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24782_DorothyParker | august june american poet short story writer critic best known wit eye 20th century urban conflicted unhappy childhood parker rose acclaim literary output publications new_yorker founding member following breakup circle parker traveled hollywood pursue successes including academy_award nominations curtailed involvement left wing politics led place hollywood dismissive talents reputation literary output reputation sharp wit endured early life education known dot parker born annie née ocean avenue new_jersey parents summer beach cottage mother scottish descent father german jewish descent parker wrote essay hometown parents got manhattan apartment shortly labor day called true new mother died west end july parker month shy turning father remarried woman named parker hated father accusing father physically abusive refusing eleanor mother instead referring grew attended roman catholic elementary school convent blessed west street sister helen despite having jewish father protestant classmate parker joked asked leave following characterization conception spontaneous died parker parker later went miss school finishing school new_jersey graduated miss school age following father death played piano dancing school earn living worked verse sold poem vanity_fair magazine months later hired editorial assistant magazine vogue moved vanity_fair staff writer years vogue met married wall street separated army service world war ambivalent feelings jewish heritage given strong era joked married escape round table years career took writing theatre criticism vanity_fair began stand magazine met close friend trio began hotel near daily basis founding members numbered members newspaper printing remarks short verses particularly adams column conning tower began developing national reputation wit famous comments group informed famously president died parker remarked tell parker wit critic initially proved popular eventually terminated vanity_fair criticisms began powerful producers solidarity resigned protest founded new_yorker parker board editors established ross concerns investors parker piece magazine appeared second issue parker famous short humorous poems perceived largely unsuccessful romantic affairs considering appeal suicide years parker greatest period productivity success 1920s published poems free verses vanity_fair vogue conning tower new_yorker life parker published volume poetry rope collection sold copies garnered impressive reviews nation described verse humor rough splinters bright black authenticity critics notably new_york_times reviewer dismissed work verse volume helped cement parker reputation sparkling wit parker released volumes verse sunset gun death taxes short story collections pleasures deep collected material previously published rope gun death released fiction new pieces title lies collaborated playwright rice create ran broadway december play received town previews favorably reviewed new_york closed run performances successful touring production title lady door parker popular work published new_yorker form book reviews response house corner reviews appeared semi regularly widely read later published collection best known short story big blonde published magazine awarded henry award best short story short stories witty spare comic eventually separated husband number affairs lovers included reporter turned playwright publisher relationship resulted pregnancy parker alleged remarked like eggs abortion fell depression culminated attempt suicide end period parker began politically aware active lifelong commitment activism began pending executions parker travelled boston protest proceedings fellow arrested parker eventually pleaded guilty charge paying fine parker claimed patron new_york hollywood married actor aspirations screenwriter like parker half jewish half scottish reputed bisexual parker claimed public billy goat pair moved hollywood signed week contracts paramount_pictures campbell expected act earning week parker earning week eventually earn instances upwards week studios campbell worked films contributed lyrics song wished moon music song introduced campbell wrote script film star born nominated wrote additional dialogue little received oscar nomination smash story woman starring united_states entered second world war parker collaborated produce anthology work series published servicemen stationed overseas introduction volume compiled dozen parker short stories selected poems rope sunset gun death taxes released united_states title portable parker parker portable series william_shakespeare bible remain continuously print 1930s 1940s parker increasingly vocal advocate causes like civil liberties civil rights frequent critic authority reported loyalist cause spain communist magazine behest covert soviet agent operative agent parker helped found suspected fbi communist_party membership eventually grew strong wealthy members contributions probably intended support communism words able contribute communist party funds american working class parker served chair organized transport loyalist veterans mexico headed spanish children relief lent left wing causes organizations friends saw relationship particularly strained reconcile parker met party despite rocky start called ordeal remained friends years neighbors helped parker campbell buy run farm pennsylvania parker listed communist publication red channels fbi compiled page suspected involvement communism mccarthy era result placed hollywood movie studio bosses final screenplay fan adaptation fan directed marriage campbell tensions exacerbated parker increasing alcohol consumption campbell long term affair married woman europe world war divorced remarried parker moved new_york living residential hotel east street wrote book reviews pieces increasingly erratic owing continued abuse alcohol returned hollywood reconciled campbell years worked number projects campbell committed suicide drug later life death following campbell death parker returned new_york_city residential hotel later years come group brought early notoriety giants think writing days real giants round table lot people telling jokes telling good bunch showing saving gags days waiting chance spring truth said terrible day didn truth parker heard occasionally radio including information guest author author regular wrote material radio parker died june heart attack age bequeathed estate following king death estate passed unsuccessfully contested disposition ashes remained places including attorney filing cabinet approximately years posthumous honors claimed parker remains designed memorial garden outside baltimore headquarters plaque reads lie ashes writer critic defender human civil rights suggested excuse dust memorial garden dedicated noble spirit celebrated bonds friendship black jewish people dedicated october august anniversary parker birth issued commemorative postage stamp literary arts series number literary theatrical lodged helped earn status new_york_city historic landmark hotel designated hotel designated based contributions parker members organization bronze plaque attached hotel birthplace designated bronze plaque marks spot home stood parker elected popular culture parker inspiration number fictional characters plays day included lily played today gordon play directed julia moss hart collaboration representation roll led parker appeared novel entirely surrounded mentioned original introductory lyrics cole porter song things broadway musical jubilee retained standard interpretation song great american parker appears character novel parker murder case series round table mysteries novel farewell main character short story love miss selected collection voices portrayed film television hollywood julia dash parker nominated performance received number awards nominations including nomination parker figures era including featured character act scene stage musical version thoroughly modern party scene television creator named production company tribute parker comedian portrayed edition dead authors los_angeles woman room starring produced july hollywood california prince features song entitled ballad parker album sign times song vicious circle life know chorus lyrics know felt way film girl interrupted character lisa parker poem resume thrilling adventure hour recurring character played member struck group gained powers fantastic parker gained rock like skin self proclaimed rock man dim muscle team smash actress wrote performed woman arizona reprised role play selected poem recorded fame lyrics taken book poetry deep authorization canadian singer create folk album | Dorothy Parker | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
25067_FawnM.Brodie | september january biographer female professors history ucla best known intimate history work man knows history early influential non biography founder day saint movement raised utah respected impoverished day saint church family drifted away years graduate work university_of_chicago married jewish national defense expert children eventually female professors history ucla best known biographies incorporate insights psychology depiction fraudulent genius improvisation described beautifully written biography work mature scholar represented genuine effort come contradictory evidence smith early life work presented fact best selling study examine evidence related accounts taken slave concluded accounts true according study richard_nixon early career demonstrated weakness written author disliked subject early life second children born utah grew miles east parents descended families influential early maternal grandfather president father bishop president swiss austrian mission assistant paternal uncle born later ninth president despite prominence family church lived poverty property debt young embarrassed house indoor early demonstrated recited lengthy poems epidemic convinced mother sister flora years older kept pace introduced school year old advanced fourth grade lost school spelling bee year old cried cried bright boy twice age spelled poem printed youth periodical juvenile instructor fourteen grew maturity religious environment included strict evening prayers knees mother closet thought wonderful social order doubted according late 1930s father headed mission activities german speaking europe mother accompanying education marriage attended year institution owned accomplished public speaker participated debate completed english literature began question core beliefs indians originated ancient palestine graduation age nineteen returned teach english demonstrated excellent potential high school begun dating classmate wrote long absence mission europe june accepted graduate studies friends assumed marry sister recently brother disliked encouraged attend university_of_chicago marry growing doubts marrying university_of_chicago earned lost faith religion entirely recalled like taking hot coat sense liberation university_of_chicago felt quickly old life continued write shortly married graduation day august native chicago son jewish immigrants alienated family family religion bright emotional graduate student international relations eventually noted expert military strategy cold war era horrified daughter impending marriage felt betrayed went chicago warn niece family strong objections consideration mother scheduled wedding chapel mother attended family man knows history composition having found temporary employment harper library university chicago began researching origins book uncle intended write scholarly biography progress goal slowed birth child rapid moves consequence husband search permanent position encouraged progress enter page draft contest literary fellowship application judged best entries continued research washington moved husband work headquarters independence missouri eventually returned utah research gaining access highly restricted materials claiming brother daughter feel guilty hell pursuit little known documents eventually attracted attention uncle painful encounter uncle promised consult materials research enlarged students notably lifelong friend mentor sounding board completed biography published following year thirty years old thesis title man knows history alludes comment speech shortly assassination presents young joseph lazy good unsuccessful treasure attempt improve family fortunes developed notion golden plates concept religious novel book based view earlier work contemporary clergyman asserts deliberate point nearly steps convinced prophet wrote escaped memory conscious created book reviews reviewers praised author research excellence literary style newsweek called book definitive biography finest sense word time praised author skill scholarship admirable detachment reviews positive especially annoyed review novelist accused stating facts regarded supported doubtful evidence wrote mixed review praised biography best book far published believed paranoid said provided adequate psychological explanations smith behavior came believe thorough psychological analysis smith essential hadn gone far direction reaction man knows history criticized beliefs slow condemn work book went second printing official periodical church said book arose doubtful sources biography interest correct knowledge history church news section news lengthy critique praised biography fine literary style denounced composite anti books gone booklet history professor historian challenged asserted cited sources supportive conclusions ignoring described news pamphlet written clever piece propaganda dismissed popular history shallow piece tried regain membership wrote friend suffered pain caused family experience man knows history published sought comfort parents brought truth ideal parent children fact come somewhat different roads certainly reflection mother sisters enthusiastic book refused read critical success south genuinely enjoyed roles wife mother believing children especially small enormously fulfilling eventually boys girl content writing project long investigation possibilities settled biography leader believed previous historians stevens enjoyed prospect rebuilding reputation biography tearing stevens champion black people timely interest era increased intensity research materials available yale_university employed wondered stevens affected psychologically physical club foot view students historiography biographers degree biography refused examine motives character traits depth personality flat interested applying theories professional study historical personalities subject especially popular mid twentieth century religion practitioners later committed theory number acquaintances helped evaluate notably developed close personal professional relationship subjected chronic mild depression sexual problems bernard employer paid bills interest psychology period heightened family problems mother attempted suicide times second cutting catholic succeeded setting fire stevens biography took better decade complete reviews published stevens book enjoyed virtually unanimous praise critics major historians civil war reconstruction era including praised biography called stevens tour force written favorable account stevens earlier criticized current urged book paperback wrote praising author writing stevens biographer commercial failure sold fewer copies going print year spent year france spent considerable energy researching writing bomb authored paperback intended college text treated influence science military technology signed contract wife research writing devil drives life sir family returned california asked edit write new introduction sir memoir rocky_mountains california immediately lost burton man described fascinating belief soon planned biography like burton fascinated religion things sexual consulted community free association burton reveal instance noted immediately burton wrote mother talked cheating stories metaphors violent negative hostile reviews devil drives life sir published chosen featured selection reviews generally positive promoted biography bizarre man bizarre wife life ucla publication acclaimed biographies allowed time lecturer history earned bachelor master degrees english woman met resistance large overwhelmingly male history faculty specialty current field aided original appointment eventual promotion professor taught larger upper division lectures american history small american political biography preferring intimate history natural subject fourth biography courses focused united_states political biography serve appropriate forum work progress period attracted studies publishers write biography entrepreneur offered advance produce manuscript told closer friend nearly completed huge manuscript young time biography little rough drafts early chapters abandoned committed writing biography understood account study jefferson virtual career living historians instance process completing volume biography jefferson won pulitzer prize decided concentrate biography private man decided build recently published articles historical controversy related reported sexual relationship jefferson slave said half sister late wife topic timely period increased national interest race sex presidential personal reasons having discovered husband conducting affair ambiguous slavery explained personal life conducting year affair slave free slaves freed virginia law force state gained permission legislature stay continue liaison slaves remained slaves prominent jefferson biographers twentieth century relied jefferson family testimony grandchildren named fathers discounted evidence alleged sexual relationship including identified jefferson father relationship reported journalist jefferson president failing win appointment president working black white documentation jefferson activities conception period children recorded discovered conceived jefferson years away months time reviews advance publisher presented summary arguments annual meeting jefferson biographer paper wrote article work progress entitled great jefferson taboo concluding relationship took place change usual practice magazine included notes sources conclusions publisher understood biography controversial house editor critical doesn know making theory fit facts instead trying explain facts fit theory pretty fascinating like working detective story doesn play fair intimate history published february main spring selection book month club tried ensure foremost jefferson scholars review book interviewed nbc today book quickly topic comment elite social literary circles political people biography immediate commercial success new_york_times bestseller list thirteen weeks jefferson sold copies copies paperback royalties adjusted inflation million dollars early century literary reviews generally positive historians critical mainstream historians long denied possibility jefferson relation common late eighteenth century visitors remarked numerous white slaves virginia richmond september rare admission stated thousands children born south educated women elite wrote families era shortly american_civil_war jefferson protecting privacy icon historians determined defend like previous jefferson biographers developed intense affection protagonist claimed dreams jefferson man wife supposed god glad man house wondered jefferson book published contacted descendants recognized account discovered fathers 1940s decided protect children racial discrimination associated descent tell children descended jefferson uncle jefferson descendants learned 1970s true descent wrote follow article grandchildren entitled thomas jefferson unknown grandchildren study historical published october magazine photographs documentary material gave donated ucla archives jefferson dna study new consensus published american controversy analyzed historiography noted bias historians assessing conflicting accounts descendants jefferson family family evidence overlooked try resolve renewed controversy modern techniques dna study descendants jefferson male line youngest son family claimed descent jefferson conducted found dna descendant matched rare male jefferson line addition tests found match line descendant january research committee commissioned operates concluded high probability jefferson father likely children listed records foundation altered exhibits tour commentary reflect jefferson children sponsored new research society academics including biographers agreed new consensus historians including associated founded dna study continue disagree richard_nixon shaping character considered range subjects new biography clear field decided return old ground richard_nixon resigned presidency shortly finished jefferson spoken formally students president liberal democrat developed fascination nixon man called plain damn thought nixon like believe charming leader interest president personal basis sons nearly drafted shortly nixon won election promise end vietnam war minute sympathetic physicians reclassified unfit military service basis nixon sought information discredit leaked pentagon papers office psychiatrist close friend associate fielding long time considered nixon assault privacy bernard publisher enthusiastic choice began work new project resigned ucla devote research including time oral history collections conducted interviews tried unsuccessfully interview knew basis nixon described letter accurate study nixon reply find evidence began think engaged homosexual relationship good friend friends tried warn topic illness november diagnosed cancer suspended research nixon son bitch wait husband death year later afterward struggled depression emerge circumstances nixon biography like total hiking family reunion unusually tired shortly diagnosed lung cancer smoked treatments pushed ahead complete nixon study children daughter law providing moral editorial support time need knowing complete biography ended manuscript nixon pre presidential years lending unfinished quality reviews richard_nixon shaping character published late received reviews enthusiastic earlier books writing questioned approach motives danger having insights tool character destruction certainly libel potentially revenge sales book disappointing reviews memoirs nixon associates recently flooded market book influential create controversial movie nixon death died months publication book death neared cancer spread brain bones experienced intense pain period visited hospital brother thomas remained practicing day saint asked blessing long estranged brother days later released note saying request blessing request return church signed statement accordance wishes friends spread ashes loved successfully helped protect real estate development publications man knows history life joseph smith isbn stevens south isbn devil drives life sir isbn intimate history isbn richard_nixon shaping character isbn | Fawn M. Brodie | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
25394_ChristopherSmart | april known english poet major contributor popular magazines friend influential cultural icons like smart high church anglican widely known london smart infamous widespread accounts father law locking away mental asylum years smart supposed religious smart eventual release negative reputation continued pursue known debt repay ultimately led confinement prison death smart widely known works song david partly written confinement asylum published song david received mixed reviews 19th century contemporaries smart known mainly contributions journals student famous prize poems mock epic primarily recognised religious poet poetry includes themes theories nature promotion english nationalism biography early life born estate william younger son lord according nephew delicate constitution having born earlier natural period baptised parish smart father steward mother family wales born given died years age widow surname smart age place baptist county kent archive reference near living visited october found hostile mother sister poetry family established appears daughter sister admission records occupation given gentleman admission date date father details occupation gentleman father son relationship son heir apparent address notes referred bar book father address described parish marriage presumably lodged brother called bar inner temple london kent source paul london marriage date uncle recorded having married twice marriage london bach second marriage jan place james middlesex widow deceased natural daughter sheffield duke buckingham wife 2nd son charles 3rd earl died copy held archives giving birth christopher daughters margaret smart younger years residence 1st baron bequeathed smart supposed received money father family named young boy considered pride controversy exact nature inheritance disagree reasons inheritance explanation specified years died purchased included mansion house fields gardens woodland property influential smart later life age spent time farms participate leading suffered attacks scholars agree youth written record events childhood comes writing short poem age challenges rival affections year old girl smart sent local taught scholar received cambridge smart received intensive education latin greek complete education father died february mother took smart siblings live near relatives durham selling large portion estate pay debts smart attended reverend known lived uncle school master spent castle owned 1st earl grandson wife grace sister william duke cleveland children henry frederick anne mary years younger smart anne henry pairing christopher sister margaret respectively resulted match anne traditionally described love time family smart dedicated poems family skill learning encouraged allow pension pounds yearly continued husband death allowed smart attend cambridge college smart admitted october unclear chose named trust deed occasionally wait table perform tasks july awarded foundation scholarship granted pounds year gained bachelor_of_arts degree addition income granted pounds year scholarship successful academically began run debt order pay extravagant lifestyle college time smart borrowed numerous books spanning fields literature religion science works helped wrote verse end year poems written latin latin poems like translation ode day led awarded scholarship classics june paid year years scholarships combined fellow justified smart calling scholar university smart pushed translation pope ode day paid publication translation wanted win pope favour translate pope essay man pope rejected idea response possible meeting smart translated pope essay criticism instead initial letter sent pope recommending future translation prized smart response letter relationship pope honoured portrait showing holding letter pope allowed write poem celebration year october smart elected paid pound year keepers common chest year february master arts later elected october rhetoric run debt twice annual income elected denied control common chest accounts preacher mayor cambridge college title modest living year allowed regain philosophy suggests ordained anglican church smart tutor abruptly cancelled eventually removed broken rules recovering smart returned studying april comedy wrote months trip cambridge performed parts including female roles played smart prologue printed claimed play received universal applause final years smart writing publishing poems january proposals collection original poems fellow hall university_of_cambridge include hop garden judgment translations latin original latin poems march referred work smart collection collection printed delayed titled poems occasions introduced began write poetry love wrote friend father situated mile love friendship great musical crash cambridge greatly admired better pleased hearing organ ancient mansion suggesting living permanently london wrote poems dedicated poem golden locks claims women golden locks replaced smart previous anna smart future wife smart future publisher london smart turn life slowly abandoned college london smart listed occasionally return relationship allowed college records allowed participate charged member college living near busy street year smart developed business relationship unknown smart met smart daughter claimed introduced looking student magazines possible smart winning cambridge prize march brought poetic abilities attention contest english poem year topic attributes supreme prize rent estate established anglican divine hymn writer smart wrote essay tradition blank verse poem won prize supreme prize worth pounds year pounds publication poem publication poem smart regular contributor student student smart work magazine included poems critical essays joined began writing magazine filled satire parody humorous essays poems composing essays majority poems published volumes magazine decided inspector humorous news report second volumes reports included pieces promoting smart works stories written friends associates including famous writers poets important publication produced time published october lasting april produced primarily smart worked student magazine popular published editions hide identity practical humorous reasons adopted persona known slang called persona poem night piece attacked possibly publicity stunt smart december attack promised written poet beat smart use title printed january feud lasted attacks published issues soon died smart focused attention writing prologue epilogue production magazine promote attention slowly shifted away wrote won prize began working children magazine smart returned character force established december included smart playing midnight songs dances animal acts acts successful completely redone january enjoyed described performance lowest world uncle late smart finished published collection works poems occasions resulted end later career slowly dragged large paper war involved london writers publication poems occasions including hop garden june launched major attack smart poetry smart responded mock epic release smart poem hill engaged large literary battle members street london writing community especially battle publicity lasted months smart involved late entry broadside war smart debts started publishing possible time support family married daughters october married man longer stay enrolled collect scholarship money marriage children apparent heads college allowed smart wife children live strong reputation charity determined complete control writers likely attitude combined monetary problems led rift forming smart published republished works received money publications publications unable provide income support family especially standard living producing poem year amounted little writing forced life hack work described contemporary friend liberal december finished translated literally translation widely brought little profit signed year contract november produce weekly paper entitled universal visitor monthly strain publishing caused smart suffer fit unable publishing paper allen friend friends smart contributed magazine order help smart contract march published smart authority smart final prize poem goodness supreme later june published smart authority smart hymn supreme poem thanked god recovery illness kind possibly disturbed mental state hymn supreme marks time smart life mysterious fit resolved beginning smart obsession religion praying asylum confinement taken smart admitted patient possible smart confined old debts poor relationship previously mocked smart collection pretty poems amusement children foot high regardless exact reasons evidence suggesting smart mental asylum based madness evidence incident kind took place smart started pray loudly public routed company known exactly happened confinement smart work famous poems song david known private later moved potter asylum release transitioned moved potter asylum monetary reasons time anna left took children ireland isolation led writing religious poetry abandoned traditional genres 18th century marked earlier poetry wrote debated turning inward examine poetry represents evangelical type christianity poetry isolation desire revelation inner light serves focal point smart poems written time inner light connects christian god smart left cat occasional possible felt homeless time surely felt public private space london works published viewed smart madness problematic johnson defended seriously times century later later remarked song david great smart mad poem allowed rank alongside wonder loyal friends come potter free little known smart released asylum elizabeth daughter claimed grew better friends great kindness placing necessary restriction possibly eventually wrought cure invited dinner returned confinement events smart leave asylum january final years song david printed april proposal new translation poem received harshly possibly personal attacks smart freed asylum weeks smart rival praised poem printed followed june poem praise smart followed july support smart responded critics regards smart response claimed smart song david tried publish collection translations sought ruin hiring produce translations hired smart new publisher turn forced smart find new publisher delaying printing finally august printed translation david included hymns spiritual songs second edition song david work criticised working time edition constantly compared smart modern criticism received smart version favourable light working project working translation verse translation verse published july including preface attacked attack vain died soon april smart arrested debt january tried lord gentleman originally introduced smart soon recommended king prison purchased rules allowing freedom smart final weeks peaceful final letter smart money jackson saying recovery fit illness having eat send shillings god willing return thanks days smart died liver failure pneumonia shortly completing final work hymns death response uncle death wrote trust peace portion journal wrote speak authors let pay small tribute regret concern memory poor smart died king man nature endowed talents wit eminent degree unhappy loss sense public private knew glory respected decline fine left better day account heard youth father intimate companion late years active generous friend having raised kind fund relief distress impaired doubt affected conduct jury fellow inmates king declared smart twentieth day instant died natural death rules prison buried literary themes styles received occasional mentions critics scholars death especially analysis commentary works increased dramatically discovery recent critics approach smart religious perspective favour psychology sexual analysis works religion smart wrote prize poems early contrast blank verse intense exploration religion found later works prize poem supreme traditional types religious writing authoritative discourse religious poetry tentative self critical discourse apparently personal devotion connecting role religious poet establishing debate forms claims smart creates poetic space allows poet provisional questionable statements important later works guest smart religious poems concerned offer instruction christian conduct greater theological debate poems origins smart belief creation constantly praising god poet voice mute nature praise god reflects abandonment traditional poetic structures order explore complex religious thought let verses join creation seemingly writes version biblical poetry smart plays words meaning words order participate divine exists language original manuscript divided let verses opposing sides manuscript claims discovered let numbered dated concurrently parallel texts connected verbal links justified sides follow model guest claims verses explore religion personal tone let deal public matters goes guest claims let sections united hebrew tradition present future simultaneously time words language connect poet divine revelation god great poet language order create universe words language smart attempted capture creative power words relying power words smart according anglican control religious functions services essence smart approach religion comparable theological writings creates natural philosophy science like established ignoring glory god smart piece matter alive connected god matter described cold manner reality smart accomplished new science relying desire bring divine language poetry science creates salvation order describe apocalyptic future importance christ england poem modelled follows form model strong link tradition smart song david attempt bridge poetry written humans biblical poetry biblical david plays important role poem played important role david image creative power poetry fully realised model religious poet focusing david smart able tap heavenly language critics focused role david solomon temple possible role true life poem comes later christ introduced major subject christ introduced smart attempts reach heaven final passages represent final rush glory according song david smart attempt old testament writing 18th century perform secondary function allow smart relate suffering david reinforce religious convictions following biblical model smart jesus divine form suffering smart biblical model praise god jesus ultimate sacrifice beauty creation hymns form sort attempt reform anglican god place nature smart hymns modelled tradition exemplified anglican tradition emphasise english patriotism england divine favour hymns according guest express delight creation largely absent work hymn writers century words david hymns evangelical spirit separates smart traditional anglican church wrote second set hymns hymns amusement children younger audience smart cares need children moral instead innocent works possibly complicated amusement employee complicated theological concepts essence hymns amusement children intended teach children specific virtues subject matter work like hymns amusement children smart lord jesus christ designed teach morals alter original biblical order help sense claims religious works smart final push london reading public language language commentary language particular emphasis smart use language represents attempt connect language allowing smart connect word calling forth world similar david ability poets create song constant emphasis force poetry takes qualities tradition smart attempting develop poetic language connect true eternal poem poetic language creates related adam tradition idea names hold significant weight universe adam able join creation naming objects describes writing creating impressions accomplish task incorporated order emphasise theological significance poetic language addition techniques relied repeated language allusions traditional works scripture source authority works especially hymns authority relies rhetoric gain audience sympathy 18th century debate poetic language translations smart especially positioned sought traditional forms understanding language critics like believe translations effectively forced compete original works smart language translations constantly seek undermine original authors like critics agree like believe smart translations compared original works system smart competing language contemporaries verified point smart translations revealing poet claims history heaven exciting harmony expect genius produce lines following anticipation replacing previous flawed translations regardless stood specific issue translation smart believed importance language carried constant poems slowly correct smart poems served dual purpose music altered meet standards constantly ensured poems authentic version gender smart role midnight comments form focal point understanding sexuality gender midnight smart challenges traditional social order found 18th century england like claim midnight persona reveals smart torn masculine feminine roles claims existence midnight proves smart identified female connection poetry character popular 18th century notions able attain knowledge role allowed smart focus social sexual dimensions satire potentially darker midnight represent feelings economic pressures image horns commonly viewed sexual image puts particular emphasis image horns image contends masculine feminine horns smart poem picks theme goes claims poem shows smart response possible future simultaneously effort constant associations female creation environmental smart reputation dedicated poem helped reputation stay mental asylum convinced bond nature johnson witnessed smart time asylum stated partly exercise garden smart way humans interact nature actually improve natural landscape smart write gardens vegetation focus cat widely known focus nature connects neglected 18th century society fragment poetic pairs humans animals order creation work relies extensive background knowledge taxonomy smart actively participated 18th century taxonomy systems established smart view nature creation adds information elder work knowledge smart able voice nature believed nature like cat praising god needs poet order bring voice themes animals language merged transformed manifestation tradition critics focused role david solomon temple possible role known sure christopher evidence suggesting organisation strong knowledge belief system based personal contributing contemporary participation volume meetings confirm participation affairs furthermore accounts smart attending meetings westminster information available led declare book british poets universally accepted scholars record membership traced notes book clown god book referred account smart work accepts association view smart appear records highly unlikely number smart involvement masonry traced poems including song david constant references ideas praise free masonry general smart declares lord builder free accepted mason christ jesus declaration free accepted mason interpreted define connection speculative masonry christ jesus declaration places smart christian version masonry declares lord builder connects life building king solomon temple important idea song david smart returns building solomon temple incorporates images uses detail encouraged critics try seven pillar section song david lines imagery poem follows traditional sets motions common writing mimic image jacob ladder movement earth heaven movement heaven earth image connects belief surrounding relationship david solomon temple images images song david related depictions temple newton john solomon temple geneva bible works relied based theory pillar greek alpha represents mason compass god architect universe second greek gamma represents mason square addition square represents vault heaven greek represents jacob ladder connected complete idea seven pillars fourth greek seeing eye point circle fifth letter greek represents pillar temple sixth letter greek incomplete known star greek represents david poet works smart career published known works works far list famous important publications life include song david poems occasions including hop garden hop garden hymns spiritual songs hymns amusement children hannah lord jesus christ translation prize poems translation david works prose verse famous poems published lines poem set music translated title lamb credited writing defence known defence practised regular foreign domestic constitution english grand master contained absurd ridiculous account book entitled reflecting regular briefly considered answered response direct text established work publication includes poem directly attributed volume edition published professor english queen london university numerous | Christopher Smart | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
25607_StevenMoffat | born november scottish television writer producer known work showrunner writer producer british television series doctor television work teen drama series press gang sitcom inspired breakdown marriage conversely later sitcom based development relationship television producer relationship centred shows wrote chalk sitcom set comprehensive school inspired experience english teacher lifelong fan doctor work series script parody episode curse fatal death wrote episodes revived series began child doctor dances girl fireplace silence library forest dead replaced showrunner lead writer executive producer year created january announced step showrunner doctor spring season finale creator wrote steven_spielberg secret won awards mainly doctor including hugo awards early life born scotland attended studied involved student television station gust gaining degree english glasgow worked teacher half years 1980s wrote play entitled war zones performed edinburgh festival fringe musical called father head teacher school highway late 1980s mentioned producers idea television series school newspaper producers asked sample script agreed condition son write producer said best script read resulting series titled starring ran series itv writing episodes programme won bafta award second series production second series experiencing unhappy personal life result break marriage producer secretly friends home check state wife new lover represented episode big finish character simon inspired brian boy brought character sorts unfortunate things happen having dropped foot apart written series programme high cost changes cast future doubt wondered worried future employment press gang primary director suggested meet producer discuss writing sitcom inspired experience working education initial proposal programme similar chalk sitcom set school eventually aired pitch meeting realised talking impending divorce suggested write instead school sitcom advice new idea sitcom writer wife leaves wrote series directed starred won entered interview says sit actually lasted slightly longer marriage played says aware dialogue based said separation recycled dialogue learned wife lover fan replied fuck wife people write line replaced episode speaking autobiographical elements writer jokes remember wife didn leave estate agent wife estate agent conversely later sitcom based relationship second wife producer reused surname taylor mark surname character steve wrote episodes anthology series comedic tales starring dawn french directed identified bbc highlight series episodes dying live jesus chalk marriages claims way round television studios like mechanical according interview new_york_times met television producer working production company run friend colleague worked told relationship left respective production companies join run sue mother couple children louis left produced chalk series writer pitched beginning decade set comprehensive school starring deputy head based years english teacher studio audience responded positively series taped bbc commissioned second series aired met enthusiastically critics transmission february taken exception bbc publicity department comparing highly respected interview early 2000s refuses series attacked street production wrapped chalk announced cast marrying eventually asked sitcom decided base evolution relationship broadcast wife producing series proved highly successful running producing series episodes written wrote original pilot episode version titled successful cancelled episodes nbc network blamed failure unprecedented level network interference wrote films drama series modern version strange case aired bbc june july interview age played eponymous character called eccentric shy fellow commending writing inventive dark funny june told stage working new sitcom titled adam eve concerned boss personal assistant long term friends october reported scripting trilogy secret films directors steven_spielberg according times newspaper love bombed accepting offer write films director promising shield studio interference writing intended complete work trilogy resuming work doctor intervening strike meant submit finished script film july quoted daily_mail saying work second film work doctor chose doctor says lovely decision script completed script film remains writer appointment runner doctor journeys london cardiff doctor conceived contemporary update called cast holmes minute pilot written filmed january pilot broadcast minute episodes commissioned wrote study pink broadcast july bbc second series broadcast january wrote episode scandal following january doctor fan doctor childhood contributed segment novel human nature solo doctor work short story continuity errors published virgin books anthology consequences scripted parody doctor curse fatal death aired red nose day charity producer year comic relief new wife signed write revival doctor known according guardian writing clever darker episodes series contribution series story child doctor dances dvd audio commentary says waited years appear theme music wrote episode following series girl fireplace series series won hugo award best dramatic presentation short form years row contributions girl fireplace nominated gained bafta award best screenwriter doctor magazine reader poll series voted best writer best story wrote children need special scene time crash wrote story series titled silence library forest dead making series executive producer writers contributed scripts series revived march davies said rewrote scripts writers didn touch word episodes script series secured fourth consecutive hugo awards nomination win bbc announced taking head writer executive producer revived fifth series broadcast davies initiated discussions far july commenting appointment said proper duty british subject come aid tardis production time charge programme began july executive producer head writer significantly involved casting eleventh doctor smith appeared doctor end davies final episode second short post regeneration scene davies left write wrote scene minutes bit fun new doctor addition television episodes contributed stories doctor series short stories christmas holidays book later formed basis episode corner eye volume letter doctor opens june appointed officer order british empire services drama writing credits awards nominations | Steven Moffat | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
25716_AnnaWintour | born november british american journalist editor editor chief vogue artistic director vogue publisher trademark bob dark sunglasses important figure fashion world widely praised eye fashion trends support younger designers reportedly demanding personality earned nickname nuclear eldest daughter editor father consulted newspaper relevant youth era anna interested fashion teenager career fashion journalism began british magazines later moved united_states new_york returned home year turn british vogue later assumed control franchise magazine new_york reviving saw publication use magazine shape fashion industry subject debate animal rights activists attacked promoting fur critics charged magazine promote views beauty personal assistant wrote best selling roman devil wears later successful film starring fashion editor believed based focus film documentary september issue family born london editor eleanor baker daughter harvard law professor parents married divorced named maternal grandmother born merchant daughter pennsylvania magazine editor founded publications honey century novelist great great great grandmother sir siblings older brother died traffic accident child younger brothers patrick journalist currently political editor guardian james worked london local government international non governmental organisations respectively early life youth educated independent collegiate school frequently rebelled dress code taking skirts age began wearing hair bob developed interest fashion regular viewer issues seventeen grandmother sent america growing london 60s sack head know extraordinary happening fashion recalled father regularly consulted considering ideas increasing readership youth market age began dating connected older men involved briefly piers paul read later teens gossip columnist fixture london club circuit career fashion journalism think father decided work fashion recalled september issue arranged daughter job influential year left collegiate began training program parents behest took fashion classes nearby school soon gave saying know fashion don older boyfriend gave experience magazine production popular controversial harper merged queen hired editorial assistants beginning career fashion journalism told workers wanted edit vogue discovered model classmate connections helped secure locations innovative shoots trend setting photographers recreated works models boots chronic disagreements rival quit moved new_york boyfriend freelance journalist new_york_city new home junior fashion editor new_york_city innovative shoots led editor fire months introduced friends disappeared week months later helped position fashion editor women adult magazine started wife publisher rarely discussed working connection job able hire personal assistant began reputation demanding difficult boss late shut magazine decided time work broke began relationship french record producer years dividing time paris new_york returned work succeeding fashion editor new women magazine named sought appeal career conscious professional women spent money readers later target vogue following year fashion editor new_york fashion spreads photo shoots putting years finally began attracting attention editor bent strict rules let work sections magazine learned work cover involving effectively celebrity covers sold copies anna saw celebrity thing coming said decades later colleague arranged interview vogue editor ended told wanted job went work vogue later editorial director publisher vogue talked position eventually accepted bidding war doubled salary magazine creative director position defined responsibilities changes magazine knowledge causing friction staff began dating child psychiatrist older acquaintance london married attained taking retired charge replaced exerted far control magazine previous editor earning nickname nuclear process editors retained began refer period discontent changes moved magazine traditional direction line american magazine ideal reader woman tried reach new kind woman told evening standard interested business money doesn time shop anymore wants know returned new_york circulation long rival hoped improve radical changes staff look million worth photo spreads articles week fashion photo spreads known celebrities referred industry changes worsened magazine problems title shortened longtime subscribers thought getting new magazine aside real thing arrive eventually canceled fashion came magazine traditional pulled months later finally editor vogue focused lifestyles fashion industry worried losing ground recently introduced american edition making sweeping changes staff changed style cover pictures preferred tight head shots known models studios covers showed body taken outside like years earlier known models mixed inexpensive clothes high fashion issue charge november featured photograph year old pair faded jeans jacket worth time vogue cover model worn jeans originally supposed worn skirt coordinated jacket gained weight didn fit reflected cover unlike studied elegant close ups typical vogue covers tons makeup major jewelry broke rules wasn looking worse eyes closed hair blowing face looked easy casual moment snapped street point way things happen people applied sorts interpretations mixing high low pregnant religious statement things true looked picture winds change ask cover image years later admitted photo planned cover shot vogue entire archive online quoted saying said let try went natural said new different called sure supposed cover thought mistake said pick favorite covers leap faith certainly big change vogue approach hit nerve way real women clothes likely exception wearing multi thousand dollar shirts reviewer says june cover model shown wet hair apparent makeup photographers makeup artists got credited models august paid tribute cover 1990s magazine renewed focus fashion returned prominence held vogue held position market leader contenders harper lured away prominent deputy magazine created fired predecessor competitor company editor vanity_fair later new_yorker end decade inner circle left run harper seen likely successor magazine reach commissioning stories hard news edge women politics street culture financial difficulties major designers added index section pages tips meant torn magazine staff meetings earned respect person publicly challenged began disagree magazine direction felt vogue fashion coverage getting limited turn thought stories popular culture angles assigning beneath readers began pairing reportedly eventually left complaining new_york_times sent baby gift wrote editor letter complimented wished 2000s longtime editors leave vogue new millennium year later successor left concentrate best selling novels set city upper classes screenplay number editors left assume jobs publications replacements didn new group core editors formed september issue pages largest issue monthly magazine published time exceeded september issue documentary covered oversaw introduction published pages earned revenue girl girl pages début issue issue history named editor year brand expansion queen elizabeth_ii appointed officer order british empire birthday honours year generally difficult economy worsened feathers milan shows february april issue cover image brought criticism racial stereotypes month lavish gown wore called worst fashion faux fall suspended indefinitely cut issues year supplement women magazine end year december cover highlighted comment displeasure lost touch rumours arose retire replaced french vogue editor editor reportedly introduced editor editor responded taking page new_york_times defending record publication later wrote hadn lost touch magazine predictable reader recently complained read vogue recent years wonder peculiar fascination villa story added magazine dealt recession commented began making media appearances minutes profile said retire interesting time position think way irresponsible best foot forward lead different time september september issue documentary film war room producer production september issue released focused difficult relationship creative director appeared late david_letterman promote defending relevance fashion tough economy elected hall_of_fame 2010s announced taking position artistic director company magazines remaining vogue assumed responsibilities company longtime editorial director time begun moving role join rest family managing parent company company spokesman told new_york_times position created described extension broader scale january named complex lady opened year starred aired year named 39th powerful woman world forbes fashion industry power broker years come regarded powerful people fashion setting trends new designers industry hear want anna differences subordinates guardian called unofficial new_york_city encouraged fashion houses christian hire younger designers influence extends outside fashion persuaded let use ballroom plaza hotel partner short cash recently persuaded hire relatively unknown vogue successful novelist drawing settings new_york fashionable salary reported million year addition receives new_york abroad shopping suite hotel paris attending european fashion shows president company interest free million loan purchase personal life children following marriage charles charlie born known bee born wrote occasional columns daily_telegraph says won follow mother fashion couple divorced newspapers gossip claimed affair investor ended marriage declined comment friends seen laugh observer quoted saying philanthropist serves trustee new_york organised benefits raised million museum began order encourage support mentor unknown fashion designers raised million aids charities organising high profile benefits claims rise plays tennis hair makeup gets vogue offices hours later arrives fashion shows scheduled start use waiting time phone calls notes best ideas shows says according bbc documentary series rarely stays parties minutes time gets bed night great deal control magazine visual content days editor required photographers begin approved setup clothing submit work magazine personal choices control text certain claim reads written publication editor claimed rarely read vogue arts coverage book reviews earlier career left task writing text accompanying claim minimal skills area today writes little magazine save monthly editor letter reportedly time assistants surprises answering phone turns cell phone order eat lunch usually high protein meals habit long time smoked salmon eggs single day lunch says eat personal fashion preferences position wardrobe closely imitated earlier career mixed fashionable shirts designer jeans started vogue creative director switched suits continued wear opening skirts slightly keeping jacket cover listed best dressed 50s guardian march according biographer sunglasses actually lenses suffers deteriorating vision father colleague interviewed recalls trying absence getting think point know armour told minutes correspondent explaining allow reactions private rebounded end marriage turnover magazine editorial staff fellow editor friend noted hiding glasses anymore having fun politics supporter democratic_party hillary_clinton senate run presidential run serving presidential runs contributions hosted person plate dinner parker town house advertising executive attendees teamed obama term attendees vogue director communications stepped rumoured looking hire political background soon hired fundraiser obama campaign supported hillary_clinton forming clinton long list wealthy devil wears assistant left vogue departures wrote devil wears writing workshop suggested anticipated supposed insider portrait prior publication told new_york_times enjoy great piece fiction haven decided going read suggested setting based vogue claims drew experiences friends makes cameo appearance near end book said dislike novel similarities british children described major contributor met makes impossible demands subordinates gives information time necessary comply failures fired harper years said tried hard emulate reviewed harshly worked vogue years having learned things year sold soul devil fashion ringside seat great editorial franchises business enormous influence women understood isolation pressure job boss cost person like character like positive qualities notes makes magazine key editorial decisions genuine class style second didn know amazing opportunity assist anna said film adaptation film version novel movie character borrowing aspects mode similar noted said partially based charlie chocolate factory fey ugly betty television series likened trademark bob sunglasses winter summer film production reportedly threatening prominent fashion personalities particularly designers vogue cover cameo appearances movie denied spokesperson said interested supports fashion designers mentioned film appeared film released great commercial success attended wearing film actress plays different book receive critical praise entirely original sympathetic character office film similar reportedly reportedly said film probably straight dvd million worldwide box office receipts later interview aired day dvd release said found film entertaining praised making fashion entertaining glamorous interesting percent opinion movie led forgive reported novelist editor told start novel spokesman suggested job assistant suggests devil wears favour increasing recognition giving minutes says place anna mainstream celebrity known talked french golden arches young september issue released years later critics compared earlier fictional film past year media win image said slant_magazine considered question similar praised film showing real person new_york_times said helped documentary continues movie offers insights lift version devil wears agreed time criticism years devil wears row cool life hot times vogue editor chief published painted similar portrait real woman according declined requests interview discouraged talking personality described emotionally distant come know close friends stage career stopped point like wings home closed large sections personality public wrote guardian think enjoys completely office intimidating walk mile office desk sure intentional says don find accessible people doesn need accessible agrees vogue publisher said admired father charles known charlie told similar known volatile displeasure widely nuclear result asked new_york_times use times angry admitted september issue think rude lot people past way friend told observer doesn small talk going friends assistant assistant said definitely ride elevator rules imposed vogue offices junior initiating conversation editor greeted elevator assistants calls visiting reporter saw junior appear visibly panicked realised ride elevator junior editor saw trip hallway walked past offering assistance later told absolutely right thing friends admit presence anna happens friend says fact absolutely help cold panic meet know stop pushing says doesn know stop pushing described routinely makes impossible arbitrary demands subordinates kitchen work words commentator junior look photographer trash find picture refused deleted scene september issue complains horrible white plastic ice bars 7th sale aids benefit moves sight notion anna want shortly accurate says devil wears anna wants wants right away longtime assistant says throws water sink swim media reporter later convicted sexually assaulting allegedly planned kill perceived receiving ticket vogue fashion awards perceived angry fired trial prosecutors introduced evidence journal kept computer stated intention kill wrote talked like justify intended actions occasion pay treatment employees court ruled pay additional settle lawsuit brought failed pay judgement incurred behalf employee injured job necessary insurance coverage 2000s relationship credited personality work bad mood different posture described told consensus mellow easier work probably getting laid pro fur stance target animal rights organisations like angered use fur vogue pro fur editorials refusal run paid advertisements animal rights organisations continues use fur photo spreads saying way wear wearing fur cover early 1990s says vogue worker ignited entire industry lost count times physically attacked activists paris october hit pie waiting occasion activist dumped dead plate restaurant told remove vogue publisher protest outside offices company annual christmas party sending plate beef outside animal rights community raised fur issue fashion journalist wrote manifesto hell guarded large rats warm wouldn need wear fur early interview said living person despised young designers models use wear fur common criticism focuses vogue increasing use celebrities cover insistence making meet standards reportedly told lose weight cover photograph likewise hillary_clinton told wear blue suit celebration vogue sponsored salute british fashion met said personally chosen clothes prominent attendees don think kind concentration says publisher wouldn dressed let designers loan clothes prominent celebrities photographed wearing clothes vogue general interest magazines like people turn influence buyers want industry believe control especially involved making producing clothes end result anna control way selling floor says executive fashion director credited killing fashion early 1990s wasn selling telling designers continued avoid glamour looks photographed vogue complied vogue writer complained excluded ordinary working women regular subscribers pages obsessed reflecting aspirations certain class reader says piece breast cancer started airline wouldn magazine look high flying cancer accused setting apart peers think fiction surpass reality british fashion magazine editor says devil wears instance poor imitation life editor says routinely requests seated sight competing editors shows spend working lives telling people bag carry anna rest milan fashion week requested key shows rescheduled earlier week editors time return home paris shows led complaints editors said rush earlier shows lesser known designers later denied important audience said italian fashion getting short milan circus sense time met exhibition costumes drew attention personal remarks maybe thinks beautiful dress wouldn think beautiful dress said claimed couldn understand people disliked saying indifferent expressed hope hadn comment attributed era accused preferring french american fashion italian stopped inviting shows stopped writing called boss lady wheel drive ignores fuel tank editor turned class mass taste waste remarks caused controversy occasion heavily criticised new_york chapter vogue editor large said point demanded lose weight vogue girls thin thin said miss anna doesn like fat people residents minneapolis took told minutes describe people saw little houses noted city named nation year new_york named fifth surprised observers developing association family kanye_west culminated having vogue cover reportedly commented having deeply people magazine boring decision resort personalities led accuse magazine desperate buzz continued association deeply pair responses defences come slate said comfortable fashion read vogue intention buying wildly expensive clothes eye taste similar way eating food pleasure enabled ruthless aesthetic refusal participate tendency competitors deny privilege deny readers privilege fantasy form beautifully photographed paris sees ability look lives pages magazine sort honesty proof thinks lifestyle vogue physically possible print publications luxurious experience possible explained feel coming page photographs pieces couldn possibly friends purported traditional british reserve says mutual partly reflection awkward people particularly women faced prospect meeting describes shy escorted bee shows agrees asked complaints personality said people worked years know bitch punishment comes cold simply best similar statements defence reported refusal hire fat people important people working particularly fashion department says present way makes sense outside world work vogue defenders called criticism powerful women media inspected thoroughly male counterparts said new_york_times piece shortly devil wears release took vogue gossip columnist reported rumours gotten job affair reportedly furious anger subject staff meetings complained accepting media award called feminist changes vogue reflected acknowledged reinforced advances status women reviewing book washington monthly managing editor notes vogue unlike women magazines doesn play readership sense instead reminds women satisfaction manner clothes furniture travel destinations successful woman buy admire surely exists sell ads primarily exploiting ambition unlike shifted vogue focus cult beauty cult creation beauty focus celebrities welcome development means women making cover vogue accomplished look complaints role fashion dismissed familiar actually exercises honest tells thinks yes yes according agrees chief executive officer parent company lets know problem wants defenders point continued supporting despite strong belief let designers flourished vogue willingness throw weight helped vogue independent despite heavy reliance advertising dollars fashion editor refused follow ultimatum feature clothes magazine editorial pages admitted choose dresses choose time commercial dirty word asked dismisses notion power attributed don think powerful person told forbes named list world powerful women know mean means better seat restaurant tickets screening wonderful opportunity able help extremely grateful response criticisms like defended exclusive luxury brands means people going better fashion told people fashion better | Anna Wintour | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
