio programming]. In [1960], [Canadian entrepreneur John Bassett], who was trying to establish a [television station] in [Toronto], sought the help of ABC to [launch] the station. [Leonard Goldenson] agreed to acquire a [25% interest] in [CFTO-TV]; however, [legislation] by the [Canadian Radio-Television Commission] [prohibited] ABC's involvement, resulting in the [company withdrawing] from the [project] before the [station's launch]. | During the 1960s, ABC continued on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s, by consolidating the network as part of its effort to gain loyalty from the public. The network's finances improved and allowed it to invest in other properties and programming. In May 1960, ABC purchased Chicago radio station WLS, which had shared airtime with WENR since the 1920s. This acquisition allowed ABC to consolidate its presence in the market. On May 9, 1960, WLS launched a new lineup consisting of ABC Radio programming. In 1960, Canadian entrepreneur John Bassett, who was trying to establish a television station in Toronto, sought the help of ABC to launch the station. Leonard Goldenson agreed to acquire a 25% interest in CFTO-TV; however, legislation by the Canadian Radio-Television Commission prohibited ABC's involvement, resulting in the company withdrawing from the project before the station's launch. |
[Tesla] never married; he said his [chastity] was very helpful to his [scientific abilities].:33 However, toward the [end] of his [life], he told a [reporter], "Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too [great] a [sacrifice] to my [work] ..." There have been [numerous] [accounts] of [women] [vying] for Tesla's [affection], even some [madly] in [love] with him.[citation needed] Tesla, though [polite] and [soft-spoken], did not have any [known] [relationships]. | Tesla never married; he said his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.:33 However, toward the end of his life, he told a reporter, "Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work ..." There have been numerous accounts of women vying for Tesla's affection, even some madly in love with him.citation needed Tesla, though polite and soft-spoken, did not have any known relationships. |
The [succession] of [Genghis Khan] was already a [significant] [topic] during the [later years] of his [reign], as he reached [old age]. The [long running] [paternity discussion] about [Genghis]' oldest son [Jochi] was particularly [contentious] because of the [seniority] of Jochi among the [brothers]. According to [traditional] [historical accounts], the [issue] over Jochi's [paternity] was voiced most [strongly] by [Chagatai]. In [The Secret History of the Mongols], just [before] the [invasion] of the [Khwarezmid Empire] by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared [before] his [father] and [brothers] that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's [successor]. In response to this [tension], and [possibly] for other [reasons], [Ögedei] was [appointed] as [successor]. | The succession of Genghis Khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign, as he reached old age. The long running paternity discussion about Genghis' oldest son Jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of Jochi among the brothers. According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. In response to this tension, and possibly for other reasons, Ögedei was appointed as successor. |
There are hints in the surviving records of the ancient Egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers: the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for [primes] and for [composites]. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. [Euclid]'s [Elements] (circa 300 BC) contain important theorems about primes, including the [infinitude] of primes and the [fundamental theorem of arithmetic]. Euclid also showed how to construct a [perfect number] from a [Mersenne prime]. The [Sieve of Eratosthenes], attributed to [Eratosthenes], is a simple method to compute primes, although the [large primes] found today with [computers] are not generated this way. | There are hints in the surviving records of the ancient Egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers: the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa 300 BC) contain important theorems about primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes, is a simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way. |
Some [chloroplasts] contain a structure called the [chloroplast peripheral reticulum]. It is often found in the chloroplasts of [C4 plants], though it has also been found in some [C3 angiosperms], and even some [gymnosperms]. The [chloroplast peripheral reticulum] consists of a [maze] of [membranous tubes] and [vesicles] continuous with the [inner chloroplast membrane] that extends into the [internal stromal fluid] of the chloroplast. Its [purpose] is thought to be to increase the [chloroplast's surface area] for [cross-membrane transport] between its [stroma] and the [cell cytoplasm]. The [small vesicles] sometimes observed may serve as [transport vesicles] to shuttle [stuff] between the [thylakoids] and [intermembrane space]. | Some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum. It is often found in the chloroplasts of C4 plants, though it has also been found in some C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms. The chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast. Its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm. The small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space. |
It is usually recognized that [lawbreaking], if it is not done [publicly], at least must be [publicly announced] in order to constitute [civil disobedience]. But [Stephen Eilmann] argues that if it is necessary to [disobey rules] that [conflict] with [morality], we might ask why disobedience should take the form of [public civil disobedience] rather than simply [covert lawbreaking]. If a [lawyer] wishes to help a [client] overcome [legal obstacles] to securing her or his [natural rights], he might, for instance, find that assisting in [fabricating evidence] or [committing perjury] is more effective than [open disobedience]. This assumes that [common morality] does not have a [prohibition] on [deceit] in such situations. The [Fully Informed Jury Association]'s publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors" notes, "Think of the [dilemma] faced by [German citizens] when [Hitler]'s [secret police] demanded to know if they were hiding a [Jew] in their house." By this definition, civil disobedience could be traced back to the [Book of Exodus], where [Shiphrah] and [Puah] refused a [direct order] of [Pharaoh] but misrepresented how they did it. ([Exodus 1]: [15]-[19]) | It is usually recognized that lawbreaking, if it is not done publicly, at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience. But Stephen Eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality, we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking. If a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights, he might, for instance, find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience. This assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations. The Fully Informed Jury Association's publication "A Primer for Prospective Jurors" notes, "Think of the dilemma faced by German citizens when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house." By this definition, civil disobedience could be traced back to the Book of Exodus, where Shiphrah and Puah refused a direct order of Pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it. (Exodus 1: 15-19) |
Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. [Succession] for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an [intractable problem], [later] causing [much strife] and [internal struggle]. This emerged as [early] as the [end] of [Kublai's reign]. Kublai originally named his [eldest son], [Zhenjin], as the [Crown Prince], but he died [before] Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's [third son], with the support of his [mother Kökejin] and the [minister Bayan], [succeeded] the [throne] and ruled as [Temür Khan], or [Emperor Chengzong], from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to [maintain] and [continue] much of the [work] begun by his [grandfather]. He also made [peace] with the [western Mongol khanates] as well as [neighboring countries] such as [Vietnam], which [recognized] his [nominal suzerainty] and [paid tributes] for a few [decades]. However, the [corruption] in the [Yuan dynasty] began during the reign of [Temür Khan]. | Following the conquest of Dali in 1253, the former ruling Duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general, recognized as imperial officials by the Yuan, Ming, and Qing-era governments, principally in the province of Yunnan. Succession for the Yuan dynasty, however, was an intractable problem, later causing much strife and internal struggle. This emerged as early as the end of Kublai's reign. Kublai originally named his eldest son, Zhenjin, as the Crown Prince, but he died before Kublai in 1285. Thus, Zhenjin's third son, with the support of his mother Kökejin and the minister Bayan, succeeded the throne and ruled as Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong, from 1294 to 1307. Temür Khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather. He also made peace with the western Mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as Vietnam, which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades. However, the corruption in the Yuan dynasty began during the reign of Temür Khan. |
[Grissom], [White], and [Chaffee] decided to name their flight [Apollo 1] as a [motivational focus] on the [first manned flight]. They [trained] and [conducted tests] of their spacecraft at [North American], and in the [altitude chamber] at the [Kennedy Space Center]. A "plugs-out" test was planned for [January], which would [simulate] a [launch countdown] on [LC-34] with the spacecraft [transferring] from [pad-supplied] to [internal power]. If successful, this would be followed by a [more rigorous countdown simulation test] closer to the [February 21 launch], with both spacecraft and [launch vehicle] [fueled]. | Grissom, White, and Chaffee decided to name their flight Apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight. They trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at North American, and in the altitude chamber at the Kennedy Space Center. A "plugs-out" test was planned for January, which would simulate a launch countdown on LC-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power. If successful, this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the February 21 launch, with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled. |
The early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own Manifest Destiny, through policies such as the Monroe Doctrine. However, beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy" changed all this. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos. American foreign policy was denounced as a "racket" by Smedley Butler, an American general. He said, "Looking back on it, I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents".