26009_EdwinThumboo | born november poet academic regarded pioneers english literature singapore graduated english applied position university rejected locals held academic posts time worked civil service years finally joining university renamed following singapore independence received university rose position professor heading department merger form dean faculty arts longest serving dean chairman director university centre arts continues associated university emeritus professor position held retiring time teaching september poetry inspired myth history dubbed singapore unofficial poet poems themes pioneer local english literature compiled edited english poetry fiction singapore malaysia collections poetry include rib earth map latest anthology travelling consisting poems published won times received inaugural write award cultural literature cultural communication award literature award conferred additional bar services medal conceived national poetry festival singapore early years born singapore november eldest children tamil chinese housewife merchant family siblings grew speaking english family financially comfortable home neighbourhood electricity mixed child called names said fostered determination self respect completed primary education japanese occupation singapore helped family selling tending goats working following war studied finishing victoria school place began writing poetry age years encouraged senior english master considers spiritual father later dedicated rib earth collection poetry published undergraduate time member counted members early literary pioneers singapore education career english literature history freshman member editorial board radical leftist journal published seventh issue appeared contained editorial entitled aggression asia advocated independence united_kingdom days later chinese middle school students clashed police result weeks arrested british colonial government seven students trial minister mentor prime minister club legal adviser arranged british queen act defence lee junior counsel students acquitted charge district judge graduated bachelor_of_arts honours english hoping teach pursue degree applied position university rejected locals held academic posts time entered civil service working assistant secretary year following singapore independence joined assistant lecturer conducting doctoral research african poetry english received university professor heading department merged form dean faculty arts longest serving dean academic taught drama romantic poets malaysian creative writing subjects research interests included modern novel lawrence novels empire commonwealth literature including writer william_shakespeare roman plays headed introduced study english english language major graduates better equipped teach english schools junior colleges appointed fellow continues associated university emeritus professor position held retired time teaching september served chairman director university centre arts held visiting universities australia chairman vii writer residence professor member east west centre hawaii member oklahoma usa miller visiting professor visiting professor writer residence new south wales visiting fellow worked help establish secondary school junior college students singapore continues mentor young poets programme poetry influence 1950s wrote lyrical poetry based personal experiences displaying influence english literary tradition dealt aesthetic themes mid-1970s shifted focus public sphere believing poets post independence singapore work creating national literature singapore national life key subject collection poetry gods die said subsequent map established reputation national poet committed cultural vision singapore dubbed singapore unofficial poet poems themes notably august published anthology role promoting singapore literature example work general editor literary journal references iconic statue beast upper body lion tail fish called faces inspired use irish mythology history irish poet asserted significant influence recognizes parallels ireland struggle singapore describes myth inspired poet sees myths ancient narratives structures provide stable point reference society prompted poets write themed verses joked regarded true singapore poet written poem copy installed plaque near statue history features strongly poetry said history enters writing ought enter writing importance lives point historical moments occupy colony multi racial created british need history sense things discover certain areas define individuals groups multi racial society sense belonging happens inherited identity conscious absorbed taken live singapore likes set interests set values set responsibilities history fully inclusive fully terms personal limits includes beliefs significance irrelevant august said powerful legacy creation singapore literature english pioneering role commenting people writing feeling create don stand look pioneer need help creating compiled edited english poetry singapore malaysia including seven poets general editor sponsored committee culture information entitled poetry singapore addition collections poetry mentioned published volumes poetry children called child delight collection called travelling anthology consisting poems published october launch book entitled departures returns essays associate professor said dual theoretical discourse scholar discourse poet enable capture flow experience present variety different ways accessible variety individuals come writes driven communicate better world rolls act waiting world change friendships represent hope better world imperfect impact measured words words tools trade capture ideas values gods die selected english singapore books alongside titles awards won times gods die map received inaugural write award cultural literature october presented address meeting presented contributions literature indian conferred additional bar services medal select fuller list works viewed papers centre arts july archived original april retrieved august edited provides comprehensive listing works selection poems available july archived original april retrieved august poetry collections rib earth singapore vol malaysia child delight vol malaysia gods die singapore asia singapore map singapore isbn friend poems singapore isbn travelling singapore isbn best singapore books isbn edited poetry selected writings singapore malaysia singapore seven poets singapore malaysia singapore second tongue anthology poetry malaysia singapore singapore asia anthology singapore published sponsorship isbn published sponsorship isbn isbn isbn journeys words home nation anthology singapore poetry singapore isbn singapore isbn words poems singapore singapore isbn works literature liberation essays southeast_asia manila philippines pub house words 25th readings singapore isbn worlds singapore isbn english need commitment asia selection westerly isbn writer historical witness studies singapore isbn cultures 21st century singapore isbn singapore isbn tribute singapore isbn literary creativity world handbook world mass isbn writing asia vol inside asia pacific singapore isbn series vol studies singapore isbn series vol studies singapore isbn personal life poems biblical themes reflecting fact born protestant christian family baptized adult wife live suburban area central northwestern singapore son julian head daughter claire physician seven grandchildren dedicated travelling articles june literary encyclopedia retrieved august peter interviewer interviewed world literature written english interview muse interviews modern malaysian oxford books bennett bruce poet traveller poetry singapore isbn responsibility commitment poetry singapore isbn nelson writers indian isbn hamilton english oxford isbn people poetry singapore isbn peter creating nation poetry singapore isbn introduction second tongue anthology poetry malaysia singapore singapore asia archived original april essays singapore isbn essays singapore isbn news reports earth review map return | Edwin Thumboo | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
26443_JimmyFrise | canadian cartoonist jimmy october june best known work comic strip center illustrations humorous prose pieces born ontario moved toronto found illustration work supplement left hand severely injured battle ridge world war drawing hand continued star return began weekly comic strip evolved rural centred humorous center moved montreal standard star kept publication rights continued strongly similar characters situations took strip sudden death heart attack went longest running strip english canadian comics history life career born october near ontario son farmer hannah née immigrated family grew went school struggled spelling middle developed obsession drawing teens friends teachers encouraged toronto pursue drawing career moved aiming develop art sought work found printer clark stone firm spent months drawing maps company indicating lots sale seeking job read toronto star exchange farmer editor editor virtues farmer challenge try farming drew cartoon editor struggling milk cow farmer editor submitted star appeared supplement november visited star offices following monday editor chief hired immediately began lettering titles touching photos editor enlisted drawing skills illustrated news stories children feature old mother nature club political cartoons cartoons appeared publications took job firm montreal midst world war enlisted military years previous experience 48th canada served served battery deployed overseas september november serving 12th battery employed farm experience driving horses artillery ammunition battle ridge left hand severely injured enemy shell exploded ammunition dump delivering loads shells star reported anxiety possible loss canada promising drawing hand right discharged england arrived toronto december returned work star shortly approached illustrate book history unit volume appeared later year title written illustrated light hearted humorous cartoons rendered accurate detail circulation grew comics section encouraged create canada themed comic strip vain chicago strip ran star protested weekly schedule nonetheless began january march strip proved popular evolved taken influence depictions fictional rural town american midwest called bird center turned focus humorous nostalgic depictions rural life december renamed strip center setting described canadian village lead characters included bowler old pet lazy wife strip grew popularity voted favourite comic strip readers poll write strip appear list options center shared office journalist ridge veteran friends began providing colour illustrations clark tales star pair toronto tall clark short stout selection appeared volume titled talked star fried eggs city hall steps house flooded cement let persuade steam spring digging ruined garden book adventure frequent visitors office worked pace tore work progress dissatisfaction submitted strips moment caused delays production distribution editorial director demanded replied harry star weekly press value original artwork pursued little licensing work included product endorsements products puzzles center cabin park lake opened work provided bought home neighbourhood clark grown concerned star treatment staff agreement leave clark contacted publisher montreal standard newspaper smaller circulation star earlier offered position offered pair salaries similar received star opportunity strip syndicated united_states supplement income handed christmas eve asked aren going chance bid told bid center episode ran february star maintained publication rights created feature strongly similar characters situations début february standard ran colour long wanted standard circulation grew addition clark collaborations provided illustrations camp cottage published feeling night died heart attack home toronto june age clark hearing news saying great gentleman passed buried toronto personal life stood feet inches enjoyed outdoors pursued fishing hunting returned area spoke career methodist christian returning service world war began born grew toronto worked advertising agency published father magazine bible married february couple daughters betty son john featured strips legacy montreal cartoonist took went english canada longest running comic strip canadian publisher printed treasury center commentary introduction clark continued publishing tales time illustrations soon moved different topics holds samples original artwork erected ontario historical plaque museum commemorate role ontario heritage inducted | Jimmy Frise | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
26505_WinsorMcCay | september july american cartoonist animator best known comic strip animated film dinosaur contractual reasons worked pen comic strip dream young age quick prolific technically artist started professional career making posters performing museums began illustrating newspapers magazines joined created popular comic strips little dream signature strip debuted fantasy strip art style young boy adventurous dreams strip demonstrated strong graphic sense mastery color linear perspective experimented formal elements comic strip page arranging panels increase impact enhance narrative produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons popular performer chalk talks circuit early animation pioneer self financed animated films survive fragments served act dinosaur interactive routine appeared orders trained dinosaur assistants worked months ambitious film sinking patriotic recreation german enjoy commercial success earlier films later movies attracted little attention animation comic strip work gradually curtailed newspaper magnate employer expected devote energies editorial illustrations drawing bold use linear perspective particularly detailed architecture editorial cartoons fine hatching color central element comic strip work influenced generations technical level animation scale feature films arrived 1930s pioneered use registration marks cycling animation techniques standard personal history family history paternal grandparents farmers immigrated scotland father march born children maternal grandparents peter scottish immigrants settled farmers daughter children robert member king solomon robert traveled year old married january couple moved american border later year settled michigan eastern coast robert employed american entrepreneur contact canada records birth extant stated interview born year listed grave marker late life told friends born september published information magazine michigan census records list born canada canadian birth record found fire destroyed american birth record obituary stated knew exact age children arthur born michigan robert worked saved money buy parcel land worked retail moved family michigan expanded land holdings successful real estate brother hugh moved canada robert public settled michigan point changed spelling surname son related story change clan looking fourth member fight members irish clan father pointed clan got sense humor early life came known middle drawing skills emerged early according story told family drawing aftermath fires hit spring lake picked nail scene fire frost drawing obsessive drew saw level detail accuracy drawing noted young age able draw accurately memory things drawn called memory father thought little son artistic talents sent michigan rarely attended classes catch train detroit drawing skills wonderland museum drew portraits apiece kept half attention received talents soon drew wider attention geography drawing professor michigan state normal school offered teach art privately accepted lessons practical focused observation learn draw perspective glass influenced use color learned draw quickly drills gained appreciation master artists past early career spent years chicago making way friend traded art techniques painter met boarding house lodged artwork posters pamphlets moved cincinnati museum work living boarding house near workplace spent years making posters advertisements museum later wonder world theater vine street museum demonstration given likely exposure young medium film work time printing company ability draw quickly great accuracy drew crowds painted advertisements public year walked museum sister painting rushed studio change custom tailored suit returned introduced fourteen year old soon kentucky began working learned draw dip pen art room manager accepted time position illustrations paper displayed bold use perspective mastery soon began humor magazine life accepted position higher salary produced prolific number drawings reporting head art department drawings began line thickness indicate depth thick lines surround characters inspired style trademark work comic strips january november drew ongoing comic strip based poems written called tale jungle appeared print moved new_york_city work illustrations editorial cartoons worked alongside comic strip pioneer brown strip herald rivalry built resulted leaving herald return previous employer continuing comic strip debuted evening telegram january formula strip millionaire seek ways active embarrassing results sister strip child protagonist lasted instalment april color strip appeared herald sunday supplement popular comic strip little strip starred young boy build panel panel released disastrous results usually punished chased away affected strip debuted july ran december longest running strip dream appeared evening telegram september strip aimed adult audience recurring characters characters appeared strip fantastic terrifying dreams wake panel welsh eaten night blamed bringing dream popular book collection appeared publisher adapted film plans comic opera musical stage failed signed strips pen contract required use real evening telegram work living manhattan close herald offices moved brooklyn new_york seaside resort long_island hour herald offices believed better place raise children lived number addresses settling story house avenue resided rest life reputation grew employers allowed work home studio turning illustrations editorial cartoons daily began continuing strips january began story hungry child protagonist visibly ages week week eats lieu love parents progress strip evening telegram ran june december spent strip unsuccessfully rid labeled dull care got idea little folk october page sunday strip debuted herald considered masterpiece child protagonist fabulous dreams interrupted week awakening final panel appearance based son robert experimented formal aspects comics page inventive use timing pacing size shape panels perspective architectural details herald considered highest quality color printing newspaper time printing staff ben day process color pages precise color schemes approached april perform chalk talks circuit week draw sketches minutes live audiences pit band played piece called dream seven ages man routine drew faces progressively aged performance june featured entertainer success toured managing complete comic strip illustration work time working hotel rooms backstage early abortive attempts produce stage version announced extravagant little unprecedented score lyrics starred flip reviews positive played sold houses new_york toured seasons brought act city little played keith circuit refused perform boston new act switched circuit week raise cities brought son publicity sat small throne dressed improvised story introduced mythical creature called word caught public hit song singing group despite success failed investment enormous expenses came end december displayed social awareness strip created herald poor jake title character silent worked colonel stall exploit strip ran spring approached early bring europe requested herald permission plans stayed eastern ceased performing biographer assumed request tour europe turned refusal added growing frustration herald distrust big business pronounced work time including story arc characters visit mars oppressed business magnate animation said proud animation work completed animated films planned inspired flip books son brought home came possibility making moving pictures cartoons claimed man world animated cartoons preceded thousand drawings rice paper animated short starred characters shot supervision live action sequences added beginning end film newspaper colleagues month thousand drawings featured sequences cartoonist actor little debuted movie theatres april days later began act good reception motivated hand color frames originally black white animation frustrated herald partly money issues partly perceived lack freedom accepted higher paying offer spring took characters herald held strip copyright won lawsuit allowed continue characters title land wonderful dreams herald unsuccessful finding cartoonist continue original strip began work animated film operates based episode june man bed tries vain defend giant drinks explodes animation expanding like balloon blood abdomen swells according body structure film completed january toured spring summer dinosaur debuted february act introduced dinosaur captivity commanded animated beast whip obey audience eating tree boulder rebelled cried throwing apple reality cardboard prop apple cartoon simultaneously appeared screen finale walked reappeared animated form film carry away producer obtained distribution rights modified version played regular movie theaters version live action sequence replaced interactive portions piece animation detailed backgrounds drew foreground characters art student neighbor traced backgrounds pioneered split system major poses positions drawn intervening frames drawn relieved improved timing film actions refused patent system sued animator took advantage lapse techniques including use registration marks tracing paper action viewer cycling drawings create repetitive action lawsuit unsuccessful evidence received royalty payments licensing techniques disappointed quality newspaper work infuriated couldn reach performance pulled papers advertising theatre performed editor told artist comic cartoonist comic strip work focus editorial illustrations pressured agents reduce number appearances induced sign contract limited appearances greater new_york occasional exceptions february entirely paid work outside empire occasionally granted permission particular shows increased salary cover loss income expected report daily american building shared ninth floor office arthur bugs sports cartoonist illustrated editorials sent drawings instructions changes quality drawings varied depending interest subject assignment agreed sentiments portrayed events personal life example march subjected blackmail plot seeking divorce husband alleged wife seeing husband level fame story likely papers husband told secret believe allegations gave testimony divorce trial blackmail failed divorce granted animation studio began december brought screen initially listed studio produced hands featuring creations derived satisfaction work begun sinking follow film fantasy detailed realistic recreation german event counted americans dead factor leading american entry world war daughter married military man eighteen years senior october gave birth july son robert called service entered world war self financed took nearly years complete assistance cincinnati cartoonist adams spent hours drawing film sheets white black india ink home film technology animator patented saved work allowing dynamic drawings layers laid static background layer relieving animators static images drawing drawing photographed studios film animated use dramatic camera angles impossible live action film released film july advertising touted picture competitor film called inventor drew attention fact took drawings complete sinking greatly return investment years run theaters continued produce animated films completed likely shown commercially audiences survived fragments flip circus released films based dream bug insects creepy perform stage pet creature appetite grows enormously city way reminiscent man wings house flee debt son robert credited animation film notes highly unlikely time animator produced accomplished piece animation later career animation learned devoted time animation newspaper illustrations ideas animation projects included collaboration author musical film called film americans role world war son robert married april bought nearby house wedding gift couple gave grandchildren named mother robert robert suffered shell shock world war following war difficulty drawing tried boost son confidence finding work elder editorial cartoons signed robert resumed shows keith circuit cameo newspaper office scene boxing film great white way early left contract bitter having received promised bonus returned brought little beginning august new strip displayed technique old panels laid grid took passive role stories continuity strip came end december popular readers executives trying convince return american succeeded gone place filled let return lack 1920s success signed strip dollar attended dinner honor new_york considerable drinking introduced animator gave gathered group animators technical advice felt audience giving attention audience saying animation art conceived making trade art trade bad luck september appeared radio november interviewed appearances complained state contemporary animation executive approached advertising campaign financial sum excess annual salary brisbane refused noting contract didn allow outside work executive stormed brisbane office threatening pull advertising dollars american brisbane provided written release work found recalled ride life son young bill drove miles hour scene kidnapping baby arrived hours crime reported police able interview gathered police grounds closed public scene staff allowed close enjoyed robust health life july complained wife severe horror found right arm drawing arm paralyzed lost consciousness pronounced dead later afternoon wife children son law died cerebral buried cemetery brooklyn family plot funeral home attended newspaper colleagues son brisbane hired replace lavish lifestyle left smaller fortune expected early 1940s inheritance sold house avenue died heart attack march living daughter son law inheritance successful art father worked short time papers tried unsuccessfully job disney studios finding career illustrator training aids special services fort personal life self conscious private charismatic self promoter maintained lifelong friendships light frequent drank love drinking wife cigarettes self taught piano avid reader poetry plays novels admired knew works quote bible shakespeare stood barely feet tall felt dominated wife nearly tall married youngest daughters french canadian carriage painter decade separated couple ages married biographer speculates explain lack certainty claimed younger justify marrying teenage girl notably age conscious preferred grandchildren instead dyed hair got older took traditional roles married couple time got mother couple children born june born august said children left discipline stern mother felt mother perceived brother mother favorite closer father appeared public robert looked father artist proud served model little lived disliked driving kept served bodyguard editorial cartoons drew attracted threatening letters daily trips shop downtown brooklyn wives complained husband refused discuss matters politics unclear disputed viewpoints displayed editorial cartoons believed lifelong member joined early living chicago father buried rites arranged ontario michigan mother visited brooklyn attended philadelphia premiere died michigan brother arthur placed mental hospital michigan march stayed death june received family visits let children know brother know existence sister died legacy son robert attempted carry father legacy reviving comic book harry syndicate announced sunday daily strip credited robert drew comic book version called starring grown versions princess project lasted long robert fabric salesman organized feature revive original strip original art modified fit size modern newspaper pages revival original artwork poorly preserved insisted having originals returned large collection survived destroyed fire late 1930s wife unsure handle surviving pieces son took responsibility moved collection house family sold artwork need cash responsibility passed later daughter early century surviving artwork remained family hands destroyed original cans film create storage space film kept survived photographed original film storage son friend young animators discovered film possession rescued cases fragments saved negative incomplete positive discovered film animals playing instruments intended act deemed destroyed cartoonist discovered original artwork little strips cartoon studio son robert worked recovered originals displayed direction curator published collection strips italy collection originals preserved cartoon work grounded understanding realistic perspective techniques featured feature films disney paid tribute episode episode story animated drawing gave history animation act robert invited disney studios consultant episode disney told bob father animator biographer produced film called remembering narrated animation assistant helped coordinate retrospective films international animation film festival new_york led film winter wrote biography called life art revised expanded version biography released comics scholar called far away scholarly intelligent biography written american cartoonist animation scholar stated influence history animation understated film critic lamented animation pioneer able reach potential suggested work compared italian early renaissance highly skilled limited techniques command wrote strength visuals writing characters weak italian filmmaker read children magazine strip powerful influence filmmaker according biographer comics historian called original genius comic strip medium animation harvey said contemporaries lacked skill continue innovations left future generations build work inspired called genius favorite real dream strip partially inspired shadow towers appropriated imagery included page appendix children book night kitchen homage work comic book series graphic novel boulevard broken dreams revolved character named based aged cartoonist lamented conditions newspaper degree time worked later century allotted space sufficient expansive page fantasies interpretation dreams appeared print major dream strips work invited speculation influence comic strip appeared book french nurse dream strongly resembles work theme pacing style closing panel awakening bed english translation book published established recognize individuals lifetime career contributions animation presented annie awards los_angeles devoted room work exhibit published complete edition covering spreads entitled complete little work style virtually beginning forms chosen media varied size shape comic strip panels dramatic effect second instalment october panels grow adapt growing forest mushrooms contemporaries bold page near contemporary notable example generation later prince captain easy attempted daring designs sunday pages detailed hatching mastery perspective enhanced drawings particularly fantastic witnessed time wonderland appeared work noted speed accuracy draw crowds people gather watch paint billboards taste ornate architecture drew inspired world exposition chicago detailed illustrations british illustrated newspapers graphic paris published series illustrated books called pages bear striking resemblance early little strips graphic sense imaginative absolute precision line akin artist 19th century french illustrator drew black drawing ink art square angle assortment venus lead early magazine cartoons painted techniques self work frequent dream strip characters address reader characters aware strip jealous lover tears strip apart appears character panel borders strip realizes artist forgotten episode destroys panel borders contrast high level skill artwork dialogue speech balloons crude approaching ing flawless work according critic highlighted level effort skill apparent title lettering little regard dialogue balloons content placement visual composition tended contain repetitive expressing increasing distress speakers showed gift visual verbal comics animation stock ethnic stereotypes common era conscious attempt apparent depicted blacks wishing white prominent pair characters ill tempered rarely speaking grass african little imp animated shown drawn style controls magic flip imp women work depicted superficial jealous princess little males shared list comic strips filmography books magazines journals newspapers web | Winsor McCay | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
27146_J.D.Salinger | january january american writer won acclaim early life led private life half century published final original work gave interview raised manhattan began writing short stories secondary school published story magazine early 1940s began serving world war critically acclaimed story perfect day appeared new_yorker magazine home later work novel catcher immediate popular success depiction adolescent loss innocence protagonist influential especially adolescent readers novel remains widely read controversial selling copies year success catcher led public attention scrutiny publishing new work frequently followed catcher short story collection stories volume containing short story volume containing raise high introduction published work entitled appeared new_yorker june afterward struggled unwanted attention including legal battle 1980s biographer release late 1990s memoirs written people close lover daughter small publisher announced deal publish book form amid ensuing publicity release indefinitely delayed headlines globe june filed lawsuit writer copyright infringement resulting writer use characters catcher died natural causes january home new_hampshire november unpublished stories briefly posted online stories ocean bowling balls said prequel catcher early life experiences born new_york_city new year day father sold cheese jewish family lithuanian descent father having congregation louisville kentucky mother marie née born atlantic iowa scottish german irish descent changed considered jewish marrying father learn mother jewish ancestry celebrated bar sibling older sister youth attended public schools west manhattan family moved park avenue enrolled nearby private school managed fencing team wrote school newspaper appeared plays showed innate talent drama father opposed idea actor trouble fitting new school took measures conform calling jerry family called parents enrolled wayne pennsylvania began writing stories covers night aid literary editor class participated valley forge file reveals mediocre student unlike enjoyed members glass family write recorded far genius graduated started freshman year considered studying special education dropped following spring fall father urged learn meat business went work company vienna austria left austria month annexed nazi_germany march fall attended pennsylvania wrote column called diploma included movie reviews dropped semester attended evening writing class taught longtime editor story magazine according distinguish weeks end second semester point suddenly came life completed stories told stories accomplished accepting young folks youths publication story debut short story published magazine march april issue mentor corresponded years world war started dating daughter playwright despite finding self absorbed friend little love little called wrote long letters relationship ended began seeing eventually married late briefly worked caribbean cruise ship serving activity director possibly performer year began submitting short stories new_yorker seven stories rejected magazine year including lunch monologue went school adolf hitler december publication accepted slight rebellion madison manhattan set story teenager named pre war japan carried attack pearl harbor month story rendered appear magazine spring months united_states entered world war drafted army saw combat 12th infantry regiment present day campaign normandy germany arranged meet writer influenced working war correspondent paris impressed finding soft public persona impressed writing remarked jesus talent writers began corresponding wrote july talks positive memories war added working play protagonist story slight rebellion madison hoped play assigned counter intelligence division proficiency french german prisoners war april entered liberated concentration camp probably sub camps earned rank served campaigns experiences war affected emotionally hospitalized weeks combat stress reaction germany defeated later told daughter smell burning flesh nose entirely matter long live biographers speculate drew wartime experiences stories love narrated soldier continued write serving army publishing stories slick magazines continued submit stories new_yorker little success rejected submissions group poems post war years germany defeat signed month period duty germany lived soon married brought united_states april marriage fell apart months returned germany daughter margaret received letter looked envelope reading tore apart time heard breakup margaret finished person agreed help publish collection short stories imprint titled young folks collection consist stories like title story slight rebellion madison print previously unpublished implied book published negotiated advance sale overruled rejected book blamed book failure print estranged late 1940s avid follower buddhism point gave reading lists subject dates arranged meeting buddhist scholar author submitted short story titled simply new_yorker magazine fiction editor impressed singular quality story magazine asked continue spent year reworking new_yorker editors magazine accepted story titled perfect day published january issue magazine offered look contract allowed right refusal future stories critical acclaim accorded coupled problems stories altered led publish exclusively new_yorker published stories feature glasses fictional family consisting retired performers seven children buddy eventually published seven stories glasses developing detailed family history focusing particularly brilliant troubled eldest child early 1940s letter eager sell film rights stories order achieve financial security according disappointed hollywood short story brothers came immediately agreed independent film producer offered buy film rights short story uncle connecticut sold story hope words agent good movie film version critics release renamed heart starring melodramatic film departed extent story biographer referred result experience permitted film adaptations work wanted buy rights perfect day refused request told friend longtime staff writer new_yorker cute talented lost tempted accommodate pour sport catcher 1940s people working novel featuring teenage protagonist short story slight rebellion madison catcher published july novel plot simple detailing year old experiences new_york_city following expulsion departure elite college preparatory school expelled current school expelled previous schools book notable persona voice person narrator serves unreliable narrator importance loyalty adulthood interview high school newspaper admitted novel sort autobiographical explaining boy book great relief telling people initial reactions book mixed ranging new_york_times catcher unusually brilliant novel book language uses religious freely discusses casual sex prostitution novel popular success months publication catcher reprinted times spent weeks list book initial success followed brief popularity late 1950s according book brooding buy manual cool styles borrowed compared newspapers began publishing articles catcher cult novel banned countries schools subject matter reviewer called excessive use amateur swearing coarse language according angry parent instances uses synonym person illegitimate birth incident constituted wrong book 1970s high school teachers assigned book fired forced resign study censorship noted catcher dubious distinction frequently censored book nation second frequently taught novel public high schools mice men book remains widely read novel selling copies year total worldwide sales million copies wake 1950s success received rejected numerous offers adapt catcher screen including publication sustained interest novel filmmakers steven_spielberg seeking secure rights stated 1970s tried years hands repeatedly refused definitively concluded person played writing 1950s july profile book month club news friend new_yorker editor asked literary influences responded writer asked discuss craft ought loud voice names writers loves love burns blake won living writers don think right letters written 1940s expressed admiration living recently deceased writers wrote saw time successor perfect day ending similar earlier published short story day wrote friends change life years practicing buddhism reading gospel hindu religious teacher advocated seeking enlightenment detachment human responsibilities family religious studies reflected writing story features year old child expresses insights studied writings disciple story character describes exciting original best equipped giants century published collection seven stories new_yorker magazine rejected collection published stories united_states love best known stories book received positive reviews financial success remarkably volume short stories according hamilton stories spent months list grip publicity refused allow publishers collection depict characters dust jacket illustrations readers form notions notoriety catcher grew gradually withdrew public view moved apartment east 57th street new_york new_hampshire early time relatively particularly students invited house frequently play records talk problems school student persuaded interviewed high school page city paper nonetheless interview appeared prominently newspaper editorial section cut contact high explanation seen frequently town meeting close friend began publish frequency publication stories published stories rest decade marriage family february age married student father art critic children margaret december matthew february wrote memoir believes parents married born father read teachings guru brought possibility enlightenment following path married person children marriage claire initiated path small store hindu temple washington summer received breathing exercises practice minutes twice day insisted claire drop school live months shy graduation certain elements story published january based relationship claire including ownership book way isolated location hardly saw people long stretches time claire frustrated changing religious beliefs committed remembered leave work story weeks return piece supposed finishing destroyed new follow claire believed cover fact jerry destroyed couldn face quality couldn face publishing created abandoning tried forerunner meeting founder according claire quickly followed adherence number spiritual medical belief systems including interest family life marked child born according margaret book claire felt daughter replaced affections infant margaret sick time having embraced refused doctor according margaret mother admitted years later went edge winter plans murder commit suicide claire supposedly intended trip new_york_city instead acted sudden impulse margaret hotel run away months persuaded return publications relationship published raise high introduction book contained short stories previously published new_yorker members glass family stories originally published ones published stories dust jacket wrote reference interest privacy subversive opinion writer feelings obscurity second valuable property loan working years september time magazine devoted cover article life magazine reported glass family series near completion intends write glass trilogy nonetheless published story form long letter seven year old summer camp new work years took june issue new_yorker universally critically panned time isolated claire friends relatives words virtual prisoner claire separated september divorce finalized october age relationship year old lasted months time experienced writer seventeen magazine new_york_times asked write article published eighteen year old looks life april celebrity wrote letter warning living fame exchanging letters moved summer freshman year yale_university return yale fall spent months guest home relationship ended told daughter margaret family outing wanted children felt old autobiography different picture saying abruptly ended relationship refused dropped yale scholarship later writes memoir came find begun relationships young women exchanging letters letter recipients included wife nurse engaged married met author living continued write disciplined fashion hours morning according completed new novels rare interview new_york_times explained peace publishing like write love write write pleasure according saw publication damned memoir describes detailed filing system father unpublished manuscripts red mark meant die finish work publish blue meant publish edit neighbor said told written unpublished novels final interview june represented somewhat differently depending secondary source account attractive young woman aspiring novelist managed record audio interview photographs knowledge consent separate account emphasis placed contact letter writing local personal initiative cross bridge meet woman course interview clear reporter close pictures departed according account interview ended local attempted shake famous author hand point enraged account interview published later author separately ascribed derived work review editor legal conflicts tried escape public exposure possible continued struggle unwanted attention media public readers work students nearby came groups hoping catch glimpse learned british writer intended publish biography extensive use letters written authors friends sued stop book publication court ruled hamilton extensive use letters including quotation acceptable author right control publication right fair use book published later hamilton published search writing life book experience tracking information copyright fights planned biography consequence lawsuit details private life including spent years writing words work fiction public form court excerpts letters widely notably bitter remark written response marriage home evenings grey nude atop swinging head bamboo cane like dead rat gown bathroom romantically involved television actress years 1980s relationship ended met june nurse married years junior told trying child iranian director released film unauthorized loose adaptation film distributed legally iran country official copyright relations united_states lawyers block planned screening film called action explaining saw film kind cultural exchange gave small publisher permission publish previously published year listings appeared book sellers articles critical reviews story appeared press publication date pushed repeatedly apparently cancelled altogether amazon anticipated publish story january time death listed currently unavailable june consulted lawyers upcoming publication unauthorized sequel catcher written swedish book publisher pseudonym california book called years later coming appears pick story protagonist novel years old wandering streets new_york expelled private school california book features year old man having escaped nursing home new_york literary agent told britain sunday telegraph matter turned lawyer fact little known book set published new publishing imprint called gave rise speculation literary circles thing stunt district court judge issued injunction prevents book published book author filed appeal july heard september case settled agreed publish distribute book book editions years later canada catcher enters public domain title coming book referring title catcher remains free sell book international territories fear interference later publicity october new_york_times reported fire consumed half home tuesday smoke author classic novel adolescent rebellion catcher equally famous having elevated privacy art form years end relationship auctioned series letters written memoir life relationship home world memoir published year topics book described mother consulted appeal aging author dressing like child described relationship length ensuing controversy memoir letters claimed forced auction letters financial reasons preferred donate software developer bought letters announced intention return year later daughter margaret second wife published memoir book described control mother myths established book hamilton arguments experience post traumatic stress disorder left psychologically unable deal traumatic nature war service allowed men lived battle father fought left body soul painted picture father man immensely proud service record maintaining military service jacket moving compound town old characterized author devoted film buff according margaret favorite movies include lady steps favorite movie catcher comedies laurel hardy extensive collection classic movies 1940s prints wrote loves movies films argued father essentially product movies day father spanish speakers puerto rican gypsy types movie staff writer new_yorker longtime friend wrote following death loved movies fun discuss enjoyed watching actors work enjoyed knowing loved hated said seen grand illusion times margaret offered insights myths including father supposed long time interest involvement alternative medicine eastern weeks published margaret brother matt memoir letter sister gothic tales supposed childhood stated authority consciously making know grew different house different parents sister describes death died natural causes home new_hampshire january literary representative told new_york_times writer broken hip health excellent sudden decline new year representative believed death painful wife widow son matt estate literary style themes contributor note gave wrote write young people statement referred featured appear work published short story young folks catcher glass family stories critic explained choice teenagers subject matter reason appeal young readers consciousness youths speaks virtually language honest vision things capture secret world reason remarked greatest mind stay prep school language especially energetic sparse dialogue revolutionary time stories published seen critics distinguishing thing work identified closely characters techniques interior monologue letters extended telephone calls display gift dialogue style elements gave illusion having delivered characters keeping recurring themes stories connect ideas innocence including influence hollywood world large teenagers adults intelligence children contemporary critics discuss clear progression course published work evidenced increasingly negative reviews received post catcher story collections view arguing early stories boasted tight energetic dialogue formulaic sentimental took standards new_yorker editors writing spare mysterious withheld qualities perfect day catcher stories early 1950s late 1950s involved religious study hamilton notes stories longer plot driven increasingly filled remarks agrees writing new_yorker stopped writing stories conventional sense lose interest fiction art form thought manipulative literary device control recent years critics defended certain works wrote arguably masterpiece companion piece rewarding great influence writing influenced prominent writers prompting author state influential body work english prose writers generation winning novelist attested short stories opened eyes fiction set events unconnected lightly connected reading stick mind having moved step knowing handle material critic observed early stories winner affected voice comic timing national book award finalist told new_york_times reading stories time landmark experience like happened describes man language pure energy beautifully controlled knew exactly silence word short story love kisses collected know far parody love wrote new_yorker catcher new generation literary genre classed bell fear las_vegas bright lights heartbreaking work genius writer struggling short stories friend gave copy stories inspired later described effect writers explaining feels like wrote catcher day incredible feeling ease writing pursuit voice voice voice voice authors cited influence cites influence referencing main character catcher song life biographer called literature mid-1960s drawn writer seminal work writers poets read philosopher hindu introduced indian western world legacy oral biography titled authors assert author left specific instructions authorizing start release unpublished works according authors sources include new glass family stories novel based relationship wife form officer diary manual stories new stories life biography described companion volume film documentary title directorial debut writer years received limited theatrical release september list works books catcher stories perfect day uncle connecticut war laughing man love pretty mouth green eyes smith blue period raise high introduction raise high introduction early stories young folks eddie week won kill published stories eddie republished fiction form experience early stories young folks republished early stories hang republished kit book soldiers sailors marines long debut republished stories fiction week won kill republished early stories boy france republished post stories july august issue magazine sandwich republished slight rebellion madison republished wonderful town new_yorker girl knew republished stories published stories heart broken story personal notes brothers parties concerned soft boiled sergeant day stranger crazy young girl waist inverted forest unpublished stories best peter children lonely men magic birthday boy ocean bowling balls media portrayals references appears character voiced episodes season episodes said faked death escape public attention original series july | J. D. Salinger | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