[early United States], [opposition], [Imperialism], [Manifest Destiny], [policies], [Monroe Doctrine], [late 19th], [early 20th century], [Theodore Roosevelt], [interventionism], [Central America], [Woodrow Wilson], [mission], ["make the world safe for democracy"], [military force], [behind the scenes], [hegemony], [imperium], [historical empires], [1898], [Americans], [opposed imperialism], [Anti-Imperialist League], [US annexation], [Philippines], [Cuba], [war], [Philippines], [business], [labor], [government leaders], [US], [condemn], [America's occupation], [Philippines], [deaths], [Filipinos], [American foreign policy], ["racket"], [Smedley Butler], [American general], ["Looking back on it"], [Al Capone], [three districts], [three continents]. | The early United States expressed its opposition to Imperialism, at least in a form distinct from its own Manifest Destiny, through policies such as the Monroe Doctrine. However, beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century, policies such as Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America and Woodrow Wilson’s mission to "make the world safe for democracy" changed all this. They were often backed by military force, but were more often affected from behind the scenes. This is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires. In 1898, Americans who opposed imperialism created the Anti-Imperialist League to oppose the US annexation of the Philippines and Cuba. One year later, a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many Filipinos. American foreign policy was denounced as a "racket" by Smedley Butler, an American general. He said, "Looking back on it, I might have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents". |
Temüjin had [three brothers] named [Hasar], [Hachiun], and [Temüge], and [one sister] named [Temülen], as well as [two half-brothers] named [Begter] and [Belgutei]. Like many of the [nomads] of [Mongolia], Temüjin's [early life] was [difficult]. His [father] arranged a [marriage] for him, and at [nine years] of age he was [delivered] by his [father] to the [family] of his [future wife] [Börte], who was a [member] of the [tribe] [Khongirad]. Temüjin was to [live] there in [service] to [Dai Setsen], the [head] of the [new household], until he reached the [marriageable age] of [12]. | Temüjin had three brothers named Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen, as well as two half-brothers named Begter and Belgutei. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. His father arranged a marriage for him, and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who was a member of the tribe Khongirad. Temüjin was to live there in service to Dai Setsen, the head of the new household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12. |
[Trotsky], and [others], believed that the [revolution] could only succeed in [Russia] as part of a [world revolution]. [Lenin] wrote [extensively] on the matter and famously declared that [Imperialism] was the highest stage of [capitalism]. However, after [Lenin]'s [death], [Joseph Stalin] established ['socialism in one country'] for the [Soviet Union], creating the [model] for subsequent [inward looking] [Stalinist] [states] and [purging] the [early Internationalist elements]. The [internationalist tendencies] of the [early revolution] would be abandoned until they returned in the [framework] of a [client state] in competition with the [Americans] during the [Cold War]. With the beginning of the [new era], the [after Stalin period] called the "thaw", in the late [1950s], the new [political leader] [Nikita Khrushchev] put even more [pressure] on the [Soviet-American relations] starting a [new wave] of [anti-imperialist propaganda]. In his [speech] on the [UN conference] in [1960], he announced the [continuation] of the [war on imperialism], stating that soon the [people] of different [countries] will come together and [overthrow] their [imperialist leaders]. Although the [Soviet Union] declared itself [anti-imperialist], [critics] argue that it exhibited [tendencies] common to [historic empires]. Some [scholars] hold that the [Soviet Union] was a [hybrid entity] containing elements common to both [multinational empires] and [nation states]. It has also been argued that the [USSR] practiced [colonialism] as did other [imperial powers] and was carrying on the old [Russian tradition] of [expansion] and [control]. [Mao Zedong] once argued that the [Soviet Union] had itself become an [imperialist power] while maintaining a [socialist façade]. Moreover, the [ideas] of [imperialism] were widely spread in [action] on the [higher levels] of [government]. [Non Russian Marxists] within the [Russian Federation] and later the [USSR], like [Sultan Galiev] and [Vasyl Shakhrai], considered the [Soviet Regime] a [renewed version] of the [Russian imperialism] and [colonialism]. | Trotsky, and others, believed that the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution. Lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that Imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism. However, after Lenin's death, Joseph Stalin established 'socialism in one country' for the Soviet Union, creating the model for subsequent inward looking Stalinist states and purging the early Internationalist elements. The internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the Americans during the Cold War. With the beginning of the new era, the after Stalin period called the "thaw", in the late 1950s, the new political leader Nikita Khrushchev put even more pressure on the Soviet-American relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda. In his speech on the UN conference in 1960, he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism, stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders. Although the Soviet Union declared itself anti-imperialist, critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. Some scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states. It has also been argued that the USSR practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old Russian tradition of expansion and control. Mao Zedong once argued that the Soviet Union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade. Moreover, the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government. Non Russian Marxists within the Russian Federation and later the USSR, like Sultan Galiev and Vasyl Shakhrai, considered the Soviet Regime a renewed version of the Russian imperialism and colonialism. |
The [climate] in [Newcastle] is [oceanic] ([Köppen Cfb]) and [significantly] [milder] than some other [locations] in the [world] at a [similar latitude], due to the [warming influence] of the [Gulf Stream] (via the [North Atlantic Drift]). Being in the [rain shadow] of the [North Pennines], it is among the [driest cities] in the [UK]. [Temperature extremes] recorded at [Newcastle Weather Centre] include [32.5 °C] ([90.5 °F]) during [August 1990] down to [−12.6 °C] ([9.3 °F]) during [January 1982]. In [contrast] to [other areas] influenced by the [Gulf Stream], such as [inland Scandinavia], [Newcastle] has [milder winters] and [cooler summers], similar to the [remainder] of the [British Isles]. | The climate in Newcastle is oceanic (Köppen Cfb) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude, due to the warming influence of the Gulf Stream (via the North Atlantic Drift). Being in the rain shadow of the North Pennines, it is among the driest cities in the UK. Temperature extremes recorded at Newcastle Weather Centre include 32.5 °C (90.5 °F) during August 1990 down to −12.6 °C (9.3 °F) during January 1982. In contrast to other areas influenced by the Gulf Stream, such as inland Scandinavia, Newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers, similar to the remainder of the British Isles. |
The Far Eastern collections include [more than 70,000 works of art] from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991, displaying [a representative collection] of the V&As approximately [16,000 objects] from China, dating from [the 4th millennium BC] to [the present day]. Though [the majority] of art works on display date from [the Ming and Qing dynasties], there are [exquisite examples] of objects dating from [the Tang dynasty] and [earlier periods]. Notably, [a metre-high bronze head] of [the Buddha] dated to [c.750 AD] and [one of the oldest items] [a 2,000-year-old jade horse head] from [a burial], [other sculptures] include [life-size tomb guardians]. [Classic examples] of [Chinese manufacturing] are displayed that include [lacquer], [silk], [porcelain], [jade] and [cloisonné enamel]. [Two large ancestor portraits] of [a husband and wife] painted in [watercolour on silk] date from [the 18th century]. There is [a unique Chinese lacquerware table], made in [the imperial workshops] during [the reign] of [the Xuande Emperor] in [the Ming dynasty]. [Examples] of [clothing] are also displayed. [One of the largest objects] is [a bed] from [the mid-17th century]. [The work] of [contemporary Chinese designers] is also displayed. | The Far Eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of East Asia: China, Japan and Korea. The T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art opened in 1991, displaying a representative collection of the V&As approximately 16,000 objects from China, dating from the 4th millennium BC to the present day. Though the majority of art works on display date from the Ming and Qing dynasties, there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the Tang dynasty and earlier periods. Notably, a metre-high bronze head of the Buddha dated to c.750 AD and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial, other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians. Classic examples of Chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer, silk, porcelain, jade and cloisonné enamel. Two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century. There is a unique Chinese lacquerware table, made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the Xuande Emperor in the Ming dynasty. Examples of clothing are also displayed. One of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century. The work of contemporary Chinese designers is also displayed. |
[There] are a [variety] of [bodies] designed to [instill], [preserve] and [update] the [knowledge] and [professional standing] of [teachers]. [Around] the [world] many [governments] operate [teacher's colleges], which are generally [established] to [serve] and [protect] the [public interest] through [certifying], [governing] and [enforcing] the [standards] of [practice] for the [teaching profession]. | There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession. |
In [1857] [John Sheepshanks] donated [233 paintings], mainly by [contemporary British artists], and a similar number of [drawings] to the [museum] with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by [Tate Britain]; artists represented are [William Blake], [James Barry], [Henry Fuseli], [Sir Edwin Henry Landseer], [Sir David Wilkie], [William Mulready], [William Powell Frith], [Millais] and [Hippolyte Delaroche]. Although some of [Constable]'s works came to the [museum] with the [Sheepshanks bequest], the majority of the artist's works were donated by his [daughter Isabel] in [1888], including the [large number] of [sketches in oil], the most significant being the [1821] full size oil sketch for [The Hay Wain]. Other artists with works in the collection include: [Bernardino Fungai], [Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger], [Domenico di Pace Beccafumi], [Fioravante Ferramola], [Jan Brueghel the Elder], [Anthony van Dyck], [Ludovico Carracci], [Antonio Verrio], [Giovanni Battista Tiepolo], [Domenico Tiepolo], [Canaletto], [Francis Hayman], [Pompeo Batoni], [Benjamin West], [Paul Sandby], [Richard Wilson], [William Etty], [Henry Fuseli], [Sir Thomas Lawrence], [James Barry], [Francis Danby], [Richard Parkes Bonington] and [Alphonse Legros]. | In 1857 John Sheepshanks donated 233 paintings, mainly by contemporary British artists, and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'A National Gallery of British Art', a role since taken on by Tate Britain; artists represented are William Blake, James Barry, Henry Fuseli, Sir Edwin Henry Landseer, Sir David Wilkie, William Mulready, William Powell Frith, Millais and Hippolyte Delaroche. Although some of Constable's works came to the museum with the Sheepshanks bequest, the majority of the artist's works were donated by his daughter Isabel in 1888, including the large number of sketches in oil, the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for The Hay Wain. Other artists with works in the collection include: Bernardino Fungai, Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger, Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Fioravante Ferramola, Jan Brueghel the Elder, Anthony van Dyck, Ludovico Carracci, Antonio Verrio, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Domenico Tiepolo, Canaletto, Francis Hayman, Pompeo Batoni, Benjamin West, Paul Sandby, Richard Wilson, William Etty, Henry Fuseli, Sir Thomas Lawrence, James Barry, Francis Danby, Richard Parkes Bonington and Alphonse Legros. |
The [Harvard Crimson] competes in [42] intercollegiate sports in the [NCAA Division I Ivy League]. [Harvard] has an intense athletic rivalry with [Yale University] culminating in [The Game], although the [Harvard–Yale Regatta] predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the [Harvard] and [Yale Track and Field teams] come together to compete against a combined [Oxford University] and [Cambridge University] team, a competition that is the [oldest continuous international amateur competition] in the world. | The Harvard Crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the NCAA Division I Ivy League. Harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with Yale University culminating in The Game, although the Harvard–Yale Regatta predates the football game. This rivalry, though, is put aside every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team, a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world. |
Kublai's government [after 1262] was a [compromise] between [preserving Mongol interests in China] and satisfying the [demands] of his [Chinese subjects]. He instituted the [reforms] proposed by his [Chinese advisers] by [centralizing the bureaucracy], [expanding the circulation of paper money], and maintaining the [traditional monopolies on salt and iron]. He restored the [Imperial Secretariat] and left the [local administrative structure] of past [Chinese dynasties] [unchanged]. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the [Confucian imperial examinations] and divided [Yuan society] into [three], later [four], [classes] with the [Han Chinese] occupying the [lowest rank]. Kublai's [Chinese advisers] still wielded [significant power] in the government, but their [official rank] was [nebulous]. | Kublai's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects. He instituted the reforms proposed by his Chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy, expanding the circulation of paper money, and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron. He restored the Imperial Secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past Chinese dynasties unchanged. However, Kublai rejected plans to revive the Confucian imperial examinations and divided Yuan society into three, later four, classes with the Han Chinese occupying the lowest rank. Kublai's Chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government, but their official rank was nebulous. |
Soon after the [Normans] began to enter [Italy], they entered the [Byzantine Empire] and then [Armenia], fighting against the [Pechenegs], the [Bulgars], and especially the [Seljuk Turks]. [Norman mercenaries] were first encouraged to come to the south by the [Lombards] to act against the [Byzantines], but they soon fought in [Byzantine service] in [Sicily]. They were prominent alongside [Varangian] and Lombard contingents in the [Sicilian campaign] of [George Maniaces] in [1038–40]. There is [debate] whether the [Normans in Greek service] actually were from [Norman Italy], and it now seems [likely] only a [few] came from there. It is also [unknown] how [many] of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were [Normans] and not other [Frenchmen]. | Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. Norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the Lombards to act against the Byzantines, but they soon fought in Byzantine service in Sicily. They were prominent alongside Varangian and Lombard contingents in the Sicilian campaign of George Maniaces in 1038–40. There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. It is also unknown how many of the "Franks", as the Byzantines called them, were Normans and not other Frenchmen. |
[Modern primality tests] for [general numbers n] can be divided into [two main classes], [probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo")] and [deterministic algorithms]. [Deterministic algorithms] provide a way to [tell for sure] whether a [given number] is [prime] or [not]. For example, [trial division] is a [deterministic algorithm] because, if performed correctly, it will always [identify] a [prime number] as [prime] and a [composite number] as [composite]. [Probabilistic algorithms] are normally [faster], but do [not completely prove] that a [number] is [prime]. These tests rely on [testing] a [given number] in a [partly random way]. For example, a [given test] might [pass] [all the time] if applied to a [prime number], but [pass only with probability p] if applied to a [composite number]. If we [repeat] the [test n times] and [pass] [every time], then the [probability] that our [number] is [composite] is [1/(1-p)n], which [decreases exponentially] with the [number of tests], so we can be as [sure] as we [like] (though [never perfectly sure]) that the [number] is [prime]. On the [other hand], if the [test] [ever fails], then we [know] that the [number] is [composite]. | Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes, probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms. Deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite. Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way. For example, a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number, but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number. If we repeat the test n times and pass every time, then the probability that our number is composite is 1/(1-p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like (though never perfectly sure) that the number is prime. On the other hand, if the test ever fails, then we know that the number is composite. |
In [2010] a [salary survey] revealed the [differences] in [remuneration] between [different roles], [sectors] and [locations] in the [construction] and [built environment industry]. The [results] showed that [areas] of particularly [strong growth] in the [construction industry], such as the [Middle East], yield [higher average salaries] than in the [UK] for example. The [average earning] for a [professional] in the [construction industry] in the [Middle East], across all [sectors], [job types] and [levels of experience], is £42,090, compared to £26,719 in the [UK]. This [trend] is not necessarily due to the fact that more [affluent roles] are available, however, as [architects] with [14 or more years experience] working in the [Middle East] earn on average £43,389 [per annum], compared to £40,000 in the [UK]. Some [construction workers] in the [US/Canada] have made [more than $100,000 annually], depending on their [trade]. | In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry. The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry, such as the Middle East, yield higher average salaries than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels of experience, is £42,090, compared to £26,719 in the UK. This trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available, however, as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East earn on average £43,389 per annum, compared to £40,000 in the UK. Some construction workers in the US/Canada have made more than $100,000 annually, depending on their trade. |
[In 1937], [at a luncheon] in his honor concerning [the death ray], [Tesla] stated, "[But it is not an experiment] ... [I have built], [demonstrated] and [used it]. [Only a little time] will pass before [I can give it to the world]." [His records] indicate that [the device] is based on [a narrow stream] of [small tungsten pellets] that are [accelerated] via [high voltage] (by means akin to [his magnifying transformer]). | In 1937, at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray, Tesla stated, "But it is not an experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little time will pass before I can give it to the world." His records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage (by means akin to his magnifying transformer). |
The [first item] of business on Wednesdays is usually [Time for Reflection], at which a [speaker] addresses [members] for up to [four minutes], sharing a [perspective] on [issues] of [faith]. This contrasts with the [formal style] of "Prayers", which is the [first item] of business in meetings of the [House of Commons]. [Speakers] are drawn from across [Scotland] and are chosen to represent the [balance] of [religious beliefs] according to the [Scottish census]. [Invitations] to address [Parliament] in this [manner] are determined by the [Presiding Officer] on the [advice] of the [parliamentary bureau]. [Faith groups] can make [direct representations] to the [Presiding Officer] to nominate [speakers]. | The first item of business on Wednesdays is usually Time for Reflection, at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes, sharing a perspective on issues of faith. This contrasts with the formal style of "Prayers", which is the first item of business in meetings of the House of Commons. Speakers are drawn from across Scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the Scottish census. Invitations to address Parliament in this manner are determined by the Presiding Officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau. Faith groups can make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers. |
The [energy crisis] led to [greater interest] in [renewable energy], [nuclear power] and [domestic fossil fuels]. There is [criticism] that [American energy policies] since the crisis have been dominated by [crisis-mentality thinking], promoting [expensive quick fixes] and [single-shot solutions] that ignore [market and technology realities]. Instead of providing [stable rules] that support [basic research] while leaving plenty of [scope] for [entrepreneurship] and [innovation], [congresses] and [presidents] have repeatedly backed [policies] which promise [solutions] that are [politically expedient], but whose [prospects] are [doubtful]. | The energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy, nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels. There is criticism that American energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking, promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities. Instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation, congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful. |
Following the [Nice Treaty], there was an attempt to reform the [constitutional law] of the [European Union] and make it more [transparent]; this would have also produced a [single constitutional document]. However, as a result of the [referendum] in [France] and the [referendum] in the [Netherlands], the [2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe] never came into [force]. Instead, the [Lisbon Treaty] was enacted. Its [substance] was very similar to the [proposed constitutional treaty], but it was formally an [amending treaty], and – though it [significantly altered] the [existing treaties] – it did not completely [replace] them. | Following the Nice Treaty, there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent; this would have also produced a single constitutional document. However, as a result of the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands, the 2004 Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe never came into force. Instead, the Lisbon Treaty was enacted. Its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty, but it was formally an amending treaty, and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them. |