27440_ValerieSolanas | april april american radical feminist best known writing manifesto attempting murder artist late 1960s born new_jersey teenager volatile relationship mother stepfather parents divorce consequence sent live grandparents alcoholic grandfather physically abused ran away homeless came lesbian 1950s graduated degree psychology relocated berkeley california began writing notable work urged women overthrow government eliminate money system institute complete eliminate male sex moved new_york_city mid-1960s working writer met pop artist asked produce play ass gave script later accused losing stealing followed expressing additional indifference play demanded financial compensation lost script hired perform film man paying began self publishing manifesto owner offered publish future writings understood contract mean writing convinced steal work purchased gun spring june went factory found shot times shots missing final wounding shot art critic attempted shoot manager point blank gun jammed turned police charged attempted murder assault illegal possession gun diagnosed paranoid pleaded guilty reckless assault intent harm serving year prison sentence including treatment mental hospital release continued promote manifesto died pneumonia san_francisco early life born new_jersey father mother dental assistant younger sister father parents immigrants spain mother italian american said regularly suffered sexual abuse hands father parents divorced young mother remarried shortly disliked stepfather began mother child wrote insults children use cost beat boy high school younger girl hit nun rebellious behavior mother sent raised grandparents said grandfather violent alcoholic beat left grandparents homeless gave birth son fathered married sailor child named david later adoption taken away saw despite graduated high school time earned degree psychology psi honor society hosted radio gave advice combat men open lesbian despite conservative cultural climate 1950s attended worked psychology department animal research laboratory dropping moving attend berkeley courses began writing manifesto new_york_city factory mid-1960s moved new_york_city supported begging prostitution wrote works autobiographical short story called young girl attain leisure class play titled ass young prostitute according play based plot woman man ends killing man work dramatic literature adolescent contrived short story published magazine july ass remains unpublished described avant encountered outside studio factory asked produce play accepted script review told promised read according factory lore films shut police thought script pornographic police trap contacted script told lost jokingly offered job factory insulted demanded money lost manuscript instead paid appear film man role man leaves film title character played fend explaining got beat meat exits scene satisfied experience working performance film brought film described relaxed friendly role film self published best known work scathing critique culture manifesto opening words life society best utter bore aspect society relevant women remains civic minded responsible thrill seeking females overthrow government eliminate money system institute complete eliminate male sex authors argued manifesto parody satirical work according described social denied work insisted intent dead manifesto translated dozen languages feminist living introduced founder fellow resident hotel august signed informal contract stating writing writings exchange paid took mean work told write intended write novel based believed conspiracy failure return ass script suspected coordinating steal work shooting early went writer ask written account rejected account maintained asked money food loaned later speculated money buy gun shooting days later according asked money told wanted shoot gave buy automatic pistol event denied knew intended kill asked borrow money according source june arrived lived asked desk told gone weekend remained hours heading asked available biography argues unlikely appeared looking states fabricated account order boost sales published states likely story places actor studio early morning actress miles states appeared actor studio looking asking leave play miles said different look bit like somebody appearance thing mind miles told afternoon miles said accepted copy play shut door knew trouble didn know sort trouble knew trouble records traveled producer residence brooklyn believed willing produce play related talked hours trying convince produce play discussing vision world men time repeatedly refused produce play according pulled gun refused commit producing play responded yes produce play shoot famous play famous produce leaving residence handed copy play personal papers describes called local police police headquarters offices mayor governor report happened inform way moment shoot instances police responded arrest believe going kill asked lady know real gun looked like interview new_york_times said know intended kill prevent new_york_times assistant metro editor responded online comment story saying times present account definitive additionally cites assistant district attorney notes case written june begin stage address telephone numbers page later day arrived factory waited outside arrived asked replied waiting andy money tried rid telling coming day told wait went studio told coming leave left rode elevator finally boarded entered factory complimented appearance wearing makeup told leave threatening beat hell throw phone answered went bathroom phone fired times shots missed went lungs stomach liver shot art critic hip tried shoot manager head gun jammed hughes asked leave leaving paper bag address book table taken columbus mother hospital underwent hour successful operation later day turned gave gun confessed shooting telling police officer control life charged assault possession deadly weapon morning new_york_daily_news ran page headline stating actress shoots andy demanded statement actress daily news changed headline later edition added quote stating writer actress denied shooting wouldn produce play said opposite reason legal claim works told judge shoot somebody didn tied lock stock barrel going ruined told judge wanted represent declared right regret judge struck comments court record admitted psychiatric observation trial evaluation declared mentally unstable transferred prison ward appeared june represented asked writ corpus arguing held judge denied motion returned june indicted charges attempted murder assault illegal possession gun declared incompetent august sent insane month published essays january underwent psychiatric evaluation diagnosed chronic paranoid june finally deemed fit stand trial represented attorney pleaded guilty reckless assault intent harm sentenced years prison year time served murder attempt shooting propelled public spotlight prompting commentary opinions media writing village_voice declared dedicated remainder life purpose eliminating single male face earth called feminism grace new_york chapter president described outstanding champion women rights heroine feminist movement smuggled manifesto mental hospital confined according board left started feminist organization according media continued treat leader women movement despite member called important feminist movement english professor argued aware feminist organizations activism interest participating described civil club stated reject mainstream liberal feminism blind adherence cultural codes feminine manifesto identifies source women social status released telephone arrested november subsequently times drifted obscurity attack profound impact art security factory scene stronger afterward rest life lived fear attack cardboard andy andy love play said close friend collaborator billy couldn hand jumping couldn love anymore hurt touch later life intended write eponymous autobiography village_voice interview announced book title book possibly intended parody supposed deal conspiracy led imprisonment village_voice interview said book autobiographical small portion things include proof statements manifesto deal subject said parody mid-1970s new_york_city according apparently homeless continued defend political beliefs manifesto actively promoted new manifesto revision according somewhat unreliable report interviewed known stated august version manifesto errors unlike printed version october book sold said told violet unaware death death april age died pneumonia district san_francisco building superintendent hotel duty night vague memory enter room saw desk pile pages writing happened manuscript remain mystery mother burned belongings posthumously legacy popular culture life focus numerous performances films musical compositions publications actress played film focused assassination attempt taylor won special recognition outstanding performance film festival role film director requested permission use songs denied feared film years film release reed included song believe concept album songs believe reed sings believe life retribution believe sick excuse believe pulled switch reed believed blame death infection years shot plays based life starred actresses playing younger older tragedy lives examined encounter greek tragedy starred recently pop musical pop focused mainly playing singing song big gun described evening strongest number washington_post ass discovered produced san_francisco turned piece musical starring female cast learned ass exhibition marked 30th anniversary shooting copy lost discovered buried trunk lighting equipment owned billy consult sister writing piece sought create funny showing attempted assassin swedish author wrote semi fictional novel called english dream faculty book narrator visits end life awarded book released piece titled work sought explore women desperate caught traps inequality monroe needed recognized talent actress wished supported creative work music group belgium called influence analysis role cult figure solidified publication shooting explained declaring independent arrest aligned historical avant garde rejection traditional structures theater explained anti militant hostility pushed avant garde radically new directions believed assassination attempt theatrical performance shooting left table factory paper bag carried gun address book stated leaving performance called attention basic feminine experiences sic taboo avant garde circles feminist philosopher compared array people girl believed threatened hyper feminine women factory liked felt lonely rejection felt believed ahead time living period feminist lesbian revolutionaries credited radical feminism catherine lord wrote feminist movement happened lord believed women liberation triggered wave radical feminist publications according women liberation activists initially distanced changed minds year later developing wave radical feminism time perceptions transformed largely political motive shooting political according writer describes contradiction feminist movement argues wanted movement fractured feminist movement provoking members disagree case contradictions seen lifestyle lesbian sexually serviced men claim confusion rejection culture non interest working despite brings question contradictory stories life life described victim rebel desperate cousin says worked late primarily prostitute friend said childhood kept touch father life makes question notion hated father acted hatred shooting manifesto believes embraced contradictions key identity works ass young girl attain leisure class | Valerie Solanas | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
27585_MayPang | born october american best known girlfriend john_lennon previously worked personal assistant production coordinator wife separated relationship lasting months time later referred lost weekend subsequently produced books relationship memoir called warner book photographs martin married producer children early years born manhattan daughter chinese immigrants grew new_york spanish harlem elder sister adopted brother born china mother laundry business area family left lived scheduled torn moved apartment near street 3rd avenue manhattan graduating attended wanted model told ethnic modeling agencies early jobs included song meant encouraging artists record began work new_york management office time represented beatles george_harrison asked help avant garde film projects legs forever fly december asked secretary new_york england led permanent position personal assistant moved london new_york coordinated art exhibition syracuse new_york october art coincided 31st birthday party held hotel syracuse attended lost weekend time month relationship period life later refer lost weekend reference film novel working recording mind games album having marital problems decided separate suggested companion explained getting arguing growing apart said start seeing women pointed said found sexually attractive replied start relationship employer married ignored protests said arrange later confirmed conversation interview october left new_york los_angeles promote mind games decided stay living homes friends inspired embark recording projects album old rock roll songs inspired musician produce artist december collaborated record album alcohol fueled recording sessions legendary musician wanted participate soon drinking erratic behavior included firing gun studio control room caused sessions break claimed car accident took sessions tapes march began producing album named counter bad boy image pair earned media drinking incidents placed forehead concert given time released favorite records stand rain weeks later ejected club thought good idea musicians live roof ensure studio time rented beach house live time encouraged reach family friends paul_mccartney fences played time breakup beatles arranged visit father time years julian began father regularly bought julian gibson les paul guitar drum machine christmas encouraged julian interest music showing chords dad got great deal better recalls julian lot fun laughed lot great time general memories time dad clear time remember june returned live new_york_city stopped drinking concentrated recording previously cats liverpool living aunt house adopted cats named major minor early summer working walls bridges album couple moved apartment east 52nd street claim seen ufo august terrace view east new_york gain access deck climb kitchen window night question naked called join deck outside watched circular object floating feet away called official photographer told happened suggested police laughed saying going newspaper john_lennon saw flying night called local police confirmed people reported sighting daily_news said people reported sighting area new_york lived walls bridges rose spot album charts achieved number solo single lifetime gets night voice dream song surprise surprise written julian played drums album track recording walls bridges vice president promotion got possession chaotic session tapes brought new_york complete album called musicians walls bridges received riaa gold record award work walls bridges continued work production coordinator album credited mother superior worked albums elton_john david_bowie visiting new_york eastern tip long_island saw scottish style cottage sale close asked real estate broker offer february planning visiting paul new_orleans february wings recording venus mars album reconciled day planned visit said new cure smoking habit lament period publicly private journalist befriended wrote comprehensive biography detailed lost weekend period interview kane explained feelings time know larry loved woman beautiful music got shit books returned started working island records manager working albums published memoir later updated renamed john_lennon original page book focused mainly role albums sessions edited pages concentrating sensational aspects relationship included written travels world late 70s claims remained lovers stayed contact death book photographs published personal portraits book contains historically important photographs signing official dissolution beatles partnership known photograph paul_mccartney provided cover endorsement acknowledging role reuniting estranged son julian subsequent personal life married record producer couple divorced children remains touch people time paul_mccartney invited memorial service invited guest concert george remained close son having contact years october accidentally met iceland birthday iceland sculpture staying hotel lives children upstate new_york produces line steel jewelry volunteers animal shelter called new_york owns dog rescued hurricane katrina hosts internet talk radio dinner specials air partner | May Pang | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
27709_ArtSpiegelman | born ben february american cartoonist editor comics advocate best known graphic novel work editor comics magazines arcade raw influential spent decade contributing artist new_yorker high profile controversial covers married designer editor father writer began career bubblegum card company mid-1960s main financial support decades created series 1960s 1980s gained prominence underground scene 1970s short experimental autobiographical work selection strips appeared collection turned focus book length relation father holocaust survivor book depicts nazis cats jews mice ethnic poles pigs took thirteen years completion won special pulitzer prize gained reputation pivotal work responsible bringing scholarly attention comics medium edited issues raw comics graphics magazine helped introduce talents prominent alternative comics introduced foreign english speaking comics world beginning 1990s couple worked new_yorker left work shadow towers reaction september attacks new_york advocates greater comics literacy editor teacher new_york_city lecturer promoted better understanding comics younger family history parents polish jews father born hebrew ben polish form known german occupation immigration united_states took william mother born hebrew hannah took anna immigration couple best known believed easier americans surname german mirror man son spelled died art born age holocaust parents sent stay aunt believed safe aunt poisoned young family members care nazis camps war unable accept dead searched europe hope finding talked having sort sibling rivalry ghost brother felt unable compete ideal brother threw got kind trouble relatives alive beginning world war known survived holocaust life career early life born ben stockholm sweden february immigrated parents immigration registered later given changed art initially family settled pennsylvania relocated queens new_york_city began imitated style favorite comic books mad honors student produced mad inspired earning money drawing time reached high school sold artwork original outlets talent caught eyes offered chance produce syndicated comic strip dedicated idea art expression turned commercial opportunity attended manhattan beginning met art director encouraged apply graduating high school received payment work newspaper graduated parents urged pursue financial security career chose instead study art philosophy got freelance art job provided income decades attended worked staff cartoonist college newspaper edited college humor magazine summer hired creative consultant making trading cards related products packages series trading cards begun began selling self published underground street corners cartoons published underground publications traveled san_francisco months underground scene beginning late winter suffered brief intense nervous breakdown cut university studies short said time taking great frequency spent month shortly got mother committed suicide following death surviving brother underground visits moved san_francisco underground movement developing produced period include infinity page booklet explicit comic strips vicar vice work vein fellow underground cartoonist work appeared underground magazines real pulp variety styles genres sought artistic voice number cartoons men magazines asked page strip issue funny sic wanted racism considered story african americans mice cats taking role instead turned holocaust parents survived titled strip depicted jews mice persecuted die nazis cats narrator related story mouse named story felt found voice seeing green autobiographical meets holy virgin mary progress inspired produce prisoner hell planet work dealt mother suicide appeared short order edited work went phase increasing formal experimentation quotes art form comic strip barely infancy maybe grow reprinted style parody crime fiction non day circuits single page strip alcoholism depression reader follows character multiple ending pathways suite cut panels soap opera comic strip way edited pornographic psychedelic book quotations dedicated mother edited called grains book quotations taught studio class mid-1970s underground movement encountering safe berth edited anthology arcade arcade printed lasted seven issues covers stood similar publications having editorial plan attempt comics connect broader realms artistic literary culture work arcade tended short concerned formal experimentation arcade introduced art ages past contemporary literary pieces writers moved new_york_city editorial work arcade shoulders cartoonist wife combined distribution problems retailer indifference led magazine demise time swore edit magazine architectural student hiatus studies paris arrived new_york looking comics practice reading english came arcade avant garde filmmaker friend introduced visiting immediately develop mutual interest moved new_york later year occasionally ran read prisoner hell planet felt urge contact hour phone led deepening relationship followed france return fulfill obligations architecture course introduced world comics helped find work returning ran problems couple solved getting married couple began yearly trips europe explore comics scene brought european comics circle friends assisted putting lavish collection experimental strips raw suffered poor distribution sales print run printing errors experience motivated gain control printing process took courses offset printing bought printing press print parts new magazine insisted launching publisher edited raw starting july issue subtitled magazine postponed included work established underground raw focused publishing artists virtually unknown avant garde introduced english speaking audiences translations foreign works intention creating book length work based father began interview father research visit concentration camp parents imprisoned nazis book appeared chapter time insert raw beginning second issue december father live completion died august learned steven_spielberg producing animated film jewish mice escape persecution eastern_europe fleeing united_states sure film inspired eager unfinished book come movie avoid comparisons struggled find publisher publication new_york_times rave review work progress agreed release collection chapters volume titled survivor tale subtitled father history book found large audience sold direct market comic shops 1980s dominant outlet comic books began teaching new_york continued teaching alongside heroes essay published print entitled historical aesthetic overview essay called high art published high low exhibition wake success patch kids series dolls created card series garbage kids similar packages series gross factor cards controversial parent groups popularity started gross children called autonomy financial freedom working company given relationship strained issues credit ownership original artwork auctioned pieces art created returning broke relation published issue closing chapter appeared raw second volume graphic novel appeared later year subtitle troubles began attracted unprecedented critical attention work comics including exhibition new_york special pulitzer prize new_yorker hired contributing artist worked new_yorker years cover appeared february valentine day issue showed black west indian woman man kissing cover caused turmoil new_yorker offices intended reference crown heights riot racial tensions led murder jewish student new_yorker covers published submitted number rejected outrageous new_yorker pages contributed strips collaboration titled children illustrator obituary titled abstract thought warm essay published creator called forms stretched limits form basis book cole called jack cole plastic man forms stretched limits year published rom version extensive material called complete illustrated poem called contributed essay getting touch inner racist september issue influence connections new_york circles drew political cartoonist article titled king village_voice accused power break cartoonist career new_york guy great book cartoonist responded sending forged email thirty professionals prank escalated launched suit million published legal action comics benefit book cover legal costs contributed cover cartoon shaped children book published open dog narrator tries convince readers dog pop ups attached edited issues children comics anthology contributions raw alumni children book authors post september present lived close site known ground zero september attacks destroyed immediately following attacks rushed daughter school anxiety served increase daughter situation created cover september issue new_yorker appears totally black close examination reveals towers slightly darker shade black positioned antenna breaks new_yorker logo towers printed black slightly darker black field employing standard color printing clear situations ghost images visible magazine light source critical bush administration mass media handling september attacks renew new_yorker contract later regretted leaving left protest magazine ran pro invasion iraq piece later year said parting new_yorker general disappointment widespread mass media bush era said felt like internal exile following september attacks media conservative welcome provocative art felt need create asserted left political differences widely reported new_yorker interested serialized work wanted project responded september attacks shadow towers commissioned german newspaper appeared american periodical feature collected work appeared september board book page spreads turned end read june edition article published muhammad cartoons controversy interpretations islamic law prohibit depiction muhammad canadian chain refused sell issue called drawing blood outrageous cartoons art outrage article surveyed dire effect political creators ranging spent time prison satirical work faced exile article promote racial caricature internal memo advised staff tell people decision based fact content published known demonstrations world response cartoons iranian president called submissions cartoons produced cartoon line prisoners led gas chambers stops look corpses says hilarious actually happening promote literacy young children encouraged publishers publish comics children disappointed publishers lack response self published line easy readers called artists promotes books teachers educational value jack box inaugural books reissued expanded edition including portrait artist young autobiographical strip serialized virginia quarterly review volume drawn nose appeared followed book length analysis dvd rom update earlier rom commissioned edit volume ward novels appeared collecting ward novels introduction project led touring novels called live music end traveled paris cologne vancouver new_york toronto book showed titled graphics appeared writers refused sit panel protest planned freedom expression courage award satirical french periodical following shooting headquarters earlier year agreed replacement hosts names comics writer retracted cover submitted edited saying issue new statesman management declined print strip strip titled notes amendment depicts muhammad believed rejection censorship magazine asserted intended run cartoon private life married july city hall ceremony remarried later year converted judaism father children daughter born son born style comic strip drawings function simplified picture words indicate suffers lazy eye lacks depth perception says art style result deficiencies style simplicity dense visual motifs unnoticed viewing sees comics condensed thought structures akin poetry prose need careful time consuming planning simplicity work prominently displays concern form pushing boundaries comics early underground era proclaimed time illusion shattered comics showing scene different angles time turning page projection comics experiment time space representation uses word express action reading comics sees comics functioning best expressed icons symbols stated primarily visual artist sketches said approaches work writer lacks confidence graphic skills subjects dialogue visuals constant revision reworked dialogue balloons times critic compared dialogue writing young ability jewish speech generations sound fresh convincing makes use new fashioned tools work prefers times work paper drafting table draws directly computer digital pen electronic drawing tablet mixes methods employing influences strongest influence cartoonist editor promoter new talent chief early influences include version short strip master race 1960s read comics graphic artists novels discussions making comics later acted inspiration comic book brown meets holy virgin mary motivated open include autobiographical elements comics acknowledges early influence says read age lists writers work stayed cites non narrative avant garde filmmakers drawn heavily including filmmakers makers beliefs prominent advocate comics medium comics literacy believes medium echoes way human brain processes information toured lecture called examining history cultural importance sees comics low status late 20th century having come 1930s 1940s comics tended appeal older audience adults following advent mid-1950s sees comics potential having rise underground late 1960s taught courses history aesthetics comics schools new_york editor raw helped propel careers younger published work students work published raw originally turned class assignments described politically firmly left secular divide 1st amendment supporter free speech opposed hate speech laws wrote critique harper controversial muhammad cartoons issue banned chapters stores canada criticized american media refusing reprint cartoons reported time shooting non practicing jew considers anti called israel sad failed idea told religious identified alienated culture called statement interpreted identification jewish spirit championed greatest creative figures legacy large body work comics medium far autobiography comics critics considered work popularized bestseller widely written popular press quantity critical literature far work comics examined great variety academic viewpoints little understanding context history comics credited lifting comics popular culture world high art public imagination criticism tended ignore deep roots popular culture roots intimate familiarity devoted considerable time promote belief comics best expressed iconic manner particular influence student september themed new_yorker cover placed sixth magazine covers previous years inspired numerous graphic novel means expression including joint bbc documentary televised raw artists appeared video documentary comic book confidential played episode husbands knives animated television series simpsons comics creators european documentary appeared later english title art directed mainly featuring interviews awards playboy editorial award best comic strip italy foreign author print regional design award print regional design award print regional design award award france prize best comic book prize sweden fellowship germany special prize pulitzer prize letters award album reprint album previously published work los_angeles_times book prize fiction prize best comic book norway best foreign album prize honorary inducted french government des arts des time magazine influential people grand prix letters membership author anthology strips open dog plastic man forms stretched limits shadow towers portrait artist jack box nose mix retrospective comics graphics editor short order grains book quotations arcade raw city glass graphic novel adaptation paul novel narrative corpse little lit comics ward novels | Art Spiegelman | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
28120_HenryWadsworthLongfellow | february march american poet educator works include paul ride song american translate poets born portland maine massachusetts studied spending time europe professor later major poetry collections voices night ballads poems retired teaching focus writing living remainder life cambridge massachusetts revolutionary war headquarters george_washington wife died second wife died sustaining burns dress caught fire death difficulty writing poetry time focused translating works foreign languages died wrote lyric poems known presenting stories mythology legend popular american poet day success overseas criticized imitating european styles writing specifically masses life work early life education born february portland maine district massachusetts grew known house father lawyer maternal grandfather general american revolutionary war member congress named mother brother navy lieutenant died years earlier battle tripoli second children siblings stephen elizabeth anne alexander mary ellen samuel entirely english ancestry new_england early attended dame school age age enrolled private years earned reputation fluent latin mother encouraged enthusiasm reading learning introducing published poem patriotic historical stanza poem called battle pond november stayed age fourteen spent summers child grandfather farm western maine town fall year old enrolled maine brother stephen grandfather founder college father trustee met later lifelong friend boarded clergyman time floor maine hall joined group students senior year wrote father aspirations disguise fact future literature soul burns thought centres confident believing rise world exercise talents wide field literature pursued literary goals submitting poetry prose newspapers magazines partly encouragement professor january graduation published nearly minor poems appeared short lived boston periodical united_states literary gazette graduated ranked fourth class elected beta gave student commencement address european tours graduating offered job professor modern languages alma mater story possibly influential trustee impressed translation hired condition travel europe study french spanish italian motivation began tour europe aboard ship time abroad years cost father traveled france spain italy germany france england returning united_states mid august overseas learned french spanish portuguese german formal instruction madrid spent time particularly impressed author work ethic encouraged young pursue writing spain learn favorite sister elizabeth died tuberculosis age abroad august wrote president turning considered salary duties required trustees raised salary additional serve college librarian post required hour work day years teaching college translated textbooks french italian spanish published book translation poetry medieval spanish poet published travel book pilgrimage sea published serial form book edition released shortly book publication attempted join literary circle new_york asked editorial role morris publications considered moving new_york considered offering newly created modern languages salary created agreed continue teaching work wrote hate sight pen ink paper believe born lot aimed higher september married childhood friend portland couple settled happy published fiction prose pieces inspired including indian summer bald eagle december received letter president offering stipulation spend year abroad studied german dutch danish swedish finnish october trip wife mary months pregnancy recover died weeks illness age november body immediately placed lead coffin inside oak coffin shipped near boston deeply death writing thought occupies night day dead dead day weary sad years later inspired write poem footsteps angels years later wrote poem expressed personal struggles middle years returned united_states took harvard required live cambridge close campus rented rooms spring preserved washington home built headquarters george_washington beginning july widow owned home rented rooms second floor previous included began publishing poetry including collection voices night bulk voices night debut book poetry translations included original poems seven poems written teenager ballads poems published shortly included village wreck instantly popular local social scene creating group friends called clubs members included closest friend years professor liked disliked constantly boys stretching men minds met boston industrialist family including son town switzerland began daughter independent minded interested marriage determined july wrote friend hangs doubtful lady says shall pride madness passion friend encouraged pursuit delight keeping stout heart resolve conquer half battle love war courtship frequently walked cambridge home boston crossing boston bridge bridge replaced new bridge later renamed late published book prose inspired trips abroad unsuccessful courtship amidst fell periods depression moments panic took month leave absence harvard attend health spa germany returning published play reflecting memories time spain 1820s confusion original manuscript printed editor saved manuscript trash surprised hear saved unusual printing office asked borrow revise return wrote angry letter response small collection poems slavery published public support wrote poems mild read losing appetite breakfast critic agreed calling thin books spirited polished like topic warrant deeper tone satisfied collection reprint distribution seven years received letter agreeing marry restless carriage walked minutes meet house soon married bought wedding present pair lived rest life love evident following lines love poem evening star wrote october beloved sweet morning evening star love attended ball noted lights music flowers fewer women fair children second youngest daughter married son popular writer author years mast younger born april administered united_states months later november poem published time literary income increasing considerably work year brought june held farewell dinner party cambridge home friend preparing overseas retired harvard entirely writing awarded honorary doctorate laws harvard july hot day putting locks children hair envelope attempting seal hot sealing wax took dress suddenly caught fire unclear exactly burning wax fell dress awakened rushed help threw small flames body best badly burned half century later youngest daughter annie explained story differently claiming wax fire started self lighting match fallen floor versions story taken room recover doctor called consciousness night administered morning july died shortly clock requesting cup coffee trying save burned badly unable attend funeral facial injuries led stop wearing beard trademark devastated death fully recovered occasionally resorted deal worried insane sent asylum noted bleeding death expressed grief cross snow wrote eighteen years later commemorate death cross wear breast eighteen years changing scenes seasons day died later life death spent years translating aid translation reviewing invited friends weekly meetings wednesday starting club called regularly included occasional guests volume translation published spring continue revise went year annual income helped sell poem hanging crane highest price paid poem 1860s supported especially hoped reconciliation northern southern states american_civil_war son injured war wrote poem christmas bells later basis carol wrote journal desire harmony frank honest understanding north south despite public speaking accepted offer speak reunion read poem quietly hear year declined offer nominated harvard reasons conclusive mind august female admirer traveled house cambridge unaware speaking asked house born told visitor asked died replied march went bed severe stomach pain endured pain days help died surrounded family friday march suffering time death estate worth estimated buried wives mount auburn cemetery cambridge massachusetts years spent translating poetry considered complete published lifetime posthumous edition collected scholars generally regard work autobiographical reflecting translator aging artist facing impending death writing style work categorized lyric poetry experimented forms including free verse published poetry shows great versatility forms blank verse heroic ballads typically carefully consider subject poetic ideas long time deciding right form work recognized melody like says writer asks reader like listen private man add autobiographical elements poetry notable exceptions dedicated death members family resignation written response death daughter use person instead poem mourning death second wife biographer wrote deeply affected personally touch poetry directly memorial poem called cross snow published lifetime poetry focused later years poetry cultural moral values particularly focused promoting life material pursuits work nature example death depicted child metaphors poetry subject matter came legends mythology literature inspired example norse mythology skeleton armor finnish legends song fact rarely wrote current subjects detached contemporary american concerns like period called development high quality american literature character says want national literature mountains rivers want national epic shall correspond size country want national drama scope shall given gigantic ideas activity people word want national literature altogether shall shake earth like herd important translator translation required possession wanted high culture encouraged supported published page compilation translations writers including friend colleague intended anthology bring compact convenient form large possible english translations scattered volumes accessible general reader honor role translations harvard established dedicated literature written united_states languages english oversaw volume anthology called collected poems representing geographical locations including european asian arabian countries disappointed reportedly told world expecting better things time bestowed original production preparing volume hired critical response early collections voices night ballads poems instantly popular called time successfully aimed putting poetry best uses southern literary messenger immediately american poets poet said poetry illustrated careful art graceful ease simplicity nature friend holmes wrote chief singer wins cheers stays tears american readers embraced publishing history united_states earning poem popularity spread europe poetry translated lifetime italian french german languages scholar bliss perry later wrote highly praised criticizing criminal act like carrying rifle national park decades life received requests strangers sent suggested massive correspondence led death writing friend driven death demands contemporary writer wrote admiration genius inspired later called best poet america reputation critic increased publicly accused termed biographers war assessment determined ideas people specifically alfred lord accusations publicity stunt boost readership editor time respond publicly death wrote criticisms attributed sensitive nature indefinite sense wrong judged artificial lacking force poet considered european forms praised ability reach popular audience common themes little songs masses added traveled new paths course broke new paths said completely removed history literature effect end life contemporaries considered children poet readers children contemporary reviewer noted creating shoes kind literature sentimental stories told style nursery beginning ending modern critic said reads london critic condemned american poetry saying exceptions poet mark union singled exceptions editor wrote miserable criticism write thing certain american poet read legacy popular poet day friend wrote poet fully recognized lifetime works helped shape american character legacy particularly poem paul ride admired figure united_states life birthday took air national holiday speeches reading poetry years personality reputation presented gentle poetic soul image brother wrote early biography specifically emphasized points said absolute sweetness simplicity funeral friend called sweet beautiful soul reality life difficult assumed suffered caused constant pain poor wrote friend believe perfectly brain heart difficulty death second wife quiet reserved private later years known avoided leaving home american celebrities popular europe reported copies sold london single day children spreading chestnut tree mentioned poem village cut children cambridge tree converted presented poet non british writer commemorative sculpted bust placed poet corner london remains american poet represented bust seated statue sculpted unveiled washington recently honored march issued stamp commemorating number schools named states hit song reference poet protagonist murder mystery popularity rapidly declined beginning shortly death twentieth century academics began appreciate poets like twentieth century literary scholar noted increasingly rare scholar braves ridicule justify art popular 20th century poet concluded minor derivative way career hack english list works pilgrimage sea romance spanish student play acts tale epic poem golden legend poem song epic poem divine tragedy mystery aftermath poem arrow song poem poetry collections voices night ballads poems poems slavery poems seaside henry london illustrations poems tales inn included household poems books song poems poems harbor fragment incomplete published posthumously translation spanish translation poets poetry europe translations poems places | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
28179_BruceChatwin | january english travel writer novelist journalist book established travel writer considered instead interested bringing light unusual tales won novel black hill novel man booker prize times named list born near sheffield england went work london gained extensive knowledge art eventually ran auction house art departments left read abandoned studies years pursue career writer hired travelled world work interviewed figures politicians left magazine visit resulted book produced books including bestseller work credited reviving genre travel writing works influenced writers married bisexual prominent men great_britain known contracted hiv died aids related illness hid details following death gay community criticised keeping diagnosis secret life early life born road nursing home sheffield england née mother grown sheffield worked local conservative party prior marriage father charles lawyer birmingham joined following outbreak world war early years spent moving regularly mother father sea prior birth parents lived moved parents house near sheffield shortly giving birth mother son remained weeks worried nazi bombs sought safer place stay took son travelled stay relatives war remain place decided concern safety friction family members later life recalled war home solid black called corner clothes gas mask war mother stayed home paternal grandparents curiosity cabinet fascinated items contained piece actually giant sent grandmother cousin travelling discovered remains giant later sold sent cousin piece animal skin members family mistakenly referred piece skin later lost inspired decades later visit write war lived parents younger brother hugh born birmingham father law practice educated wiltshire student garnered attention performances school plays attained levels latin greek hoped read classics oxford end united_kingdom meant competition university places forced consider options parents discouraged ideas offered acting career work kenya instead father asked clients letter introduction auction house interview arranged secured job art moved london begin work porter department ill suited job included objects kept storage moved junior position working art departments position enabled develop eye art quickly known ability work taught describe objects manner required research objects advanced expert art later run departments colleagues thought eventually chairman auction house period travelled extensively job adventure travel offered relief british class system found admirer book road travelled twice afghanistan trips visit markets shops buy profit order supplement income friends artists art collectors dealers friend painted japanese screen said acid green left ambivalent sexual orientation affairs men women period life american secretary earned degree history worked offices years transferring london office love travel independent nature appealed mid-1960s grew unhappy reasons women men found attractive chairman appeal auction house advantage try persuade wealthy individuals sell art collections increasingly uncomfortable situation later life spoke having burnt said end felt working superior funeral life spent apartment somebody recently dead late began suffer problems sight attributed close analysis artwork entailed job consulted eye specialist diagnosed recommended month break work involved design eye hospital suggested visit east africa february left trip encountered nomadic tribe way life intrigued nomadic guide wrote carried sword purse pot goat hair feel inadequate remain fascinated rest life returned surprise friends proposed marriage married august bisexual married life elizabeth knew accepted hoped grow homosexual behaviour successful marriage like parents marriage affairs men aware affairs men assumed marriage according author biographer true wife hoped children remained childless april age promoted director position disappointment junior director lacked voting rights board disappointment increasing discomfort potentially illegal deals taking place including sale objects rivers museum collection led resign post june enrolled october study regretted attending oxford contemplating going university years visit december sparked interest field despite winning prize best year work found academic left years taking degree nomadic alternative following departure edinburgh decided pursue career writer successfully pitching book proposal publisher tentatively titled book nomadic alternative sought answer question men stand delivered manuscript declined publish calling read working travelled extensively pursued attempt establish creative career exhibit nomadic art asian opened asia house gallery new_york_city considered publishing account trip afghanistan published book light garden angel king journeys afghanistan contributed articles vogue article history today early 1970s affair film director pitched stories possible films ivory seriously tried hand film making travelled documentary film lost trying sell european television companies took photographs journeys attempted sell photographs trip times accept photographs publication offer job hired adviser art architecture initially role suggest story ideas features million years art ran issues summer editor encouraged write allowed develop narrative skills travelled international assignments writing subjects workers great wall china interviewing diverse people interviewed year old architect designer paris salon noticed map painted area south_america called wanted told replied years later november flew peru reached month later later claim sent telegram merely stating gone actually sent letter story wanted write marked end role regular writer subsequent years contributed occasional pieces including profile spent months travelling gathering stories people came settled trip resulted book quest piece grandparents cabinet thrown away years earlier frame story trip described narrative actual journey symbolic supposed fall category spoof wonder voyage narrator goes far country search strange animal way lands strange situations people books tell strange stories add form message contains black white photographs according edited book telling good rendered entire text book work established reputation travel writer biographers called original postwar english travel books said genre travel writing residents region contradicted account events depicted book time career conversations characters presented fact later alleged fiction received award letters praised book result success circle friends expanded include individuals return discovered change leadership continued intended project biography francisco nineteenth century slave trader born brazil present day heard visit returned country renamed december conduct research january coup took place accused mercenary arrested detained days later wrote experience coup story published included following arrest release left went brazil continue research frustrated lack documented information chose instead write biography book published film based received good reviews sell said dismal sales caused pursue completely different subject book response growing reputation travel writer said decided write people went book black hill novel twin brothers live lives farmhouse welsh borders book won best novel considered previous book novel film late 1970s spent increasing time new_york_city continued affairs men affairs short lived began affair australian richards introduced gay nightclub scene new_york period acquainted photographed men photographed fully clothed later contributed introduction book photographs lady accepted husband affairs relationship deteriorated late 1970s asked separation affair richards ended began affair returned topic decided focus australians influenced work author controversial figure collected recorded songs shortly death sold photographs secret initiation ceremonies magazine went australia learn culture specifically dreaming tracks personal story functions creation tale map australian thought metaphor use support ideas humans need believed genetic struggled fully understand describe place culture approach learning spent weeks australia primarily relied non people information limited inability speak languages interviewed people involved land rights movement alienated oblivious politics admirer work australia experiencing health problems read aids known gay plague frightened compelled reconcile wife fear aids drove finish book friend novelist said book obsession great illness favour got free gone writing years features narrator named bruce biography identical narrator spends time australia trying learn culture specifically book goes reflection stated question questions nature human hinted mortality text travelling phase life passing set paper resume ideas quotations encounters obsessed following statement included extensive excerpts published bestseller united_kingdom united_states book nominated requested withdrawn consideration saying work fictional following publication friends composer inspired base theatre score book project evolved opera man wind illness final works work frequently came developed skin symptoms finishing august went switzerland collapsed street clinic diagnosed hiv positive provided different reasons doctors contracted hiv including gang rape possibly patron lover case unusual fungal infection time rarely seen known aids defining illness little known hiv aids doctors certain cases hiv developed aids rare fungus gave hope different served basis told people illness gave reasons infected fungus ranging eating year old egg exploring bat cave indonesia publicly disclosed hiv positive stigma time wanted protect parents unaware homosexual affairs spoke wrote publicly disease instance write aids epidemic letter editor word aids time aid means help comfort end nightmare hiv human virus perfectly easy live aids causes panic despair probably facilitate spread disease illness continued write elizabeth encouraged use letter written prague inspiration new story trip met art collector meeting letter elizabeth served basis work novel obsession leads people collect set prague novel details life death man obsessed collection received booker prize edited collection journalism published time death working number new ideas future novels including epic titled died hospital nice january memorial service held february day announced close friend attended service attended service later commented piece novelist described memorial service essay included anthology visiting ashes scattered near byzantine chapel close home writer near spent months working papers including given oxford collections photographs excerpts published photographs title far journeys news aids diagnosis surfaced september time death referred statements rare fungal infection following death members gay community criticised lacking courage reveal true nature illness people think raised public awareness aids high profile individuals great_britain known contracted hiv writing style described writing prose worlds pages editors wrote words plain prose spare flamboyant writing shaped work provided years practice writing vivid descriptions objects intention buyers addition interest influenced writing aspect nomadic culture interested possessions way life appealed aesthetic sense sought emulate life writing strip unnecessary objects life unnecessary words prose writing experimented format said described book structure words said lots small pictures away create strange original portrait attempt experiment format book begins novel narrated man named bruce thirds way commonplace book filled quotations anecdotes research attempt explore human critics think succeeded approach applauded effort trying unconventional structure nineteenth twentieth century writers influenced work work impact admitted imitating style began making notes travels read time admired spare prose writing approach writing literary biographer described resulting prose quick ordinary people work strongly influenced writing admirer found breakfast scene private lives helpful learning write dialogue began work began studying work nineteenth century french authors writers continue influence remainder life themes explored different themes work include human wandering borders exile art objects considered question human focus writing ultimately explore subject order answer believed fundamental question human existence thought humans meant migratory species settled place natural urges found outlets violence greed status seeking new attempt writing book tried compose academic exposition nomadic culture believed volume hoped answer question men sit book proposal admitted interest subject personal restless month single place succeed returned topic wandering subsequent books writer relation stated works grouped categories defined explained work focuses describing case twin leave home example protagonist feels restless escape year returns prague attempted explain focused work returned research borders theme work according interested borders things changing thing subject published book area argentina chile brazilian trades slaves takes place borders wales england characters protagonist people provide bridge white australian worlds main character travels forth iron curtain theme exile people living margins treated literal sense work stated identified examples work people actual unable return brazil murray cited main characters strictly major events time dominant values similarly murray wrote trapped society values bring leave returned subject art objects career early writing wrote art artists articles included main focus impact possession art case figures collector collection kept czechoslovakia opportunity live west constantly struggled conflicting desires beautiful items live space free unnecessary objects art world result days final writing focused final section tales consists short stories topic end shares advice received told let artistic stand way stated acted advice influence publication genre travel writing according biographer showed inventive writer breathe new life old genre combination clear vivid prose international perspective time english writers focused home instead abroad helped set apart aside writing good looking image traveller added appeal helped celebrity eyes younger writers travel writing cool new_york_times wrote nearly writer generation england wanted point wanted like talk equal authority wanted talked wanted written books books inspired readers visit australia result work experienced increase tourism common sight tourists appear region carrying copy inspired readers travel australia seek people based characters failed disclose individuals intentions travel influenced writers stated impact work difficult helped set free writers conventional boundaries called travel writer identify consider novelist don know meaning word novel said preferred writing stories searches interested asking big questions human existence sharing unusual tales making connections ideas sources friend fellow writer said posed questions want answered gave illusion posthumous influence according biographer work developed cult like following years immediately following death million copies books sold reputation diminished following revelations personal life questions accuracy work questions accuracy work existed prior death admitted counting lies stated researching life stated found cases mere invention tended instances wrote nurse loved work favorite authors fact fan asked opinion divided fact fiction replied don think division individuals unhappy portrayals included man homosexual woman thought father accused killing indians biographer found farmer featured book thought depictions members community stated likes looking passport photograph found accurate truth bestseller focus criticism critics describe viewpoint citing lack interviews reliance instead white australians information culture criticism comes researchers spent years studying culture dismiss work visited australia briefly writer believe widely read australia people previously heard questions writing compounded revelation sexual orientation true cause death known bisexual died aids related illness critics viewed dismissed work said denial aids diagnosis bred sense lied life lied work readers taken cue pass judgement books bother guardian review sun letters opened question read days stated personality learning myths prose remains great writer deep enduring importance times named list legacy sell wrote little black covered bought paris called quotes anecdotes compiled books serve major section book closing producer books read proposed employer italian design publishing company produce company began sell books promote sold company known clothing label produced collection inspired books following year released limited edition set books specially designed covers works black hill posthumously published photographs anatomy winding paths documentaries footsteps bruce bbc universal pictures | Bruce Chatwin | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
28291_R.K.Narayan | october indian writer best known works set fictional south indian town leading author early indian literature english mentor friend instrumental getting publishers books including semi autobiographical trilogy english teacher fictional town introduced friends financial expert hailed original works winner guide adapted film broadway highlights social context everyday life characters compared created similar fictional town likewise explored humour compassion energy ordinary life short stories compared ability narrative criticised simplicity prose career spanned years received awards honours including india second highest civilian awards nominated upper house india parliament life career early days born madras father school studies father school father job entailed frequent transfers spent childhood care maternal grandmother time best friends monkey grandmother gave nickname stuck family circles taught mythology classical indian music sanskrit according youngest brother family english errors siblings living grandmother studied succession schools madras including christian college high school avid reader early literary diet included years old participated pro independence march uncle family considered governments wicked moved live family father transferred stocked library school father fed reading habit started writing completing high school failed university entrance examination spent year home reading writing subsequently passed examination joined took years obtain bachelor degree year longer usual persuaded friend taking master degree kill interest literature briefly held job school teacher quit protest school asked substitute physical training master experience realise career writing decided stay home write novels published work book review 17th century england subsequently started writing occasional local interest story english newspapers magazines writing pay income year regular life needs family friends respected supported unorthodox choice career wrote novel friends effort ridiculed uncle rejected string publishers book created town creatively reproduced social sphere country ignored limits imposed colonial rule grew socio political changes british post independence india turning point sister house met fell love year old girl lived nearby despite financial obstacles managed gain permission girl father married following marriage reporter madras based paper called justice dedicated rights non publishers thrilled cause job brought contact wide variety people issues earlier sent manuscript friends friend oxford time friend showed manuscript recommended book publisher finally published shortening familiar english speaking audience book semi autobiographical built incidents childhood reviews favourable sales novel bachelor_of_arts inspired experiences college dealt theme rebellious adolescent transitioning adjusted adult published different publisher recommendation novel dark room domestic showcasing man woman victim marriage published publisher book received good reviews father died forced accept commission government making money books highlights problems certain socially accepted practices book focusing plight students classroom associated shame concept matching hindu marriages emotional toll bride groom covered second book book addresses concept wife putting husband antics attitudes died death affected deeply remained depressed long time concerned daughter years old brought significant change life inspiration novel english teacher book like books autobiographical completes thematic trilogy following subsequent interviews acknowledges english teacher entirely autobiography albeit different names characters change setting explains emotions detailed book reflected time death bolstered successes tried hand journal indian thought help uncle car salesman managed thousand subscribers madras city venture long inability manage ceased publication year collection short stories days published november followed english teacher cut england war started publishing company naming publishing company success active managed granddaughter soon devoted readership stretching new_york moscow books started selling started building house outskirts house completed busy years english teacher writings took imaginative creative external style compared semi autobiographical tone earlier novels effort book exhibiting modified approach draws experiences particularly aspect starting journal makes marked movement away earlier novels biographical events soon published financial expert considered masterpiece hailed original works fiction inspiration novel true story financial genius related brother novel waiting loosely based fictional visit deals protagonist romantic feelings woman attends visiting woman named loose parody india focus novel includes significant references indian independence movement focus life ordinary individual narrated usual dose irony works published united_states time later relinquished rights writings bring social structures views february arranged daughter wedding following orthodox hindu rituals wedding began travelling occasionally continuing write words day road guide written visiting united_states maintained daily journal later serve foundation book diary time visit england met friend mentor time return india guide published book representative writing skills elements ambivalent expression coupled like conclusion book won award occasionally known form thoughts way essays published newspapers journals sunday collection essays work published book soon diary describing experiences visit united_states published included collection essay writing guide novel published book reviewed having narrative classical art form comedy delicate control launch book restless took travelling visited australia spent weeks adelaide sydney melbourne giving lectures indian literature trip funded fellowship time achieved significant success literary financial large house wrote study fewer windows drove new luxury india time visit daughter moved marriage success india abroad started writing columns magazines newspapers including hindu atlantic published mythological work gods demons collection rewritten translated short stories hindu like works book illustrated younger brother stories included selective list chosen basis powerful protagonists impact lasting reader knowledge book launch took travelling abroad earlier essay written americans wanting understand spirituality visit swedish american actress topic despite denial knowledge published work novel inspired american visits consists extreme indian american stereotypes drawing cultural differences displays characteristic comedy narrative book reviewed lacking depth year travelled england received honorary years quiet period published book collection short stories horse goats remembered promise dying uncle started translating english published years work immediately publishing started working condensed translation sanskrit epic researching writing epic published book painter signs bit longer makes marked change works deals hitherto subjects sex development protagonist character similar earlier creations published later years commissioned government write book promote tourism state work published larger government publication late 1970s thought deserved better republished indian thought publications book contains personal perspective local history heritage characters creations misses enjoyable narrative year elected honorary member letters won medal time works translated chinese time published novel tiger tiger relationship humans novel man published tale aspiring journalist time published collections short stories days revised edition including original book stories tree stories new collection completed collection essays topics diverse system nobel prize winners love collection included essays written newspapers magazines living developed interest agriculture bought acre agricultural land tried hand farming prone walking market afternoon buying things interact people typical afternoon stop steps greet likely gathering material book nominated upper house contributions literature entire year term focused issue plight school children especially heavy load school books negative effect system child creativity highlighted debut novel friends inaugural speech focused particular problem resulted formation committee chaired recommend changes school educational system published novel world set age shows work appears skip narrative details included written earlier career soon finished novel fell ill moved madras close daughter family years daughter died cancer granddaughter started taking care addition managing indian thought publications published final book grandmother tale book autobiographical great grandmother travelled far wide find husband ran away shortly marriage story narrated grandmother child final years fond conversation spend evening publisher hindu drinking coffee talking topics past midnight despite fondness meeting talking people stopped giving interviews interviews result interview time spend days hospital dragged city photographs article hospitalised hours planning writing novel story grandfather selective choice asked better started novel died age literary review writing style writing technique natural element humour focused ordinary people reminding reader door neighbours cousins like providing greater ability relate topic unlike national contemporaries able write indian society having modify characteristic simplicity conform trends fiction writing employed use nuanced prose gentle tamil overtones based nature characters critics considered indian similarities writings simplicity gentle beauty humour tragic situations considered similar indian writer new_yorker considered writings realism variety according winner short stories feeling novels pages long taking minutes read adds title sentence end provides reader struggle achieve hundreds pages complete insight lives characters characteristics abilities led classify belonging short story include connor compares guy ability narrative losing story common themes middle class life written vision critics noted writings tend descriptive objective style rooted detached spirit providing authentic realistic narration attitude coupled perception life provided unique ability fuse characters actions ability use ordinary events create connection mind reader significant contributor writing style creation stereotypical small town standard norms tradition apply writing style compared works brought humour energy ordinary life displaying similarities extended demands society approach subjects similar methods different illustrated points immense prose simple realistic capturing elements fictional semi urban town southern india created town september day start new efforts chosen grandmother mentioned later interview biographers susan mind saw railway station slowly came town created historical record dating days noted lord passed said visited town travels provided strict physical constraints town allowed form shape events stories reference point future scholar works created map based fictional town books stories evolved changing political landscape india 1980s india dictated changing british names towns removal british landmarks mayor city council removed long standing statue early residents showed proof strong support indian independence movement council forced earlier actions good comparison place characterised familiar road like looks works town gets better definition different novels stories critical reception broke help reading took work agent book instrumental changing title appropriate friends finding publishers books early works commercial successes authors time began notice trip asked meet people heard actually effect meeting subsequently read dark room wrote expressing admiration contemporary writer took liking early works author shared dry humorous narrative labeled south indian critics despite popularity reading public fellow writers work received critical exploration accorded writers stature success united_states came little later started publishing books visit country fellowship universities including time noticed work compared review works published new_yorker called writer breed writer citizen identifies completely subjects belief significance humanity having published novels essays short stories credited bringing indian writing rest world regarded india greatest writers twentieth century critics described writings charming harmless come criticism later writers particularly indian origin classed writings having pedestrian style shallow vocabulary narrow vision according subjects similar deal small section society adds prose able subjects similar opinion held characterizes writings pedestrian naive simplicity language combined lack complexity emotions characters general perception involve writings politics problems india mentioned columns according new_yorker writings simple display lack interest politics delivers narrative technique dealing subjects entirely avoid letting words play reader mind vice chancellor says wrote political topics context subjects unlike dealt political structures problems time book english says fact completely ignored british rule focused private lives characters political statement declaring independence influence west simplicity writing received biographers wrote narrative comedic art inclusive vision informed illusion human action multiple booker nominee classes writings realism cardinal sins according works individual private entity public concept innovation called addition early works important english language fiction india innovation provided western readers works english infused eastern hindu perspective mason holds view assessment write editorials events describes actual feelings applies equally awards honours won numerous awards course literary career major award award guide book film received award best story received republic day honours awarded medal british royal society literature honorary member elected honorary member letters nominated nobel prize literature multiple times won honour recognition came form honorary end career nominated upper house year term starting contributions indian literature year death awarded india second highest civilian honour legacy greatest achievement making india accessible outside world literature regarded leading english language indian fiction writers gave readers look forward residents considered best india produced brought small town india audience manner believable fictional town india characters attitudes making situation familiar reader backyard google commemorated birthday featuring showing copy days shall meet thought comes close novel wait novel wait door loved streets excitement certainty pleasure stranger approaching past bank cinema saloon stranger greet know unexpected revealing phrase open door human existence list works mythology short story collections adaptations book guide adapted film guide hindi movie directed english language version released happy way film book wrote column life magazine guide criticising film book adapted broadway play staged playing lead role music score novel tamil film miss starring hindi version produced novel financial expert movie short stories adapted actor director television series days happy adaptations complimented producers sticking storyline books | R. K. Narayan | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
28355_EdwardSaid | arabic pronunciation arabic november september palestinian american literary professor english history comparative literature columbia_university public intellectual founder post colonial studies palestinian arab born jerusalem days mandatory palestine american citizen way father veteran world war having moved jerusalem young boy said later advocate political human rights palestinian people cultural critic said known book critical analysis believed culturally inaccurate representations bases western study eastern world presents perceive represent said argued scholarship remains tied societies produced work inherently political power suspect thesis defined political culture arises shapes political culture turn book said shows european thought people colony shows political culture shapes colony model influenced literary theory literary criticism especially field middle eastern studies transformed academic discourse researchers examine describe define cultures middle_east academic historians disagreed thesis especially anglo american historian derived said knowledge colonial literature literary theories post theories critical works educated western canon british school egypt said wrote autobiography place applied education cultural gaps political cultural understanding west middle_east improving western understanding israeli palestinian conflict telling decade long membership controversial public intellectual drawing experiences family palestinian christians middle_east time establishment said argued establishment palestinian state ensure equal political human rights israel including right return way political pressure israel recognize grant respect human rights vein said criticized political cultural policies arab muslim regimes acted national interests peoples said remained active late life dying september interview said summarized role status quo judge criticize choose choice agency return individual stated ideal community interests profitable commercial goals values human decent way acknowledging difficult goals achieve think biography early life born november businessman jerusalem native palestinian arab christian man component commanded general world war war time military service granted said citizenship family mother born mother raised war ended established business cairo partnership cousin like husband arab christian said family practiced variety greek orthodox christianity edward sister pursued academic career like brother education said described early life boy life lived worlds cairo jerusalem young man years said enrolled jerusalem later describe experience arab family like connected british mother admired edward viii prince wales year birth student early years palestinian going school egypt english american passport certain identity matters worse arabic native language english school language mixed known language felt fully home dream time speak english sentence find echoing arabic vice versa late 1940s school days included egyptian branch classmate later actor remembered physically abusive classmates included king jordan egyptian syrian arabian boys academic careers progressed ministers prime ministers leading businessmen respective countries colonial time school educated selection arab young men ruling class course careers rule respective countries british school attended sent school moment student victoria college given student handbook series regulations governing aspect school life kind uniform wear equipment needed sports dates school holidays bus schedules school rule opening page handbook read english language school students caught speaking language punished native speakers english students masters british crew arabs kinds greeks italians jews turks native language school explicitly outlawed nearly spoke arabic spoke arabic french able refuge common language defiance perceived colonial despite high intelligence academic achievements said proved troublesome student expelled sent egypt eastern attended massachusetts elite college prep boarding school endured psychologically difficult year social nonetheless said excelled academically achieved rank second class students later retrospect parents decision send far middle_east influenced prospects people like uncertain best send far away possible realities life interwoven cultures feeling place far home affected said degree adult life themes continually arose academic political intellectual works wrote said matured intellectual young man fluent english french arabic earning bachelor_of_arts master arts degrees princeton_university respectively followed doctor philosophy english literature harvard_university despite intellectual achievements said battle identity related language arabic english specifically continued adult life discusses battle language place reflections exile describing carry life career peers examined particular aspect identity intellectual porter language things career said joined columbia_university member english comparative literature taught worked visiting professor comparative literature harvard fellow center advanced study science stanford_university professor english comparative literature columbia_university subsequently professor visiting professor said worked visiting professor yale_university universities said universities middle_east canada united_states europe published books lifetime said promoted professor highest rank academic job columbia_university said served president editor arab studies quarterly executive board member letters said presented bbc annual lecture series titled representation intellectual examined role public intellectual contemporary society bbc published literary production said published book expansion presented earn phd later criticism society remark said entire career project said ideas works 17th century philosopher intellectuals book beginnings intention method theoretical bases literary criticism said later works include world text critic nationalism literature culture representations intellectual democratic criticism late style like post modern intellectual philosophers said fascinated people western world perceive peoples things different culture effects society politics power literature led founding intellectual post colonial criticism remains principal cultural contribution said influential critical interpretations works bolstered intellectual reputation cultural critic established critique description analyses source inaccurate cultural representations foundation western thought middle_east west represents east thesis proposes existence subtle persistent prejudice islamic peoples culture derives western culture long tradition false images asia general middle_east particular said argued perceptions consequent cultural representations served continue serve implicit colonial ambitions european powers likewise said criticized denounced political cultural regimes ruling arab false representations arabic culture created anglo far united_states concerned slight arabs essentially seen oil suppliers potential terrorists little detail human density passion arab life entered awareness people profession report arab world instead series crude islamic world presented way world vulnerable military aggression said contended western study islamic civilization political meant self objective intellectual inquiry academic study oriental studies functioned practical method cultural discrimination domination western knows orient exerted impact fields literary theory cultural studies human geography history oriental studies parting philosophical works works early western critics western views islam middle ages said argued derived perceptions east west suspect accepted face value faithful true accurate representations oriental peoples things said proposed history european colonial rule consequent political domination eastern writing meaning culturally sympathetic transforming term doubt controversial example englishman india egypt later nineteenth century took interest countries far status mind british colonies different saying academic knowledge india egypt tinged impressed violated gross political fact saying study said orient represented antiquity western literature painting sculpture form stereotypes example cites greek tragedy protagonist fails falls true nature east europe politically dominated asia degree objective western texts orient culturally biased degree western scholars appropriated intellectual tasks studying exploring interpreting languages histories cultures orient implying peoples incapable speaking capable composing cultural historical narratives written asia past constructing modern identities asia perspective establishes west cultural norm emulate exotic concluded western writing orient depicts oriental culture weak condition greatly contrasted rational strong masculine culture west said says artificial relation derives european psychological need create difference cultural inequality west east inequality attributed cultural inherent oriental peoples things intellectual cultural commercial success book assumed historical resonance wake war petroleum recent events surprised western countries europe expect pro active decisive definitive actions non western peoples ideology defined weak societies countries said reality israeli military arab economic warfare demonstrated fictional nature representations western perceptions non western criticism provoked professional personal criticism incurred historian said unfortunate professional consequences public perception intellectual quality scholarship stated said work drawing critical theory caused unfortunate consequences think tendency middle_east studies field adopt word swear word essentially referring people wrong position arab israeli dispute people judged conservative good good disciplines people word thought enables people dismiss certain scholars works think bad meant term kind slogan historical pen double standards inside social said said west dominated east ottoman_empire political military threat europe late 17th century errors edward said reported said incorrectly described british_empire extending egypt india late 19th century ottoman_empire simultaneously active region empire information intelligence gathering india said height european european power orient absolute depended local collaborators strategies european powers collaborated peoples lust knowing enemies said palestine egypt poor historical examples european control short periods late 19th early 20th centuries believed said ignored better examples british india russia asian said sought score political points west actions middle_east ideological war ideas erupted book particular intellectual nemesis said thesis said identified lewis book perfect establishment work objective liberal scholarship reality close propaganda subject material sheer anti trace critical self consciousness experience achieved sublime confidence purely political exploits require time mention worth series articles particularly weak book muslim discovery europe lewis busy responding argument insisting western quest knowledge societies unique motivated pure curiosity contrast muslims able interested getting knowledge europe knowledge europe acceptable criterion true knowledge lewis arguments presented exclusively scholar time authority drawn anti islamic anti arab cold war covered little common science learning lewis replied said lewis works political propaganda anti intellectual essays critical said works lewis later joined academics said represents flawed account scholarship said edition answered criticisms edition book critics argued said followers failed critically distinguish varieties featured western popular culture mass communications media temple doom oriental studies languages histories cultures eastern world discovery india past said said opposition discourse prompted create failing distinguish secular intellectual traditions age enlightenment stated said ignored wide range fundamental differences opinion nature oriental peoples things failed acknowledge sought establish cultural cultural difference east west scholars discoveries later provided foundations anti imperial nationalism said times literary supplement theoretical flaw failure distinguish numerous writers held different cultural perspectives experiences orient german poet traveled east french novelist toured egypt french advanced racist theories semitic peoples british translator fluent arabic defending west critique said varied origins cultural attitudes rode factual historical considerations said ignored order construct stereotype europeans thesis nature lust knowing enemies said said ignored domination 19th century oriental studies german scholars countries imperial colonies orient earlier critics said brief survey german scholarship limited book leading said counter demonstrated brief survey limits scholarly value application thesis politics discourse applied eastern world opposition western world personal article afraid said establishing ethnicity cultural background tests authority studying orient drew attention ethnic cultural identities palestinian man colonial british middle_east article historiography british empire said said education british american disqualified writing orient virtue arguments said lived adult life university professor argued representations embedded language culture institutions political interwoven great things truth representation excessive cultural trapped academic said post colonial theorist followers web limits speak cultural representations whilst simultaneously allowing said deny existence objective truth orient publication said praised intellectual superstar range inquiry drawing literary theory comparative literature history political commentary cultural criticism music criticism text field post colonial studies called central truth images east incursions terrain historically gone hand hand influential book area theory written author explains basic introduction shaped real history wider philosophical intellectual context said academic friends foes acknowledged influence scholarship critics argued thesis limiting influence scholars whilst supporters said thesis fields post colonial cultural studies attempt explain post colonial world peoples validity continue especially field middle eastern studies scholarship especially applicable literary criticism cultural studies including reviews post colonial history india modern literary theories iran people interrupted eastern_europe developed concept derived ideas historian eastern europe map civilization mind enlightenment said ideas bulgarian historian imagining balkans presented concept derived concept middle eastern historian presented concept biblical historical analysis complex local palestinian reality occurred 1830s early 20th century notes selective usage religion approaching holy land created view holy land devoid history biblical impacts theological studies said post colonial discourse impact appearance post colonial theology post colonial biblical criticism reader approach scripture perspective colonial reader information book named bible invented traditions post palestine israel politics day war said entered public sphere counter perceived news media explained arab israeli wars claimed divorced historical realities middle_east general palestine israel particular address explain correct issue said published arab portrayed descriptive essay images arab meant evade specific discussion historical cultural realities peoples live middle_east featured journalism scholarship essay standpoint victims said argued favour political legitimacy authenticity claims right jewish homeland inherent right national self determination palestinian people said books israel palestine include question palestine politics end peace process said suffered personal consequences political activism said public statements state nature arab israeli relations officially said said nazi anti statements viewed anti set fire office columbia_university family continually subjected death threats said independent member proponent state solution israeli palestinian conflict voted establishment meeting meeting said quit membership protest internal politics lead signing oslo declaration principles thought accord terms unacceptable rejected said displeased oslo produce independent palestine politically inferior plan rejected plan said presented behalf government late 1970s especially troublesome said belief betrayed right return palestinian refugees houses properties territories pre israel ignored growing political threat israeli settlements occupied territories established conquest palestine response said political criticisms banned sale said books lifted book ban said publicly praised rejecting prime minister offers camp david mid-1990s said wrote foreword history book jewish history jewish religion weight thousand years presents cultural proposition israel rooted requirement permission jews commit crimes including murder non jews foreword said said history classic modern judaism relevant understanding modern israel praised historian describing contemporary israel nation nazi cultural allowed palestinian works remained fundamentally critical nationalism view palestine remains today expressed sorts reservations militant nationalist consensus suggested instead critical look arab environment palestinian history israeli realities explicit conclusion negotiated settlement communities suffering arab jewish provide respite war said bbc documentary film palestine past palestine present returned country emigrated company son said revisited places confronted israeli social cultural ordinary contemporary despite social cultural prestige usual bbc cinema products documentary broadcast american television company palestine july whilst touring middle_east son said photographed throwing stone israel border image political criticism action demonstrating inherent personal sympathy terrorism commentary magazine journalist labelled said professor terror aggression israel said explained stone throwing fold action personal political man man contest skill father son arab man gesture joy end israeli occupation southern lebanon half mile away despite having denied aimed stone israeli newspaper ambassador reported local resident reported said metres distance soldiers manning storey said aimed threw stone border fence stone path thwarted struck barbed wire atop border fence despite objections student groups columbia_university university published page letter defending said action academic freedom expression knowledge stone directed law broken indictment criminal civil action taken professor said endured political repercussions cancellation february invitation austria lecture president society justified withdrawing invitation explaining said political situation middle_east consequences rendered accusation anti matter accusation dangerous politics austria cancelled invitation said order avoid internal clash opinions divide culture resistance conversations said likened political situation situation endured public intellectual similar known great celebrated honored anti hitler deny experience anti holocaust unacceptable don want anybody history suffering hand great difference acknowledging jewish oppression cover oppression people surveillance said established headed party democratic party meant alternative usual party politics palestine political party ideology specifically alternative politics social democratic said founding group international political activities concerning palestine noticed government obtained pages page political fbi compiled said begun years career public intellectual active politics music having public intellectual accomplished pianist worked music critic wrote books music musical parallels music society author late style music literature grain music limits final spoke finding musical reflections literary historical ideas bold compositions strong performances musical world composer acknowledged deep influence works symphony thematically alludes essay homage belly dancer egyptian actress political militant piano titled reflections exile thematically refers emotions inherent exile founded west eastern orchestra composed young israeli palestinian arab musicians established develop education music projects managing west eastern orchestra assists administration awards honors prestigious organizations world wide awarded honorary university degrees course professional life academic critic man letters honors bestowed prize harvard_university twice received occasion inaugural said literary award beginnings intention method received awarded inaugural lens prize said awarded literary award received prince award concord citizen receive autobiography place bestowed awards new book award non fiction wolf book award non fiction literature death legacy september enduring year sickness chronic died years age new_york_city survived wife son daughter included mighty passionate heart late style edward said cosmopolitan remembering edward said november palestine renamed music school edward said national music tributes include books schools waiting tribute features essays critical biography legacy emancipation representations essays berlin established | Edward Said | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
28401_ClareWingerHarris | january october early science fiction writer short stories published 1920s credited woman publish stories science fiction magazines stories dealt characters borders humanity harris began publishing soon liked readers sold total stories collected away gender surprise editor bought work woman publish science fiction stories stories feature strong female characters occasionally reprinted received positive critical response including recognition pioneering role woman writer male dominated field life born january illinois later attended massachusetts married husband architect engineer served world war chief engineer iowa organizers cleveland ohio harris gave birth sons born born born died california harris wrote acclaimed works 1920s stopped writing raise educate children writing career harris published short story runaway world july issue december year submitted story contest run editor harris story fate space opera steal earth water placed harris soon popular writers harris eventually published short stories pulp magazines amazing stories published places quarterly harris short stories collected title away stories reprinted daughters earth feminist science fiction 20th century critical essay wonder years wow sense wonder science fiction wrote novel romance ancient greece harris wrote attempts classify science fiction august issue listed basic science fiction themes including space travel adventures worlds creation synthetic life critical view influence published harris short story praised writing expressing woman write good science fiction called saying prize winner prove woman surprises contest rule women good writers education general tendencies scientific matters usually limited exception usual proves rule exception case impressive years harris claimed woman science fiction writer united_states debated writing pseudonym published science fiction stories early harris recognized woman publish stories science fiction magazines harris published handful stories reprinted years miracle lily reprinted praised critics saying story won hugo award best short story award existed wrote today reader find prose old fashioned stories positively fresh provocative ideas fate reprinted number times credited early example science fiction story heroic female lead character harris stories noted featuring strong female characters airplane pilot mechanic cycle harris wrote story utilizing female point view fifth dimension harris woman published science fiction magazines embrace female characters themes recognized recent years pioneer women feminist science fiction novels romance ancient greece collections away stories short stories stories included away runaway world weird tales july fate amazing stories june certain soldier weird tales november fifth dimension december menace mars october miracle lily amazing stories april artificial man quarterly fall baby neptune december drug amazing stories evolutionary amazing stories quarterly winter cycle quarterly spring essays letter air wonder stories september letter wonder stories august | Clare Winger Harris | Language and literature | Language and literature | Writers, publishers, and critics |
4_Plainmaskray | plain plain brown species family found shallow soft habitats northern australia reaching width species diamond shaped grayish green pectoral fin disc short whip like tail alternating black white bands fin short rows base tail skin smooth species possesses dark mask like pattern eyes common genus patterned like benthic nature plain feeds mainly shrimp worms lesser extent small bony fishes viviparous females producing litters young gestation milk species lacks economic value caught incidentally thought able withstand build limited distribution low listed taxonomy phylogeny scientific description plain authored researcher peter issue memoirs specific comes latin marked refers ray coloration male caught western_australia designated tentatively placed species genus noting belonged species group included elevated group rank genus basis morphological molecular phylogenetic evidence phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial nuclear dna plain found basal members divergence lineage estimated occurred furthermore individuals study genetically distinct suggesting cryptic species complex species estimated diverged event likely splitting ancestral population coastline changes description pectoral fin disc plain thin diamond shaped narrowly rounded outer corners measuring times longer wide leading margins disc gently concave converge broad angle pointed tip snout small eyes placed close nostrils elongated skirt shaped skin small mouth bears prominent furrows corners contains slender floor small found outside mouth pairs gill slits pelvic fins fairly large pointed tail short barely exceeding length disc intact broad flattened base leading usually spines tail slender bears long ventral fin fold shorter lower dorsal fin fold body lacks dermal denticles row small closely spaced present row dorsal coloration grayish green pinkish disc margins dark mask like shape eyes pair small dark tail alternating black white bands variable width ending black tip underside plain white ventral fin fold light grayish color species grows long distribution habitat plain inhabits continental shelf northern australia queensland western australia including seas reports range extends southern common species native region species prefers habitats fine sediment recorded deep tends found farther away shore range biology ecology plain generally hunts surface substrate digging prey diet consists predominantly shrimp worms small bony fishes eaten occasional larger rays consume greater variety prey relatively worms compared smaller rays species like plain viviparous developing embryos sustained term milk produced mother mature females single functional left litter size measure males females reach sexual maturity disc respectively maximum lifespan estimated years males years females human interactions main conservation threat plain incidental capture commercial fisheries present day caused australia operates range species discarded caught delicate bodied unlikely survive encounters gear historically species negatively affected japanese chinese northern australia factors coupled plain limited distribution low reproductive rate resulted assessed | Plain maskray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
182_Tawnynurseshark | nurse shark nurse shark species carpet shark family extant member genus found widely coastlines preferring reefs sandy flats beds shallow water depth cylindrical body broad flattened head nurse shark similar appearance nurse shark atlantic distinguished pointed tipped dorsal fins narrow shaped pectoral fins maximum recorded length nurse shark nocturnal habits nurse shark tends spend day resting piles dozen individuals inside caves night active swimming predator uses powerful force extract prey inside holes diet species consists mainly octopus invertebrates small bony fishes rarely sea snakes viviparous meaning embryos hatch egg inside mother carpet shark embryos feeding eggs produced mother inside litter size small based large size near term embryos compared nurse shark nurse shark disposition allow divers touch play accorded respect powerful jaws sharp teeth species caught commercial fisheries range meat fins liver oil leather game fish queensland australia known habit water faces captors assessed nurse shark vulnerable areas diminished taxonomy phylogeny nurse shark described french naturalist based long specimen new_guinea short account published voyage tour sur corvette detailed description illustration published german naturalist based specimen red_sea names retained separate genera respectively recognized tooth shape differences separate species result differences age representing younger individuals genus derived greek word meaning skin specific epithet latin colored common names species include giant shark madame coined shark fisherman 1930s unidentified australian specimens nurse shark shark shark shark shark based morphological similarities believed sister genus placed clade contains short tail nurse shark whale shark shark distribution habitat nurse shark widely distributed indian_ocean found south_africa northward red_sea india including madagascar mauritius western pacific occurs southern japan coast china philippines southeast_asia indonesia far south northern coast australia central pacific reported fossil teeth belonging species found northern brazil dating presence fossils indicates range nurse shark extended tropical atlantic_ocean prior formation panama species nurse shark inhabits continental shelves sandy flats beds outer edges coral rocky reefs shark found surf zone water barely deep cover body maximum depth coral reefs common depth young sharks generally found shallow areas adults encountered variety habitats description nurse shark grows maximum length robust cylindrical body broadly rounded flattened head eyes small face prominent ridges smaller pair long slender nostrils mouth small lower lip divided tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw arranged overlapping pattern functional rows separated rest narrow space tooth resembles fan broad base rising small sharp central point flanked smaller sides shark ages teeth relatively taller thicker fourth fifth pairs gill slits placed closer dorsal pelvic fins angular dorsal fin larger second pectoral fins narrow pointed shaped shape separates species similar looking nurse shark origin dorsal fin origin pelvic fins origin anal fin somewhat origin second dorsal fin caudal fin shallow upper lobe barely present lower lobe comprising quarter total length adults dermal denticles diamond shaped bearing faint ridges blunt point nurse sharks yellowish reddish grayish brown white capable slowly changing color better blend environment young sharks white lower nurse sharks found coasts japan taiwan lack second dorsal fin physical speculated result pregnant females exposed water unusually high temperature possibly human activity long adult male missing dorsal fin partial form white body color gray brown eyes captured japan individual largest shark known date having survived long time wild despite lack camouflage biology ecology streamlined form nurse sharks nurse shark believed benthic active swimmer characteristics body head fins teeth comparable active reef sharks sharing range lemon shark nurse sharks primarily nocturnal said active hours madagascar captivity active presented food day groups dozen sharks found resting inside caves stacked atop individual sharks small home ranges consistently return day nurse shark natural predators attacks species reported bull sharks great related nurse shark known fall prey tiger sharks lemon sharks known parasites species include species genus shark spiral feeding nurse shark fishes specializing octopus known food items include sea crustaceans crabs squid small fishes occasional sea snake hunting nurse sharks swim slowly sea floor heads depressions holes prey item found shark expands large muscular creating powerful negative pressure prey mouth life history mating nurse shark known occur july august madagascar adult females functional functional mode reproduction meaning embryos hatch inside females captivity documented non viable egg led erroneous reports shark egg species shaped thin brown translucent shells nurse shark carpet shark developing embryos exhaust supply yolk gorge eggs produced mother acquire abdomen characteristic embryos unlike sharks eggs consumed embryos large shelled small undeveloped evidence sibling sand tiger shark authors reported length birth possibly reflecting geographic variation females release eggs large size suggest litter size examined female embryos sharing single embryo smaller thinner implying competition eliminate additional siblings males attain sexual maturity length females length human interactions encounters nurse sharks underwater indicate demeanor similar nurse shark usually divers able approach sharks closely touch play incident species provoked biting merits respect strength small sharp teeth extremely powerful jaws nurse sharks favored attractions divers thailand species captivity displayed public europe united_states okinawa singapore hand fed nurse shark taken commercial fisheries operating range including pakistan india thailand philippines exception australian waters taken small numbers shark caught floating fixed gill nets hook line meat sold fresh dried fins shark fin soup processed addition liver source oil thick tough skin leather products queensland australia nurse shark valued big game hooked large individuals opponents difficult subdue habit spinning capable powerful jet water faces captors making noises jets making shark species sharks produce noise deliberate defensive behavior uncertain assessed nurse shark vulnerable worldwide faces heavy fishing pressure low reproductive dispersal rates limit ability exploited populations recover furthermore shark habitat renders susceptible habitat degradation destructive fishing practices explosives especially prevalent indonesia philippines human harassment localized declines nurse shark documented india thailand australia species assessed concern targeted fisheries | Tawny nurse shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
269_Stephanolepiscirrhifer | commonly known thread sail species marine fish family found western pacific area ranges northern japan korea common names fish include japanese korean fish grows maximum length inches centimetres plant material small marine organisms like skeleton shrimp host parasite minor genetic born wild bred consumer use shown fish edible sold commercially purposes asian countries taxonomy fish described observed fauna coasts japan initially placed genus transferred genus species derives latin word means bearing fringes hair common names japanese korean fish fool fish striped description habitat thread sail grow maximum adult length centimetres inches dorsal fin strong retractable folding backwards spine second dorsal fin anal fin soft comparatively small pectoral fins truncated fan shaped tail fins dorsal anal fins second dorsal anal caudal fins rounded males soft dorsal fin rays extended ray particularly long thread fish small abdominal spike fish colored light brown light greenish slightly patterned irregular broken stripes range medium brown juveniles species usually seek shelter safety predators clusters drifting adult thread sail usually reside near depth metres feet fish migrate wholly ocean waters feeding spawning grounds cover range kilometres miles spawning season lasts august juveniles centimetres inches inhabit shallow water feed small crustaceans algae adult fish solitary live coral ecology thread sail feed plant animal matter diet includes consists mainly skeleton shrimp species marina fish feeds smaller organisms including species tube worms thread sail feed fish genus gelatinous moon giant host parasite fins female fish uses thread sail sold commercially food asian countries including korea japan demand fish korea high fisheries employ services fish breeding fish supplement enhance supply stock degree found unique populations resulting minor variations certain genes occur exclusively population genetic born wild bred apparently occurred | Stephanolepis cirrhifer | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
509_Diamondstingray | diamond diamond species family found coastal waters southern california northern chile generally inhabits sandy muddy flats near rocky reefs forests depth hawaii range considerably deeper common suggests species angular diamond shaped pectoral fin disc plain brown gray rows shoulders long whip like tail dorsal ventral fin distinguish ray closely similar typically grows searching food diamond form groups hundreds individuals active night mainly invertebrates small bony fishes extracted digging species viviparous embryos exhaust yolk supply milk produced mother females bear pups summer mating followed month period sperm storage arrested development embryos rapidly mature months slowest growing known species fishing pressure caught food latin_america particularly mexico economically important rays led assessed mexico species listed humans diamond long tail spine potentially dangerous taxonomy phylogeny diamond described twice american proceedings bulletin jordan gilbert account published published october making feminine correct published gave precedence leading long standing confusion later genus authors listed place addition hawaiian followed authors requires study confirmation species collected california specific epithet derived latin wing tail referring fin sides tail rat tailed common species phylogenetic analysis based morphology determined diamond western atlantic_ocean sister species likely diverged formation panama addition found second basal taxa genus common distribution habitat diamond found eastern pacific_ocean southern california northern chile abundant baja california northern southern extremes range generally present periods suitably warm water brought record ray british_columbia unconfirmed highly known tropical warm temperate species dwelling waters diamond favors sandy muddy bottoms near rocky reefs forests southern california usually occurs zone depth summer shifting depths late fall winter unknown reasons prefers forests sandy flats chile diamond occurs similar depth hand species reported far hawaii accurate suggest utilizes greater range depths previously realized description diamond disc width possibly females grow larger males pectoral fin disc shape slightly wider long angular outer corners subtly convex margins snout blunt angled non projecting eyes fairly large immediately followed paired respiratory openings mouth strongly curved containing upper tooth rows lower tooth rows teeth small blunt arranged flattened surfaces like structures found row floor mouth whip like tail generally measures half times length disc bears replacements grown long slender spine upper surface closer base tip spine long dorsal ventral fin rise gradually reaching relatively high apex sloping abruptly presence upper fin fold separates species similar shares range tail damaged case species field impossible young rays completely smooth skin adults develop row low flanked shorter rows shoulders tail covered species uniform olive brown gray black tail white biology ecology diamond active night spending day buried sand eyes protruding foraging food solitary commonly forms groups numbering hundreds strong segregation sex age species feeds crustaceans invertebrates small bony fishes powerful jaws like teeth allow crush hard shelled prey mainly targets organisms prey exposed record female small crabs complex baja california sur important source food crabs followed razor worms typical hunting strategy diamond cruise sea floor landing atop prey encountered quickly body disc producing negative pressure extract prey ray known large pits disc jets water uncover buried prey diamond frequently trailed smaller fishes including mexican long spine advantage invertebrates stirred ray activities known parasites species include like diamond viviparous embryos initially yolk later milk rich proteins produced mother left functional adult females bays pacific coast baja california known serve life history information available species come females bear litter pups year courtship mating occurs late summer july august month period sperm storage embryo dormant development begin following year completed months takes place summer july september shallow measure years higher temperatures appear shift timing birth forward diamond lowest growth rate species studied males reach sexual maturity years age females grow slower reaching maturity years age maximum lifespan estimated years males years females human interactions fatality southern california resulted long tail spine diamond aggressive usually flee given opportunity ray found united_states sufficient numbers economically important range caught substantial numbers human consumption intentionally pectoral fins wings sold fresh notes diamond low reproductive productivity renders susceptible population currently lacks biological fishery data assess overall central south american parts range mexico diamond important components pacific shark ray fisheries comprising tenth total annual catch significance likely mexican fishery reports frequently suffer lack species specific data mainly caught summer fall common ray landed second common ray landed state main fishing gear employed adult juvenile rays easily tail spines juveniles known comprised catch species caught incidentally fish traps future habitat degradation increasing numbers shrimp farms pose additional threat species region result pressures iucn assessed diamond mexican waters management schemes enacted species | Diamond stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
987_Bigeyethresher | species shark family found temperate tropical oceans worldwide like sharks nearly half total length consists elongated upper lobe tail fin common comes enormous eyes placed shaped allow rotated upward species distinguished pair deep grooves head scientific derived large eyes adapted hunting low light conditions sharks conduct vertical migration staying deep water day moving surface waters night feed protect sensitive brain eyes temperature changes accompanying movements exchange system called organs species feeds mainly fish squid stunned whip like strikes long tail usually bearing litters pups embryos feed produced mother inside shark caught commercial fisheries range meat highly regarded skin fins liver oil valued assessed vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny british biologist scientifically describe papers published proceedings transactions society london given based description specimen caught eastern atlantic_ocean description subsequently overlooked researchers species known different names 1940s new specimens cuba florida prompted original scientific resurrected specific epithet latin super meaning meaning referring distinct lateral grooves eyes analysis conducted showed closest relative forms clade fossil remains dating found region japan distribution habitat virtually distribution western atlantic_ocean reported new_york florida bahamas cuba venezuela southern brazil eastern atlantic known portugal guinea mediterranean_sea western indian_ocean occurs south_africa madagascar pacific_ocean known southern japan taiwan northwestern australia new_zealand eastward hawaii southern california west analysis mitochondrial dna shown atlantic populations somewhat genetically usually found continental shelf open sea occasionally encountered shallow coastal waters occur surface temperatures tracked far temperature little known geographical movements individual documented moving new_york gulf_of_mexico straight line distance description eyes measure adults eye taller wide upper portion extend dorsal surface head allowing eyes orient upwards pair distinctive lateral grooves extend eyes gill slits giving helmet appearance snout moderately long furrows corners mouth teeth moderately large single narrow teeth upper jaw teeth lower jaw shapes similar jaws large small dermal denticles smaller ones numerous interspersed larger ones smaller denticles point half body length taken long upper lobe caudal fin broader large pectoral fins curved anterior margin broad tips dorsal fin placed sharks free rear tip located pelvic fins coloration deep metallic violet brown white color rapidly fades dull gray death long weigh largest known measured long weighed caught near new_zealand february biology ecology size upward orientation eyes adapted search prey dim light species handful shark species conducts vertical migration spending daytime deeper water beneath temperature ranges ascending water deep nighttime migration likely relates finding prey night avoiding predators day sharks daytime swimming patterns usually steady night pattern slow rapid likely preyed larger sharks marine mammals known parasites include sea seen attached near shark appears ecological competitor blue shark numbers species negatively occurs given location feeding larger teeth feeds wider variety prey known food items include schooling forage fish herring benthic fishes larger fishes small squid possibly crab likely use long tails prey prior capture found hooked tails bait fish shape eye vision upward direction better aim strikes mediterranean strongly associated schools frigate suggesting sharks follow concentrations prey place place said uses long tail birds life history like sharks bear litters pups rarely litter size defined breeding season adult females pregnant year apparent time gestation period unknown developing initially yolk sac later exhibit consume eggs produced mother possibly fluid evidence sibling sand tiger shark embryos similar appearance adults larger heads eyes covered thin layer prevents wall embryo sharp dermal denticles observed young sharks young measure long birth males mature length age years females mature length age years maximum lifespan species believed years male years female female estimated produce young entire life conflicting evidence warm bodied like common study carey swimming muscles needle reported finding temperature elevation compared ambient environment examination conducted found possesses red muscles responsible generating heat common muscles arranged strips flanks beneath skin opposed near core body blood vessel exchange system trunk limit loss heat water based differences authors questioned earlier measurements concluded unlikely maintains elevated body temperature possess highly developed system brain eyes thought function sensitive organs temperature changes shark daily water column human interactions shark rarely encountered divers underwater poses danger species taken fisheries operated countries including united_states japan spain brazil mexico constitutes shark catch comprises catch cuba attracted night sticks chemical lights significant fisheries land metric tons annually meat marketed fresh smoked dried highly regarded texture skin leather products liver oil fins shark fin soup waters united_states species considered occasionally caught shark nets beaches south_africa species listed game fish pursued recreational united_states south_africa new_zealand highly susceptible exploitation low lifetime shark species assessed vulnerable | Bigeye thresher | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