Concerns were raised over whether [Levi's Stadium]'s field was of a [high enough quality] to host a [Super Bowl]; during the [inaugural season], the field had to be [re-sodded] [multiple times] due to various [issues], and during a [week 6 game] earlier in the [2015 season], a [portion] of the [turf] collapsed under [Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker], causing him to [slip] and [miss] a [field goal], although the field has not had any [major issues] since. As is [customary] for Super Bowl games played at [natural grass stadiums], the [NFL] re-sodded the field with a new [playing surface]; a [hybrid Bermuda 419 turf]. [NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan] stated that the field was in "[great shape]" for [gameday]. However, the turf showed [problem] throughout the game, with a number of [players] needing to [change their cleats] during the game and player [slipping] during [plays] all throughout the game. | Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, causing him to slip and miss a field goal, although the field has not had any major issues since. As is customary for Super Bowl games played at natural grass stadiums, the NFL re-sodded the field with a new playing surface; a hybrid Bermuda 419 turf. NFL and Atlanta Braves field director Ed Mangan stated that the field was in "great shape" for gameday. However, the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game. |
[In the United Kingdom], [BBC Radio 5 Live] and [5 Live Sports Extra] will carry the contest. The [BBC] will carry its own [British English] broadcast, with [Greg Brady], [Darren Fletcher] and [Rocky Boiman] on commentary. | In the United Kingdom, BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra will carry the contest. The BBC will carry its own British English broadcast, with Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman on commentary. |
Immediately after [Decision Time] a ["Members Debate"] is held, which lasts for [45 minutes]. [Members Business] is a debate on a [motion] proposed by an [MSP] who is not a [Scottish minister]. Such motions are on [issues] which may be of [interest] to a [particular area] such as a member's own [constituency], an [upcoming] or [past event] or any [other item] which would otherwise not be accorded [official parliamentary time]. As well as the [proposer], [other members] normally contribute to the debate. The [relevant minister], whose [department] the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all [other participants]. | Immediately after Decision Time a "Members Debate" is held, which lasts for 45 minutes. Members Business is a debate on a motion proposed by an MSP who is not a Scottish minister. Such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member's own constituency, an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time. As well as the proposer, other members normally contribute to the debate. The relevant minister, whose department the debate and motion relate to "winds up" the debate by speaking after all other participants. |
Its [counties] of [Los Angeles], [Orange], [San Diego], [San Bernardino], and [Riverside] are the five most [populous] in the [state] and all are in the top 15 most populous [counties] in the [United States]. | Its counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States. |
In [2000], [ABC] launched a web-based [promotional campaign] focused around its [circle logo], also called "the dot", in which [comic book character] [Little Dot] prompted [visitors] to "download the dot", a [program] which would cause the [ABC logo] to [fly around] the [screen] and [settle] in the [bottom-right corner]. The network hired the [Troika Design Group] to [design] and [produce] its [2001–02 identity], which continued using the [black-and-yellow coloring] of the [logo] and featured [dots] and [stripes] in various [promotional] and [identification spots]. | In 2000, ABC launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo, also called "the dot", in which comic book character Little Dot prompted visitors to "download the dot", a program which would cause the ABC logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner. The network hired the Troika Design Group to design and produce its 2001–02 identity, which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots. |
The [Central Region], consisting of [present-day Hebei], [Shandong], [Shanxi], the [south-eastern part] of present-day [Inner Mongolia] and the [Henan areas] to the [north] of the [Yellow River], was considered the [most important region] of the dynasty and [directly governed] by the [Central Secretariat] (or [Zhongshu Sheng]) at [Khanbaliq] (modern [Beijing]); similarly, another [top-level administrative department] called the [Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs] (or [Xuanzheng Yuan]) held [administrative rule] over the [whole] of [modern-day Tibet] and a [part] of [Sichuan], [Qinghai] and [Kashmir]. | The Central Region, consisting of present-day Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, the south-eastern part of present-day Inner Mongolia and the Henan areas to the north of the Yellow River, was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the Central Secretariat (or Zhongshu Sheng) at Khanbaliq (modern Beijing); similarly, another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs (or Xuanzheng Yuan) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day Tibet and a part of Sichuan, Qinghai and Kashmir. |
[ITV Tyne Tees]
[City Road]
[40 years]
[launch]
[January 1959]
[2005]
[new facility]
[The Watermark business park]
[MetroCentre]
[Gateshead]
[entrance]
[studio 5]
[City Road complex]
[name]
[1980s]
[music television programme]
[The Tube]
[BBC North East and Cumbria]
[Barrack Road]
[Spital Tongues]
[building]
[colouring]
[Pink Palace]
[Corporation]
[broadcasts]
[Look North]
[television regional news programme]
[local radio station]
[BBC Radio Newcastle] | ITV Tyne Tees was based at City Road for over 40 years after its launch in January 1959. In 2005 it moved to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to studio 5 at the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme, The Tube. BBC North East and Cumbria is located to the north of the city on Barrack Road, Spital Tongues, in a building known, as the result of its colouring, as the Pink Palace. It is from here that the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television regional news programme and local radio station BBC Radio Newcastle. |
A [prime number] (or a [prime]) is a [natural number] [greater than 1] that has [no positive divisors] other than 1 and itself. A [natural number] [greater than 1] that is not a [prime number] is called a [composite number]. For example, 5 is [prime] because 1 and 5 are its only [positive integer factors], whereas 6 is [composite] because it has the [divisors] 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The [fundamental theorem of arithmetic] establishes the [central role] of [primes] in [number theory]: [any integer] [greater than 1] can be [expressed] as a [product] of [primes] that is [unique] up to [ordering]. The [uniqueness] in this theorem requires [excluding] 1 as a [prime] because one can [include arbitrarily many instances] of 1 in any [factorization], e.g., 3, 1 · 3, 1 · 1 · 3, etc. are all [valid factorizations] of 3. | A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. A natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors, whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory: any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering. The uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization, e.g., 3, 1 · 3, 1 · 1 · 3, etc. are all valid factorizations of 3. |
Further south the [Southeast interior] was dominated by [Siouan-speaking] [Catawba], [Muskogee-speaking] [Creek] and [Choctaw], and the [Iroquoian-speaking] [Cherokee] tribes. When [war] broke out, the [French] used their [trading connections] to recruit fighters from tribes in [western portions] of the [Great Lakes region] (an area not directly subject to the [conflict] between the [French] and [British]), including the [Huron], [Mississauga], [Ojibwa], [Winnebago], and [Potawatomi]. The [British] were supported in the [war] by the [Iroquois Six Nations], and also by the [Cherokee] – until [differences] sparked the [Anglo-Cherokee War] in [1758]. In [1758] the [Pennsylvania government] successfully negotiated the [Treaty of Easton], in which a number of tribes in the [Ohio Country] promised [neutrality] in exchange for [land concessions] and other [considerations]. Most of the other [northern tribes] sided with the [French], their [primary trading partner] and [supplier of arms]. The [Creek] and [Cherokee] were subject to [diplomatic efforts] by both the [French] and [British] to gain either their [support] or [neutrality] in the [conflict]. It was not uncommon for [small bands] to participate on the "other side" of the [conflict] from formally negotiated [agreements], as most tribes were [decentralized] and [bands] made their own [decisions] about [warfare]. | Further south the Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw, and the Iroquoian-speaking Cherokee tribes. When war broke out, the French used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region (an area not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British), including the Huron, Mississauga, Ojibwa, Winnebago, and Potawatomi. The British were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee – until differences sparked the Anglo-Cherokee War in 1758. In 1758 the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton, in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations. Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French, their primary trading partner and supplier of arms. The Creek and Cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict. It was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the "other side" of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements, as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare. |
The [graph isomorphism problem] is the [computational problem] of determining whether two [finite graphs] are [isomorphic]. An [important unsolved problem] in [complexity theory] is whether the [graph isomorphism problem] is in [P], [NP-complete], or [NP-intermediate]. The [answer] is [not known], but it is [believed] that the problem is at least [not NP-complete]. If [graph isomorphism] is [NP-complete], the [polynomial time hierarchy] collapses to its [second level]. Since it is [widely believed] that the [polynomial hierarchy] does [not collapse] to any [finite level], it is believed that [graph isomorphism] is [not NP-complete]. The [best algorithm] for this problem, due to [Laszlo Babai] and [Eugene Luks] has [run time] 2O(√(n log(n))) for graphs with n [vertices]. | The graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic. An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate. The answer is not known, but it is believed that the problem is at least not NP-complete. If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. Since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level, it is believed that graph isomorphism is not NP-complete. The best algorithm for this problem, due to Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks has run time 2O(√(n log(n))) for graphs with n vertices. |
[Subsequent] to [the Conquest], [however], [the Marches] came completely under [the dominance] of [William]'s most trusted [Norman barons], including [Bernard de Neufmarché], [Roger of Montgomery] in [Shropshire] and [Hugh Lupus] in [Cheshire]. These Normans began [a long period] of [slow conquest] during which [almost all] of [Wales] was [at some point] subject to [Norman interference]. Norman words, such as [baron] ([barwn]), [first] entered [Welsh] [at that time]. | Subsequent to the Conquest, however, the Marches came completely under the dominance of William's most trusted Norman barons, including Bernard de Neufmarché, Roger of Montgomery in Shropshire and Hugh Lupus in Cheshire. These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. Norman words, such as baron (barwn), first entered Welsh at that time. |
To measure the [difficulty] of solving a [computational problem], one may wish to see how much [time] the [best algorithm] requires to solve the problem. However, the [running time] may, in general, depend on the [instance]. In particular, [larger instances] will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the [space required], or any [measure] of [complexity]) is calculated as a [function] of the [size] of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in [bits]. [Complexity theory] is interested in how algorithms [scale] with an [increase] in the [input size]. For instance, in the problem of finding whether a [graph] is [connected], how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with [2n vertices] compared to the time taken for a graph with [n vertices]? | To measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem, one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem. However, the running time may, in general, depend on the instance. In particular, larger instances will require more time to solve. Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size. For instance, in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected, how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices? |