1049_Coppershark | copper shark copper shark bronze shark species requiem shark family member genus found temperate latitudes distributed number separate populations northeastern southwestern atlantic southern africa northwestern eastern pacific australia new_zealand scattered reports regions species found rivers shallow bays offshore waters deep females found apart males year conduct seasonal large species reaching long copper shark difficult distinguish large requiem sharks characterized narrow hook shaped upper teeth lack prominent ridge dorsal fins plain bronze coloration feeding mainly cephalopods bony fishes fishes copper shark fast swimming predator known hunt large groups utilizing numbers advantage time remain solitary south_africa species associates closely annual run involving millions southern african like requiem sharks viviparous developing embryos mainly connection formed depleted yolk sac females bear litters pups year coastal nursery areas gestation period long months extremely slow growing males females reaching maturity years age respectively species valued commercial recreational fisheries range utilized food species population size unknown species susceptible population low growth reproductive rates numbers believed declined areas copper sharks attack humans species places sixth number attacks people taxonomy range copper shark scientifically described times different earliest valid description presently considered british zoologist account eighth volume catalogue fishes earliest thought found type specimen associated actually shark shark referred older literature earlier questionable taxonomic status based solely set destroyed jaws belonged copper shark modern authors assigned species genus specific epithet derived greek short tail originated 19th century applied crews vessels pacific saw large sharks species whale species referred black tipped cocktail shark cocktail new_zealand shortened bronze cocktail originally referred stuffed specimen antarctica new_zealand lost australia later discovered bull sharks interests taxonomic stability designated long female caught new_zealand new type specimen phylogeny evolution efforts determine evolutionary relationships copper shark based morphology returned inconclusive results placed grouping placed informal transitional group contained shark reef shark nervous shark silky shark night shark study concluded closest relative copper shark spinner shark resolve wider relationships rest genus teeth copper shark recovered north_carolina dating dating california dating late pleistocene years ago distribution habitat copper shark member genus largely found temperate tropical waters temperatures widely distributed regional populations little interchange atlantic shark occurs mediterranean_sea morocco argentina south_africa separate populations records possibly gulf_of_mexico found japan excluding southern russia southern australia sydney perth occasionally north new_zealand far unconfirmed reports eastern pacific occurs northern chile peru mexico point conception california including copper shark common parts argentina south_africa australia new_zealand rare areas range ill defined confusion species copper sharks found surf zone slightly continental shelf open ocean diving depths species commonly enters shallow habitats including bays inhabits rocky areas offshore islands tolerant low changing reported lower reaches large rivers juveniles inhabit waters deep year adults tend found offshore regularly approach coast spring summer large readily observed shallow water populations copper sharks perform seasonal response temperature changes reproductive events prey availability movement patterns differ sex age adult females juveniles spend winter generally shift higher latitudes spring pregnant females moving coast birth nursery areas adult males remain year late winter spring higher latitudes time encounter mate post females individual sharks recorded traveling returning areas year year description copper shark slender streamlined body slightly arched profile head snout long pointed nostrils preceded low flaps skin round moderately large eyes equipped membranes protective mouth short subtle furrows corners contains upper tooth rows lower tooth rows teeth single narrow upper teeth distinctive hooked shape angled corners jaw lower teeth upright upper teeth adult males longer narrower curved finely adult females juveniles pairs gill slits fairly long pectoral fins large pointed shaped dorsal fin tall pointed apex concave trailing margin origin lies tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin small low positioned opposite anal fin usually ridge dorsal fins caudal fin developed lower lobe deep ventral notch near tip upper lobe species bronze olive gray metallic pink cast fin tips margins color fades quickly dull gray brown death underside white extends flanks prominent band copper shark easily mistaken large species particularly shark identified upper tooth shape absent weak ridge lack obvious fin markings reportedly reaches maximum length weight kilograms biology ecology fast active copper shark encountered pairs loosely organized schools containing hundreds individuals form reproductive purposes form response concentrations food species fall prey larger sharks known parasites copper shark include feeding copper shark feeds water column consuming cephalopods including squid octopus bony fishes including australian salmon sea fishes including sharks electric rays cephalopods fishes relatively important food sharks long young sharks consume crustaceans including mud attack marine mammals known rarely succumbed fishing nets predominant prey species south_africa southern african comprise diet winter schools copper sharks follow run gathering millions forage fish attract multitude predators including species sharks copper sharks numerous large numbers copper sharks observed hunting seemingly cooperative fashion small schooling fish tight ball shark turn mouth open feed groups larger prey pursuing sharks adopt wing formation force quarry closer shark targeting particular fish attacking turn south_africa species reportedly follows net fishing vessels life history like members family copper shark viviparous yolk sac developing embryo depleted converted connection mother delivers adult females functional right functional male bites female prelude mating mating takes place october december spring early summer sexes migrated offshore waters higher latitudes occur june january peaking october november female copper sharks use shallow habitats varying stretches open coast sheltered bays provide abundant food reduce likelihood predation larger members species known suspected nursery areas occur northern inlet bay new_zealand sharks albany gulf vincent australian sharks northwestern pacific sharks sharks rhodes greece nice france morocco mediterranean sharks northwest african sharks rio_de_janeiro brazil buenos_aires argentina southwestern atlantic sharks cove peru mexico san diego bay eastern pacific sharks sources estimate gestation period months data support interpretation month long gestation period instead females produce litters year number pups ranging averaging females california tend bear fewer young relative parts world measure long copper shark slowest growing species south_africa males reach sexual maturity long age years females mature long age years females australia mature comparable length females argentina mature slightly smaller length maximum lifespan years males years females human interactions attacks humans copper sharks attack humans species places sixth number attacks people tracking period attributed attacks species comparison great white sharks topped list attacks large powerful copper shark particularly aggressive humans presence food known harass attack spear attempt steal catches copper sharks swimmers australia new_zealand species common species commonly called bronze world fatal attacks attributed copper shark bronze include death swimmer new south wales australia death swimmer new_zealand shark attacks new_zealand attributed copper sharks witnesses attributed fatal attack september western australia copper shark problem counting attacks humans copper shark similar requiem sharks victims witnesses unlikely correctly identify type genus shark responsible attack experts trying confirm shark attacks species warn statistics number attacks requiem sharks like copper captivity like large active sharks species poorly captivity tends bump sides enclosure resulting infected fatal consequences fishing commercial fisheries copper shark exist new_zealand australia bronze fishery western_australia actually takes sharks south_africa brazil argentina mexico china contributes commercial fisheries range species caught lesser extent meat sold human consumption copper shark popular recreational new_zealand australia south_africa argentina mexico california predominantly new_zealand species frequently caught sport small summer recreational fishery northern mainly captures pregnant post females practices tag release tag release program practiced conservation assessed copper shark worldwide global population unknown long maturation time low reproductive rate species render highly susceptible iucn listed species concern australia new_zealand south_africa fisheries generally managed local copper shark population countries contained entirely respective reported catches new_zealand steadily declined peak tons tons uncertain reflects genuine decline changing fishing habits eastern pacific copper shark rare little fishery information available leading assessment catch declines shark ray species documented heavily copper shark assessed vulnerable species specific data unavailable shark populations overall region number large adults low sustain targeted fisheries 1970s current shark catch consists small juveniles additional threats species include degradation destruction coastal development pollution mortality shark nets protect beaches south_africa australia persecution fish farmers southern australia | Copper shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
1445_Bluespottedribbontailray | ray confused ray species family found zone depth species common tropical indian western coral reef associated habitats fairly small ray exceeding width smooth oval pectoral fin disc large protruding eyes relatively short thick tail deep fin fold underneath easily identified striking color pattern electric blue spots yellowish background pair blue stripes tail night small groups rays follow rising tide sandy flats root small benthic invertebrates bony fishes sediment tide rays separate withdraw shelters reef reproduction viviparous females giving birth litters seven young ray capable injuring humans tail spines prefers flee threatened beauty size ray popular private despite poorly suited captivity listed species faces widespread habitat degradation intensive fishing pressure range taxonomy phylogeny ray originally described swedish naturalist etc specific epithet means dirt designate type specimen german created genus known junior synonym species common names species include ray ray ray ray lesser ray ray reef ray ribbon tailed morphological examination suggested ray closely related american river ray closer distribution habitat widespread waters tropical ray range extends periphery indian_ocean south_africa southeast_asia including madagascar mauritius sri_lanka rare pacific_ocean species found philippines northern australia numerous islands far east rarely found deeper ray dwelling species coral reefs adjacent sandy flats commonly encountered zone tidal pools sighted near beds summer considerable numbers rays arrive south_africa description pectoral fin disc ray oval shape wide long rounded broadly angular snout large protruding eyes immediately followed broad narrow skin fringed posterior margin reaching past mouth lower jaw middle deep furrows present mouth corners tooth rows jaw arranged pavement like plates large floor mouth pelvic fins narrow angular thick depressed tail measures times disc length bears usually spines tail base deep fin fold ventral surface reaching tip tail low ridge upper surface skin generally smooth save scattering small middle dorsal coloration striking consisting numerous circular neon blue spots yellowish brown green background spots vary size smaller disc margin tail stripes blue running far spines eyes bright yellow belly white individuals found southern africa lack blue tail stripes ray grows long biology ecology abundant inhabiting reefs ray generally spends day hidden inside caves coral debris including tail showing night small groups assemble swim shallow sandy flats rising tide feed unlike species seldom sand ray sand pits search worms crabs small benthic bony fishes prey located trapped body ray mouth disc fishes frequently follow foraging rays seeking food missed ray breeding ray occurs late spring summer male follows female disc eventually biting holding documented instance male holding disc smaller male possible case mistaken identity adult males observed gathering shallow water relate reproduction like species viviparous embryos initially sustained yolk later development supplemented milk containing fat proteins produced mother gestation period uncertain thought months long females bear litters seven young miniature version adult measuring males attain sexual maturity disc width maturation size females unknown known predators ray include sharks potentially preyed large fishes marine mammals threatened ray tends flee high speed pattern throw numerous parasites identified species ray observed cleaner raising margins disc pelvic fins human interactions humans ray capable inflicting wound tail spines attractive appearance relatively small size resulted common found home trade seldom captivity able maintain long specimens refuse feed seemingly healthy individuals die stop feeding higher degree success achieved public breeding project maintained example total born ray utilized food southeast_asia australia captured intentionally incidentally spears fence traps assessed ray relatively common widely distributed species faces continuing degradation coral reef habitat range development destructive fishing practices dynamite addition populations heavy pressure commercial fisheries local collecting trade | Bluespotted ribbontail ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
1559_Sharptoothhoundshark | spotted shark species belonging family found shallow waters southern south_africa favoring sandy areas near rocky reefs active swimming species usually stays close robust shark reaches length large rounded fins pectoral fins particular broad shaped adults short blunt snout long furrows mouth species gray bronze color variable amounts black spotting mainly active night feeds crustaceans bony fishes cephalopods observed gathering groups shallow water possibly reproductive purposes species viviparous meaning young sustained mainly yolk females birth pups late august year cycle hooked recreational captured commercial small range low growth reproductive rates vulnerable listed species taxonomy phylogeny scottish zoologist originally described species work account based specimens caught cape good hope south_africa smith named shark greek mega large wing referring large fins common shark sweet later authors reassigned genus specifically subgenus alongside spotted phylogenetic study colleagues based protein gene sequences found species group leopard shark instead formed clade lineage result suggests closely related warrant genus description stout bodied species short thick blunt snout nostrils widely spaced preceded lobe like flaps skin reach mouth horizontally oval eyes ridges underneath equipped membranes large mouth bears long deep furrows corners lower jaw meeting middle teeth small tightly packed form pavement like surfaces tooth rounded like base rises sharp upright central rarely pair barely developed lateral present pairs gill slits fins large rounded tips pectoral fins adults broad shaped dorsal fins nearly vertical trailing margins originating pectoral fin rear tips second dorsal fin quarters high anal fin smaller second dorsal fin originates short thick caudal lacks caudal fin origins caudal fin small defined lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip skin loose species dark gray bronze white young sharks unmarked adults vary plain densely covered irregular black spots reach length weight females grow larger males distribution habitat range limited coastal waters southern africa southern rarely south_africa locally common species inhabits sandy habitats bays found surf zone depth majority found deeper generally barely favoring flat areas near rocky reefs seldom rises open water biology ecology highly active species found resting inside rocky mainly hunts night known pursue prey shore pointed teeth allow grasp slippery prey broad bases allow crush hard shelled prey shark feeds variety crustaceans crabs bony fishes including sea drums cephalopods particular octopus sharks rays including egg minor food source larger individuals south_africa important prey species crab composition changes age young sharks long completely crabs larger sharks consume bony fishes cephalopods greater variety prey overall shark observed nocturnal habits feed squid mass shark known prey species summer forms groups shallow water particularly documented related reproduction given presence pregnant females viviparous developing embryos mainly yolk mature females single functional functional litters pups late august following gestation period months larger females tend produce larger litters length birth variously estimated different sources pups single litter vary size females apparently reproduce years years depending eggs developing pregnancy allow mate months giving birth slow growing species sexes following similar growth pattern males mature sexually long years age females mature sexually long years age maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans captivity displayed public frequently caught recreational shore ski boats edible rarely eaten small numbers caught incidentally commercial fishery targeting school shark meat sharks caught fishery sold locally exported fresh frozen italy taiwan south_africa listed species harvested commercially mistaken common smooth assessed species highly susceptible moderate levels fishing pressure restricted range slow growth rate low fact sharks caught immature additional source concern | Sharptooth houndshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
1564_Giantfreshwaterstingray | giant freshwater giant freshwater widely known junior synonym species family found large rivers borneo historically widely distributed south southeast_asia largest freshwater fish world species grows upwards reach weight relatively thin oval pectoral fin disc widest sharply pointed snout protruding tip tail thin whip like lacks fin species uniformly grayish brown white underside pectoral pelvic fins bear distinctive wide dark bands posterior margins dwelling nature giant freshwater inhabits sandy muddy areas small fishes invertebrates females live birth litters pups sustained term produced milk species faces heavy fishing pressure meat recreation display extensive habitat degradation forces resulted substantial population declines central thailand result assessed giant freshwater endangered taxonomy phylogeny scientific description giant freshwater authored dutch volume journal van account based juvenile specimen collected indonesia named new species greek scales assigned genus synonym subsequent years description largely overlooked giant freshwater described issue gave came widespread usage peter confirmed refer species published earlier scientific giant freshwater species called giant freshwater giant freshwater complex similar freshwater southeast_asia tentatively identified australian freshwater described separate species freshwater new_guinea probably confirmation study india described closely resembles hand comparison freshwater dna acid sequences india thailand revealed significant differences finally additional research needed assess degree divergence populations inhabiting drainage basins distribution determine taxonomic terms broader evolutionary relationships giant freshwater rest family phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial dna reported closely related ray turn formed clade finding adds growing consensus genus description giant freshwater thin oval pectoral fin disc slightly longer wide elongated snout wide base sharply pointed tip projects disc eyes minute widely spaced large nostrils short curtain skin finely fringed posterior margin small mouth forms gentle arch contains seven large center small sides floor small rounded teeth arranged pavement like bands pairs gill slits ventral disc pelvic fins small thin mature males relatively large thin cylindrical tail measures times long disc lacks fin single spine positioned upper surface tail near base long spine largest species band heart shaped upper surface disc extending eyes base sting row enlarged center disc remainder disc upper surface covered tiny denticles tail covered sharp past sting species plain grayish brown yellowish pinkish fin margins life skin coated layer dark brown underside white broad dark bands edged small spots trailing margins pectoral pelvic fins tail black spine giant freshwater reaches width length likely grow larger reports individuals weighing ranks largest freshwater fishes world distribution habitat giant freshwater known inhabit large rivers associated borneo occurs potentially far upstream thailand borneo species found reportedly common caught reported surveys past years found region recent river surveys java recorded presence despite island locality species historical records india similarly recent accounts populations giant freshwater separate river probably isolated species occurs environments evidence crosses marine waters dwelling species favors sandy muddy habitat unexpectedly found near heavily populated urban areas biology ecology diet giant freshwater consists small fishes invertebrates crustaceans detect individuals seen edge river possibly feeding parasites documented species include giant freshwater viviparous developing embryos initially yolk later milk provided mother species appear migrating fresh salt water complete life cycle observed litter sizes range pups measure pregnant females frequently found serve nursery areas males mature sexually approximately female maturation size life history details unknown human interactions giant freshwater aggressive merits caution sting toxic capable piercing bone range species caught incidentally lesser extent fish traps difficult time consuming catch hooked ray bury large quantities mud impossible lift drag boats substantial distances underwater meat large specimens cut kilogram pieces sale adults food killed regardless giant freshwater increasingly targeted sport display public trends pose conservation concerns catch release universally practiced post release survival rate unknown species survive captivity major threats giant freshwater habitat degradation resulting land development construction dams fragments population reducing genetic diversity increasing resulting extinction low reproductive rate giant freshwater pressures central thailand population estimated reduced past years declines severe locations size rays caught decreased significantly example average weight landed ray dropped status populations areas borneo largely unknown result documented declines assessed species endangered overall critically endangered thailand 1990s thai government initiated captive breeding program bolster population freshwater species issue habitat degradation program hold | Giant freshwater stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
2023_Smoothtoothblacktipshark | shark shark species requiem shark family known type specimen caught eastern handful additional specimens caught kuwait reaching length species greenish colored body short snout black tipped fins distinguished similar species teeth narrow erect smooth edged little known shark natural history likely inhabits shallow waters feeds small bony fishes presumably viviparous like members family assessed species vulnerable sole type specimen known specimens discovered conservation status species remains heavy fishing habitat degradation range taxonomy phylogeny known specimen shark long immature male caught deposited vienna location recorded near likely refers town eastern shark examined described new species new_zealand technical report gave specific epithet greek meaning smooth meaning tooth species known single specimen fishery surveys kuwait uncovered specimens based morphology tentatively grouped shark spinner shark shark graceful shark shark molecular phylogenetic techniques mitochondrial dna sequences colleagues reported species closely related graceful shark shark australian shark description shark resembles reef shark robust build short blunt snout large nostrils preceded developed triangular flaps skin small circular eyes equipped membranes mouth forms wide arch short furrows corners upper lower tooth rows small teeth center jaw teeth distinctive shape having narrow upright sharks juvenile spinner sharks members similar teeth pairs gill slits long fairly long pointed pectoral fins slightly shaped originate fourth fifth gill slits dorsal fin medium sized triangular pointed apex originates rear pectoral fin bases second dorsal fin small positioned opposite anal fin ridge dorsal fins pelvic fins triangular larger anal fin deep notch trailing margin crescent shaped notch present caudal upper caudal fin origin caudal fin developed lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip dermal denticles slightly overlapping bear prominent horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species greenish yellow greenish gray scattering tiny dark dots underside white extends pale band flanks fins sharply defined black tips broad dark stripe running second dorsal fin base tip upper caudal fin lobe largest recorded specimen long distribution habitat shark recorded eastern kuwait apart locations differ markedly near deep narrow continental shelf permanent near kuwait entirely shallower receives abundant freshwater river system kuwait specimens obtained fish markets given practices shark supposed inhabit shallow coastal waters waters encompass range habitats coral reefs habitat requirements shark remain largely unknown biology ecology considering resemblance reef shark shark play equivalent shallow water ecological role range known feed marine diet probably includes small bony fishes species presumably viviparous like species developing young sustained term connection mother judging available specimens males reach sexual maturity point long human interactions prior finding additional specimens kuwait assessed shark vulnerable based presumed small range population despite discovery second kuwait species likely vulnerable assessment higher waters subject heavy fishing pressure habitat degradation fisheries kuwait known shark intensive shark fisheries operate status uncertain specimens recorded original century ago | Smoothtooth blacktip shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
2116_Blackmouthcatshark | species family common northeastern atlantic_ocean iceland including mediterranean_sea typically found continental slope depths near muddy bottoms youngest sharks generally inhabit shallower water older juveniles adults slim bodied species characterized black interior mouth pattern pale edged brownish tail prominent saw toothed crest enlarged dermal denticles upper edge caudal fin reaches lengths sharks atlantic growing larger mediterranean slow swimming active wide variety crustaceans cephalopods fishes visual systems adept tracking moving prey species females producing egg cases year abundance forms substantial commercial fisheries range low economic value usually discarded largest sharks marketed meat leather listed species concern indication numbers declined despite fishing pressure taxonomy phylogeny constantine briefly described con referenced distinctive black interior mouth specific epithet derived type specimen designated species called black phylogenetic analysis included species based mitochondrial nuclear dna found forms clade apart clade oldest documented fossils come northern date distribution habitat widely distributed northeastern atlantic_ocean southwestern iceland trondheim norway southward including british isles azores northern portion occurs mediterranean_sea save northern waters adriatic seas absent black_sea species primarily inhabits continental slope depths documented water shallow norway deep eastern mediterranean depths common vary regions example portugal eastern mediterranean water temperature appear important factor determining distribution species found near favors muddy habitat little evidence segregation sex number studies northern western mediterranean reported adults occur deeper juveniles studies found pattern possible areas waters southern france offer habitat suitable sharks ages explanation scientific support adults common intermediate depths young sharks restricted shallower water adults juveniles found deeper water true age depth inconsistencies observed previous research resulted incomplete depth sampling description reported maximum lengths attained varies atlantic sharks mediterranean sharks length record dubious females attain larger ultimate size males maximum weight record species slender firm body long pointed snout comprising roughly total length anterior rim bears large triangular divides openings eyes horizontally oval equipped rudimentary membranes protective beneath eye subtle ridge small mouth forms short wide arch bears moderately long furrows corners upper lower jaws contain tooth rows respectively tooth small narrow central flanked smaller pairs gill slits fifth pair pectoral fin bases dorsal fins roughly equal size placed far body originates pelvic fin bases second anal fin base pectoral fins large pelvic fins small low angular margins anal fin larger dorsal fin base measures total length greatly exceeds distance pelvic anal fins dorsal fins caudal compressed end anal fin close caudal fin caudal fin comprises quarter total length upper lobe low ventral notch near tip lower lobe indistinct skin thick covered dermal denticles prominent row enlarged denticles resembling saw teeth upper edge caudal fin body grayish brown dark rounded spots run tail marking highlighted paler border underside white tips dorsal caudal fins inside mouth black biology ecology range abundant sharks upper middle continental slope nomadic nature found groups relatively slow shark strong like body cruises sea floor taking advantage ground effect reduction drag wing close ground save energy seen resting known predators include shark european flying squid parasites documented species include feeding active predator feeds dwelling free swimming organisms diet dominated bony fishes including cephalopods significant prey species generally reflect available environment example southern france juveniles consume greater variety crustaceans adults including smaller types adults favor relatively large fish prey known sharks rays smaller members species importance prey ages differs regions found contain pieces animals large single shark suggesting attack groups documented including human refuse foraging swings head employ senses effectively likely relies mainly vision find food smell sharks visual greatest median horizontal plane lens cone cells eyes large allowing smaller farther objects background rod cells eyes sensitive emitted exhibited organisms hunts high number evenly arranged spatial resolution best suited fast moving prey life history unlike members genus exhibits multiple egg mature simultaneously females contain developing eggs typical number eggs laid annually female estimated increasing female size right functional mature females egg case shaped bears slight lateral margins anterior end squared pair horns corners posterior end rounded surface case somewhat translucent smooth glossy case golden brown color laid dark brown sea water egg cases produced atlantic sharks measure long produced mediterranean sharks tend smaller long larger females produce slightly larger egg cases mating egg laying proceeds year round reproductive activity highest winter summer studies found seasonal pattern eggs deposited muddy relatively shallow water maturation size varies geographical regions generally larger atlantic mediterranean lengths maturity males females variously reported respectively atlantic respectively mediterranean human interactions harmless humans little economic value caught incidentally large numbers commercial fisheries particular commonly sharks targeting operating portugal mediterranean captured sharks discarded probably heavy mortality fisheries portugal italy retain utilize small largest individuals human consumption fresh dried leather fishing fleet reported landing northeastern atlantic shark increasingly targeted following decline shark species sicily southern portugal southern adriatic seas captured immature suggesting negative impact fishing pressure species remains extremely abundant number areas survey fishery data shown evidence overall population decline wide range depths occupies likely afford protection fishing particularly given ban deeper mediterranean listed concern waters fishing species managed sharks | Blackmouth catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
2398_Australianblacktipshark | australian shark australian shark species requiem shark family endemic northern eastern australia favoring upper middle parts water column found zone depth appearance wise species virtually identical common shark reliably distinguished lower number genetic markers generally reaching length fairly stout bodied bronze colored shark long snout black tipped fins primarily australian shark forms large groups similar size sex tend remain local area exhibits meaning young connection defined annual reproductive cycle mating occurring february march females bear pups january following year month gestation period australian shark sharks commonly caught northern australian commercial fisheries mainly valued meat sold species important catch fishery operated australian northern shark fishery continues present day current fishing levels thought threaten shark population assessed concern taxonomy phylogeny australian shark described australian issue scientific journal western australian naturalist named honor assistant surgeon port northern territory type specimen long female caught van reef later authors regarded synonym genus shark referred shark shark initial description generally regarded synonymous common shark 1980s additional morphological life history data favored recognition separate species eventually confirmed studies performed molecular phylogenetic studies based mitochondrial dna nuclear dna found australian common sharks form closely related clade graceful shark shark fully resolved available data suggest closely related species clade despite similarity description physically australian shark reliably distinguished common shark number total tail total tail moderately robust shaped body long pointed snout anterior nostrils slightly enlarged low triangular flaps large circular eyes equipped membranes furrows corners mouth barely evident upper lower tooth rows upper tooth slender upright fine near base lower teeth narrower finely pairs gill slits long long narrow pectoral fins shaped pointed tips large dorsal fin originates slightly rear pectoral fin bases second dorsal fin moderately tall positioned opposite anal fin ridge dorsal fins crescent shaped notch present caudal upper caudal fin origin caudal fin strong lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip roughly diamond shaped dermal denticles placed closely slightly overlapping bears seven juveniles horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth australian shark bronze gray death whitish pale stripe flanks individuals black tips fins unmarked pelvic anal fins typically reaches long maximum length weight record distribution habitat inhabiting continental shelf australian shark found western_australia sydney new_south_wales range occurs common shark ratio thought recent genetic studies found closer species reported zone depth larger sharks tend occur deeper water occupies entire water column common close surface genetic data suggest australian sharks northern australia members single population studies found species moves short distances coastline rarely enters offshore waters individuals recorded traveling longer distances biology ecology australian shark known form large groups segregated size sex mainly fishes including herring cephalopods secondary food source particularly important april species occasionally smaller sharks including sharks sharks sharks shift age smaller individuals feed dwelling fish larger individuals feed fish cephalopods documented parasites shark include like requiem sharks australian shark viviparous embryos exhaust yolk supply depleted yolk sac develops connection mother provides females bear litters pups average year mating takes place february march females storing sperm march april gestation period months young born january following year near term females shallow coastal cleveland bay northern queensland birth nursery areas appear widespread recorded range species relatively large measuring long grow rapidly year increasing length average growth rate subsequently averaging year age sexes attain sexual maturity years age lengths roughly males females respectively maximum lifespan estimated years hybrids australian shark common shark comprising individuals discovered eastern coast australia despite widespread evidence parental merging mechanisms preventing unclear confirmed case fishes human interactions shark australian shark economically important sharks northern australia historically meat fins fishery began operating northern australia annual catch initially averaged tons live weight approximately consisting australian sharks sharks following establishment australian fishing zone november australian government progressively excluded vessels large portions australian waters imposed fishing fishery eventually australia restricted lengths vessels ceased fishing australian waters year end fishery australian shark numbers estimated diminished given relatively high reproductive rate population likely recovered australian shark targeted australian commercial additionally caught incidentally commercial fisheries targeting bony fishes contemporary northern australian shark catch estimated tons live weight annually australian sharks meat species sold australia contain high concentrations mercury fins exported asia liver oil skin fishing pressure australian shark lower historical levels listed concern potential concern indonesian increasingly | Australian blacktip shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3145_Cloudycatshark | cloudy cloudy common species belonging family inhabits rocky reefs northwestern pacific_ocean shore depth growing long small slim shark narrow head short blunt snout grooves nostrils mouth furrows lower upper jaw characterized extremely rough skin coloration consisting series dark brown tail darker lighter spots larger individuals diet cloudy consists crustaceans bony fishes females laying eggs time nursery areas male bear numerous hooks likely serve facilitate harmless shark readily maintained captivity model organism biological research caught incidentally generally discarded commercial fisheries activities appear negatively affected population leading listed concern taxonomy original description cloudy published gave specific epithet japanese literally tiger shark assigned genus type specimen long adult male caught japan subsequent authors description cloudy reaches long thin deep firm body narrow head makes slightly sixth total length thirds wide long snout short rounded large nostrils preceded small triangular flaps skin reach wide mouth medium sized eyes horizontally oval equipped rudimentary membranes protective followed moderate grooves nostrils mouth furrows extending corners mouth lower jaw small teeth long central typically flanked pairs pairs gill slits short fourth pair pectoral fin origins dorsal fins placed body originating rear pelvic fin bases dorsal fin rounded apex larger second dorsal fin angular shape pectoral pelvic fins moderate size males inner margins pelvic fins merged form apron long cylindrical origin anal fin lies approximately dorsal fins caudal deep body leads low caudal fin indistinct lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe skin thick rough dermal denticles large upright backward pointing teeth species brown sides indistinct darker dorsal plain yellowish ventral larger sharks large irregularly shaped light dark spots distribution habitat cloudy common northwestern pacific japan korea china possibly philippines dwelling nature species found shore depth continental shelf upper continental slope favors rocky reefs appear migratory biology ecology cloudy feeds primarily followed crustaceans bony fishes predator shark egg cases swell shark known parasite species reproduction adult females single functional functional prelude mating male bites female pectoral fin gill region grip body seconds minutes male unusual row hooks running inner margin hooks likely serve anchor male female female capable storing sperm organ egg cases months females produce mature eggs time eggs enclosed smooth translucent yellow shaped measuring long long corners capsule eggs laid defined nursery areas area located depth embryo long external gills undeveloped fins length external gills disappeared covering small denticles present length embryo developed fins generally resembles adult eggs months hatch months hatch newly hatched shark measures long maturation size tends increase decreasing water temperature northerly sexes mature long females remain immature long contrast southerly sexes mature long maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans cloudy captivity reproduced model organism physiology research september colleagues species perform successful artificial shark ray cloudy caught incidentally commercial fisheries fishing nets including captured individuals typically discarded possibly high survival rate fish discarded fisheries species fishery operating catch ton cloudy annually discarded despite heavy fishing pressure range cloudy remains common productive sharks result assessed concern cloudy number locations japan found contaminated acquire food likely source use ddt developing nations southern asia | Cloudy catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3156_Blacknoseshark | shark shark species requiem shark belonging family common tropical subtropical waters western atlantic_ocean species generally inhabits coastal sand rubble habitats adults preferring deeper water juveniles small shark typically measuring long typical streamlined requiem shark shape long rounded snout large eyes small dorsal fin common comes characteristic black tip snout indistinct older individuals sharks feed primarily small bony fishes cephalopods turn fall prey larger sharks like members family exhibit viviparous mode reproduction developing embryos sustained connection females birth young late spring early summer annually gestation period months species known attack humans documented performing threat display divers moderate commercial recreational importance assessed species announced populations shark united_states proposed new conservation measures taxonomy phylogeny cuban naturalist published description shark natural later authors moved species genus type specimen male caught cuba based morphological data suggested shark sister relationship group containing shark shark proposed shark belongs group species including silky shark reef shark molecular analyses similarly shark phylogenetic relationships analysis found species basal member dna analysis indicated affinity shark shark shark found tropical western coast americas descended sharks experienced effects distribution habitat shark inhabits continental shelves eastern coast americas far north north_carolina far south southern brazil including bahamas gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea frequent coastal waters beds sandy flats shell coral rubble species segregated size sex generally young sharks encountered shallow water adults prefer depths greater common sharks bight atlantic coast southern united_states migrate northward summer southward possibly offshore winter similar migration occurs sharks gulf_of_mexico description shark slender streamlined body long rounded snout large eyes developed skin defining outflow openings tooth rows occur upper lower jaws respectively teeth middle teeth triangular oblique edges upper teeth lower teeth pairs gill slits short measuring length dorsal fin base dorsal fin small somewhat shaped pointed apex short free rear tip origin lies free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin relatively large half height ridge seen dorsal fins pectoral fins short tapered body covered overlapping dermal denticles bear seven longitudinal ridges young individuals leading marginal teeth coloration yellowish greenish gray brown white yellow distinctive dark tip snout obvious young sharks tips second dorsal fin upper caudal fin lobe lower caudal fin lobe dark sharks typically long weight maximum length weight record respectively biology ecology small fast swimming predator shark feeds primarily small bony fishes including octopus cephalopods competing bait speed allows food larger sharks caribbean reef shark species form large schools associated sharks demonstrate high degree juveniles adults documented returning local area year year sharks preyed larger sharks captives observed perform apparent threat display divers newly introduced members species display consists shark lowering pectoral fins jaws swimming exaggerated motion known parasites species include nemesis genera life history requiem sharks shark viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk yolk sac develops connection mother provides united_states males thought reproduce year females reproduce year northeastern brazil female reproductive cycle short occur annually formation yolk occurs late summer immediately followed mating fall young born following spring summer events means reproductive cycle offset months populations northern gestation period variously estimated months northeastern brazil months southeastern united_states females typically birth litters pups shallow nursery areas coastal bays swamps known nursery area south_carolina relationship female size number young measure long female sharks grow slowly attain larger ultimate size longer lifespan males addition gulf_of_mexico sharks slower growing longer lived sexes mature fork length snout tip caudal fin fork corresponding ages years males years females gulf_of_mexico sexes mature fork length corresponding ages years males years females maximum lifespan calculated years years gulf_of_mexico human interactions shark implicated attack humans caution exercised begins perform threat display species regarded game fish offers respectable fight light tackle delicate fishing line regional commercial importance taken intentionally surface range significantly southwestern florida venezuela brazil meat sold dried large numbers sharks caught incidentally shrimp pose greater threat population sharks taken immature united_states fishing shark regulated fisheries management plan atlantic gulf_of_mexico sharks purposes commercial bag limits shark classified small coastal shark complex average sharks metric tons caught year united_states recent stock assessments conducted determined populations species atlantic gulf_of_mexico proposed separate sharks sharks year ban catch sharks atlantic contrast shark stocks northern brazil appear stable fishery data available caribbean assessed species globally | Blacknose shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3242_Bluntnosestingray | species family native coastal waters western atlantic_ocean state massachusetts venezuela dwelling species prefers sandy muddy habitats deep migratory northern portion range typically growing characterized pectoral fin disc broadly rounded outer corners angled snout whip like tail upper keel lower fin fold line small middle active night day usually buried sediment predator small benthic invertebrates bony fishes species viviparous young initially yolk later milk produced mother females birth pups gestation period months consists period arrested development tail spine potentially dangerous listed species concern widely distributed common threatened commercial fisheries taxonomy phylogeny french naturalist originally described specimens collected little egg harbor state new_jersey published account volume named new species honor thomas founding members academy species moved genus subsequent authors german erroneously gave specific epithet der typical spelling literature recently push use correct original spelling proposed officially spelling consistency previous usage phylogenetic analysis based morphological characters found basal members genus sister species diamond western pacific_ocean species likely diverged formation panama million years ago distribution habitat found western atlantic_ocean chesapeake_bay southward northern gulf_of_mexico greater lesser antilles rare occasions found far north new_jersey massachusetts far south venezuela far west mexico absent southern gulf_of_mexico caribbean coast central_america reports species brazil argentina likely represent common coastal habitats bays dwelling species usually found depth recorded deep sandy muddy flats preferring water temperature adult seldom found meadows serves habitat young rays east_coast schools migrate long distances northward bays spend summer southern offshore waters winter description diamond shaped pectoral fin disc sixth wider long broadly rounded outer corners leading margins disc nearly straight converge tip snout angle anterior disc shape distinguishes species similar atlantic longer acute snout mouth curved central projection upper jaw fits lower jaw row floor mouth pair smaller set apart upper tooth rows teeth bases arranged pattern flattened surfaces tooth crowns rounded females juveniles males breeding condition triangular pointed pelvic fins triangular rounded tips whip like tail measures half times long disc bears long spines quarter tail length base second spine present replacement periodically grows existing spine spine developed upper lower fin lower fold longer wider upper small found row eyes base tail spine increasing number age adults eyes outer parts disc dorsal coloration grayish reddish greenish brown individuals possess bluish spots darker sides rear thin white disc margin ventral surface whitish dark disc margin dark record french gives maximum disc width species specimen sources maximum disc width females grow larger males biology ecology generally nocturnal habits spends day buried substrate known follow rising tide forage water barely deep cover body species small invertebrates including crustaceans worms bony fishes mainly targets benthic organisms takes free swimming prey delaware bay species feeds predominantly shrimp blood worm overall composition virtually identical shares bay preyed larger fishes bull shark known parasites species include like viviparous embryos initially sustained yolk later development finger like extensions called surround embryo deliver protein rich milk produced mother left adult females functional mating occurs defined period april june peaking males presumably pointed teeth grasp females development stage shortly formation resume approximately months spring following year embryos rapidly mature period weeks period reflect greater availability food spring including extended period gestation period lasts months young born mid late shallow channel virginia large observed repeatedly breaking surface swimming rapidly straight lines tails air seen rising slowly surface hanging minutes rays hooked shock capture caused release near term suggesting activity related aborted young pale small yolk swelling place tail spines females begin new batch eggs immediately giving birth indicating annual reproductive cycle newborn rays measure weigh males mature sexually disc width weight females mature disc width weight human interactions aggressive defend stepped tail spine inflict injury easily pierce leather rubber venom delivered potentially life threatening effects heart respiratory problems subject research species popular divers abundant widespread caught incidentally commercial fisheries operating waters activities threat population captured rays released alive impact fishing southern parts range uncertain unlikely significantly affect species activities occur outside centers distribution result listed concern | Bluntnose stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3325_Galapagosshark | shark shark species requiem shark family found worldwide species favors clear reef environments oceanic islands abundant shark species large species reaches reef shark typical reef shark shape difficult distinguish shark grey reef shark identifying character species tall dorsal fin slightly rounded tip originates rear tips pectoral fins sharks active predators encountered large groups feed mainly dwelling bony fishes cephalopods larger individuals varied diet consuming sharks marine sea lions garbage requiem sharks reproduction viviparous females bearing litters pups years juveniles tend remain shallow water avoid predation adults sharks bold behaved aggressively humans regarded dangerous assessed species near threatened slow reproductive rate heavy fishing pressure range taxonomy phylogeny shark originally described subsequent authors moved species genus long specific epithet placed shark shark center group major group consisted shark caribbean reef shark shark shark oceanic shark large triangular toothed sharks defined presence ridge dorsal fins based data reaffirmed integrity group additions silky shark blue shark closest relatives shark found oceanic blue sharks distribution habitat shark found mainly tropical oceanic islands atlantic_ocean occurs bermuda indian_ocean known walter southern madagascar pacific_ocean occurs lord howe island reports species continental waters baja california guatemala colombia eastern australia sharks generally found continental shelves near coast preferring rugged reef habitats clear water strong currents known rocky species capable crossing open ocean islands reported land juveniles seldom venture deeper adults reported depth description larger species genus shark commonly reaches long maximum length probably recorded maximum length questioned authors maximum recorded weight long female species slender streamlined body typical requiem sharks snout wide rounded indistinct anterior nasal flaps eyes round medium size mouth usually contains tooth rows range jaws plus tooth jaw halves meet upper teeth stout triangular shape lower teeth narrower upper lower teeth edges dorsal fin tall moderately shaped origin pectoral fin rear tips followed low ridge running second dorsal fin second dorsal fin originates anal fin pectoral fins large pointed tips coloration brownish gray white faint white stripe sides edges fins darker prominently marked shark distinguished shark having taller second dorsal fins larger teeth distinguished grey reef shark having robust body pointed dorsal fin tip characters difficult field similar species different numbers tail shark shark grey reef shark biology ecology shark abundant shark shallow island waters original description species noted schooner taken adult sharks thousands seen water isolated resident sharks described shark populations atlantic_ocean locations form large true schools group interactions sharks dominant sharks sharks equal size confronted shark perform threat display similar grey reef shark shark performs exaggerated rolling swimming motion lowering pectoral fins gills jaw shark swing head perceived threat field vision known parasite shark shark skin account seen rough skin shark rid parasites feeding primary food sharks benthic bony fishes including sea bass occasionally surface dwelling prey squid sharks grow larger consume increasing numbers rays smaller sharks including species crustaceans items leaves coral rocks garbage species observed attacking fur seals sea lions marine collecting fishes noted juvenile sharks surrounded boat multiple individuals rushing virtually trailing water striking boat marker sharks slowed fish shark followed boat water shallow backs exposed life history like requiem sharks shark exhibits viviparous mode reproduction developing embryos sustained connection formed depleted yolk sac females bear young years mating takes place january march time caused male courtship bites appear females gestation period estimated year spring following females shallow nursery areas birth pups size birth reported observations free swimming juveniles small long eastern pacific suggest birth size varies geographically juvenile sharks remain shallow water avoid predation larger adults males mature long years old females mature long years old sex thought reproduce years age lifespan species years human interactions persistent shark regarded potentially dangerous humans live aboard boats divers wolf darwin northernmost islands week specifically dive open water sharks accumulate numbers incidents reported known approach close swimmers showing interest swim fins hands drawn large numbers fishing activities observed soon fish caught rush sharks notwithstanding blows boat hooks monsters seizing taking away half fish hooked reported small sharks distance gradually approached aggressive popular methods sharks proved unsuccessful situation eventually escalated point divers retreat water sharks easily driving away physically results shark follow weapons trigger feeding shark confirmed attacked people fatal attack second fatal attack north shore non fatal attack bermuda assessed shark near threatened low reproductive rate limits capacity withstand population specific data available species certainly caught commercial fisheries operating parts range meat said excellent quality common areas hawaii shark sites central_america fragmented distribution means regional populations risk populations protected marine reserves | Galapagos shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3339_Pelagicstingray | species family sole member genus characterized wedge like shape pectoral fin disc wider long pointed teeth sexes whip like tail extremely long tail spine uniform violet blue green coloration generally reaches width worldwide distribution waters warmer spend summer closer continental shelf higher latitudes exclusively inhabits open ocean species typically found surface waters depth consequence habits swimming style evolved feature motion pectoral fins opposed disc margin dwelling diet consists free swimming invertebrates bony fishes active hunter pectoral fins trap food mouth known advantage seasonal feeding opportunities spawning squid like viviparous meaning embryos sustained initially yolk later milk short gestation period months females bear litters pups year generally occurs warm water near equator exception mediterranean_sea timing varying regions rarely encountered fishery workers inflict severe fatal wound tail spine species caught range little economic value usually discarded high mortality evidence numbers increasing owing heavy fishing natural predators competitors sharks global distribution prolific life history led assess concern taxonomy phylogeny originally described french naturalist volume fauna named latin viola purple designated specimens collected italy species genus american zoologist placed newly created subgenus greek fin broad later authors elevated rank genus dispute species distinct warrant separation phylogenetic analysis based morphology found basal members family sister taxon clade contains species common names include blue violet distribution habitat distribution extends nearly worldwide tropical warm temperate waters latitudes western atlantic reported north_carolina northern gulf_of_mexico brazil eastern atlantic species recorded north_sea including mediterranean_sea cape south_africa pacific known japan australia new_zealand west british_columbia chile west oceanic islands including hawaii reports species indian_ocean known common southwestern portion indonesia unique inhabiting open ocean sea floor generally found surface depth deep water caught depth ridge indicating occasionally approaches species prefers water temperatures die temperature drops performs seasonal following warm water masses northwestern atlantic found near december april moves north stream gather near continental shelf july september similar migration occur mediterranean unknown pacific species apparently spends winter oceanic waters near equator higher latitudes coast spring pacific populations known near central_america california central pacific far japan british_columbia southeastern brazil displaced coast cold water late spring summer years pushed waters deep description thick wedge shaped pectoral fin disc wider long broadly curved leading margins angular outer corners nearly straight trailing margins snout short rounded tip eyes minute unlike body paired respiratory openings follow immediate short broad curtain skin nostrils weakly fringed rear margin mouth small gently arched deep furrows corners tiny projection center upper jaw fits lower jaw like structures row floor mouth upper tooth rows lower tooth rows teeth sexes single pointed adult males longer adult females margins pelvic fins nearly straight rounded tips whip like tail measures twice long disc thick base significantly extremely long spine placed approximately halfway length spines present replacement grows original drops posterior spine origin low ventral fin fold reach spine tip young rays completely smooth skinned age small appear center row small eyes origin spine species plain dark purple blue green extending tail fold slightly lighter shade captured handled thick black covers body typically grows long largest individuals record captive experiment conducted male reached female biology ecology adopting lifestyle exhibits characteristics different dwelling relatives propel disc margins species pectoral fins manner approaching underwater flying employed eagle rays fin motions generate lift improving cruising efficiency open water cost adept swimming backwards compensate lower fine control offered swimming mode vision important ray finding food compared members family species density underside cover smaller area small eagle rays evenly distributed ventral dorsal surfaces ray detect electric field distance able pick minute electric fields produced moving sea water lateral line complex system detect nearby movement ocean currents remains similar covering greater area ventral dorsal surface species responsive mechanical visual sex vertically males found deeper water females horizontally captive individuals act highly aggressively ocean biting particularly hungry species preyed oceanic sharks great white sharks toothed large ocean going dark coloration likely serves camouflage habitat venom tail spine potent causing avoided fishes known parasites species include feeding active predator captures prey wrapping pectoral fins manipulating mouth sexes pointed teeth cutting slippery prey wide variety organisms represented diet crustaceans including crabs including squid octopus bony fishes including herring sea horses worms california hunt large mating squid form november april brazil species follows groups atlantic coast january february predators seeking small schooling fishes juvenile rays consume body weight food day declines adults life history like viviparous developing embryos yolk later supplanted milk containing proteins mother delivers numerous thread like extensions called feed enlarged embryo females functional left produce litters year mating occurs march june northwestern atlantic late spring southwestern atlantic females capable storing sperm internally year allowing wait favorable environmental conditions young passed batch eggs contained single capsule tapered ends shortly capsule release eggs expelled gestation period shortest shark ray lasting months time embryos increase mass pacific females birth winter november march nursery area near central_america prior northward migration similarly northwestern atlantic occur winter females warm southerly waters possibly west_indies records exist possibly females pregnant earlier year given birth august september southward migration southwestern atlantic occurs summer january warmer water equator opposed regions mediterranean females birth summer moving warmer waters litter size ranges average increase size female measure rays captivity ample food grow average annual rate disc width rays wild grow average annual rate food intake growth rate adults highest january february july august lowest march april october november males reach sexual maturity years age females years age species live years prolific rays population growth rate year human interactions aggressive rarely encountered habitat preferences long tail spine demands extreme caution exercised handling responsible known fatalities worker captured ray fishery worker succumbed days species kept public century meat utilized example indonesia species considered worthless discarded caught susceptible purse captured incidentally large numbers range rays caught suffer high mortality wary remove rays hooks smashing boat causing severe damage mouth jaws extent regardless surveys pacific suggest numbers increased 1950s possibly commercial fisheries dominant predators ecosystem sharks lack population declines coupled wide distribution high reproductive rate led list species concern recent research conducted reducing switching larger hooks | Pelagic stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3376_Tasselledwobbegong | species carpet shark family member genus inhabits shallow coral reefs northern australia new_guinea adjacent islands reaching length species broad flattened body head distinctive trait fringe branching dermal flaps head extends chin fringe complex color pattern small enable camouflage reef environment day solitary generally found lying inside caves tail individual sharks tend remain local area favored resting spots resting nearby fishes invertebrates prey waving tail mimic appearance small fish night emerges actively food species viviparous little known life history reported bite humans attacks result people accidentally disturbing shark prey listed species outside australia threatened fisheries habitat degradation taxonomy phylogeny dutch originally described volume account based indonesian specimens caught gave greek beard assigned genus synonym created new genus species derived greek good nose subsequently main trait separate fourth fifth gill slits later authors placed genus common names species morphological studies inconclusive evolutionary relationships overall derived species phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial nuclear dna found species fact basal northern result supports molecular clock placed coinciding period significant geological formation coral reef habitats region description broad moderately flattened shark head wider long distinctive fringe branching dermal running continuously snout tip origins pectoral fins including beard chin nostrils bear long branching grooves surrounding connecting mouth eyes eyes larger large mouth positioned ahead eyes end head furrows lower jaw extending mouth corners jaw median upper lower tooth rows tooth single slender pointed upper lower rows central teeth especially long like pairs gill slits short pectoral pelvic fins large rounded dorsal fins short based fairly tall slightly larger second originates quarter pelvic fin bases pelvic fins body rapidly short caudal anal fin originates second dorsal fin half size caudal fin short lower lobe upper lobe bearing strong ventral notch near tip species mosaic like dorsal color pattern consisting numerous small dark lines yellow brown background darker bands pattern extends underside tail ventral pectoral pelvic fin margins ventral surface white reliably known reach length authors consider older record long individual erroneous distribution habitat range encompasses continental shelf northern australia west east new_guinea additional records malaysia unconfirmed common inhabits coral reefs exclusively offshore waters zone deep encountered reef channels faces atop coral heads biology ecology considered specialized member family ornate coloration complex dermal fringe grants excellent camouflage probably slower swimmer related species solitary spends day lying inside caves tail individual sharks small home range containing preferred resting spots repeatedly species active night swimming reef hunt feeds bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods mouth allows prey documented case long individual consuming long bamboo shark daytime species ambush predator schooling nocturnal fishes shelter cave tiny fishes crustaceans seen settling atop resting head attracting larger fishes turn attacked observations captivity revealed species engage active behavior food nearby begins slowly wave tail forth caudal fin resembles small fish complete dark base shark typically rests head elevated places striking distance prey drawn tail known parasite species observed attended cleaner shrimp cleaner reproduction presumably viviparous like developing embryos sustained yolk report mating observed inside cave night measure approximately long size sexual maturity uncertain recorded male found adult long human interactions records apparently attacks people reputation aggressive behavior wrote attacks generally kills natives claim questionable species certainly capable inflicting severe wounds conversely attraction divers approached incident given shark cryptic appearance poor vision humans exercise caution avoid accidentally causing mistake hand foot prey species captivity occasionally found home trade little economic value attractive skin occasionally leather australian waters faces minimal threats range negatively affected extensive fishery activity habitat degradation pollution blast fishing coral removal concerns assessed species | Tasselled wobbegong | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3472_CapeFearshiner | cape fear cape fear north american species freshwater fish family endemic central state north_carolina southeastern united_states found shallow streams basin fish small yellow black lips black stripe runs middle fish normally found mixed schools species unique genus elongated specifically adapted primarily diet breed twice year normally lives years wild males females normally similar appearance different colors spawning season species discovered critically endangered small population size threats habitat dam construction pollution recognized threatened species undergone successful captive breeding program status significant factor destruction dam destroyed habitat species limited populations wild experts believe single toxic chemical spill entire wild population taxonomy cape fear discovered described distinct species specific epithet derived greek longest tallest long length fish belongs family family belongs genus includes large number eastern north american cape fear unusual genus elongated convoluted species trait shared feature better diet primarily plant material different similar members genus angle size mouth head shape anal fin rays black edge lower lip black closest relatives sand subspecies description cape fear small centimeters long maximum length centimeters yellowish shade black stripe running middle fish caudal lighter stripe scales outlined black fins clear yellow moderately pointed dorsal fin origin slightly pelvic fin origin spawning season males golden color females cape fear snout acute rounded black upper lip lower lip thin black bar stretching margin upper lip lower lip teeth teeth located fish throat gill arches similar teeth cape fear eyes moderately sized fish head anal fin rays distinctive long dark visible fish belly wall distinctive black distribution habitat cape fear endemic north_carolina wild populations fish known exist populations found freshwater deep rocky rivers chatham lee moore counties largest populations found deep rocky rivers meet winter migrate main river channels smaller tributary streams smallest range typically lives clean streams gravel boulder especially nearby water available provide protection predators rarely ventures water deeper meters observed slow runs slow pools ecology behavior cape fear found swimming mixed schools species numerous mixed school known survive years captivity believed survive years wild cape fear adapted help fish digest plants initially suggested primarily adaptation recent studies shown eats variety plant animal matter known eat bacteria algae threatened numerous predators bass introduced adult pose significant threat differences habitats species river juvenile share habitat pose larger threat water temperature reaches second spawning occur late summer male female change color spawning male develops number small upper body generally moves slower flowing pools lay eggs rocky eggs hatch days young generally live egg yolk days juvenile found slow moving water particularly large rocks middle stream flooded channels pools juveniles sexually mature year conservation cape fear known different populations extremely small run high risk extinction populations stable estimated number individual fish viable cape fear recognized endangered critical habitat september endangered species act range population fish protected captured traded believed historically large populations endangered dam construction led flooding destruction shallow water habitat small number geographically separated populations threaten species genetic health study concluded genetic diversity relatively high deterioration water quality pollution sites threatened experiments shown highly sensitive chemicals experts believe wild population species wiped single toxic chemical spill united_states working protect species conservation methods protect species include studying biology wild help maintain captive population successful captive breeding species bred easily captivity experiment carried captive bred released temporarily wild judge water quality potential sites fall work crews began removing destroyed habitat work removed dam finished february lake fell historic creek levels allowing cape fear expand range miles river previously unsuitable dam habitat surveyed identify areas protection restoration | Cape Fear shiner | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3490_Smalltoothsandtiger | sand tiger sand tiger ragged tooth species shark family worldwide distribution tropical warm temperate waters usually inhabit rocky habitats occasionally encountered shallow water known return location year year rare species mistaken common grey nurse shark distinguished dorsal fin larger second placed forward grows length little known biology behavior sand tiger active predator benthic bony fishes invertebrates fishes species thought embryos like sharks contrast formidable size appearance shark harmless having known behave aggressively humans concern numbers declining human activities mediterranean existing data inadequate assessment conservation status taxonomy phylogeny sand tiger originally described italian french naturalist based specimen nice france australian specimens separating basis absence spots species subsequently discovered pacific specimens blurred distinguishing characters specific epithet latin fierce common names shark include blue nurse shark fierce shark nurse shark sand tiger shark phylogenetic study based mitochondrial dna performed suggests sand tiger relative sand tiger closely related sharks grey nurse shark bears strong resemblance true indicate similarities species grey nurse shark arose result evolution fossil teeth belonging sand tiger found deposits italy venezuela description sand tiger body long slightly flattened snout eyes medium sized large round pupils opposed like grey nurse shark lack membranes mouth large filled projecting teeth tooth narrow tall central flanked pairs lateral tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw large teeth upper jaw separated lateral teeth intermediate teeth fins broad based angular shape dorsal fin larger second placed closer pectoral fins pelvic fins caudal fin strongly upper lobe longer lower coloration gray gray brown lighter juveniles uniform color darker fin margins adults exhibit dark spots vary widely pattern size density coloration appears vary region individuals mediterranean displaying pattern sand tiger maximum length maximum weight unconfirmed reports larger individuals colombia distribution habitat sand tigers caught widely scattered locations world indicating possibly distribution known south morocco including mediterranean_sea azores western atlantic reported north_carolina florida usa mexico brazil occurs indian_ocean south_africa madagascar west east northern pacific known japan hawaii california colombia southern pacific known eastern australia new_zealand typically regarded species sand tiger caught depth usually found near rocky boulder regions continental shelves upper continental slope submarine ridges mountains reports species near drop offs rocky coral reefs upper layers open ocean mediterranean sand tigers occur depths including depths accessible divers seen swimming sandy flats temperature range favored species hot climates found cooler water biology ecology sand tiger strong swimming shark encountered singly individuals catch records suggest species cover long distances oceanic waters underwater ridges large liver allows maintain neutral water column minimal effort location called shark point lebanon small groups sand tigers appear summer rocky reefs depth individuals documented returning site year year purpose unknown speculated relate mating confronted sharks observed stall mouths turn shake tails perceived threat adult sand tigers known predators sharks known parasite shark spiral valve long female found islands contained number inside heart body cavity muscles unknown contributed shark death feeding compared grey nurse shark sand tiger robust lacks specialized cutting crushing teeth suggesting tends tackle smaller prey diet sand tiger consists dwelling bony fishes invertebrates squid shrimp possibly marine fishes including rays largest known prey item taken species long shark found inside stomach long male life history pregnant sand tigers found species presumed sharks described female contained hundreds right support embryos embryos grey nurse shark unknown size birth estimated recorded exceptions juveniles found deep water adults present depth serve reduce predation young individuals large shallow water predators great white shark males mature length females length faint seen individuals related courtship human interactions encounters divers shown despite size sand tigers react aggressively closely approached species taken captures occur mediterranean japan usually discarded caught japan meat consumed considered inferior grey nurse shark liver oil utilized fins jaws value discoveries beginning 1970s sand tigers shallow water raised urgent conservation concerns species apparently vulnerable human activity previously believed present insufficient data assess worldwide conservation status species assessed vulnerable australian waters decline catches new_south_wales 1970s populations species mediterranean believed declined combination habitat degradation pollution human disturbance sand tiger protected australian government came concurrently protection grey nurse shark australian waters prevent claims confusing species regulations proven difficult enforce | Smalltooth sand tiger | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3597_Epauletteshark | shark shark species carpet shark family found shallow tropical waters australia new_guinea possibly common shark comes large white black spot pectoral fin reminiscent military small species usually long shark slender body short head broad shaped paired fins caudal tail fin attached comprises half shark length adults light brown scattered darker spots indistinct sharks nocturnal habits frequent shallow water coral reefs tidal pools shark evolved cope severe night time oxygen isolated tidal pools increasing blood supply brain shutting non essential functions capable surviving complete hour ill effects higher temperature tolerant animals swim sharks walk bodies pushing paired fins species feeds wide range small benthic invertebrates bony fishes sharks females pairs egg days august december small size sharks popular public home assessed species concern outside small trade little interest fisheries taxonomy phylogeny shark originally described french naturalist des nature later changed currently valid type specimen long immature male caught near queensland australia common names species shark blind shark morphological analysis carpet sharks showed genus meaning phylogenetic relationships shark sister species resolved distribution habitat range shark extends southern coast new_guinea northern coast australia far south sydney great barrier reef contains particularly large population thousands estimated inhabit reefs additionally reports species malaysia sumatra sharks found shallow water maximum depth seen water barely deep cover bodies prefer tidal pools coral flats stands coral description shark elongated body half comprised slender caudal snout short rounded placed tip pair tiny grooves running mouth tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw teeth small broad bases triangular eyes oval shape elevated large pairs gill slits small fourth fifth close pectoral pelvic fins broad rounded similarly sized dorsal fins placed body anal fin low positioned caudal fin caudal fin upper lobe contains prominent ventral notch near tip angled horizontally relative body adult sharks brownish widely spaced brown spots subtle darker bands large black spot white located pectoral fin pair spots origin shark common juveniles alternating light dark bands body fins break mature sharks typically long maximum reported length biology ecology adaptation navigating complex reef environment shark moves seemingly walking bending body pushing substrate shaped pectoral pelvic fins similar example evolution shark capable swimming prefers walk sandy coral water deep allow swim freely supports shark paired fins reduced separated compared sharks allowing rotated use limbs mode enables shark crawl water access isolated tidal pools shark similar suggesting movements needed walking land facilitated evolution terrestrial sharks largely nocturnal active low water hide inside coral heads head covered rest body exposed perch open sandy flats atop reefs facing current form orientation known improve predator awareness sharks preyed larger fishes sharks coloration provides protective camouflage speculated distracting predators sharks parasitic stage larvae feed blood attach skin found inside mouth gills parasites cause little damage believed adversely affect health shark parasites species include species genus skeletal muscles blood gills stomach tolerance night shallow reef platforms inhabited shark isolated ocean tide dissolved oxygen pool drop overnight combined organisms pool shark evolved cope conditions able survive hours atmospheric level losing laboratory sharks survived hour oxygen unusual animals capable oxygen low temperatures responses shark low oxygen conditions heart ventilation rates drop sharply shark blood pressure falls half blood vessels deliver blood brain heart unlike bony fishes blood flow rate remains constant elevation blood levels brains sharks consume shark able lower energy demand reducing certain areas brain keeping sensory functional motor allows shark supply prevent death remaining alert environment feeding shark predator benthic crustaceans worms small bony fish shark diet consists worms crabs juveniles taking adults hunts actively dawn dusk feeding occur time day shark relies mainly senses locate hidden prey capable prey mouth expanding muscular cavity searching food shark turns debris snout head sand food items sand grains gill slits unlike sharks shark food minutes teeth depressed form flat surface crushing hard shelled prey life history mating shark takes place july december captivity reproduction occurs continuously courtship initiated female following biting male male holds pectoral fin female mouth lies alongside lasts half minutes sharks readily breed tanks small gallons larger tanks recommended allow room hatched offspring species females eggs august december female drops egg rarely time days producing total eggs year egg case measures long wide young emerge days length growth rate young slow increases year months males females mature sexually length corresponding age seven years human interactions sharks harmless humans handled captors easily observed handled slowly whilst water little fear humans shark injured encounters species readily captivity displayed public united_states canada australia article referred shark best shark home breed captivity tanks small gal grown sharks best housed tanks gal compatible community tanks eat fish assessed shark concern species common australian waters captured commercial recreational fisheries affected collection trade fishery australian habitat encompassed protected marine parks new_guinea shark assessed faces habitat degradation destructive fishing practices exploitation behaviour shark filmed detail bbc episode new documentary series named shark released 40th anniversary jaws documentary shows shark ability walk land hunting tide | Epaulette shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
3813_Toxoteschatareus | known common names seven spot species fish genus usually larger centimetres grow centimetres unlike colour feeding insects fish matter surface water breeding occurs wet season eggs laid time distributed southeast asia live fresh water inhabiting swamps upstream slow moving rivers occasionally caught eaten commonly kept sold collective label caring somewhat difficult need live food given surface food description moderate size usually centimetres rarely reach centimetres length weigh grams believed lifespan years dorsal spines fourth longest thirteen dorsal soft rays dorsal spines generally shorter specimens collected freshwater water anal spines seventeen anal soft rays lateral line scales caudal tail fin square anal fin undivided anal spine longest overall body gold dorsal greenish brown pectoral fins clear colour pelvic fins darker heavily white usually seven dark alternating long short dorsal dark found base caudal fin colour darker lighter time day environment stress young fish darker older fish stressed fish darker fish fish found cloudy water completely white unknown sexual occurs comparison distinguished colour opposed typical silver dorsal spines markings flanks alternating long short spots bands seven markings sides whilst banded lateral line scales compared common upstream behaviour diet feeding like able spit streams water knock prey water despite lacking developed visual pattern recognition abilities allow hit prey distances centimetres complex backgrounds behaviour studies visual processing found species able recognize distinguish different human faces feed day consuming plant matter insects diet comprises crustaceans fishes insects terrestrial aquatic called specialised prey certain insects particularly feed plants diet appears varying age small fish consume matter whilst comprises fourth diet larger fish diet varies location upstream feed insects estuary feed crustaceans breeding reproduce spawning spawning females spawn season spawning occurs fish lifespan breeding occurs wet season breed fresh water spawning occurs shallow muddy females lay eggs millimetres diameter females mature centimetres males mature centimetres active months hatch larvae length feed developed parental care species breeding species involve travelling downstream nonetheless populations affected construction obstacles rivers inhabit bred captivity distribution found india burma indonesia new_guinea northern australia generally found temperature ranges recorded temperatures high rivers region low river region believed upper lower limits tolerance respectively swamps form main habitat found freshwater rivers streams occurs rivers region western_australia area australia river found far north thailand found upper parts river having overcome distributed eastern australia abundant known occur shaded areas vegetation overhead usually layer water column found intact area major source food usually found fast flowing streams relationship humans minor fisheries caught described reasonable eating caught sold markets grouped banded simply sold kept reach centimetres length compared centimetres wild species commonly traded placed minimum size centimetres deep volume litres imp gal gal prefer water need tall ability jump water wild capture prey low hanging branches capable jumping short uncovered compatible species similar size larger individuals harass smaller individuals fed live food surface occasionally food caring home fairly common considered endangered destruction swamp habitat increased fishing pressure pose risk future construction tidal habitat affect populations rivers growing population southeast_asia causing pollution habitat study found increased greater levels mercury specimens sampled lake murray contributed increased mercury levels locals consumed species fish lake included compared fishes tested displayed high level mercury sediments nearby gold silver source mercury cause high level mercury accumulated known | Toxotes chatareus | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
4073_Tiktaalik | genus extinct lobe fish late period million years ago having features akin legged animals possibility representative evolutionary transition fish amphibians example lines ancient fish developing adaptations oxygen poor shallow water habitats time environmental conditions thought led evolution similar animals possibly common ancestors broad terrestrial fauna amphibians reptiles birds mammals preserved fossils found canada etymology word meaning freshwater fish related true genus received suggestion elders canada fossil discovered specific honours anonymous donor taking detailed look internal head skeleton october issue nature researchers gaining structures allow support solid ground breathe air key intermediate step transformation skull accompanied shift life land distant ancestors description provides insights features extinct closest relatives unlike previous transitional fossils fins basic wrist bones simple rays reminiscent fingers elements uncertain suggestions incompatible digital arch developmental model supposed structures reconstructed rays series directly compared fin clearly weight bearing attached massive shoulder expanded elements attached body armor large muscular ventral surface highly mobile joints bones large muscle suggesting fin muscular ability like wrist joint wrist like features helped anchor creature fast moving current notable head suggest creature primitive lungs gills attribute useful shallow water higher water temperature lower oxygen content development led evolution robust key evolutionary trait land living creatures robust helped support animal body time ventured outside fully aquatic habitat lacked characteristic fishes bony plates gill area restrict lateral head movement makes earliest known fish neck pectoral separate skull creature freedom hunting prey land compared family shares number characteristics diamond shaped scale patterns common class species scales overlapping teeth structured rows internal external nostrils tubular streamlined body absence anterior dorsal fin broad compressed skull paired frontal bones marginal mouth lung like organ generally characteristics lobe fish fins featuring arm like skeletal structures akin including shoulder elbow wrist fossil discovered include rear fins tail rows sharp teeth predator fish neck independently body common fish extant exceptions animal flat skull resembling eyes head suggesting spent lot time looking neck ribs similar ribs support body aid breathing lungs developed jaws suitable catching prey small gill called derived animals ear fossils found deposits stream systems near equator suggesting benthic animal lived shallow waters water short periods skeleton indicating support body force gravity shallow water land period time deciduous plants annually leaves water attracting small prey warm oxygen poor difficult larger fish swim said likelihood limbs primarily floor streams pulled shore brief periods discovery animal pelvic announced strongly built indicating animal moving shallow water leaders team searching fossils making hypothesis animal specialized living shallow stream systems habitats ponds maybe occasionally specialized fins moving overland particularly important animal developing features eventually allow animals exploit land classification evolution species classified genus lived approximately million years ago suggest representative transition non fish known fossils million years old early known fossils million years old mixture primitive fish derived characteristics led characterize transitional fossil birds ancestor living animal serve evidence different types exist mixture fish characteristics found include traits fish fish gills fish scales fish fins half fish half limb bones joints including functional wrist joint fish like fins instead toes half fish half ear region rib bones mobile neck separate pectoral lungs phylogenetic position phylogenetic analysis placed sister taxon directly preceded inserted transitional form true missing link order phylogenetic tree initially adopted experts notably questioned paper noted derived portion closer author study considered possibility fin having evolutionary return primitive form january group including published paper accompanied extensive material discussed nature documentary showed appeared long conclusions based numerous individual discovered quarry poland origin tracks established based distinct limb morphology reflecting diagonal walk body tail drag marks wide stride relation body length fish size unusually big wide indicating body lengths track bearing layers assigned lower middle based index fossil samples zone previous data obtained underlying strata subsequent studies confirming dating skeptical said trace evidence modify theory evolution argued produced similar later study expressed significantly modified opinion lacked walking fish insisted tracks possibly formed natural processes transitional species instead authors publication suggested based available morphology animals study indicated advanced terms reconstruction identical author article claimed polish discovery theory ancestors notion partially shared number new suggested possible origin phylogenetic position including phylogenetic position remains unchanged found attributed result long ghost separating species late surviving relics direct transitional forms evolutionary dead end result parallel evolution striking similarities found evolved twice noted considered responsible uniquely features found non fish period like finger like radial bones like spine regions estimates published discovery tracks suggested appeared early ago questioned attempts read absolute timing evolutionary events early evolution data available phylogenetic position remains uncertain discovery skeletons discovered rock formed late river sediments northern canada estimated ages reported ago ago ago time species existence continent modern eastern north_america greenland centered equator warm climate discovered found sticking cliff inspection fossil found excellent condition million year old specimen discovery university_of_chicago harvard_university professor published april issue nature quickly recognized transitional form cambridge_university expert evolution said things point told exist years digging far north hit pay dirt collection fish beautifully preserved skeletons intact team studied species saw excitement exactly missing intermediate looking found split difference right middle says | Tiktaalik | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
4321_Deepwaterstingray | giant species sole member family widely distributed typically fine sediments upper continental slope depths species reaches length width oval pectoral fin disc long flexible broad angled snout entire half tail supports long slender leaf shaped caudal fin coloration dark white skin completely covered tiny dermal denticles crustaceans cephalopods bony fishes hunt sea floor open water probably viviparous mother supplying young milk captured rays merit caution long species taken commercial fisheries numbers small significantly threaten population assessed concern taxonomy phylogeny scientific description authored report named new species honor late director placed genus based long low caudal fin lack dorsal fin type specimens collected september near mouth mature male immature male common names species include davies giant morphological phylogenetic study concluded basal moved species genus family derived greek primitive ray subsequent morphological studies basal position disagreed relationships nearby taxa fully resolve position assigned family found sister taxon recommended placed family phylogeny better resolved authors tended preserve family distribution habitat records come number locations scattered widely south_africa northern southern coastline australia northwestern australia northeastern australia hawaii dwelling species generally inhabits upper continental slope depths muddy record deep locally common tropical australian waters description body enlarged pectoral fins forming disc usually longer wide leading margins disc converge broad angle snout thin measures times long diameter orbit snout tip slightly disc small eyes positioned ahead angular posterior large circular nostrils placed closed mouth connected pair broad grooves nostrils broad curtain skin strongly fringed posterior margin wide straight mouth contains tooth rows jaw increasing number age tooth small low blunt adult males teeth center sharp backward pointing pairs gill slits small placed beneath disc pelvic fins small blunt outer corners moderately thick tail measures long disc lacks lateral skin dorsal fins spines present atop tail ahead halfway point slender caudal fin originates short distance sting symmetrical terminates rounded leaf like shape skin densely covered fine dermal denticles sparse absent pelvic fins ventral disc margin mouth brown rays irregular darker spots underside white narrow dark border lateral disc margins tail entirely dark caudal fin black large species grows long weight southern africa known exceed long australia biology ecology diet consists cephalopods crustaceans including crabs bony fishes including long flexible snout suited sediment presence species diet suggest hunt sea floor recorded individual found severely sharks capable flesh like larger animals presumed similar viviparous having developing embryos produced milk given large size habits probably highly prolific small litter size long gestation period young apparently born close long evidenced capture free living specimen size bore yolk sac males females mature sexually long respectively maximum size likely maturation size varies geographic regions human interactions captured powerful tail violently long sting inflict injury fishery worker caught incidentally meat sold poorly regarded commercial fisheries operating range including south_africa taiwan indonesia australia extensive small numbers landed result determined species threatened human activity listed concern fisheries expand future susceptible probable rarity low reproductive rate | Deepwater stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
4371_Sparsely-spottedstingaree | sparsely spotted sparsely spotted white spotted species family common southern australian coast preferring sandy flats beds benthic ray found close shore depth tends occur deeper northern portion range reaching length species broad diamond shaped pectoral fin disc typically plain gray color shaped marking eyes individuals southerly waters generally exhibit small dark edged white spots ray characterized bell shaped curtain skin nostrils tail skin fold running leaf shaped caudal fin dorsal fin relatively inactive daytime sparsely spotted mainly crustaceans lesser extent worms small benthic organisms viviparous mother young milk life history differs eastern western eastern females bear litters pups month gestation period western females bear litters pups month gestation period western rays mature later live longer eastern rays sting sparsely spotted potentially humans reported react aggressively disturbed listed concern little fishing activity majority range taxonomy sparsely spotted described issue specific epithet derived latin meaning meaning spotted type specimen collected near victoria eastern western portions range differ aspects life history merit taxonomic investigation according distribution habitat abundant fishes southern australia sparsely spotted relatively wide distribution extending new_south_wales including entirety tasmania range expanded southward past decades apparently climate change numbers increased likely result fisheries ecological competitors dwelling nature sparsely spotted inhabits variety sandy habitats ranging shallow sheltered bays open continental shelf deep rays found north great australian bight tend found depths greater contrast rays found south victoria tasmania common water evidence segregation age sex offshore migration winter description sparsely spotted diamond shaped pectoral fin disc wider long rounded outer corners anterior margins disc nearly straight converge angle snout tip barely disc small eyes immediately followed shaped angular rounded posterior outer rim enlarged nostrils bell shaped curtain skin finely fringed trailing margin similarly shaped nasal curtain small mouth contains like structures floor tips additional small present outside lower jaw teeth jaws small roughly oval bases arranged pattern pairs gill slits short pelvic fins small rounded tail measures long disc flattened base slender tip bears deep leaf shaped caudal fin prominent fold skin running tail spine placed upper surface halfway length dorsal fin skin completely devoid dermal denticles species uniformly light gray darker shaped marking eyes white slightly darker lateral disc margins rays southern portion range handful small regularly arranged spots atop disc white dark border juveniles black caudal fin age margin largest individual record long biology ecology day sparsely spotted spends time resting buried sand crustaceans form main component diet accounting food intake volume important worms relatively mobile buried type major secondary food source rare occasions small bony fishes eaten species incorporates progressively greater diversity prey diet grows older specifically decline importance worms crabs consumed greater proportions sparsely spotted preyed shark known genus like sparsely spotted viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk mother supplies nutrient rich milk specialized extensions called females single functional right annual reproductive cycle eastern occurs spring early summer litter size ranges increasing female size gestation period lasts approximately year measure long males reach sexual maturity long half years age females long years age maximum lifespan years males years females western mating occurs early mid summer females bear litters pups gestation period lasts months taking place late spring early summer measure males mature sexually years age females years age maximum lifespan years females grow slowly larger ultimate size males human interactions reported aggressive sparsely spotted readily employs sting disturbed inflict painful injury human edible seldom brought market fishing pressure insignificant large portions ray range including substantial numbers caught incidentally commercial fisheries southeastern southwestern australia beach sparsely spotted generally survives captured discarded process causes young losses fisheries appear sustainable present iucn listed species concern number small range potentially benefit implementation australian national plan action conservation management sharks | Sparsely-spotted stingaree | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
4721_Whiskeryshark | shark shark species belonging family member genus common shark inhabits australian continental shelf western_australia depth habits prefers rocky habitats stout bodied form shark distinguished members family presence long nasal moderately large dorsal fins roughly equal size brownish gray lighter pattern darker younger sharks species reaches length diet shark consists entirely viviparous females bear litters pups year august october gestation period months harmless shark utilized meat species marketed australia mainly caught western australian commercial fishery numbers declined significantly 1970s early 1980s leading introduction new management measures mid-1980s strict fishery management kept shark population stable increasing resulting listing concern taxonomy phylogeny australian described shark new genus species fur issue scientific journal fur use genus fur true flies replaced type specimen long immature male caught victoria australia common names shark include shark reef shark shark sharks western portion species range thought separate species comparative studies found significantly different based morphology grouped tribe subfamily family phylogenetic study colleagues based protein gene sequences affirmed sister taxa study position include description shark moderately stout build appearance short snout rounded wedge shaped viewed species flaps skin preceding nostrils elongated thin horizontally oval eyes placed high head equipped rudimentary membranes protective beneath eye prominent ridge tiny mouth forms short wide arch bears somewhat long furrows corners upper lower tooth rows upper tooth angled knife like main smaller trailing lower tooth single upright pairs gill slits dorsal fin large positioned closer pectoral pelvic fins origin lies posterior pectoral fin rear tips second dorsal fin roughly equals size positioned slightly ahead anal fin smaller dorsal fin caudal fin short lower lobe deep ventral notch near tip upper lobe adults brownish gray lighter young sharks lighter color darker body fins fade disappear age species grows long weight distribution habitat endemic australia shark inhabits temperate continental shelf waters western_australia tasmania common southwestern portion range albany rare victoria tasmania range encompass single population species found close depths favors rocky areas beds biology ecology shark active highly specialized predator feeding exclusively cephalopods bony fishes small rock worms found stomach contents known parasite species like shark viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk probably produced males mate year females reproductive cycle mating takes place august september females store sperm late january early april following year ready month long gestation period litters average pups born august october litter size increases size female measure long juvenile sharks rarely caught commercial suggesting nursery areas found deeper water habitats pups double triple size months life continue grow rapidly years old sexual maturity attained length sexes corresponding years age males seven years age females mature sharks exhibit growth rates resources diverted reproduction maximum lifespan estimated years human interactions harmless humans shark commercially meat sold fresh shark species marketed shark shark targeted shark fishery operating western_australia currently managed western australian joint authority southern fishery fishery began 1940s small number vessels shark caught substantial numbers 1970s introduction hydraulic net additional vessels catches peaked early 1980s tons taken annually reduced population pre exploitation levels mid-1980s prompting western australian government enact management plan stabilized population pre exploitation levels management advisory committee western australian shark fishery recommended shark stock rebuilt pre exploitation levels season series fishing effort reductions target met effort reductions completed preliminary catch unit effort data indicate population increasing species tons fishery weight shark minor catch threaten species overall population stable regularly monitored fisheries affect managed assessed species concern | Whiskery shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
5223_Estuarystingray | estuary estuary called estuary brown species family endemic eastern australia typically inhabits shallow lined tidal rivers bays southern queensland new_south_wales yellow brown olive ray grows diamond shaped pectoral fin disc smooth whip like tail bearing dorsal ventral fin additionally identified long narrow nostrils row estuary gained consuming farmed mainly feeds crustaceans worms viviparous young sustained term maternal milk common species apparently declined range likely combination habitat degradation mortality commercial recreational fishing persecution farmers result assessed vulnerable taxonomy reference estuary scientific literature probably record 19th century english naturalist feeding queensland estuary species formally described australian volume based specimen collected specific epithet means rivers latin description estuary diamond shaped pectoral fin disc wide long gently convex anterior margins broadly rounded outer corners snout wide triangular point small widely spaced eyes immediately followed long narrow nostrils short broad skirt skin weakly fringed posterior margin small bow shaped mouth surrounded deep furrows contains row floor pair tiny set apart teeth small arranged pavement like surfaces pairs gill slits beneath disc pelvic fins relatively large tail measures twice long disc broad flattened base upper surface spines past spines tail quickly whip like bears developed keel long low fin fold beneath wide patches small dermal denticles flattened crowns eyes middle row enlarged progressively longer reach base sting aside base tail smooth species yellowish greenish brown disc margins past tail spine white grows possibly reaches width maximum recorded weight distribution habitat range estuary spans approximately australia eastern coast queensland new_south_wales common southern queensland including species suspected disappeared 1880s recent observations shown case additional species records new_guinea probably represent primarily freshwater habitat requirements estuary appear stringent significant numbers found particular locations prefers tidal rivers flats bays lined sandy muddy bottoms species rarely found outside sheltered areas recorded depth offshore waters inhabits marine waters able tolerate fresh water known swim limit high tide surface water temperatures range vary north south species size sex biology ecology despite reputation farmed estuary diet fact consists mainly crustaceans worms important prey species soldier crab ray observed entering rising tide forage food known parasites estuary include chin like estuary exhibits developing embryos sustained initially yolk later milk produced mother females probably produce offspring year courtship male follows female bites disc observed night water approximately deep july october measure long young rays caught fresh environments serve males mature seven years age females mature years age maturation size sexes widest known maximum lifespan estimated years males years females human interactions historical evidence strongly suggest abundant estuary declined substantially range commercially utilized faces number threats species captured incidentally commercial fisheries mortality exacerbated practice ray pierced metal bar stick readily caught killed recreational surveys found fishing related effects embedded hooks mutilated tails population habitat degradation major threat estuary especially given habitat range encompasses areas australia extensive land water pollution construction flood barriers rivers finally ray reputation damaging led persecution commercial farmers estuary diminished population multiple threats led assess vulnerable demographic modelling shown likely endangered intervention marine protected areas located range present lack adequate protection fishing ray remains locally abundant parts areas important centers preserving species queensland government listed estuary track species framework facilitate development conservation measures | Estuary stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
5235_Bowfin | basal bony fishes related common names include mud pike trout regarded taxonomic sole surviving species order dates present highly evolved referred primitive fishes retained morphological characteristics early ancestors freshwater native north_america commonly found eastern united_states southern ontario quebec fossil deposits indicate widespread freshwater marine environments range spanned europe asia africa range limited eastern united_states adjacent southern canada including drainage basins mississippi_river rivers exiting gulf_of_mexico preferred habitat includes lowland rivers lakes swamps areas occasionally found water stalking ambush predators known night prey fish aquatic invertebrates aquatic insects like means capacity breathe water air gills exchange gases water allowing exploit oxygen breathing gas serves maintain allows breathe air means small connected gas break surface air allows survive conditions aquatic lethal species morphology average length females typically grow males records indicate reach length weigh young year typically grow october females tend grow larger males body elongated cylindrical sides olive brown color vertical bars dark pattern dorsal fin horizontal bars caudal fin irregular vertical bars underside white cream paired fins anal fin bright green stage total length black like appearance approximately total length described looking like miniature grow quickly typically leave nest weeks hatching young males black base tail caudal commonly encircled orange yellowish border female black present thought purpose confuse predators attacks away head fish tail opportunity escape predation named long dorsal fin consisting rays running middle base tail referred living fossils primitive fishes retained primitive characters common ancestral predecessors including modified rounded externally caudal fin highly gas lung spiral valve bony plate bony plate located underneath head exterior lower jaw sides lower jaw bone distinguishing characteristics include long sharp teeth protruding tube like nostrils unlike primitive scales differ scales large single layered scales closer similarity derived fishes similar appearance northern commonly mistaken similarities appearance noticeably elongated cylindrical shape long dorsal fin runs backs northern fishes native rivers china russia korea unlike native north_america northern considered invasive species environmentally harmful contrasting differences include black caudal tan olive coloration shorter anal fin rounded head upper jaw longer lower jaw predatory fish native streams lakes north_america commonly mistaken distinguished flat head chin long anal fin pelvic fins situated beneath pectoral fins physiology like capable extract oxygen water breathing gills break water surface breathe air small connected gas performing low level physical activity obtain half oxygen breathing air distinct air breathing mechanisms gas type air consistent action stimulated aerial aquatic regulate gas exchange type air believed regulate gas volume control helps survive maintain rate conditions rate air breathing higher darkness fish active blood adapt warm acidic waters fish inactive waters temperature breathe air increasing temperature air breathing increases preferred temperature range temperature maximum activity air breathing maximum range reported unearthed chamber inches ground surface inches diameter miles river noted flood levels previously reached area unusual species like flood currents trapped water levels documented multiple researchers laboratory experiments suggested instead incapable surviving days air exposure field manipulation performed regardless lack evidence confirming ability noted survive prolonged conditions exposure air ability breathe air gill rigid structure helps prevent collapsing aids gas exchange air exposure evolution phylogeny competing debates continue evolution relatives including relationship basal extant organization remaining member group includes extinct species families generally accepted sister group question pattern produced morphology based analyses extant different result produced fossil taxa showed recovered nuclear gene analyses independent study fossil extant fishes analysis elements extant ray fishes include orders families species currently classified fishes reed fish comprise thirty species considered species included species species comprising second major occurrence evolution ray fishes today include majority modern bony fish distinguished earlier ancestors major changes jaws shape skull tail divided divisions division order include extant species appeared cretaceous division order extant species order date period division division stem group modern fish arose including bony fish familiar today evolution contains intact gene cluster similar contrast fishes fragmented cluster probably event lineage presence intact gene cluster suggests ancestors separated fishes common ancestor appeared possibly better model study organization common model organisms feeding behavior stalking ambush predators night prey fish aquatic invertebrates aquatic insects young feed small crustaceans adults known remarkably quickly water appetite dorsal fin water stalking prey attack straight forward swift movement lasts approximately seconds distribution habitat fossil deposits indicate included freshwater marine species widely distributed north_america south_america africa today remaining species order freshwater range restricted freshwater environments north_america including eastern united_states adjacent southern canada drainage southern ontario quebec westward great lakes southern ontario minnesota historically distribution north_america included drainage basins mississippi_river quebec northern minnesota lawrence great lakes including ontario south gulf_of_mexico atlantic drainage southeastern pennsylvania texas research late 1800s 1980s suggests trend intentional non indigenous fishes ponds lakes rivers united_states time little known environmental impacts long term effects new species establishment spread result fish rescue transfer efforts importance fishes ecological balance aquatic ecosystems introductions areas considered non indigenous species included lakes rivers connecticut illinois iowa kansas kentucky maryland massachusetts missouri new_jersey new_york north_carolina pennsylvania virginia west_virginia wisconsin introductions intentional resource management way positively determine distribution resulting flood transfers typically introduced species capable predators pose threat native fishes prey preferred habitat prefer lowland rivers lakes swamps areas occasionally found water easy spot slow water abundant vegetation seek shelter roots submerged logs oxygen poor environments tolerated ability breathe air life cycle spawn spring early summer typically april june commonly night clear shallow water beds sand bars stumps logs bushes temperatures nesting spawning range males construct circular nests root clearing away leaves stems depending density surrounding vegetation tunnel like entrance diameter nests commonly range water depth spawning season fins underside male change color bright lime green courtship spawning sequence lasts hours repeat times courtship begins female approaches nest ritual consists intermittent nose bites chasing behavior male female receptive time pair lie nest deposits eggs fins movement releases occur male eggs female nest single female nests females vacate nest spawning leaving male protect eggs days nest contain eggs possibly usually related size fish isn unusual large female contain eggs eggs attach aquatic vegetation roots gravel sand hatching swim actively search food seven days required yolk sac absorption attach vegetation means organ snout remain protected parent male aggressively protect spawn day month eggs hatched able swim forage form school leave nest accompanied parent male slowly circles prevent separation reach sexually maturity years age live years wild years captivity females longer lived males diseases common parasite anchor worm small crustaceans skin bases fins consequences ranging slowed growth death lays eggs gills externally sperm passing water flow small larvae hatch develop gill tubes liver cancer fatal reported sport fish considered desirable considered fish early believed predatory nature harmful sport fish populations result efforts taken reduce numbers research proven knowledge better understanding maintaining overall balance ecosystems regulations introduced help protect maintain viable populations strong fighters prized trait game fish jaw sharp teeth requires careful handling current tackle record considered little commercial value poor meat referred soft bland poor texture considered cleaned properly smoked prepared fried years global efforts imposed strict regulations international trade particularly harvest highly prized originates imposed created lucrative markets affordable united_states including species louisiana harvested wild commercially meat processed sold marketed trade accumulation toxic substances areas united_states aquatic environments tested positive elevated levels mercury copper posted signs warnings consumption fish caught areas concentration mercury passes food chain organisms lower levels apex predators tissues larger long lived predatory fishes compared smaller short lived fishes tend concentrate mercury higher levels making safe human consumption | Bowfin | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
5597_Falsecatshark | false false shark species ground shark family sole member genus worldwide distribution commonly recorded close continental slopes depths reaching length heavy bodied shark readily identified elongated keel like dorsal fin long narrow eyes large mouth filled numerous tiny teeth usually dark brown color light gray muscles large liver false slow moving predator variety fishes invertebrates viviparous mode reproduction featuring unusual form developing embryos consume egg fragments released mother use yolk material external yolk later use species typically gives birth pups time presently lacks sufficient data assess conservation status false targeted fisheries commercially valuable caught incidentally low reproductive rate render susceptible population taxonomy phylogeny false described portuguese based account long adult male caught portugal thought specimen resembled member genus lacking membrane known species fact trait assigned new genus greek pseudo false time classified false specific comes greek small tooth common names species dumb shark japanese keel dorsal shark pacific populations false regarded separate species morphological comparisons failed find consistent differences leading conclusion species false closest relatives false share number morphological similarities phylogenetic analysis protein genes found genetic divergence taxa shark species genus result suggests unique traits false evolved relatively recently supports grouping family description soft bodied false broad head short rounded snout nostrils large flaps skin anterior narrow eyes twice long high equipped rudimentary membranes eyes large huge mouth arched bears short furrows corners rows tiny teeth jaw arranged straight lines upper jaw diagonal lines lower jaw tooth pointed central flanked smaller pairs gill slits fairly small pectoral fins small rounded fin rays near base dorsal fin highly distinctive long roughly equal caudal fin low resembling keel ship originates pectoral fin rear tips terminates pelvic fin origins second dorsal fin larger originates ahead anal fin fins positioned close caudal fin caudal fin long upper lobe ventral notch near tip indistinct lower lobe dermal denticles shaped like central ridge sparsely distributed skin species typically plain dark brown color fin margins individuals instead light gray irregular darker fine dots false grows long weight distribution habitat rarely encountered false caught locations scattered world indicating wide distribution western atlantic reported canada united_states cuba brazil eastern atlantic known waters iceland france portugal islands azores cape_verde records indian_ocean come madagascar mauritius indonesia australia pacific_ocean documented japan taiwan indonesia new_zealand inhabiting continental slopes false occurs depths recorded deep individuals occasionally relatively shallower waters continental shelf following submarine suffering abnormal condition false generally close sea floor found reefs biology ecology soft fins skin false suggest sluggish lifestyle enormous oil filled liver makes total weight allowing maintain near neutral little effort species likely captures prey quick bursts speed large mouth allowing consume food considerable size feeds mainly bony fishes snake takes shrimp likely examination stomach contents found surface dwelling fishes frigate specimen caught human garbage including potatoes pear plastic bag soft drink record false found bite marks great white shark unusual ground sharks false viviparous developing embryos practicing adult females single functional right functional female long found contain estimated averaging gestation developing embryos initially yolk later transition feeding egg fragments mother excess egg material embryo stored external yolk sac close birth embryo transfers yolk external yolk sac internal yolk sac serve post birth food reserve typical litter size pups litters possible gestation period probably longer year possibly lasting years measure long males females probably mature sexually long respectively human interactions false minimal economic value meat fins liver oil utilized okinawa oil traditionally seal hulls wooden fishing boats like sharks species thought highly susceptible slow reproductive rate rarely caught information available population listed | False catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