Modern [Mongolian historians] say that towards the [end] of his life, [Genghis Khan] attempted to create a [civil state] under the [Great Yassa] that would have established the [legal equality] of all individuals, including [women]. However, there is [no evidence] of this, or of the [lifting] of [discriminatory policies] towards [sedentary peoples] such as the [Chinese]. [Women] played a [relatively important role] in [Mongol Empire] and in [family], for example [Töregene Khatun] was [briefly] in charge of the [Mongol Empire] when [next male Khagan] was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the [alleged policy] of [encouraging trade] and [communication] as the [Pax Mongolica] ([Mongol Peace]). | Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. However, there is no evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Töregene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace). |
In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the [broadcast rights] for [Premier League] for a [five-year period], from the 1992 season. [ITV] were the current [rights holders], and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m [per year] to keep control of the rights. [BSkyB] joined forces with the [BBC] to make a [counter bid]. The BBC was given the [highlights] of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a [monopoly] of all [live matches], [up to 60 per year] from the 1992 season. Murdoch described [sport] as a "[battering ram]" for [pay-television], providing a [strong customer base]. A [few weeks] after the deal, ITV went to the [High Court] to get an [injunction] as it believed their bid [details] had been [leaked] before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the [Office of Fair Trading] to investigate since it believed [Rupert Murdoch]'s media empire via its [newspapers] had influenced the deal. A [few days later] neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was [telephoned] and informed of its £262m bid, and [Premier League] advised BSkyB to increase its [counter bid]. | In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. |
Since its [inception], [ABC] has had many [affiliated stations], which include [WABC-TV] and [WPVI-TV], the [first two] stations to carry the [network's programming]. As of [March 2015], ABC has [eight owned-and-operated stations], and [current and pending affiliation agreements] with [235 additional television stations] encompassing [49 states], the [District of Columbia], [four U.S. possessions], [Bermuda] and [Saba]; this makes ABC the [largest] U.S. [broadcast television network] by [total number] of [affiliates]. The network has an [estimated national reach] of [96.26%] of [all households] in the [United States] (or [300,794,157 Americans] with at least one [television set]). | Since its inception, ABC has had many affiliated stations, which include WABC-TV and WPVI-TV, the first two stations to carry the network's programming. As of March 2015update, ABC has eight owned-and-operated stations, and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states, the District of Columbia, four U.S. possessions, Bermuda and Saba; this makes ABC the largest U.S. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates. The network has an estimated national reach of 96.26% of all households in the United States (or 300,794,157 Americans with at least one television set). |
One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word [tenggis], meaning "[ocean]", "[oceanic]" or "[wide-spreading]". (Lake [Baikal] and ocean were called [tenggis] by the [Mongols]. However, it seems that if they had meant to call [Genghis] [tenggis] they could have said, and written, "[Tenggis Khan]", which they did not.) [Zhèng] (Chinese: [正]) meaning "[right]", "[just]", or "[true]", would have received the [Mongolian] adjectival modifier -s, creating "[Jenggis]", which in medieval romanization would be written "[Genghis]". It is likely that the 13th century [Mongolian] pronunciation would have closely matched "[Chinggis]". | One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggis, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the Mongols. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggis they could have said, and written, "Tenggis Khan", which they did not.) Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis". |
Western [musical instruments] were introduced to [enrich] [Chinese performing arts]. From this period dates the [conversion] to [Islam], by [Muslims] of [Central Asia], of [growing numbers] of [Chinese] in the [northwest] and [southwest]. [Nestorianism] and [Roman Catholicism] also enjoyed a period of [toleration]. [Buddhism] (especially [Tibetan Buddhism]) [flourished], although [Taoism] endured certain [persecutions] in favor of [Buddhism] from the [Yuan government]. [Confucian] [governmental practices] and [examinations] based on the [Classics], which had fallen into [disuse] in [north China] during the period of [disunity], were [reinstated] by the [Yuan court], probably in the hope of [maintaining order] over [Han society]. [Advances] were realized in the fields of [travel literature], [cartography], [geography], and [scientific education]. | Western musical instruments were introduced to enrich Chinese performing arts. From this period dates the conversion to Islam, by Muslims of Central Asia, of growing numbers of Chinese in the northwest and southwest. Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration. Buddhism (especially Tibetan Buddhism) flourished, although Taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of Buddhism from the Yuan government. Confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the Classics, which had fallen into disuse in north China during the period of disunity, were reinstated by the Yuan court, probably in the hope of maintaining order over Han society. Advances were realized in the fields of travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education. |
Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of [12 nuns] he had helped escape from the [Nimbschen Cistercian convent] in [April 1523], when he arranged for them to be [smuggled out] in [herring barrels]. "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with [far different thoughts]," he wrote to [Wenceslaus Link], "the [Lord] has plunged me into [marriage]." At the [time] of their [marriage], Katharina was [26 years old] and Luther was [41 years old]. | Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into marriage." At the time of their marriage, Katharina was 26 years old and Luther was 41 years old. |
With [International Criminal Court trial dates] in [2013] for both [President Kenyatta] and [Deputy President William Ruto] related to the [2007 election aftermath], [US President Barack Obama] chose not to visit the [country] during his [mid-2013 African trip]. Later in the [summer], [Kenyatta] visited [China] at the [invitation] of [President Xi Jinping] after a [stop] in [Russia] and not having visited the [United States] as [president]. In [July 2015] [Obama] visited [Kenya], as the [first] [American president] to visit the [country] while in [office]. | With International Criminal Court trial dates in 2013 for both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath, US President Barack Obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 African trip. Later in the summer, Kenyatta visited China at the invitation of President Xi Jinping after a stop in Russia and not having visited the United States as president. In July 2015 Obama visited Kenya, as the first American president to visit the country while in office. |
The [Lower Rhine] flows through [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Its banks are usually heavily [populated] and [industrialized], in particular the agglomerations [Cologne], [Düsseldorf] and [Ruhr area]. Here the Rhine flows through the largest [conurbation] in Germany, the [Rhine-Ruhr region]. One of the most important cities in this region is [Duisburg] with the largest [river port] in Europe ([Duisport]). The region downstream of Duisburg is more [agricultural]. In [Wesel], 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the [western end] of the [second east-west shipping route], the [Wesel-Datteln Canal], which runs [parallel] to the [Lippe]. Between [Emmerich] and [Cleves] the [Emmerich Rhine Bridge], the [longest suspension bridge] in Germany, crosses the 400 m wide river. Near [Krefeld], the river crosses the [Uerdingen line], the line which separates the areas where [Low German] and [High German] are spoken. | The Lower Rhine flows through North Rhine-Westphalia. Its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized, in particular the agglomerations Cologne, Düsseldorf and Ruhr area. Here the Rhine flows through the largest conurbation in Germany, the Rhine-Ruhr region. One of the most important cities in this region is Duisburg with the largest river port in Europe (Duisport). The region downstream of Duisburg is more agricultural. In Wesel, 30 km downstream of Duisburg, is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route, the Wesel-Datteln Canal, which runs parallel to the Lippe. Between Emmerich and Cleves the Emmerich Rhine Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in Germany, crosses the 400 m wide river. Near Krefeld, the river crosses the Uerdingen line, the line which separates the areas where Low German and High German are spoken. |
Published at a time of [rising demand] for [German-language publications], [Luther]'s version quickly became a [popular] and [influential] [Bible translation]. As such, it made a [significant contribution] to the [evolution] of the [German language] and [literature]. Furnished with [notes] and [prefaces] by [Luther], and with [woodcuts] by [Lucas Cranach] that contained [anti-papal imagery], it played a [major role] in the [spread] of [Luther's doctrine] throughout [Germany]. The [Luther Bible] influenced other [vernacular translations], such as [William Tyndale]'s [English Bible] (1525 forward), a [precursor] of the [King James Bible]. | Published at a time of rising demand for German-language publications, Luther's version quickly became a popular and influential Bible translation. As such, it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the German language and literature. Furnished with notes and prefaces by Luther, and with woodcuts by Lucas Cranach that contained anti-papal imagery, it played a major role in the spread of Luther's doctrine throughout Germany. The Luther Bible influenced other vernacular translations, such as William Tyndale's English Bible (1525 forward), a precursor of the King James Bible. |
Luther's [rediscovery] of "Christ and His salvation" was the [first] of [two points] that became the [foundation] for the [Reformation]. His [railing] against the [sale] of [indulgences] was based on it. | Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it. |
[Fresno] is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an [Interstate highway]. When the [Interstate Highway System] was created in the [1950s], the [decision] was made to build what is now [Interstate 5] on the [west side] of the [Central Valley], and thus [bypass] many of the [population centers] in the region, instead of [upgrading] what is now [State Route 99]. Due to [rapidly raising population] and [traffic] in [cities] along [SR 99], as well as the [desirability] of [Federal funding], much [discussion] has been made to [upgrade] it to [interstate standards] and eventually incorporate it into the [interstate system], most likely as [Interstate 9]. Major improvements to [signage], [lane width], [median separation], [vertical clearance], and [other concerns] are currently underway. | Fresno is the largest U.S. city not directly linked to an Interstate highway. When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is now Interstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99. Due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely as Interstate 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway. |