5634_Pepperedmaskray | species family found shallow waters northeastern australia small thin bodied ray maximum width diamond shaped pectoral fin disc row tiny relatively short whip like tail upper lower fin upper surface color pattern consisting black spots brownish light yellow brown background favoring soft habitats dwelling predator consuming mainly crustaceans particularly shrimp worms viviparous litter sizes females supply developing young milk gestation frequent fisheries common significant portions population appear lie waters result assessed concern taxonomy phylogeny thought color painted recognized distinct species based molecular data collected project described peter commonwealth scientific publication account based specimens female caught queensland designated specific epithet derived latin painted colored phylogenetic analysis mitochondrial nuclear dna found painted sister species estimated diverged description thin diamond shaped pectoral fin disc roughly times wider long slightly concave leading margins narrowly rounded outer corners snout forms angle pointed tip small closely spaced eyes followed crescent shaped nostrils elongated skirt shaped curtain skin posterior margin curtain fringed forms small mouth surrounded bears prominent furrows corners floor mouth teeth number rows upper jaw rows lower teeth small vary pointed blunt pairs gill slits shaped pelvic fins medium sized triangular angular corners whip like tail measures times long disc bears slender spines upper surface smaller rays usually sting larger rays tail moderately broad flattened base thin sting upper lower fin present past sting upper fold shorter lower small closely spaced skin smooth species light yellow brown darker pattern vary faint obvious numerous black spots like species dark marking eyes resembles mask tail pattern bands sting tip white ventral fin fold black underside plain white species reaches distribution habitat range extends coast northeastern australia queensland western boundary range uncertain found new_guinea unconfirmed species extremely common areas gulf benthic fish usually found inner continental shelf water deep occur favors habitats sandy fine substrate biology ecology prefers pick prey surface substrate opposed digging shrimp far important food source worms rarely small bony fishes compared smaller rays larger rays varied diet incorporates greater proportion worms reproduction viviparous like developing embryos initially yolk later milk provided mother mature females single functional left females birth litters pups probably year males females reach sexual maturity respectively maximum lifespan years males years females human interactions lacks economic value discarded fisheries caught incidentally small size benefit particular species accounts approximately total catch gulf half rays caught including males fatally crushed despite mortality believed negatively affected local population operational area include waters species abundant caught frequently operated range fishing pressure relatively light external factors fuel prices listed species concern remains common range includes marine protected areas | Peppered maskray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
5898_Hornshark | horn shark horn shark species shark family endemic coastal waters western coast north_america california young sharks segregated adults preferring deeper sandy flats preferring shallower rocky reefs beds small species typically measuring length horn shark recognized short blunt head ridges eyes high dorsal fins large spines brown gray coloration small dark spots slow moving generally solitary predators horn sharks hunt night inside small home ranges retreat favored shelter day daily activity cycles controlled environmental light levels adult sharks prey mainly hard shelled crustaceans crush powerful jaws like teeth feeding wide variety invertebrates small bony fishes juveniles prefer softer bodied prey worms sea shark extracts prey substrate necessary motions body reproduction females laying eggs february april laying female picks shaped egg cases protect predators horn sharks harmless harassed readily maintained captivity targeted commercial recreational fisheries small numbers caught mexico species food california spines jewelry information determine horn shark conservation status faces threats coast united_states taxonomy french biologist published scientific description horn shark proceedings species later placed genus eventually genus specific epithet reference san_francisco range horn shark extend far north type specimen bay lost scientific species given erroneously description like sharks horn shark short wide head blunt snout prominent ridges eyes horn shark ridges low terminate abruptly space head deeply concave eye lacks membrane followed tiny nostrils split outflow openings long reaches mouth openings encircled groove groove connects outflow openings mouth mouth small curved prominent furrows corners tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw teeth jaws small pointed central flanked pair lateral sides jaws larger elongated like body cylindrical high somewhat shaped dorsal fins bearing stout spines fin spines reef dwelling horn sharks shorter living habitats spines worn rocks sharks movements dorsal fin originates bases large pectoral fins second dorsal fin originates slightly anterior free rear tips pelvic fins caudal fin short lower lobe long broad upper lobe strong notch near tip horn shark dermal denticles small smooth numbering cm2 adults dorsal coloration consists shades gray brown small dark spots absent older sharks underside yellowish dark patch small spots eye species reach length individuals exceed distribution habitat horn shark inhabits continental shelf occurring coasts california baja california southward uncommon warm water northward bring far unconfirmed reports species ecuador peru species year horn sharks common depth onset winter migrate water deeper species found caves deep juvenile horn sharks long prefer sandy flats low vertical relief water deep advantage large feeding pits excavated bat ray shelter food mature horn sharks shift shallower water preferred habitat structurally complex rocky reefs algae beds strongly benthic species seldom ventures substrate relative horn shark shares habitat negatively horn sharks prefer temperatures warmer cold tolerant year warming trend resulted increase horn shark population decrease population horn sharks common northern water cooler biology ecology horn shark clumsy sporadic swimmer prefers use flexible muscular pectoral fins push usually solitary small groups recorded day horn sharks rest hidden inside caves thick algae remain relatively alert swim away quickly disturbed dusk actively reef search food horn sharks maintain small home ranges remain faithful decade returning shelter day shelter usually located edge resident shark foraging area longest documented movement individual horn shark unlike fishes daily activity pattern horn shark control meaning regulated environmental factors internal cycle observations captive horn sharks relevant cue light intensity sharks active immediately lights turned stop soon turned experiment sharks kept darkness remained continuously active days slowing possibly fatigue nature horn sharks exposed bright light night stop swimming sink horn shark preyed larger fishes northern elephant seal adults juveniles egg cases addition captured eaten bald eagles large marine able drill egg cases extract yolk tough skin spines species protection filmed juvenile horn shark spit spines known parasites species include spends stage inside potential prey sea feeding adult horn shark diet consists hard shelled sea crustaceans crabs shrimp crack shells horn shark generates highest known bite force relative size shark excess measured species shark study found average bite force species wild maximum experimental conditions sharks induced bite force large horn sharks feed mainly sea particularly short purple teeth fin spines stained purple prey items adults include worms sea stars cephalopods small bony fishes juveniles feed primarily worms sea small known bite retracted southern california horn sharks known advantage seasonal opportunities summer active fishes particular especially abundant easily captured night lie dormant winter sharks market squid die tens thousands mass spawning event horn sharks hunt mainly sense smell certainly plays role locating prey species fewer sharks like sharks horn shark teeth regularly replaced takes weeks dropped tooth replaced horn shark captures prey created expanding cavity modified mouth form tube force prey drawn mouth secured sharp teeth ground pieces flat lateral teeth extract buried prey horn shark adopts vertical posture head pectoral fins substrate tail arched shark acts pectoral fins downward stroke tail forces head upwards pulls prey loose mode feeding observed shark horn shark capable protruding upper jaw length head motion takes accomplish allows shark use upper jaw like firmly attached prey life history mating horn shark occurs december january possibly annual reproductive cycle male chases female indicate interest ready sharks settle male female pectoral fin teeth minutes pair female spins snout sand minutes february april females lay maximum eggs time days water deep egg case female hours deposit case soft light brown days color including case measures long wide sharks produce longer egg cases mainland california suggesting separate populations sharks exhibit parental care female horn sharks wild pick eggs mouths wedge captivity eggs simply dropped later eggs hatch months emergence young measure long newly hatched sharks internal yolk sac feed month old capable feeding accept food period horn sharks grow slowly highly variable rate correspond size frustrated attempts determine aging process males mature length females length individual sharks lived years old captivity exists unconfirmed report shark reaching years age human interactions normal circumstances horn sharks harmless humans readily approached underwater provoked biting individuals known chase bite divers harassed sharks handled care fin spines inflict painful wound horn shark captivity maintained bred public united_states horn shark commercial value california captured unintentionally traps recreational shark ensures returned water alive species benefits general restrictions placed coastal fishing gear average annual california historically varied divers kill sport jewelry fin spines cause decline numbers horn sharks intensely areas southern california mexico species caught incidentally shrimp human consumption expansion mexican fisheries pose conservation concern future present sufficient information assess overall conservation status species status united_states waters likely concern | Horn shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
6121_Crossbackstingaree | banded species family endemic southeastern australia mainly victoria tasmania marginally new_south_wales south_australia dwelling fish generally inhabits sand reef habitats deeper victoria muddy habitats shallow bays tasmania distinctive dark pattern consisting stripe crossed transverse bars oval pectoral fin disc blunt snout skirt shaped curtain skin nostrils tail short skin fold sides deep leaf shaped caudal fin youngest rays small dorsal fin tail spine species reaches length day usually inactive found partially completely buried sand sea floor adults forage crustaceans worms small invertebrates juveniles feed smaller crustaceans species viviparous developing embryos sustained term milk produced mother females bear litters pups year gestation period months species closely related sting potentially humans common species seldom caught commercial fisheries northernmost extent range population largely secure listed concern taxonomy french naturalist originally described volume scientific journal paris specific epithet means cross like latin referring distinctive markings origin type specimen given simply australia der german placed species newly created genus victorian differ markedly habitat preferences merit taxonomic investigation according ray closely related addition morphological similarities study fishes species distinguished basis gene sequences close evolutionary relationship distribution habitat distribution mainly encompasses coastal waters victoria tasmania abundant ranges far east bay new south wales far west south australia dwelling nature species reported zone depth upper continental slope rays victorian prefer sandy flats rocky reefs seldom seen water occurring commonly depths greater contrast rays usually found muddy bottoms shallow bays large occasionally penetrating water description pectoral fin disc slightly wider long oval shape anterior margins nearly straight angle snout blunt generally protruding disc eyes small immediately followed shaped rounded angular posterior outer rim form small nostrils skirt shaped curtain skin deeply fringed posterior margin mouth small strongly arched containing like structures floor additional patch present outside lower jaw upper lower teeth small roughly oval bases arranged pattern pairs gill slits short pelvic fins small rounded margins short tail measures disc length flattened oval cross section lateral skin single spine positioned halfway tail length sting preceded small dorsal fin fin lost age evidenced small ridge end tail short deep leaf shaped caudal fin skin entirely devoid dermal denticles grayish yellowish brown pattern dark markings including stripe running crossed transverse bars near eyes gill region center disc pattern strongest rays southern portion range dark brown black individuals recorded underside white slightly darker disc margin caudal fin grayish body tail species maximum known length females generally grow larger males biology ecology generally nocturnal spends long stretches day lying sea floor partially completely buried sediment known form groups varying size mixing species ray predator small organisms buried victoria quarters prey consumed crustaceans particularly comprise majority remainder worms eaten significant quantities squid taken young rays feed mainly smaller age progressively greater diversity larger prey incorporated diet shark known prey threatened ray raises tail body like fashion parasites documented species include genus like viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk mother provisions nutrient rich milk specialized extensions called females produce litters pups year development proceeds rapidly month period total gestation period longer period eggs reported tasmania large mouth river serve nursery areas different authors variously reported birth length maturation length females usually slightly larger size males range sizes reflect life history differences different parts range sexes mature years age live years naturally closely related southern new_south_wales species overlap apparent hybrid offspring intermediate color patterns found true represent known cases fishes human interactions inflict injury human sting require surgical intervention tip sting breaks inside wound base tail highly flexible allowing strike person touching body 19th century hazard posed species led persecution fishery workers form metal spike pierce ray remove net iucn listed concern exposed minimal fishing activity western tasmania constitute distribution impact fisheries unlikely severe new_south_wales caught incidentally southern captured rays likely experience high mortality tend young caused overall decline area operations affects small portion species range | Crossback stingaree | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
6135_Tigershark | tiger shark tiger shark species requiem shark extant member genus commonly known tiger shark relatively large capable attaining length found tropical temperate waters especially common central pacific islands derives dark stripes body resemble tiger pattern fade shark matures tiger shark solitary nocturnal hunter notable having widest food spectrum sharks consuming variety prey ranging crustaceans fish seals birds squid turtles sea snakes smaller sharks tiger shark known eat objects stomach reputation garbage tiger shark sits atop food chain apex predator killer known occasion prey tiger shark considered near threatened species fishing humans taxonomy shark described given renamed genus derived greek means shark latin word hard hairs pigs colloquially called man shark tiger shark member order species rich order sharks species including small sharks members order characterized presence membrane eyes dorsal fins anal fin gill slits largest member family commonly referred requiem sharks family consists slender powerful mid- large sized sharks includes known sharks blue shark lemon shark bull shark description tiger shark commonly length weighs exceptionally large male tiger shark grow females larger exceptionally big ones reportedly measure female specimen caught australia reportedly measured long weighed exceptional weight thought bolstered pregnant state time larger specimens reported unconfirmed largest extant sharks tiger shark ranks average size whale shark shark great white shark species sharks pacific sleeper sharks greenland sharks sharks broadly overlap size tiger shark species comparatively poorly studied unclear typical mature size matches tiger shark great member taxonomic order tiger shark similar greater average body length lighter maximum known weight teeth specialized slice flesh bone tough substances turtle shells like sharks teeth continually replaced rows new teeth skin skin tiger shark typically range blue light green white light yellow advantage hunting prey prey looks shark shark water darker prey shark looks course sun lighter light camouflage shark known dark spots stripes visible young sharks fade shark matures head somewhat wedge shaped makes easy turn quickly small pits snout hold called enable detect electric fields including weak electrical generated prey helps hunt tiger sharks sensory organ called lateral line extends flanks length sides primary role structure detect minute vibrations water adaptations allow tiger shark hunt darkness detect hidden prey vision reflective layer tiger shark called allows light sensing cells second chance capture visible light enhancing vision low light conditions tiger shark generally long fins provide lift shark maneuvers water long upper tail provides bursts speed tiger sharks normally swim small body movements high dorsal fin act pivot allowing spin quickly axis shark dorsal fins close tail distribution habitat tiger shark found close coast mainly tropical subtropical waters world behavior primarily nomadic guided warmer currents stays closer equator colder months tends stay deep waters line reefs channels pursue prey shallower waters western pacific_ocean shark found far north japan far south new_zealand tiger shark tagged caribbean tracked migrating tropical species warm brings coast extreme north range summer tiger sharks seen gulf_of_mexico north american beaches parts south_america commonly known caribbean_sea locations tiger sharks seen include africa china hong_kong india australia indonesia certain tiger sharks recorded depths shy sources claim shallow water normally thought shallow species size recent study showed average tiger shark recorded making uncommon tiger sharks shallow water tiger sharks hawaii observed depths shallow regularly observed coastal waters depths feeding tiger shark apex predator reputation eating young tiger sharks found prey largely small fish small cephalopods time attain near sexual maturity prey selection expands considerably larger animals regular prey numerous fish crustaceans sea birds sea snakes marine mammals common spotted seals sea lions sea turtles including largest species green sea turtles regularly eaten adult tiger sharks tiger shark eats sharks including adult sharks rays eat tiger sharks high risk predatory attacks avoid regions inhabited tiger sharks tiger sharks attack injured ailing prey group documented attacking killing ailing whale near hawaii tiger shark dead documented incident observed whale alongside great white sharks evidence predation identified study found tissue tiger sharks caught australian coast additionally examination adult shown failed shark attacks finally shift similarly known tiger shark prey sharks abundant broad heavily jaws nearly terminal mouth combined robust teeth enable tiger shark large prey addition excellent acute sense smell enable react faint traces blood follow source ability pick low frequency pressure waves enables shark advance animal confidence water shark circles prey studies snout attacking shark eats prey larger prey eaten gradual large bites finished time notably terrestrial mammals including horses goats sheep dogs cats brown rats fairly common stomach contents tiger sharks coasts hawaii case remains flying found stomach shark aggressive feeding style mistakenly eats objects automobile license plates oil cans tires swimming efficiency stealth tiger sharks generally swim slowly combined cryptic coloration difficult prey detect habitats especially dark backgrounds despite sluggish appearance tiger sharks strongest swimmers sharks shark come close speed burst allows reach intended prey escape reproduction males reach sexual maturity females females mate years breed internal male female opening acting guide sperm male uses teeth hold female procedure causing female considerable discomfort mating generally takes place march birth april june following year mating takes place november december early january tiger shark species family eggs hatch internally young born live fully developed young develop inside mother body months litters range pups newborn generally long shark typically reaches maturity lengths unknown long tiger sharks live live longer years conservation tiger shark captured killed fins flesh liver caught regularly target fisheries populations declined heavily continued demand fins result declines future tiger sharks considered near threatened species excessive fishing humans according shark fin nutrients shark liver high concentration production addition tiger shark captured killed distinct skin big game added tiger shark red list list fish commonly sold world high risk sourced fisheries relationship humans rare sharks bite humans tiger shark reported responsible large percentage fatal shark attacks regarded dangerous shark species visit shallow reefs canals creating potential encounter humans tiger shark river mouths runoff rich water tiger shark considered sharks dangerous humans bite rate low tiger second list number recorded bites humans great white shark average shark bites occur year hawaii rarely fatal bite rate low considering thousands people swim surf dive hawaiian waters day human interactions tiger sharks hawaiian waters shown increase september november tiger shark females believed migrate islands birth tiger sharks effort protect tourism industry efforts despite damaging shark population shown ineffective decreasing number interactions humans tiger sharks illegal feed sharks hawaii traditional hawaiian cultural religious practices interaction cage diving discouraged south african shark shark demonstrated divers interact dive outside shark cage discovery channel special underwater photographer swam bahamas mythology tiger shark considered sacred ancestor spirits native think special powers visual perception general known facts sharks highly developed senses | Tiger shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
6485_Frilledshark | shark shark extant species shark family wide distribution atlantic pacific oceans species found outer continental shelf upper continental slope generally near evidence substantial upward movements caught deep uncommon japan common depths exhibiting primitive features shark termed living fossil reaches length dark brown like body dorsal pelvic anal fins placed far common comes fringed appearance pairs gill slits pair meeting throat seldom observed shark capture prey bending body forward like snake long extremely flexible jaws enable swallow prey rows small needle like teeth difficult prey escape feeds mainly cephalopods bony fishes sharks species viviparous embryos emerge egg inside mother survive primarily yolk gestation period long half years longest litter sizes vary distinct breeding season sharks occasional commercial fisheries little economic value assessed incidental catches population given low reproductive rate shark supposed giant relative suggested source reports sea taxonomy phylogeny shark scientifically recognized german visited japan brought specimens vienna manuscript describing species lost description shark authored american zoologist working metre female caught japan account extraordinary shark published volume placed new species genus family gave greek shark latin like common names species include shark shark shark silk shark early authors believed shark living representative long extinct groups sharks rays ancestors based multiple pointed teeth upper jaw directly eyes called like spinal column indistinct proposed allied obsolete taxonomic grouping containing forms era period contemporaries cope suggested instead related dominant sharks era cope went far assign species fossil genus recent investigations found similarities shark extinct groups shark exhibits number skeletal muscular traits firmly place modern sharks rays specifically cow sharks order proposed placed order shark belongs oldest extant shark dating late cretaceous possibly late ancient ancestry primitive characteristics shark members lineage described living fossil shark relatively recent species earliest known fossil teeth belonging species dating early pleistocene distribution habitat uncommon shark recorded number widely scattered locations atlantic pacific oceans eastern atlantic occurs northern norway northern scotland western ireland france morocco including central atlantic caught locations north azores southern brazil west_africa western atlantic reported waters new_england georgia western pacific known southeastern japan taiwan new_south_wales tasmania australia new_zealand central eastern pacific found hawaii california northern chile sharks southern africa described different species shark inhabits outer continental shelf upper middle continental slope favor productive areas caught depth usually occur deeper common depth august november temperature water layer exceeds sharks shift deeper water rare occasions species seen surface shark usually found close individual observed swimming area small sand dunes diet suggests substantial upward open water species vertical approaching surface night feed spatial segregation size reproductive condition description elongated like body strange appearance shark long likened mythical sea head broad flattened short rounded snout nostrils vertical slits separated openings leading skin moderately large eyes horizontally oval lack membranes protective long jaws positioned end snout opposed jaws sharks corners mouth devoid furrows tooth rows widely spaced numbering upper jaw lower jaw teeth number tooth small slender needle like alternating pairs long gill slits appearance created extended tips gill giving shark pair gill slits meet throat forming collar pectoral fins short rounded single small dorsal fin positioned far body opposite anal fin rounded margin pelvic anal fins large broad rounded positioned body caudal fin long roughly triangular lower lobe ventral notch upper lobe pair thick skin unknown function running belly separated groove relatively longer females males pelvic fins pushed closer anal fin dermal denticles small shaped like tip enlarged sharp dorsal margin caudal fin species uniform dark brown gray shark differs southern african relative having turns spiral valve versus proportional measurements longer head shorter gill slits maximum known length males females biology ecology highly specialized life deep sea shark reduced poorly skeleton enormous liver filled low density allowing maintain position water column little effort sharks open lateral line hair cells positioned grooves directly exposed surrounding configuration thought basal sharks enhance sensitivity minute movements prey sharks found tips tails missing probably predatory attacks shark species parasites identified shark include genus feeding long jaws shark highly extremely wide allowing swallow prey half size length jaws means deliver strong bite conventionally built sharks captured individuals found barely identifiable stomach contents suggesting fast rate long intervals species cephalopods bony fishes smaller sharks long individual caught found japanese squid comprise diet sharks includes slow moving deep dwelling types relatively large powerful swimmers open ocean ostensibly weak swimming shark captures active fast moving squid matter speculation possibility takes advantage injured squid exhausted dying spawning alternatively surprise prey curving body positioned fins launching quick strike forward manner snake able close gill slits create negative pressure suck prey mouth small sharp teeth shark similar squid easily body squid particularly rotated jaws observations captive sharks swimming mouths open suggest small teeth light dark mouth fool squid attacking life history shark viviparous developing embryos mainly yolk difference weight egg newborn indicates mother provides additional nutrition unknown means adult females functional functional right defined breeding season sex shark inhabits depths little seasonal influence possible mating male female sharks recorded litter size ranges average females eggs weeks yolk formation growth new eggs halt pregnancy apparently insufficient space inside body cavity newly eggs early stage embryos enclosed thin ellipsoid golden brown capsule embryo long head pointed seen jaws barely developed external gills begun appear fins present egg capsule shed embryo grows long expelled female body time embryo external gills fully developed size yolk sac remains constant length begins shrink completely disappearing length growth rate averages month entire gestation period half years far longer newborn sharks measure long males attain sexual maturity long females long human interactions shark seldom encountered alive poses danger humans scientists accidentally cut examining teeth august observation species natural habitat johnson sea link blake plateau southeastern united_states january japanese fisherman discovered long female alive surface illness weakness warm water brought died hours numerous authors advanced shark explanation sea sightings shark modest size existence giant relative particularly larger species known fossil record small numbers sharks caught incidentally commercial fisheries world particular regularly taken meant sea meant shrimp japanese fishermen regard damages nets shark sold meat processed economically significant low reproductive rate continuing expansion commercial fisheries habitat listed december caught metre shark fishing water kilometre deep near victoria australia shark taken identification confirmed | Frilled shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
6743_Kitefinshark | shark shark seal shark species shark family species genus found sporadically world usually close sea floor depths sizable oil filled liver maintain neutral shark able cruise slowly water little energy shark slender body short blunt snout large eyes thick lips teeth highly differentiated upper lower jaws upper teeth small narrow lower teeth large triangular typical length armed large teeth strong bite shark powerful solitary predator takes different types prey ranging bony fishes sharks rays cephalopods crustaceans worms possibly takes bites animals larger similar smaller relative shark shark viviparous gives birth young shark commercially meat skin liver oil primarily portugal japan fishery targeting species existed azores 1970s 1990s collapsed falling liver oil prices rapid azores stock cited example deep sea sharks human exploitation low reproductive rate species renders susceptible coupled known population declines led assessed taxonomy shark originally described french naturalist des nature type specimen cap lost species later placed genus came authorities dispute grounds prefer use available genus genus derived greek meaning torch specific epithet comes french shark additional common names shark include black shark charlie phylogeny evolution studies consistently found closest relatives shark sharks share skeletal muscular similarities believed diverged shortly transition cretaceous periods larger radiation sharks deep sea relatively shallower habitats oldest fossil teeth definitively belong shark date recovered stage deposits new_zealand fossil teeth dating ages discovered europe ussr japan western india fossil material recognized belonging species historically described multitude different names description shark moderately elongated body short rounded snout eyes large lips thick fringes modified tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw upper teeth small spike shaped curving slightly corners mouth lower teeth large knife shaped bases form continuous cutting surface dorsal fin slightly smaller shorter based second spines dorsal fin originates free rear tip pectoral fins second originates middle pelvic fin bases pectoral fins short rounded caudal fin prominent upper lobe developed notch near tip barely present lower lobe form arrangement fins similar portuguese species distinguished lack fin spines dermal denticles small flat single horizontal ridge ending point coloration uniform dark brown gray faint black spots fins white translucent trailing edges tip caudal fin black long shark partial lacking pigment body caught unlike previous case portuguese abnormal coloration individual diminished ability capture prey sharks long weigh maximum reported length possibly distribution habitat shark range tropical warm temperature waters consisting number widely separated populations likely little interchange shark reported eastern pacific northern indian oceans northern atlantic occurs northern gulf_of_mexico north_sea including british isles western central mediterranean_sea azores indian_ocean found south_africa pacific occurs japan java australia new_zealand single record species southern atlantic southern brazil offshore species shark common depth captured surface deep azores shark sex females common depth males common shark inhabits outer continental shelves upper continental slopes found oceanic islands member family tends found close sea floor opposed middle water column occasion captured biology ecology relatively common occurs sharks usually solitary nature form small groups slow swimmer large liver filled dense water allowing maintain neutral little effort studies coast north_africa found males females respectively sex ratio observed south_africa reflect sampling bias shark preyed larger fishes sharks sperm parasite data species limited examination sharks caught ireland found stomach identified powerful versatile predator short robust jaws shark enormously strong bite feeds mainly bony fishes including snake sea takes wide variety animals including smaller sharks squid octopus crustaceans shrimp worms like related shark shark capable flesh animals larger including sharks presence fast swimming fishes diet suggests shark means capturing faster prey mediterranean bony fishes important food year round second important prey sharks winter spring crustaceans summer cephalopods fall captured males likely females unknown reasons reproduction shark viviparous embryos hatching inside sustained term yolk adult females functional functional divided compartments mediterranean breeding occurs year peaks spring fall females year rest litter size increasing female size young born length varying geographic location possible gestation period years males mature sexually length females length relationship individual size birth size maturity maximum size human interactions shark inhabits depths great danger humans upper teeth found lodged underwater cables species long history human exploitation meat consumed eastern atlantic japan processed liver oil utilized portugal japan south_africa skin type useful making furniture jewelry favored manufacture spanish polished leather shark commercial value western atlantic continuing expansion commercial fisheries deep sea raised concerns vulnerability shark species sharks slow growth reproductive rates exemplified rapid stock collapse azores shark fishery targeted fishery began early 1970s production liver oil early 1980s fishing fleet enlarged addition industrial vessels equipped resulting fishery peak tons landed shark catches declined tons annually drop global price liver oil led fishery end decade population assessment suggested northeastern atlantic stock fallen pre exploitation fisheries operating portugal japan responsible commercial landings shark generally hook line portugal reported shark tons tons areas northeastern atlantic shark rare reported catches likely species caught mixed species fisheries operating deep water west british isles surveys suggest shark numbers declined 1970s mediterranean shark caught incidentally fisheries generally discarded alive unable return deep water survive catches australian south east fishery increasing following regulations mercury content species included australian fishery new_zealand shark catches peaked assessed shark worldwide vulnerable northeastern atlantic light documented population declines | Kitefin shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
7370_Sandwhiting | sand sand known summer blue nose common species coastal marine fish family slender slightly compressed fish similar species detailed spine ray lateral line scale counts needed distinguish species nearest relative sand distributed east coast australia south tasmania lord howe island pacific_ocean sand commonly inhabits shallow sandy bays surf zones worms small crustaceans reproduction species variable range generally spawning twice september april young fish inhabit shallow sand flats coast upper reaches described species long prized table fish commonly sought recreational commercial fishermen new_south_wales queensland sand fishery prolific southern queensland northern new_south_wales species abundant caught species beaches importance commercial fish substantial research carried species especially feasibility studies involving use sand taxonomy naming sand belongs genus division family containing individual species division species identified named french naturalist receiving specimen listed having collected southern seas specimen apparently taken near coastline tasmania australia junior synonyms subsequently placed species applying applying species names invalid nomenclature rules states correct naming synonyms applied confusion nearly identical closely related species species synonym southern school commonly called sand reference preference sandy compared members genus prefer muddy grassy common names include blue nose reference colour nose fish larger sizes summer applied applied species deeper offshore waters shallow beach waters summer target recreational description sand similar profile members genus slightly compressed body tapering terminal mouth dorsal fin parts spines second soft rays headed single spine ventral profile straight species known grow maximum size weight fin anatomy highly useful identification purposes species having spines dorsal fin spine soft rays second dorsal fin anal fin spines soft rays posterior spines lateral line scales cheek scales distinctive sand possessing lateral line scales cheek scales positioned rows having total swim rudimentary projecting series diminish size like posterior extension single tapering projection extends caudal region like process extends ventral surface opening swim morphology useless determining nearly identical body pale brown brown colour transitioning white green reflections fish removed water indistinct silver yellow mid lateral band extends specimens dorsal fin olive green faint darker second dorsal fin pale olive rows dark brown spots anal ventral fins pale yellow pale yellow pale brown defined dark blue black base caudal fin yellow olive colour darker margins juveniles darker sides backs distribution habitat sand inhabits range east coast australia queensland southward coast great barrier reef eastern victoria east coast tasmania species inhabits number islands lord species abundant lower queensland new_south_wales studies inhabits estuary sampled course study north queensland species distributed coast sand species inhabiting exposed coastal areas beaches surf zones bays coastal lakes sand enter including intermittently open ones penetrate far upstream tidal limits rivers creeks juveniles adolescent fish abundant adults mouths bars depths constitute large percentage regions implied found exclusively sandy occasional appearances beds individuals occasionally taken offshore waters winter biology behaviour sand schooling species movements associated variety factors including prey lunar patterns spawning movements appears little consistency movements relation factors studies species period year shown species change local distribution course day generally abundance night day seasonal abundance spawning variable studies conducted queensland finding species recruits heavily shallow waters increase numbers winter months studies estuary shown difference numbers recruited course season like ability sand remained hidden predator net passed diet sand distinctive body shape mouth placement adaptation feeding predominant method feeding species larger feed jaws tube like mouths suck types prey ocean substrate nose dig substrate large body evidence shows rely visual cues feeding instead system based vibrations emitted prey benthic feeds predominantly crustaceans like species diet species related size age individual distinct size classes identified study conducted smallest fish large fish consume largest fish large amounts genus reproduction species fish timing spawning varies range species development indicating spawning southern new_south_wales region occurs december april spawning southern queensland occurs september february spawning takes place twice year evident classes egg size found recruitment observed year young fish enter juvenile habitats spawning takes place mouths surf zones larvae occurring fully marine waters juveniles reach length year life second year year beginning spawning season young observed swimming actively small sand flats beaches recruited moving tide swimming shallow water depths unlike closely related juveniles usually prefer unprotected sand species tend use protection grow older shore relationship humans sand highly prized table fish rated equal king george making common target commercial recreational fisheries flesh white tender moist low oil content composition making easily investigations species began 1980s led development farmed sand commercial fishery sand ranges victoria tasmania species common significant fisheries school stout making bulk catch new_south_wales queensland common species taken especially lower queensland species differentiated golden lined meaning fisheries statistics reflect total catch species tonnes taken queensland decrease past years species primarily taken new_south_wales included general heading school taken beaches research showed average commercial harvest individual tonnes year increase rivers 1970s species commonly taken number fishing methods common nets ring fence beam occasionally associated sampling entire population research purposes research focused effectiveness different sizes net species order prevent juvenile individuals dying associated research shown survive discarded tend lower survival rates scale loss major issue young fish regularly taken nets released fisherman sustaining scale loss studies led number proposals subsequent changes net regulations market sand medium priced fish sold fresh frozen form abundance sand moderately priced slightly expensive recovery rate fish sand recreational fishery sand commonly sought reputation food fish relative accessibility large catches possible shore based locations catches recreational fishermen exceed catches professionals studies showing queensland twice fish taken species commonly caught habitat sand flats tidal surf beaches commonly having producing good catches excessively shallow water especially proximity beds produce numerous fish avoided young fish prevalent preferred habitat light lines minimal weight added employed avoid fish small running ball commonly rigged size hook specialist fishermen use red piece attract works proved evidence shows fishermen catches don suffer resemble species natural prey variety beach worms successful catches obtained live bait new_south_wales sand minimum legal length taken daily personal bag limit applies queensland minimum size combined bag limit species sand live bait larger species jack large adhere minimum size limit potential sand investigated late 1980s number reports detailing successful trials number problems trials study showed sand likely grow captivity species mortality rate unacceptable use economic setting number problems diseases failure swim properly documented initial problems overcome facilities breeding larvae survival rate depleted form basis commercial fish crops | Sand whiting | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
7407_Borneoshark | borneo shark borneo shark species requiem shark family extremely rare known waters northwestern borneo widely distributed small gray shark reaching length species member genus row enlarged pores corners mouth slender body long pointed snout low second dorsal fin placed posterior anal fin origin known natural history borneo shark viviparous like requiem sharks females bear litters pups gestation connection assessed species endangered time seen extant population found borneo shark continues merit conservation concern given highly limited range heavily waters taxonomy phylogeny dutch originally described borneo shark issue scientific journal based account newborn male long caught western borneo later authors recognized species belonging genus specimens borneo shark known immature collected april researchers discovered number additional specimens surveying fishery resources evolutionary relationships borneo shark uncertain morphological study place close member genus tentatively grouped shark shark shark creek shark shark shark borneo shark resembles sharks certain traits example enlarged pores mouth aspects morphology firmly place description borneo shark slim bodied long pointed snout oblique like nostrils preceded narrow shaped flaps skin eyes large circular equipped membranes corners sizable mouth bear short indistinct furrows immediately series enlarged pores unique genus upper lower tooth rows upper teeth single narrow oblique strongly edges large trailing lower teeth similar tend slender finely pairs gill slits short pectoral fins short pointed shaped pelvic fins small triangular nearly straight trailing margin dorsal fin fairly large triangular blunt apex sloping trailing margin origin lies free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin small low originates middle anal fin base ridge dorsal fins caudal bears deep crescent shaped pit origin upper caudal fin lobe caudal fin developed lower lobe longer narrow upper lobe strong ventral notch near tip dermal denticles small overlapping horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species slate gray tips dorsal fins upper caudal fin lobe specimens irregular rows small white artifact handling underside white extends flanks vague pale band faint lighter edges pectoral pelvic anal fin trailing margins largest known specimen measures long distribution habitat recent specimens borneo shark collected solely fishery landing sites despite thorough surveys rest borneo including locality type specimen range restricted shallow waters northwestern borneo earlier specimens came borneo china wider historical distribution species recorded philippines java records subsequent sightings areas biology ecology bony fishes probably main food borneo shark viviparous like requiem sharks developing embryos mother connection formed depleted yolk sac litter size pups born close long available specimens length sexual maturity males females human interactions assessed borneo shark endangered based data include recent specimens previously fishery surveys supposed historical range failed find borneo shark conservation status remains given small range waters subjected intensive commercial fishing caught line gear meat minimal commercial significance | Borneo shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
7660_Quaggacatshark | species belonging family small slim bodied shark reaching length distinctive color pattern narrow dark brown vertical bars resemble head short flattened pointed snout tip little known natural history known specimens caught southwestern india eastern inhabiting offshore waters continental shelf depths dwelling predator exhibits mode reproduction record female containing eggs enclosed brown bearing long corners presently lacks sufficient data assess conservation status species economically valued taken taxonomy specimen long adult male collected steamer investigator depth described british naturalist descriptive catalogue indian deep sea fishes published assigned new species genus synonym named similar color patterns later authors moved species genus specimens recorded addition type specimen males eastern coast research ship individuals male female found contents commercial fishing conducted india male specimen reported later identified description slender firm bodied short flattened head pointed snout slightly protruding tip snout like species anterior nostrils bear triangular flaps skin small horizontally oval eyes placed high head rudimentary membranes eyes thick ridges tiny large mouth curved upper teeth exposed closed short furrows corners mouth jaws contain upper lower tooth rows addition tooth rows upper jaw row lower teeth pairs gill slits placed higher level mouth fifth pair smaller rest moderately large rounded pectoral fins positioned fairly close pelvic fins adult males thin tapering covered outer near tip dorsal fin placed pelvic fin bases larger second dorsal fin placed anal fin anal fin larger second dorsal fin comparable size pelvic fins caudal fin small lower lobe large upper lobe notch trailing margin thick skin covered dermal denticles shaped crowns central ridge posterior teeth shark striking dorsal color pattern consisting narrow dark brown vertical bars light brown background bars run head tail extend dorsal fins underside white pectoral pelvic anal fins pale trailing margins largest known specimen long distribution habitat known specimens collected southwestern india indian_ocean indian sharks caught depths possibly sharks caught depths dwelling species found far shore continental shelf biology ecology diet consists deep living reproduction like members genus female indian specimens eggs divided evenly eggs enclosed brown purse shaped measuring length long corners smallest known specimen long probably close size hatching males reach sexual maturity long female maturation size unknown human interactions harmless utilized humans caught incidentally fisheries potentially gear fishing activity intense indian waters specific data species lacking listed | Quagga catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
8243_Atlantictorpedo | atlantic torpedo known atlantic torpedo species electric ray family found atlantic_ocean nova scotia brazil west scotland west_africa southern africa east occurring depths younger individuals generally inhabit shallower sandy muddy habitats adults nature frequent open water long weighing atlantic torpedo largest known electric ray like members genus circular pectoral fin disk nearly straight leading margin robust tail large triangular caudal fin distinctive characteristics include uniform dark color smooth paired respiratory openings eyes dorsal fins unequal size solitary nocturnal atlantic torpedo capable generating volts electricity subdue prey defend predators diet consists mainly bony fishes feeds small sharks crustaceans viviparous species developing embryos yolk later provided milk females birth young following gestation period year electric shock species severe painful fatal properties atlantic torpedo medicine ancient greeks romans namesake naval weapon prior 19th century liver oil lamp fuel longer economic value listed species caught unintentionally commercial recreational impact activities population unknown taxonomy scientific description atlantic torpedo published french naturalist principal work sixteen specimens designated assignment southern african great torpedo species provisional type electric ray found indian_ocean belong atlantic torpedo placed subgenus differs torpedo subgenus torpedo having generally plain coloration smooth common names include atlantic electric ray british torpedo black torpedo electric ray torpedo species placed genus description atlantic torpedo nearly circular pectoral fin disc times wide long thick nearly straight margin eyes small followed larger inner nostrils close mouth skin times wide long rear margin mouth wide arched prominent furrows corners teeth pointed increase number age ranging rows juveniles rows adults series teeth functional gill slits small fifth pairs shorter pelvic fins rounded slightly overlapped disc dorsal fin triangular rounded apex originating pelvic fin second dorsal fin half thirds large distance dorsal fins length dorsal fin base stout tail comprises total length terminating caudal fin shaped like triangle slightly convex margins skin soft completely devoid dermal denticles scales dorsal coloration plain dark brown gray spots fin margins underside white dark fin margins largest electric rays atlantic torpedo measure long weigh length weight typical females attain larger size males distribution habitat atlantic torpedo widely distributed cool waters sides atlantic_ocean east found northern scotland including entire mediterranean_sea black_sea azores western south_africa west occurs southern nova scotia venezuela brazil rare north_sea mediterranean south north_carolina torpedoes primarily dwelling usually found depths sandy muddy flats near coral reefs mature habits adults encountered swimming open ocean species recorded surface depth mediterranean common depths said long migratory movements biology ecology like members family atlantic torpedo capable generating powerful electric shock pair kidney shaped electric organs disc attack defense organs comprise sixth ray total weight contain half million filled electric plates arranged average vertical columns visible beneath skin columns essentially act batteries connected parallel enabling large atlantic torpedo produce electricity volts provided fed rested electric organ occur series train closely spaced lasting seconds trains contain average trains recorded ray regularly obvious external solitary nature atlantic torpedo seen resting half buried substrate day active night large defended attack seldom falls prey animals known parasites atlantic torpedo include minus accounts suggest ray able survive water day feeding diet atlantic torpedo consists mainly bony fishes including salmon known small crustaceans captive rays observed lying fish pass moment contact ray traps prey body pectoral fin disc delivering strong electric strategy allows sluggish ray capture relatively fast moving fish subdued prey mouth motions disc head ray highly jaws allow surprisingly large prey intact salmon weighing found stomach individual contained summer long ray known kill fish larger eat life history atlantic torpedo viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk later supplemented protein fat enriched milk produced mother females functional possibly reproductive cycle year long gestation period females bear pups summer litter size increases size female embryo long pair deep disc marking origin pectoral fins curtain skin nostrils developed hand eyes dorsal fins tail reached adult proportions newborn rays measure long anterior disc males females reach sexual maturity lengths respectively human interactions seldom life threatening electric discharge atlantic torpedo severe knock person unconscious greater danger divers follows shock atlantic torpedo commercial value meat caught incidentally commercial recreational fisheries hook line caught sea generally discarded cut bait data assess atlantic torpedo negatively affected fishing mortality specific data catch rates population trends lacking degradation coral reefs important juveniles slow reproductive rate limit capacity recover population electric fishes including atlantic torpedo medicine classical era 1st century roman physician wrote application live dark torpedo patients afflicted chronic atlantic torpedo namesake naval weapon american inventor began word torpedo describe bombs submarines attach ships early devices akin modern day mines widespread introduction 19th century liver oil species regarded equal quality sperm whale oil use lamps 1950s oil small quantities fishermen united_states treatment muscle stomach farm machinery species electric rays atlantic torpedo model organism research electric organs rich proteins proteins play important role processes involved functioning | Atlantic torpedo | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
8456_Pondicherryshark | shark shark extremely rare species requiem shark family small gray shark grows longer fairly long pointed snout species identified shape upper teeth strongly near base smooth edged near tip dorsal fin large long free rear tip furthermore shark prominent black tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin caudal fin lower lobe shark found coastal waters new_guinea known enter fresh water currently known sightings species 1980s rivers sri_lanka fewer specimens available study aspects natural history unknown probably feeds bony fishes cephalopods crustaceans gives birth live young embryos forming connection mother listed shark critically endangered probably threatened intense escalating fishing pressure range taxonomy scientific description shark authored german der account based long immature male india region attributed new species french zoologist specific epithet derived greek half tooth elevated rank genus placed shark genus based relative positions dorsal pectoral fins subsequent authors generally accepted gill revision second species known followed earlier taxonomic work common shark long shark phylogeny evolutionary relationships shark uncertain study based morphological data tentatively grouped shark shark shark creek shark borneo shark shark description shark robust build moderately long pointed snout large circular eyes equipped membranes broad small narrow shaped lobe anterior rim arched mouth lacks conspicuous furrows enlarged pores corners upper lower jaws contain tooth rows respectively addition rows small teeth upper lower jaw upper teeth single narrow smooth edged central flanked sides large lower teeth narrower upright smooth finely pairs gill slits fairly long originating fourth pair gill slits pectoral fins short broad shaped pointed tips dorsal fin tall long free rear tip positioned pectoral fin bases second dorsal fin large tall notably elongated free rear tip positioned slightly anal fin usually ridge dorsal fins present ridge slight caudal deep crescent shaped notch upper caudal fin origin caudal fin developed lower lobe longer upper lobe notch trailing margin near tip skin covered overlapping dermal denticles horizontal ridges leading rarely marginal teeth species gray white obvious pale stripe flanks pectoral fins second dorsal fin lower caudal fin lobe prominently tipped black dorsal fin dorsal caudal fin lobe narrowly edged black maximum size reached shark uncertain lack large specimens probably greater distribution habitat shark appears broadly distributed common reportedly regular catch india pakistan extremely rare known specimens collected india specimens java reliable records parts southeast_asia vietnam philippines new_guinea northern australia species inhabits waters older sources reported found rivers reports confused river shark shark accurate suggest species tolerant low reports confirmed documented sharks 21st century found river biology ecology diet shark thought consist small bony fishes cephalopods crustaceans parasite documented species like requiem sharks viviparous developing embryos sustained term connection mother specific details unknown smallest known specimen female long close birth size sexual maturity attained length human interactions harmless humans shark caught meat fewer specimens deposited museum collections collected prior shark rarity originally led fears possibly extinct shark rediscovered rivers photographs species exist taken group nature taken freshwater fish survey given commercial fishing activity range heavy intensifying listed shark critically endangered placed high priority locating surviving populations | Pondicherry shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