A few years [after] the [First Crusade], in [1107], the [Normans] under the command of [Bohemond], [Robert's son], landed in [Valona] and besieged [Dyrrachium] using the most [sophisticated military equipment] of the time, but to no [avail]. Meanwhile, they occupied [Petrela], the [citadel] of [Mili] at the [banks] of the river [Deabolis], [Gllavenica] ([Ballsh]), [Kanina] and [Jericho]. This time, the [Albanians] sided with the [Normans], [dissatisfied] by the [heavy taxes] the [Byzantines] had [imposed] upon them. With their [help], the [Normans] secured the [Arbanon passes] and opened their way to [Dibra]. The [lack of supplies], [disease] and [Byzantine resistance] forced [Bohemond] to [retreat] from his [campaign] and [sign] a [peace treaty] with the [Byzantines] in the [city] of [Deabolis]. | A few years after the First Crusade, in 1107, the Normans under the command of Bohemond, Robert's son, landed in Valona and besieged Dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time, but to no avail. Meanwhile, they occupied Petrela, the citadel of Mili at the banks of the river Deabolis, Gllavenica (Ballsh), Kanina and Jericho. This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. The lack of supplies, disease and Byzantine resistance forced Bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the Byzantines in the city of Deabolis. |
In [1993], [Galor] and [Zeira] showed that [inequality] in the presence of [credit market imperfections] has a long lasting detrimental effect on [human capital formation] and [economic development]. A [1996 study] by [Perotti] examined the [channels] through which [inequality] may affect [economic growth]. He showed that, in accordance with the [credit market imperfection approach], [inequality] is associated with lower level of [human capital formation] ([education], [experience], and [apprenticeship]) and higher level of [fertility], and thereby lower levels of [growth]. He found that [inequality] is associated with higher levels of [redistributive taxation], which is associated with lower levels of [growth] from reductions in [private savings] and [investment]. [Perotti] concluded that, "more equal societies have lower [fertility rates] and higher rates of [investment in education]. Both are reflected in higher rates of [growth]. Also, [very unequal societies] tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of [investment] and therefore [growth]." | In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth." |
Hence, [6] is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that [12] is not prime: [12] = [3] · [4]. No [even number] greater than [2] is prime because by definition, any such number [n] has at least [three distinct divisors], namely [1], [2], and [n]. This implies that [n] is not prime. Accordingly, the term [odd prime] refers to any prime number greater than [2]. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than [5] end in [1], [3], [7], or [9], since [even numbers] are multiples of [2] and numbers ending in [0] or [5] are multiples of [5]. | Hence, 6 is not prime. The image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime: 12 = 3 · 4. No even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition, any such number n has at least three distinct divisors, namely 1, 2, and n. This implies that n is not prime. Accordingly, the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2. Similarly, when written in the usual decimal system, all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1, 3, 7, or 9, since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5. |
After the death of [Tugh Temür] in 1332 and subsequent death of [Rinchinbal] ([Emperor Ningzong]) the same year, the [13-year-old Toghun Temür] ([Emperor Huizong]), the last of the nine successors of [Kublai Khan], was summoned back from [Guangxi] and succeeded to the throne. After [El Temür]'s death, [Bayan] became as powerful an official as [El Temür] had been in the beginning of his long reign. As [Toghun Temür] grew, he came to disapprove of [Bayan]'s autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with [Bayan]'s nephew [Toqto'a], who was in discord with [Bayan], and banished [Bayan] by coup. With the dismissal of [Bayan], [Toghtogha] seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the [Liao], [Jin], and [Song] dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, [Toghtogha] resigned his office with the approval of [Toghun Temür], marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349. | After the death of Tugh Temür in 1332 and subsequent death of Rinchinbal (Emperor Ningzong) the same year, the 13-year-old Toghun Temür (Emperor Huizong), the last of the nine successors of Kublai Khan, was summoned back from Guangxi and succeeded to the throne. After El Temür's death, Bayan became as powerful an official as El Temür had been in the beginning of his long reign. As Toghun Temür grew, he came to disapprove of Bayan's autocratic rule. In 1340 he allied himself with Bayan's nephew Toqto'a, who was in discord with Bayan, and banished Bayan by coup. With the dismissal of Bayan, Toghtogha seized the power of the court. His first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit. He also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government. One of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties, which were eventually completed in 1345. Yet, Toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of Toghun Temür, marking the end of his first administration, and he was not called back until 1349. |
Some scholars, such as [Mark U. Edwards] in his book [Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 (1983)], suggest that since Luther's increasingly [antisemitic views] developed during the years his [health deteriorated], it is possible they were at least partly the product of a [declining state of mind]. Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used "[vulgarity and violence]" for [effect], both in his [writings] condemning the [Jews] and in [diatribes] against "[Turks]" (Muslims) and [Catholics]. | Some scholars, such as Mark U. Edwards in his book Luther's Last Battles: Politics and Polemics 1531–46 (1983), suggest that since Luther's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated, it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind. Edwards also comments that Luther often deliberately used "vulgarity and violence" for effect, both in his writings condemning the Jews and in diatribes against "Turks" (Muslims) and Catholics. |
Doctor Who [appeared] on stage [numerous times]. In the [early 1970s], [Trevor Martin] played the [role] in Doctor Who and [the Daleks] in the [Seven Keys to Doomsday]. In the [late 1980s], [Jon Pertwee] and [Colin Baker] both played the [Doctor] at different [times] during the [run] of a [play] titled Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure. For [two performances], while Pertwee was [ill], [David Banks] (better known for playing [Cybermen]) played the [Doctor]. [Other original plays] have been [staged] as [amateur productions], with [other actors] playing the [Doctor], while [Terry Nation] wrote [The Curse of the Daleks], a [stage play] mounted in the [late 1960s], but without the [Doctor]. | Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s, Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee was ill, David Banks (better known for playing Cybermen) played the Doctor. Other original plays have been staged as amateur productions, with other actors playing the Doctor, while Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor. |
There are many [concepts] of [teachers] in [Islam], ranging from [mullahs] (the teachers at [madrassas]) to [ulemas], who teach of the [laws] of Islam for the [proper way] of Islamic living according to the [Sunnah] and [Ahadith], and can render [legal verdicts] upon matters of Islamic law in accordance with the [teaching] of one of the [Four Schools of Jurisprudence]. In the more [spiritual] or [mystical] Islamic tradition of [Sufism], the [position] of [spiritual teacher] and an [esoteric] (as opposed to [exoteric], or [actions-oriented], e.g. the [Five Pillars] of Islam) [spirituality] and [spiritual knowledge] takes on a more [important] [dimension], with emphasis on [learning] from [living saints] - the highest of which is a [Qutb] - and of [traditions] passed down from [initiate] to [initiate], and [traceable back] to the [founder] of the [order]. | There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas, who teach of the laws of Islam for the proper way of Islamic living according to the Sunnah and Ahadith, and can render legal verdicts upon matters of Islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the Four Schools of Jurisprudence. In the more spiritual or mystical Islamic tradition of Sufism, the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric (as opposed to exoteric, or actions-oriented, e.g. the Five Pillars of Islam) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension, with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a Qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate, and traceable back to the founder of the order. |
In [the Philippines], the [private sector] has been a major provider of [educational services], accounting for about [7.5%] of [primary enrollment], [32%] of [secondary enrollment] and about [80%] of [tertiary enrollment]. [Private schools] have proven to be [efficient] in [resource utilization]. [Per unit costs] in [private schools] are generally [lower] when compared to [public schools]. This situation is more [evident] at the [tertiary level]. [Government regulations] have given [private education] more [flexibility] and [autonomy] in [recent years], notably by [lifting] the [moratorium] on [applications] for [new courses], [new schools] and [conversions], by [liberalizing] [tuition fee policy] for [private schools], by [replacing] [values education] for [third and fourth years] with [English], [mathematics] and [natural science] at the [option] of the [school], and by [issuing] the [revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools] in [August 1992]. | In the Philippines, the private sector has been a major provider of educational services, accounting for about 7.5% of primary enrollment, 32% of secondary enrollment and about 80% of tertiary enrollment. Private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization. Per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools. This situation is more evident at the tertiary level. Government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years, notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses, new schools and conversions, by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools, by replacing values education for third and fourth years with English, mathematics and natural science at the option of the school, and by issuing the revised Manual of Regulations for Private Schools in August 1992. |
Much of the [city's tax base] dissipated, leading to problems with [funding education], [sanitation], and [traffic control] within the [city limits]. In addition, residents in [unincorporated suburbs] had difficulty obtaining [municipal services], such as [sewage] and [building code enforcement]. In [1958], a [study] recommended that the [city of Jacksonville] begin [annexing outlying communities] in order to create the needed [tax base] to improve [services] throughout the [county]. [Voters] [outside the city limits] [rejected annexation plans] in [six referendums] between [1960] and [1965]. | Much of the city's tax base dissipated, leading to problems with funding education, sanitation, and traffic control within the city limits. In addition, residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services, such as sewage and building code enforcement. In 1958, a study recommended that the city of Jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county. Voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965. |
The [glass collection] covers [4000 years] of [glass making], and has over [6000 items] from [Africa], [Britain], [Europe], [America] and [Asia]. The earliest [glassware] on display comes from [Ancient Egypt] and continues through the [Ancient Roman], [Medieval], [Renaissance] covering areas such as [Venetian glass] and [Bohemian glass] and more recent periods, including [Art Nouveau glass] by [Louis Comfort Tiffany] and [Émile Gallé], the [Art Deco] style is represented by several examples by [René Lalique]. There are many examples of [crystal chandeliers] both English, displayed in the [British galleries] and foreign for example [Venetian] (attributed to [Giuseppe Briati]) dated c1750 are in the collection. The [stained glass collection] is possibly the finest in the world, covering the [medieval] to [modern periods], and covering [Europe] as well as [Britain]. Several examples of [English 16th-century heraldic glass] is displayed in the [British Galleries]. Many [well-known designers] of [stained glass] are represented in the collection including, from the [19th century]: [Dante Gabriel Rossetti], [Edward Burne-Jones] and [William Morris]. There is also an example of [Frank Lloyd Wright]'s work in the collection. [20th-century designers] include [Harry Clarke], [John Piper], [Patrick Reyntiens], [Veronica Whall] and [Brian Clarke]. | The glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making, and has over 6000 items from Africa, Britain, Europe, America and Asia. The earliest glassware on display comes from Ancient Egypt and continues through the Ancient Roman, Medieval, Renaissance covering areas such as Venetian glass and Bohemian glass and more recent periods, including Art Nouveau glass by Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé, the Art Deco style is represented by several examples by René Lalique. There are many examples of crystal chandeliers both English, displayed in the British galleries and foreign for example Venetian (attributed to Giuseppe Briati) dated c1750 are in the collection. The stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world, covering the medieval to modern periods, and covering Europe as well as Britain. Several examples of English 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the British Galleries. Many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including, from the 19th century: Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. There is also an example of Frank Lloyd Wright's work in the collection. 20th-century designers include Harry Clarke, John Piper, Patrick Reyntiens, Veronica Whall and Brian Clarke. |
The [outcome] of most [votes] can be predicted beforehand since [political parties] normally [instruct members] which way to vote. Parties entrust some [MSPs], known as [whips], with the [task] of ensuring that [party members] vote according to the [party line]. [MSPs] do not tend to vote against such [instructions], since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political [ranks] in their parties. [Errant members] can be [deselected] as [official party candidates] during future [elections], and, in serious cases, may be [expelled] from their parties outright. Thus, as with many [Parliaments], the [independence] of [Members of the Scottish Parliament] tends to be low, and [backbench rebellions] by members who are [discontent] with their party's [policies] are rare. In some [circumstances], however, parties announce ["free votes"], which allows [Members] to vote as they please. This is typically done on [moral issues]. | The outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote. Parties entrust some MSPs, known as whips, with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line. MSPs do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties. Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their parties outright. Thus, as with many Parliaments, the independence of Members of the Scottish Parliament tends to be low, and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party's policies are rare. In some circumstances, however, parties announce "free votes", which allows Members to vote as they please. This is typically done on moral issues. |
The [2005 version] of [Doctor Who] is a [direct plot continuation] of the [original 1963–1989 series][note 2] and the [1996 telefilm]. This is [similar] to the [1988 continuation] of [Mission Impossible], but [differs] from [most other series relaunches] which have either been [reboots] (for example, [Battlestar Galactica] and [Bionic Woman][citation needed]) or [set in the same universe] as the [original] but in a [different time period] and with [different characters] (for example, [Star Trek: The Next Generation] and [spin-offs][citation needed]). | The 2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 seriesnote 2 and the 1996 telefilm. This is similar to the 1988 continuation of Mission Impossible, but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots (for example, Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Womancitation needed) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters (for example, Star Trek: The Next Generation and spin-offscitation needed). |
Some of the income was dispensed in the form of [aid] to [other underdeveloped nations] whose economies had been caught between [higher oil prices] and [lower prices] for their own [export commodities], amid [shrinking Western demand]. Much went for [arms purchases] that exacerbated [political tensions], particularly in the [Middle East]. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its [fundamentalist interpretation] of Islam, known as [Wahhabism], throughout the world, via [religious charities] such [al-Haramain Foundation], which often also distributed funds to [violent Sunni extremist groups] such as [Al-Qaeda] and the [Taliban]. | Some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities, amid shrinking Western demand. Much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions, particularly in the Middle East. Saudi Arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, known as Wahhabism, throughout the world, via religious charities such al-Haramain Foundation, which often also distributed funds to violent Sunni extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. |
There are [eight rows] of [combs] that run from [near the mouth] to [the opposite end], and are [spaced evenly round] [the body]. The ["combs"] beat in a [metachronal rhythm] rather like that of [a Mexican wave]. From [each balancer] in [the statocyst] a [ciliary groove] runs out [under the dome] and then [splits] to [connect] with [two adjacent comb rows], and in some species [runs all the way along] [the comb rows]. This forms [a mechanical system] for [transmitting] the [beat rhythm] from [the combs] to [the balancers], via [water disturbances] created by [the cilia]. | There are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body. The "combs" beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a Mexican wave. From each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows, and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows. This forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers, via water disturbances created by the cilia. |
The next direct threat to [Temüjin] was the [Naimans] ([Naiman Mongols]), with whom [Jamukha] and his followers took refuge. The [Naimans] did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with [Temüjin]. In 1201, a [khuruldai] elected [Jamukha] as [Gür Khan], "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the [Qara Khitai]. [Jamukha]'s assumption of this title was the final breach with [Temüjin], and [Jamukha] formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned [Jamukha], including [Subutai], [Jelme]'s well-known younger brother. After several battles, [Jamukha] was finally turned over to [Temüjin] by his own men in 1206. | The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamukha and his followers took refuge. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as Gür Khan, "universal ruler", a title used by the rulers of the Qara Khitai. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206. |
The phrase "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it. [The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who], [to the point that] [in 1991] [the Museum of the Moving Image in London] named [their exhibition] [celebrating the programme] "Behind the Sofa". [The electronic theme music too] [was perceived as eerie], [novel], and [frightening], [at the time]. [A 2012 article] placed [this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill] "at the center of many people's relationship with the show", and [a 2011 online vote] [at Digital Spy] [deemed the series] [the "scariest TV show of all time"]. | The phrase "Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa" entered British pop culture, signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it. The phrase retains this association with Doctor Who, to the point that in 1991 the Museum of the Moving Image in London named their exhibition celebrating the programme "Behind the Sofa". The electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie, novel, and frightening, at the time. A 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill "at the center of many people's relationship with the show", and a 2011 online vote at Digital Spy deemed the series the "scariest TV show of all time". |
Not a maritime power, and not a nation-state, as it would eventually become, [Germany]'s participation in [Western imperialism] was [negligible] until the [late 19th century]. The participation of [Austria] was primarily as a result of [Habsburg control] of the [First Empire], the [Spanish throne], and [other royal houses].[further explanation needed] After the defeat of [Napoleon], who caused the dissolution of that [Holy Roman Empire], [Prussia] and the [German states] continued to [stand aloof] from imperialism, preferring to manipulate the [European system] through the [Concert of Europe]. After [Prussia unified] the other states into the [second German Empire] after the [Franco-German War], its long-time [Chancellor], [Otto von Bismarck] (1862–90), long [opposed colonial acquisitions], arguing that the [burden] of [obtaining], [maintaining], and [defending] such [possessions] would [outweigh] any [potential benefits]. He felt that [colonies] did not [pay for themselves], that the [German bureaucratic system] would not [work well] in the [tropics] and the [diplomatic disputes] over [colonies] would [distract] Germany from its [central interest], [Europe itself]. | Not a maritime power, and not a nation-state, as it would eventually become, Germany’s participation in Western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century. The participation of Austria was primarily as a result of Habsburg control of the First Empire, the Spanish throne, and other royal houses.further explanation needed After the defeat of Napoleon, who caused the dissolution of that Holy Roman Empire, Prussia and the German states continued to stand aloof from imperialism, preferring to manipulate the European system through the Concert of Europe. After Prussia unified the other states into the second German Empire after the Franco-German War, its long-time Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (1862–90), long opposed colonial acquisitions, arguing that the burden of obtaining, maintaining, and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits. He felt that colonies did not pay for themselves, that the German bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract Germany from its central interest, Europe itself. |
can have infinitely many primes only when [a] and [q] are [coprime], i.e., their [greatest common divisor] is one. If this [necessary condition] is satisfied, [Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions] asserts that the [progression] contains infinitely many primes. The [picture] below illustrates this with [q] = 9: the numbers are "wrapped around" as soon as a [multiple] of 9 is passed. [Primes] are highlighted in red. The [rows] (=progressions) starting with [a] = 3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number. In all other [rows] ([a] = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) there are infinitely many prime numbers. What is more, the primes are [distributed] [equally] among those [rows] in the [long run]—the [density] of all primes [congruent] [a] [modulo] 9 is 1/6. | can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one. If this necessary condition is satisfied, Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes. The picture below illustrates this with q = 9: the numbers are "wrapped around" as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed. Primes are highlighted in red. The rows (=progressions) starting with a = 3, 6, or 9 contain at most one prime number. In all other rows (a = 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8) there are infinitely many prime numbers. What is more, the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6. |
In [some plants] such as [cacti], [chloroplasts] are found in the [stems], though in [most plants], chloroplasts are concentrated in the [leaves]. One [square millimeter] of [leaf tissue] can contain [half a million chloroplasts]. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the [mesophyll layers] of a leaf, and the [guard cells] of [stomata]. [Palisade mesophyll cells] can contain [30–70 chloroplasts per cell], while [stomatal guard cells] contain only around [8–15 per cell], as well as [much less chlorophyll]. Chloroplasts can also be found in the [bundle sheath cells] of a leaf, especially in [C4 plants], which carry out the [Calvin cycle] in their bundle sheath cells. They are often absent from the [epidermis] of a leaf. | In some plants such as cacti, chloroplasts are found in the stems, though in most plants, chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves. One square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts. Within a leaf, chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf, and the guard cells of stomata. Palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell, as well as much less chlorophyll. Chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf, especially in C4 plants, which carry out the Calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells. They are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf. |
A [piece] of [paper] was later found on which [Luther] had written his [last statement]. The statement was in [Latin], apart from "We are beggars," which was in [German]. | A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German. |
Following their loss in the [divisional round] of the [previous season]'s [playoffs], the [Denver Broncos] underwent [numerous coaching changes], including a [mutual parting] with [head coach] [John Fox] (who had won [four divisional championships] in his [four years] as Broncos head coach), and the [hiring] of [Gary Kubiak] as the [new head coach]. Under Kubiak, the Broncos planned to [install] a [run-oriented offense] with [zone blocking] to blend in with [quarterback] [Peyton Manning]'s [shotgun passing skills], but struggled with [numerous changes] and [injuries] to the [offensive line], as well as Manning having his [worst statistical season] since his [rookie year] with the [Indianapolis Colts] in [1998], due to a [plantar fasciitis injury] in his [heel] that he had suffered since the [summer], and the [simple fact] that Manning was [getting old], as he turned [39] in the [2015 off-season]. Although the team had a [7–0 start], Manning led the NFL in [interceptions]. In [week 10], Manning suffered a [partial tear] of the [plantar fasciitis] in his [left foot]. He set the NFL's [all-time record] for [career passing yards] in this game, but was [benched] after throwing [four interceptions] in favor of [backup quarterback] [Brock Osweiler], who took over as the [starter] for most of the [remainder] of the [regular season]. Osweiler was [injured], however, leading to Manning's [return] during the [Week 17 regular season finale], where the Broncos were [losing 13–7] against the [4–11 San Diego Chargers], resulting in Manning [re-claiming] the [starting quarterback position] for the [playoffs] by leading the team to a [key 27–20 win] that enabled the team to [clinch] the [number one overall AFC seed]. Under [defensive coordinator] [Wade Phillips], the Broncos' defense ranked [number one] in [total yards allowed], [passing yards allowed] and [sacks], and like the [previous three seasons], the team has continued to set numerous [individual], [league] and [franchise records]. With the [defense carrying the team] despite the [issues] with the [offense], the Broncos finished the [regular season] with a [12–4 record] and earned [home-field advantage] throughout the [AFC playoffs]. | Following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season's playoffs, the Denver Broncos underwent numerous coaching changes, including a mutual parting with head coach John Fox (who had won four divisional championships in his four years as Broncos head coach), and the hiring of Gary Kubiak as the new head coach. Under Kubiak, the Broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback Peyton Manning's shotgun passing skills, but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line, as well as Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998, due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer, and the simple fact that Manning was getting old, as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season. Although the team had a 7–0 start, Manning led the NFL in interceptions. In week 10, Manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot. He set the NFL's all-time record for career passing yards in this game, but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler, who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season. Osweiler was injured, however, leading to Manning's return during the Week 17 regular season finale, where the Broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 San Diego Chargers, resulting in Manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall AFC seed. Under defensive coordinator Wade Phillips, the Broncos' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed, passing yards allowed and sacks, and like the previous three seasons, the team has continued to set numerous individual, league and franchise records. With the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense, the Broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs. |
The [serial format] changed for the [2005 revival], with each [series] usually consisting of [13] [45-minute], [self-contained episodes] ([60 minutes] with [adverts], on [overseas commercial channels]), and an [extended episode] broadcast on [Christmas Day]. Each [series] includes several [standalone and multi-part stories], linked with a [loose story arc] that [resolves] in the [series finale]. As in the [early "classic" era], each [episode], whether [standalone] or part of a larger story, has its own [title]. [Occasionally], [regular-series episodes] will exceed the [45-minute run time]; [notably], the episodes "Journey's End" from [2008] and "The Eleventh Hour" from [2010] exceeded an [hour] in length. | The serial format changed for the 2005 revival, with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute, self-contained episodes (60 minutes with adverts, on overseas commercial channels), and an extended episode broadcast on Christmas Day. Each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories, linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale. As in the early "classic" era, each episode, whether standalone or part of a larger story, has its own title. Occasionally, regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time; notably, the episodes "Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour" from 2010 exceeded an hour in length. |
The [U.S. government] has engaged in efforts to counter [Islamism], or [violent Islamism], since [2001]. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around [public diplomacy programmes] conducted by the [State Department]. There have been calls to create an [independent agency] in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining [Islamism] and [jihadism]. [Christian Whiton], an official in the [George W. Bush administration], called for a new agency focused on the [nonviolent practice] of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the [ideology]. [U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates] called for establishing something similar to the [defunct U.S. Information Agency], which was charged with undermining the [communist ideology] during the [Cold War]. | The U.S. government has engaged in efforts to counter Islamism, or violent Islamism, since 2001. These efforts were centred in the U.S. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the State Department. There have been calls to create an independent agency in the U.S. with a specific mission of undermining Islamism and jihadism. Christian Whiton, an official in the George W. Bush administration, called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of "political warfare" aimed at undermining the ideology. U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct U.S. Information Agency, which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the Cold War. |
In World War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies. [The Rhine bridge] at Arnhem, immortalized in [the book], [A Bridge Too Far] and [the film], was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem, during [the failed Operation Market Garden] of September 1944. [The bridges] at Nijmegen, over [the Waal distributary] of [the Rhine], were also an objective of [Operation Market Garden]. In [a separate operation], [the Ludendorff Bridge], crossing [the Rhine] at Remagen, became famous, when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after [the Germans] failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of [a film], [The Bridge at Remagen]. [Seven Days to the River Rhine] was a [Warsaw Pact war plan] for [an invasion of Western Europe] during [the Cold War]. | In World War II, it was recognised that the Rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of Germany, by the Western Allies. The Rhine bridge at Arnhem, immortalized in the book, A Bridge Too Far and the film, was a central focus of the battle for Arnhem, during the failed Operation Market Garden of September 1944. The bridges at Nijmegen, over the Waal distributary of the Rhine, were also an objective of Operation Market Garden. In a separate operation, the Ludendorff Bridge, crossing the Rhine at Remagen, became famous, when U.S. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the Germans failed to demolish it. This also became the subject of a film, The Bridge at Remagen. Seven Days to the River Rhine was a Warsaw Pact war plan for an invasion of Western Europe during the Cold War. |
[Sky UK Limited] (formerly [British Sky Broadcasting] or [BSkyB]) is a [British telecommunications company] which serves the [United Kingdom]. [Sky] provides [television] and [broadband internet services] and [fixed line telephone services] to [consumers] and [businesses] in the [United Kingdom]. It is the [UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster] with [11 million customers] as of [2015]. It was the [UK's most popular digital TV service] until it was [overtaken] by [Freeview] in [April 2007]. Its [corporate headquarters] are based in [Isleworth]. | Sky UK Limited (formerly British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB) is a British telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the United Kingdom. It is the UK's largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015. It was the UK's most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth. |
In [science], alumni include astronomers [Carl Sagan], a prominent contributor to the scientific research of [extraterrestrial life], and [Edwin Hubble], known for "Hubble's Law", [NASA astronaut] [John M. Grunsfeld], geneticist [James Watson], best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of [DNA], experimental physicist [Luis Alvarez], popular environmentalist [David Suzuki], balloonist [Jeannette Piccard], biologists [Ernest Everett Just] and [Lynn Margulis], computer scientist [Richard Hamming], the creator of the [Hamming Code], [lithium-ion battery] developer [John B. Goodenough], mathematician and [Fields Medal recipient] [Paul Joseph Cohen], and [geochemist] [Clair Cameron Patterson], who developed the [uranium-lead dating method] into [lead-lead dating]. [Nuclear physicist] and researcher [Stanton Friedman], who worked on some early projects involving [nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems], is also a [graduate] (M.Sc). | In science, alumni include astronomers Carl Sagan, a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life, and Edwin Hubble, known for "Hubble's Law", NASA astronaut John M. Grunsfeld, geneticist James Watson, best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA, experimental physicist Luis Alvarez, popular environmentalist David Suzuki, balloonist Jeannette Piccard, biologists Ernest Everett Just and Lynn Margulis, computer scientist Richard Hamming, the creator of the Hamming Code, lithium-ion battery developer John B. Goodenough, mathematician and Fields Medal recipient Paul Joseph Cohen, and geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson, who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating. Nuclear physicist and researcher Stanton Friedman, who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems, is also a graduate (M.Sc). |
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