8613_Duskyshark | shark shark species requiem shark family occurring tropical warm temperate continental seas worldwide apex predator shark found coast outer continental shelf adjacent waters recorded depth populations migrate poles summer equator winter traveling hundreds thousands kilometers largest members genus shark reaches length weight slender streamlined body identified short round snout long shaped pectoral fins ridge second dorsal fins marked fins adult sharks broad varied diet consisting bony fishes sharks rays cephalopods occasionally crustaceans sea stars sea turtles marine mammals garbage species viviparous year reproductive cycle females bear litters young gestation period months year rest pregnant females capable storing sperm long periods encounters suitable mates far nomadic lifestyle low overall abundance sharks slowest growing latest sharks reaching adulthood years age slow reproductive rate shark vulnerable human caused population species highly valued commercial fisheries fins shark fin soup meat skin liver oil recreational assessed species worldwide vulnerable eastern united_states populations dropped 1970s levels shark regarded potentially dangerous humans large size attacks taxonomy french naturalist published scientific description shark issue placed genus gave specific epithet latin dark dim referring coloration subsequent authors recognized species belonging genus designate type specimen presumably working shark caught north american waters early sources gave scientific shark later originated account jordan gilbert referred set jaws came shark type specimen designated later discovered copper shark considered synonym common names species include bay shark black brown common gray shark brown shark brown shark common ground shark river slender shark phylogeny evolution teeth belonging shark fairly represented fossil record assigning teeth species problematic shark teeth dating recovered formations formation egypt florida possibly northern venezuela teeth dating late early abundant north_carolina chesapeake_bay region teeth differ slightly modern shark belonging oceanic shark shark teeth recovered vicinity north_carolina preserved dating late mud dating years ago published phylogenetic analysis based morphology placed shark shark center group group consisted large triangular toothed sharks ridge dorsal fins included shark caribbean reef shark shark oceanic shark interpretation largely upheld study sequence study able resolve ridge backed branch finding shark shark oceanic shark blue shark comprise derived clade distribution habitat range shark extends worldwide albeit tropical warm temperate waters western atlantic_ocean found massachusetts southern brazil including bahamas cuba reported western central mediterranean_sea cape_verde sierra possibly including portugal spain morocco indian_ocean found south_africa madagascar sporadic records red_sea pacific_ocean occurs japan mainland china taiwan vietnam australia west southern california possibly northern chile east records sharks northeastern eastern central atlantic tropical islands fact sharks mitochondrial dna evidence suggest indonesian australian sharks represent distinct populations residing continental coastlines surf zone outer continental shelf adjacent oceanic waters shark occupies intermediate habitat overlaps specialized relatives shark silky shark oceanic shark shark shark shark tracking study northern gulf_of_mexico found spends time depths making occasional species known dive deep prefers water temperatures avoids areas low shark nomadic strongly migratory undertaking recorded movements adults generally longer distances juveniles sharks coasts north_america shift northward warmer summer temperatures retreat equator winter south_africa young males females long disperse southward northward respectively overlap nursery area join adults years later unidentified route addition juveniles spend spring summer surf zone fall winter offshore waters approach length begin conduct north south migration winter summer larger sharks long migrate far southern western_australia adult juvenile sharks migrate coast summer fall occupied description largest members genus shark commonly reaches length weight maximum recorded length weight respectively females grow larger males shark slender streamlined body broadly rounded snout longer width mouth nostrils preceded barely developed flaps skin medium sized circular eyes equipped membranes protective mouth short subtle furrows corners contains typically tooth rows jaws upper teeth broad triangular slightly oblique strong coarse lower teeth narrower upright finer pairs gill slits fairly long large pectoral fins measure fifth long body like shape tapering point dorsal fin moderate size somewhat pointed apex strongly concave rear margin origin lies pectoral fin free rear tips second dorsal fin smaller positioned opposite anal fin low dorsal ridge present dorsal fins caudal fin large high developed lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe dermal denticles diamond shaped closely set bearing horizontal ridges leading teeth posterior margin species bluish gray white extends flanks faint lighter stripe fins particularly underside pectoral fins lower caudal fin lobe tips obvious juveniles biology ecology apex predator positioned highest level web shark generally abundant sharks share range high concentrations individuals especially juveniles found particular locations adults found following ships far land tracking study mouth north_carolina reported average swimming speed mph shark hosts known parasites species include larvae sea grown sharks significant natural predators major predators young sharks include ragged tooth shark great white shark bull shark tiger shark use shark nets protect beaches reduced populations large predators leading dramatic increase number juvenile sharks phenomenon called predator release turn juvenile sharks populations small bony fishes negative consequences biodiversity local ecosystem feeding shark takes wide variety prey levels water column favors hunting near large individual consume tenth body weight single sitting bite force exerted long shark measured area tip tooth highest figure far measured shark reflects concentration force tooth tip dense young sharks forming response feeding opportunities documented indian_ocean known diet shark encompasses fishes including herring fishes including reef fishes including fishes including angel sharks sharks smaller requiem sharks butterfly rays invertebrates including cephalopods crustaceans sea stars rarely largest sharks consume sea turtles marine mammals mainly human refuse northwestern atlantic shark diet consists bony fishes families summer especially important fishes mainly egg cases second important component lady crab relatively significant food source south african australian waters bony fishes important prey type newborn juvenile sharks mainly small prey squid older sharks long include larger bony fishes run southern african occurring eastern coast south_africa winter attended medium large sized sharks pregnant post females join possibly energy cost gestation leaves unable pursue swift prey south african study reported sharks examined preyed life history like requiem sharks shark viviparous developing embryos initially yolk sac converted connection mother yolk supply exhausted mating occurs spring northwestern atlantic appears reproductive regions south_africa females capable storing masses sperm possibly multiple males months years organ egg cases given sharks low natural abundance encounters suitable mates unpredictable gestation period estimated months year resting period female sharks bear litter young years litter size ranges typical female size sharks western atlantic tend produce slightly smaller litters southeastern atlantic averaging versus pups litter depending region occur year span months newborn sharks reported late winter summer northwestern atlantic summer fall western_australia year peak fall southern africa females shallow habitats birth areas offer pups rich food supplies shelter predation including species leave immediately afterward nursery areas known coasts southwestern australia california eastern united_states new_jersey north_carolina newborn sharks measure long size increases female size decreases litter size evidence females determine size pups born improve chances survival better worse environmental conditions females provision young energy reserves stored liver comprises fifth weight newborn learns hunt shark slowest growing shark species reaching sexual maturity substantial size age table studies found growth rates largely similar geographical regions sexes annual growth rate years life maximum lifespan believed years human interactions shark considered potentially dangerous humans large size little known people underwater lists responsible attacks people boats fatal attacks attributed species bermuda islands probably reality caused sharks shark nets protect beaches south_africa australia adult larger juvenile sharks numbers average individuals caught annually nets species specific data available nets australia young sharks adapt display public shark sought species shark fin trade fins large contain high number internal rays addition meat sold fresh frozen dried smoked skin leather liver oil processed sharks taken targeted commercial fisheries operating eastern north_america southwestern australia eastern south_africa multi species southwestern australian fishery began 1940s expanded 1970s yield tons year fishery utilizes selective exclusively young sharks years old captured year demographic models suggest fishery sustainable provided mortality rate sharks long addition commercial shark fisheries sharks caught meant usually kept valuable fins recreational large numbers sharks juveniles caught sport south_africa eastern australia shark important species florida trophy shark tournaments population collapsed conservation assessed species worldwide vulnerable northwestern atlantic gulf_of_mexico assessed north american shark populations vulnerable low reproductive rate renders shark extremely susceptible stocks eastern united_states severely stock assessment survey showed population dropped 1970s levels shark identified species concern meaning conservation concern insufficient information listing commercial recreational retention sharks prohibited limited effectiveness high mortality multi species gear addition sharks caught recreational despite ban north_carolina implemented time area closure reduce impact recreational fishing aid conservation efforts molecular techniques chain reaction developed identify marketed shark parts fins prohibited species like shark versus similar allowed species shark | Dusky shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
8669_Marbledelectricray | electric ray confused torpedo known electric ray electric ray torpedo species electric ray family found coastal waters north_sea south_africa benthic fish inhabits rocky reefs beds sandy muddy flats shallow moderately deep waters survive environments little dissolved oxygen tidal pools electric ray nearly circular pectoral fin disc muscular tail bears dorsal fins nearly equal size large caudal fin identified long finger like projections dark brown color pattern individuals plain colored males females typically reach long respectively nocturnal solitary electric ray found lying sea floor buried eyes slow moving predator feeds exclusively small bony fishes strong electric bursts defends turning threat swimming loop underside facing outward electric drive prospective predator paired electric organs capable producing volts electricity species viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk milk produced mother mating takes place november january females bear litters pups year gestation period months newborn ray immediately capable electricity hunt electric shock delivered electric ray severe directly life threatening properties known classical antiquity live rays treat conditions chronic electric ray species model organisms research coastal fisheries electric ray captured rays usually discarded little commercial value impact fishing population uncertain listed ray mediterranean_sea remains common electric ray areas increasing number taxonomy french naturalist described electric ray torpedo des des natural history fishes specific epithet means latin refers ray color pattern type specimens known designated original illustration species genus torpedo electric ray belongs subgenus torpedo differs subgenus having fringed margins generally ornate dorsal coloration common names species include common torpedo spotted torpedo distribution habitat widely distributed electric ray found scotland southern north_sea southward cape good hope south_africa including mediterranean_sea prefers temperatures cooler species typically found depths britain ireland italy tunisia recorded deep electric ray tends found deeper common torpedo torpedo shares southern portion range dwelling nature electric ray inhabits rocky reefs beds nearby areas sandy muddy bottoms warm summer months pregnant females known migrate northwestern france commonly found shallow muddy pools near beds species conduct northward migration summer autumn waters british isles description body electric ray soft entirely lacks dermal denticles thick pectoral fin disc nearly circular comprises total length paired kidney shaped electric organs visible beneath skin outside small eyes immediately posterior eye large oval bears long finger like projections rim meet center prominent pores nostrils curtain skin broader long reaches small arched mouth teeth small single pointed arranged pattern pavement like band jaw pairs gill slits small located beneath disc dorsal fins rounded placed close base fin measures thirds height rear dorsal fin base located rear pelvic fin bases second dorsal fin slightly smaller short robust tail skin running terminates large caudal fin shaped like triangle blunt corners upper surface dark pattern light dark brown background individuals uniformly brown underside plain white darker fin margins species grow long exceed long males long females larger sizes attained females attributed resource investment needed reproduction little geographic variation maximum size maximum weight record biology ecology solitary slow moving electric ray remain days time active night spends day buried sediment eyes showing consistent sluggish nature electric ray low blood oxygen carrying capacity heart rate beats min oxygen sharks rays similar size highly tolerant deprived oxygen allowing cope waters stranded small pools falling tide ray stops breathing entirely oxygen partial pressure water drops survive state hours deals extreme additional energy producing pathways serves slow accumulation potentially harmful cells like members family electric ray produce strong electric shock attack defense produced pair electric organs derived muscle tissue electric organ consists vertical columns column composed stack roughly filled essentially act like battery ray measured producing volts maximum potential electric discharge estimated high volts strength electric shock declines progressively ray experiments found nerves electric organ essentially stop functioning temperatures water temperature wild regularly drops threshold winter possible ray use electric organ year alternately ray unknown mechanism adapt electric organ function cold known parasites electric ray include feeding electric ray ambush predator employs electricity capture prey vision little importance hunting ray eyes obscured lies buried instead likely relies lateral line attacks moving prey contribute prey detection small benthic bony fishes constitute electric ray diet weight include sea bass jack sea cephalopods european squid elegant minor secondary food source single record individual study captive rays found reject live crabs southern france far important prey species food items record ray long consumed long distinct types prey capture behavior observed electric ray jumping ray attack prey fish swim close head typically farther jump ray pulls head disc upwards reaching times high prey fish simultaneously makes single tail stroke produces high frequency increasing temperature burst electricity initial electric burst short containing strong cause body prey fish breaking column ray forward motion jump sweeps paralyzed prey beneath disc mouth electric bursts continues produced process total number electric single jump increases size ranging newborn long adult long jump lasts seconds second type prey capture behavior ray stationary slow moving prey includes stunned prey drifted reach jumping attack ray makes small motions disc coupled small beats tail raising disc draws water beneath pulls prey ray lowering disc tail beats ray prey small reaches prey ray opens mouth suck short electric bursts produced necessary depending movement prey continue defense size electrical defenses electric ray fall prey animals sharks species exhibits different defensive behaviors depending prospective predator disc tail ray touched disc quickly turn threat producing electric followed fleeing straight line bury ray touched tail propel upward loop escaped maneuver ray ring belly facing outward present area body highest electric field gradient underside electric organs threat behaviors accompanied short strong electric ray tends produce electric bursts protecting tail protecting disc life history electric ray exhibits developing embryos initially yolk later supplemented nutrient rich milk produced mother adult females functional inner lining bears series parallel reproductive cycle females probably males capable mating year mating occurs november january young born following year gestation period months litter size ranges increasing size female electric organs appear embryo long time distinct eyes pectoral pelvic fins external gills length gill close leaving gill slits beneath disc rays time blocks cells electric organ rapidly embryo pectoral fins fuse snout length giving typical circular electric ray shape embryo long external gills develops embryo produce electric length strength discharge increases magnitude course gestation reaching volts length close adult measure approximately long immediately capable performing characteristic predatory defensive behaviors males mature sexually approximately long years age females mature significantly larger older long years age maximum lifespan years males years females human interactions shock delivered electric ray painful seldom life threatening danger shocked underwater properties known classical antiquity leading electric fishes medicine ancient greeks romans applied live rays afflicted conditions chronic recommended meat eaten electric ray caught incidentally nets little economic value discarded sea captured presently lacks population fishery data assess conservation status northern mediterranean surveys found remains common electric ray abundant italian waters electric ray species model organisms research electric organs rich play important role human nervous system | Marbled electric ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
8837_Caribbeanreefshark | caribbean reef shark caribbean reef shark species requiem shark belonging family found tropical waters western atlantic_ocean florida brazil commonly encountered reef shark caribbean_sea robust streamlined body typical requiem sharks species difficult tell apart large members family shark silky shark distinguishing characteristics include colored fins prominent markings short free rear tip second dorsal fin tooth shape number measuring long caribbean reef shark largest apex predators reef ecosystem feeding variety fishes cephalopods documented resting sea inside caves unusual behavior active swimming shark threatened perform threat display frequently changes direction pectoral fins like requiem sharks viviparous females giving birth young year caribbean reef sharks importance fisheries source meat leather liver oil recently valuable attraction bahamas bait attract groups divers controversial shark species responsible small number attacks humans shark attacks happen usually spring summer year taxonomy phylogeny caribbean reef shark originally described scientific journal type specimens individuals caught coast cuba genus later authors based morphological similarities grouped species shark shark placed sister species grey reef shark phylogenetic analysis based data published indicated caribbean reef shark sister taxon clade formed shark shark oceanic shark blue shark work required fully resolve distribution habitat caribbean reef shark occurs tropical western atlantic_ocean north_carolina north brazil south including bermuda northern gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea extremely rare north florida keys prefers shallow waters coral reefs commonly found near drop offs reefs outer edges shark common water shallower known dive description heavy bodied shark typical streamlined shape caribbean reef shark difficult distinguish large requiem shark species usually measures long maximum recorded length maximum reported weight coloration dark gray gray brown white white yellow white band flanks fins prominently marked paired fins anal fin lower lobe caudal fin snout short broad rounded prominent flaps skin nostrils eyes large circular membranes protective tooth rows half jaws teeth broad bases edges narrow teeth erect increasingly oblique pairs gill slits moderately long gill origin pectoral fins dorsal fin high shaped low ridge running second dorsal fin relatively large short free rear tip origin dorsal fin lies slightly forward free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin lies slightly forward anal fin pectoral fins long narrow tapering point dermal denticles closely spaced overlapping seven large individuals horizontal low ridges leading marginal teeth biology ecology despite abundance certain areas caribbean reef shark studied large requiem sharks believed play major role shaping caribbean reef communities sharks active night evidence seasonal changes activity migration juveniles tend remain localized area year adults range wider area caribbean reef sharks seen resting sea floor inside caves active shark species behavior reported investigated famed sleeping sharks inside caves determined sharks actually asleep eyes follow divers clark speculated freshwater inside caves parasites sharks produce enjoyable effect threatened caribbean reef sharks perform threat display swim short fashion frequent changes direction repeated brief second duration drops pectoral fins display pronounced better known display grey reef shark reef sharks preyed larger sharks tiger shark bull shark parasites known species dark seen trailing dorsal fin northern brazil juveniles seek cleaning stations occupied clean sharks parasites lie horse eye bar routinely school caribbean reef sharks feeding caribbean reef shark feeds wide variety reef dwelling bony fishes cephalopods eagle rays yellow attracted low frequency sounds indicative struggling fish observation long male caribbean reef shark hunting shark seemingly half hearted turns prey suddenly accelerating swinging head sideways capture corner jaws young sharks feed small fishes crabs caribbean reef sharks capable likely serves particles parasites stomach lining life history reproduction viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk yolk sac develops connection receive mother mating apparently aggressive affair females found biting wounds sides archipelago das brazil takes place end dry season february april locations females birth amazon summer november december average litter size gestation period year females pregnant year measure long males mature sexually long females human interactions normally shy indifferent presence divers caribbean reef shark known aggressive presence food grows sufficiently large considered potentially dangerous lists attacks species fatal species taken commercial fisheries range valued meat leather liver oil caribbean reef shark common shark landed colombia accounting catch occurrence utilized fins oil jaws sold ornamental purposes belize species mainly caught hook line intended fins sold lucrative asian market meat sold belize mexico guatemala like dedicated shark fishery operated belize early 1990s catches species saw dramatic declines flesh species contain high levels heavy metals shark feeding profitable industry arisen species involving organized shark feeds groups reef sharks attracted divers bait spent annually shark viewing bahamas sites single living caribbean reef shark value compared time value dead shark practice drawn controversy opponents argue sharks learn associate humans food increasing chances shark attack removal reef fishes bait damage local ecosystem conversely proponents maintain shark feeds contribute conservation protection sharks people far little evidence shark feeds increased risk attack surrounding area shark feeding outlawed coast florida continues locations caribbean conservation assessed caribbean reef shark population declined belize cuba exploitation continues regions threatened degradation destruction coral reef habitat commercial fishing species prohibited united_states waters protected bahamas significance number brazil enforcement illegal fishing lacking reserves areas species abundant protected | Caribbean reef shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
9007_Halfbeak | family geographically widespread numerically abundant family fish inhabiting warm waters world named distinctive jaws lower jaws significantly longer upper jaws similar viviparous family included family commercially important forage fish support fisheries local markets worldwide fed commercially important predatory fishes sharks taxonomy scientifically describe described species far created genus classified gill erected family type genus comes greek meaning half meaning bill primarily marine found atlantic pacific indian oceans inhabit rivers confined region area running evolution fossil record extends lower earliest known italy apart differences length upper lower jaws recent fossil distinguished fusion pair upper bones plate phylogeny phylogeny state hand little question closely related families streamlined surface water fishes traditionally families taken comprise order considered form group hand recent studies demonstrated forming single group clade family actually includes number ancestral words traditionally defined family subfamily flying genus proved particularly problematic closer molecular evidence places genera form sister group family genera form clade clear placement closely related subfamily appears sister group based jaw apparatus sperm molecular evidence hypothesis awkward implications morphological evolution group understood fused plate considered reliably family furthermore existing theory juvenile pass developmental stage lower jaw longer upper jaw called stage theory fact unequal lengths upper lower jaws appears basal condition relatively derived comparison morphology streamlined fish adapted living open water grow centimeters case scales relatively large smooth easily detached spines fins distinguishing characteristic pair upper bones fused plate fish families lack stomach possess jaw apparatus mill species extended lower jaw juveniles feature lost fish mature example typical surface dwelling open water fish species darker lighter example tip lower jaw bright red orange species carry adaptations feeding water surface eyes nostrils head upper jaw mobile lower jaw combined streamlined shape concentration fins similar pike adaptations allow locate catch swallow food items effectively range habitat inhabit warm seas predominantly surface atlantic indian pacific oceans small number found species marine known continental coastlines extend western central pacific species endemic new_zealand worldwide marine genus ecology behavior feeding marine feeding algae marine plants invertebrates crustaceans smaller fishes subtropical species juveniles predatory adults tropical species feed animals day plants night species alternate summer winter turn eaten commercially important fish sharks key link levels behavior marine typically schooling forage fish southern sea example found sheltered bays coastal seas southern australia waters depth meters fish school near surface night swim closer sea floor day particularly beds genetic analysis different sub populations eastern sea south australian coastal waters reveals small consistent migration individuals theme sufficient genetically marine including known ability jump water surface considerable distances consequently called flying reproduction species external usually egg layers produce relatively small numbers fairly large eggs fish size typically shallow coastal waters meadows florida bay eggs typically diameter hatch grow diameter eggs slightly larger diameter unusually large hatch size relatively little known ecology juvenile marine habitats favored species southern sea grows rapidly attaining length years point growth species lives maximum age years point fish reach weigh relationship humans fisheries major target commercial fisheries small fisheries exist places example south_australia fisheries target southern sea eastern sea caught variety methods including dip lights night haul nets utilized fresh dried smoked considered good eating targeted fisheries tend secondary importance compared edible fish species significant bait fisheries exist supply sport fishermen study bait fishery florida targets suggests despite increases size fishery population stable annual catch valued | Halfbeak | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
9522_Darkshyshark | dark dark pretty happy species belonging family endemic temperate waters southern western south_africa benthic nature inhabits shallow waters favors rocky reefs forests growing long small shark wide flattened head rounded snout large skin extending nostrils mouth dorsal coloration extremely variable feature black edged orange white spots light brown nearly black background threatened dark ring tail covering eyes mainly small crustaceans bony fishes reproduction proceeds year females lay egg cases time hatch months harmless species little commercial significance small size frequently caught recreational persecuted pest listed dark concern common appear substantially threatened fishing habitat degradation taxonomy phylogeny german physicians originally described dark der based specimens caught cape good hope deposited van netherlands shark ornate coloration gave specific epithet latin painted originally placed obsolete genus subsequent authors moved species genus coined american zoologist dark regarded publication review southern african sharks continues confused species extremely variable coloration common pretty happy happy refers genus recently introduced public easily remembered alternative names apply species research efforts phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial dna genes found dark brown sister species derived clade genus description reaching long dark differs slender bodied juvenile bodied adult head short wide flattened rounded snout large nostrils anterior nostrils bear greatly enlarged skin fused single reaches mouth nasal openings pair grooves run mouth large horizontally oval eyes equipped rudimentary membranes protective strong ridges beneath mouth short wide bears furrows corners extending jaws upper lower tooth rows tooth long central flanked pair smaller pairs gill slits located fairly high body dorsal fins nearly equal size placed far body originating pelvic fin bases second half anal fin base pectoral pelvic fins broad rounded males stout pelvic anal fins large dorsal fins broad caudal fin comprises fifth total body length strong notch near tip upper lobe indistinct lower lobe skin thick covered shaped dermal denticles coloration dark highly variable particular individuals resemble species background color ranges light brown reddish grayish black transitioning abruptly white cream dark beneath paired fins orange brown shaped tail edged obviously black white spots distribution habitat range dark restricted coastal waters southern africa north southern east mouth abundant particularly west species found close zone depth prefers rocky reefs forests presumably traverses sandy flats patches suitable habitat shark known travel long distances likely parts range biology ecology dark predator main food sources descending order importance small benthic crustaceans bony fishes larger sharks consume crustaceans worms taken occasion algae incidentally species preyed shark potentially large fishes marine mammals threatened adopts characteristic defense posture ring tail eyes behavior likely makes shark harder swallow origin common names captivity documented piercing egg cases species yolk known parasite dark blood like members genus dark adult females single functional functional appears distinct breeding season reproduction occurs year round females produce mature eggs time eggs enclosed purse shaped measuring long capsule plain amber dark brown color bears thin corners observation egg hatched days developing embryo external gill days old completely absorbed yolk sac shortly hatching eggs nature typically hatch months newly hatched shark measuring long sexes grow approximately rate reaching sexual maturity years age mature males females range long respectively maximum lifespan years human interactions dark poses danger humans small commercial importance hooked sport casting shore regard shark pest kill caught traps substantial quantities shark occasionally finds way trade direct fishing purpose dark remains common heavily threatened human activity assessed concern small range raise concerns increase regional fishing pressure habitat degradation impact entire population | Dark shyshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
9532_Blacktipshark | shark confused reef shark shark species requiem shark family common coastal tropical subtropical waters world including habitats genetic analyses revealed substantial variation species populations western atlantic_ocean isolated distinct rest range shark stout body pointed snout long gill slits ridge dorsal fins individuals black tips edges pectoral dorsal pelvic caudal fins usually length swift energetic sharks known spinning leaps water attacking schools small fish demeanor described compared large requiem sharks juveniles adults form groups varying size like members family shark viviparous females bear pups year young sharks spend months lives shallow grown females return born birth absence males females capable reproduction normally wary humans sharks aggressive presence food responsible number attacks people species importance commercial recreational fisheries parts range meat skin fins liver oil assessed iucn basis low reproductive rate high value taxonomy shark described french zoologist der type specimens individuals caught martinique lost later authors moved species genus specific epithet latin bordered referring black edges shark fins common names shark include shark common small shark grey shark ground shark phylogeny evolution closest relatives shark originally thought graceful shark spinner shark similarities morphology behavior interpretation borne studies mitochondrial dna instead suggest affinity shark work required fully resolve relationship shark species analysis mitochondrial dna revealed distinct species occupying western atlantic occupying eastern atlantic indian suggests sharks descended eastern atlantic western atlantic sharks isolated widening atlantic_ocean formation panama sharks regions differ morphology coloration life history characteristics eastern atlantic lineage merit species status fossil teeth belonging species found early deposits delaware florida description shark robust streamlined body long pointed snout relatively small eyes pairs gill slits longer similar requiem shark species jaws contain tooth rows teeth jaw upper jaw tooth lower jaw teeth broad based high narrow edges dorsal fin tall shaped short free rear tip ridge runs second dorsal fins large pectoral fins pointed coloration gray brown white conspicuous white stripe running sides pectoral fins second dorsal fin lower lobe caudal fin usually black tips pelvic fins rarely anal fin black tipped dorsal fin upper lobe caudal fin typically black edges larger individuals unmarked nearly unmarked fins sharks temporarily lose colors species maximum known length typical maximum known weight distribution habitat shark worldwide distribution tropical subtropical waters atlantic found massachusetts brazil including gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea mediterranean_sea occurs periphery indian_ocean south_africa madagascar indian southeast_asia western pacific found southern china northern australia including philippines indonesia eastern pacific occurs baja california peru reported number pacific islands including hawaii sharks found water deep continental shelves dive favored habitats muddy bays island drop offs near coral reefs tolerant low enter swamps individual found distance offshore sharks inhabit oceanic waters seasonal migration documented population east coast united_states moving north north_carolina summer south florida winter biology ecology shark extremely fast energetic predator usually found groups varying size segregation sex age occur adult males females found apart pregnant females separated juveniles florida nursery area species juvenile form day disperse night aggregate strongly early summer sharks youngest suggesting seeking refuge predators larger sharks numbers predator avoidance reason juvenile areas highest prey density bay adults known predators known parasites shark include attach shark skin species family behavior like spinner shark shark known leap water spin times axis landing jumps end product feeding runs shark vertically schools small fish momentum launches air observations bahamas suggest sharks jump water attached shark skin compromise shape speed attained shark jumps estimated average sharks disposition consistently lose sharks sharks equal size competing food threatened challenged perform display shark threat turns away rolling lowering pectoral fins head tail upwards making sideways biting motions entire sequence lasts seconds behavior similar actions shark attempting behaviors possibly derived feeding fish shark diet wide variety fish recorded prey species herring sea emperors feed rays smaller sharks sharks crustaceans cephalopods occasionally taken gulf_of_mexico important prey shark gulf followed atlantic south_africa herring important prey hunting peaks dawn dusk sharks makes prone feeding large quantities food suddenly available fishing vessels dump refuse overboard life history requiem sharks shark exhibits females typically birth seven range pups year making use shallow coastal offer plentiful food fewer predators known include bay gulf_coast florida bay coast south_carolina coast brazil adult sharks highly mobile disperse long distances return original nursery areas birth results series genetically distinct breeding stocks overlap geographic range mating occurs spring early summer young born time following year gestation period months females functional functional separated compartments single embryo inside embryos initially sustained yolk sac 10th 11th week gestation embryo measures long supply yolk exhausted yolk sac develops connection embryo birth length birth eastern united_states north_africa mortality rate months life major threats predation starvation young remain fall migrate grounds growth rate species age months year second year year maturation year adults size maturity varies geographically males females mature respectively northeastern atlantic respectively gulf_of_mexico respectively south_africa respectively north_africa age maturation years males years females lifespan years year old female shark virginia marine science center found pregnant single near term female despite having male genetic analysis confirmed offspring product form reproduction merges polar body form earlier case event suggests reproduction widespread sharks previously thought human interactions sharks showing curiosity divers reported remain safe distance circumstances sharks regarded highly dangerous humans aggressive presence food size speed invite respect lists attacks fatal provoked attacks species sharks responsible annually shark attacks florida attacks species result minor wounds common large sharks coastal waters shark caught large numbers commercial fisheries world fixed nets hook line meat high quality marketed fresh frozen dried addition fins shark fin soup skin leather liver oil sharks important species northwestern atlantic shark fishery second shark flesh considered superior shark resulting requiem shark species sold shark united_states shark significant indian mexican fisheries caught varying numbers fisheries mediterranean northern australia shark popular recreational florida caribbean south_africa listed game fish hooked species strong steady fighter jumps water number sharks taken recreational united_states approached surpassed number taken commercial fishing assessed shark low reproductive rate renders vulnerable united_states australia countries manage fisheries catching sharks cases regulation occurs umbrella management schemes multiple shark species large coastal sharks category shark conservation plans specifically species implemented | Blacktip shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
9710_Spinnershark | spinner shark spinner shark species requiem shark family named spinning leaps makes feeding strategy species occurs tropical warm temperate waters worldwide eastern pacific_ocean found coastal offshore habitats depth prefers shallow water spinner shark resembles larger version shark slender body long snout black marked fins species distinguished shark dorsal fin different shape placed black tip anal fin adults maximum length spinner sharks swift predators feed wide variety small bony fishes cephalopods feeding schools forage fish speed vertically school spinning axis water end like members family spinner shark viviparous females bearing litters young year born shallow nursery areas near coast relatively fast growing species usually dangerous humans excited food spinner sharks valued commercial fisheries range meat fins liver oil skin strong fighters recreational iucn assessed species worldwide vulnerable southeastern united_states taxonomy phylogeny spinner shark originally described der based mounted skin long specimen collected java species subsequently moved genera placed genus tooth shape coloration species varies significantly age geographical regions caused taxonomic confusion common names include shark great shark shark large shark long nose grey shark grey shark based similarities morphology tooth shape behavior closest relatives spinner shark originally believed shark graceful shark interpretation supported analysis suggested similarities product evolution closest relative spinner shark copper shark dna study spinner shark found genetically requiem shark species examined save tiger shark related species lemon shark distribution habitat uncertainty exists distribution data spinner shark confusion shark western atlantic_ocean occurs north_carolina northern gulf_of_mexico including bahamas cuba southern brazil argentina eastern atlantic occurs north_africa indian_ocean found south_africa madagascar red_sea india nearby islands java sumatra pacific_ocean occurs japan vietnam australia possibly philippines evidence suggests indian_ocean spinner sharks passed suez_canal mediterranean_sea migrants spinner shark reported ocean surface depth prefers water deep occupies levels water column species found coastal waters offshore continental shelves juveniles known enter bays avoid conditions northwest atlantic known migratory spring summer found warm waters winter south deeper water description average spinner shark long weighs species maximum known length weight sharks generally larger northwest atlantic species slim streamlined body distinctive long pointed snout eyes small circular prominent forward pointing furrows corners mouth tooth rows number half upper jaw half lower jaw tiny central teeth respectively teeth long narrow central finely upper jaw smooth lower jaw pairs gill slits long dorsal fin relatively small usually originates free rear tip pectoral fins ridge exists second dorsal fins pectoral fins moderately short narrow shaped body densely covered diamond shaped dermal denticles seven rarely shallow horizontal ridges coloration gray bronze white faint white band sides young individuals unmarked fins tips second dorsal fin pectoral fins anal fin lower caudal fin lobe fins black larger individuals spinner shark differs shark dorsal fin slightly triangular shape placed body adults distinguished black tip anal fin biology ecology spinner shark fast active swimmer forms large schools segregated age sex young individuals prefer cooler water temperatures adults south_africa females found close shore year round males appear summer smaller spinner sharks preyed larger sharks known parasites spinner shark include nemesis shark gills skin mouth gill arches rear margins fins feeding spinner sharks feed primarily small bony fish including herring sea tongue known eat squid octopus groups spinner sharks found pursuing schools prey high speed individual prey seized shark lacks cutting species employs unusual tactic feeding schools small fish shark charges vertically school spinning axis mouth open snapping shark momentum end runs carries air giving common shark performs behavior madagascar spinner sharks follow migrating schools like sharks shrimp feed discarded feeding life history like requiem sharks spinner shark viviparous adult females single functional functional divided compartments embryo embryos initially sustained yolk sac embryo grows long supply yolk exhausted yolk sac develops connection mother provides nutrients remainder gestation species smallest relative fully developed embryo viviparous shark known females birth usually seven pups year gestation period months mating occurs early spring summer august north_africa april south_africa march april northwestern atlantic young coastal nursery areas bays beaches high water deeper length birth northwestern atlantic tunisia south_africa spinner sharks relatively fast growing sharks year year year olds year year adults northwestern atlantic males mature long females long corresponding ages years years respectively south_africa males mature females spinner sharks generally reproduce years old maximum lifespan estimated years human interactions spinner sharks pose substantial danger humans perceive large mammals prey small narrow teeth adapted cutting excited presence food caution species encountered listed attacks provoked attack spinner shark fatal meat spinner shark high quality sold fresh dried addition fins shark fin soup liver oil processed skin leather products spinner sharks important catch commercial shark fisheries operating northwestern atlantic gulf_of_mexico meat marketed shark united_states species considered superior quality consumers likely caught fisheries range going owing confusion shark spinner shark highly regarded recreational described spectacular fighter leaps water iucn assessed spinner shark worldwide vulnerable northwest atlantic frequent use coastal habitats render vulnerable human exploitation habitat degradation fishery species managed fishery management plan sharks purposes commercial recreational bag limits spinner shark categorized large coastal shark | Spinner shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
10373_Thornbackguitarfish | species ray family member genus despite appearance closely related true family species ranges generally waters deeper found buried sand mud near beds reaching length heart shaped pectoral fin disc long robust tail bearing positioned dorsal fins developed caudal fin distinctive traits plain colored ray parallel rows large hooked start middle run tail encountered singly groups feeds small benthic invertebrates bony fishes viviparous developing young drawing yolk sac females birth pups annually late summer following roughly year long gestation period listed concern majority range lies united_states waters common commercial value heavily commercially status species mexican waters known taxonomy phylogeny scientifically described american issue scientific journal assigned genus named latin series row reference rows year later journal placed species newly created genus type specimen adult male caught february common names species include shark confused australian sharks california round ray based morphology determined phylogenetic study form basal clade order sister group members order encompassing relatives finding affirmed closely related true family possibility long considered description pectoral fin disc heart shaped slightly longer wide thick snout short broad blunt tip protruding slightly disc eyes small widely spaced larger eyes lie closely wide nostrils preceded moderately large broad flaps skin mouth wide gently arched pair running mouth corners nostrils roughly area lower lip inscribed deep mouth corners small teeth low crowns sharp blunt arranged rows upper jaw rows lower jaw pairs gill slits small located beneath disc pelvic fins curved outer margins angular rear tips males long tail robust longer disc lateral skin running dorsal fins similar size shape longer tall rounded posterior margins dorsal fin lies closer caudal fin pelvic fins caudal fin developed elliptical distinct lower lobe skin entirely covered tiny dermal denticles additionally large rows leading margin disc small groups snout tip eyes shoulders rows running middle second dorsal fin species plain olive grayish brown white snout disc margins barely translucent grows long distribution habitat endemic northeastern pacific_ocean found additional isolated populations reportedly abundant coastal waters california baja california uncommon north dwelling nature species typically found close shore water recorded deep inhabits coastal habitats muddy sandy bottoms including bays beaches found beds adjacent areas biology ecology day spends time partially buried sediment encountered singly small groups large form particular bays diet ray consists worms crustaceans including crabs small bony fishes including detect prey sensitive electric fields frequency turn preyed sharks northern elephant seal known parasites species include mate late summer females birth following year time peaking august viviparous developing embryos sustained birth yolk females bear litters pups year newborn rays measure long males females reach sexual maturity long respectively human interactions harmless readily approached underwater public united_states ray common faces substantial threats occasionally caught incidentally commercial recreational economic value range lies waters species assessed concern overall mexican waters population small fragmented degree affected fishing uncertain iucn listed locally noting fisheries shrimp urgent need additional information ensure long term regional survival | Thornback guitarfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
10385_Greathammerhead | great great largest species shark belonging family attaining maximum length found tropical warm temperate waters worldwide inhabiting coastal areas continental shelf great distinguished shape hammer called wide straight margin tall shaped dorsal fin solitary strong swimming apex predator great feeds wide variety prey ranging crustaceans cephalopods bony fishes smaller sharks observations species wild suggest functions favored prey species viviparous mode reproduction bearing litters pups years potentially dangerous great rarely attacks humans divers treated respect shark heavily large fins extremely valuable asian market main ingredient shark fin soup result great populations declining substantially worldwide assessed endangered taxonomy phylogeny great described german naturalist later changed current years valid scientific great thought coined determined specimens illustrated fact applied senior synonym great valid species long male red_sea older studies based morphology generally placed great derived members family reflecting traditional view size gradually increased course shark evolution view refuted phylogenetic analyses nuclear mitochondrial dna found great smooth form clade basal species results evolve large small distribution habitat great inhabits tropical waters world latitudes atlantic_ocean found north_carolina including gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea morocco mediterranean_sea found rim indian_ocean pacific_ocean australia french southern baja california peru occur guinea sierra confirmed great found waters deep depth offshore favor coral reefs inhabit continental shelves island deep water near land migratory populations florida documented moving closer poles summer description streamlined body great expanded typical sharks adult great distinguished smooth shape nearly straight margin opposed arched prominent lateral width body length teeth triangular strongly oblique corners mouth tooth rows upper jaw teeth jaw teeth lower jaw dorsal fin distinctive tall strongly shaped originates pectoral fins second dorsal fin anal fin relatively large deep rear margins pelvic fins concave rear margins contrast straight pelvic fins skin covered closely placed dermal denticles diamond shaped horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth smaller individuals larger ones great dark brown light gray olive fading white underside fins unmarked adults tip second dorsal fin dark juveniles average great measures long weighs small percentage population females larger longest great record heaviest known great long female caught florida weight female pregnant near pups biology ecology great solitary nomadic predator tends given wide berth reef sharks confronted respond display dropping pectoral fins swimming stiff fashion juveniles preyed larger sharks bull sharks adults major predators yellow seen flanks possibly rid parasites schools pilot fish accompany great great species including nemesis feeding active predator varied diet known prey great include invertebrates crabs squid octopus bony fishes sea fishes smaller sharks great prey grey reef sharks exhausted pursuing mates species known favorite prey great rays especially spines frequently found lodged inside mouth bother shark specimen caught florida spines mouth great primarily hunt dawn dusk swinging heads broad angles sea floor pick electrical signatures buried sand numerous located underside serves allows shark quickly turn strike ray detected florida large reach newly suggesting particularly keen sense smell function suggested observation great attacking southern bahamas shark knocked ray sea powerful blow pinned head large bite ray pectoral fin disc effectively crippled picked jaws apart rapid head great seen attacking spotted eagle ray open water taking massive bite pectoral fins ray shark head pin ray jaws head observations suggest great seeks disable rays bite strategy similar great white shark adaptation prey handling life history sharks great viviparous developing young use supply yolk yolk sac transformed structure analogous unlike sharks mate near sea great observed mating near surface account bahamas mating pair ascended swimming mating reached surface females breed years giving birth late spring summer december january australian waters gestation period months litter size ranges pups typical young measure birth males reach maturity long females young differ adults having rounded frontal margin head typical lifespan species years record female estimated years old human interactions large size cutting teeth great seriously human caution exercised species possibly reputation aggression dangerous sharks divers underwater reported great tend shy humans reports great approaching divers closely charging enter water lists bites fatal sharks genus difficulty identifying species involved uncertain caused great shark confirmed responsible provoked bite great regularly caught commercially tropics fixed nets hook line meat rarely consumed fins increasing valuable asian demand shark fin soup addition skin leather liver oil great taken unintentionally suffers high mortality fisheries northwest atlantic gulf_of_mexico shark nets australian south african beaches source mortality conservation status great extremely vulnerable low overall abundance long generation time assessment conservation status difficult fisheries separate great reported catches species listed globally endangered iucn red list endangered northwestern atlantic gulf_of_mexico non targeted species populations dropped 1990s endangered southwestern indian_ocean large numbers vessels operate illegally coasts giant great catch rate indian_ocean declined represent localized widespread great critically endangered western coast africa stocks collapsed estimated decline past years west african sub regional fishing commission recognized great threatened species region fishing continues northern australia species assessed high risk concern arisen substantial increase illegal fishing reflecting raising value shark fins conservation measures specifically protecting great enacted listed annex highly migratory species management schemes implemented agreement banning shark countries entities united_states australia european_union international regulatory bodies reduce fishing pressure great | Great hammerhead | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11412_Bigeyesandtiger | sand tiger sand tiger extremely rare species shark family possible worldwide distribution large species reaching length sand tiger long snout large orange eyes membranes mouth narrow teeth prominently exposed distinguished similar sand tiger teeth lateral uniformly dark brown color inhabiting continental margins oceanic waters depths sand tiger vertical horizontal migratory movements feeds bony fishes squid sizable eyes dark coloration suggest spend time zone reproduction probably viviparous embryos like shark species shark caught incidentally commercial fisheries determine conservation status taxonomy phylogeny known sand tiger female long caught april set black specimen mounted later formed basis scientific description authored german article named species honor late director assigned new species genus time members sand tiger shark family came recognized valid genus separate sand tiger reassigned given resemblance sand tiger specimens examined 1980s authors speculated species represented extreme variant sand tiger names shark include black sand tiger oceanic sand tiger ragged tooth shark sand tigers belong family similar sand tiger shark debated morphological studies giving inconsistent results molecular phylogenetic analysis based mitochondrial dna supported sister species relationship clade consisting instead found closer shark suggesting placed separate families description body conical snout large mouth filled protruding teeth sand tiger looks like better known sand tiger shark large eyes lack membranes small corner mouth extends level eyes jaws highly upper lower tooth rows include zero rows small teeth upper jaw rows lower half upper jaw teeth second rows large fourth rows small rows large tooth narrow like central flanked smaller contrasts sand tiger lateral pairs gill slits pectoral fins medium sized broad rounded tips large dorsal fin rounded apex positioned closer pectoral pelvic fins second dorsal fin half size originates rear tips pelvic fins pelvic fins large dorsal fin anal fin smaller second dorsal fin positioned caudal crescent shaped notch dorsal origin caudal fin lower lobe caudal fin short distinct upper lobe long deep notch trailing margin near tip skin covered overlapping dermal denticles horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species plain dark reddish brown chocolate brown black trailing margins fins white tipped dorsal fin eyes dark orange vertically oval green pupils black patches inside mouth jaws floor mouth gill arches largest male female specimens measured long respectively distribution habitat extremely rare sand tiger reported scattered locations world suggesting wide possibly global distribution tropical warm temperate oceanic waters known specimens come atlantic found southern brazil texas eastern florida evidence presence indian_ocean set jaws originated possibility existence species pacific_ocean suspected teeth recovered sediments confirmed decade later captures hawaii sand tiger caught depths recorded continental shelves near sea floor mid water parts open ocean deep swimming upper levels water column nighttime captures relatively shallow depths suggest species vertical migration rising zone zone night feed brazilian waters sand tigers captured spring type seasonal migratory movement biology ecology account sand tiger caught alive noted behaved aggressively snapping violently water large eyes uniformly dark coloration characteristic traits fish sand tiger feeds bony fishes squid reproduction little known probably similar sharks viviparous embryos feed eggs gestation adult females single functional right functional males mature sexually long females mature long information available growth aging human interactions sand tiger encountered commercial importance caught incidentally purse captures suggest lives waters deep commercial fisheries listed species citing lack biological population data prohibited taking species united_states waters | Bigeye sand tiger | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11423_Coffinray | coffin ray known coffin ray species electric ray endemic australia common waters shallower sole member family small species typically reaches length greatly enlarged pectoral fins extremely short tail coupled dorsal caudal fins concentrated rear coffin ray distinctive pear like shape varying shade brown color tiny eyes large highly mouth sluggish nocturnal coffin ray sandy muddy habitats bury daytime produce powerful electric shock reaching volts attack defense species predator feeds mainly benthic bony fishes fish approaching exceeding size occasion consume invertebrates small rats reproduction viviparous developing embryos yolk produced milk female gives birth pups summer coffin ray deliver severe albeit non fatal shock human valued commercially hardy usually survive captured discarded listed species concern population threatened human activity taxonomy phylogeny scientific reference coffin ray written english zoologist botanist accompany illustrations beached fish published work interpreted specimen calling single latin independently french zoologist described new electric ray volume journal revue based specimens collected new_south_wales named genus derived greek word sleep referring ray ability induce eventually recognized illustrated species described proper proposed replacement believed preoccupied butterfly genus international code nomenclature require change regarded junior synonym common coffin ray comes coffin like shape beached specimens death species referred electric ray short tail electric ray torpedo phylogenetic studies based morphology found closely related genus torpedo classify torpedo family subfamily hand believe distinctive merit separate family distribution habitat coffin ray wide distribution tropical warm temperate australian waters western range extends south australia western australia eastern new_south_wales queensland occur victoria tasmania common dwelling species typically found close shore deeper recorded deep favors habitats sandy muddy bottoms including beaches bays found rocky coral reefs description unusual pear like shape coffin ray distinguishes rays body large kidney shaped electric organs visible sides head pectoral fins form greatly enlarged disc wide long thick center thin margins leading margin disc straight gently concave eyes minute elevated short close eyes slightly larger small individuals nostrils located ahead mouth connected pair broad grooves nostrils short curtain skin overlaps mouth mouth forms long wide arch slender jaws dramatically particularly adults rows small teeth jaw tooth long pairs gill slits small placed beneath disc pelvic fins relatively large merged pectoral fin disc form roughly circular secondary disc dorsal fins shaped like rounded located close caudal fin similar size nearly symmetrical rounded margin tail extremely short caudal fin barely extends past pelvic fin disc skin entirely devoid dermal denticles areas dorsal coloration ranges dark reddish brown grayish pinkish yellowish plain sparsely patterned irregular darker lighter markings underside pale species grows length possibly long biology ecology coffin ray slow weak swimmer moves forward motion nocturnal spends day buried sediment showing disturbed observed performing possible defense behavior loop mouth species stranded land tide survive water hours like electric rays coffin ray electric organs derived muscle tissue consist numerous vertical columns formed stack filled electric plates essentially acts battery capable generating volts electricity delivering span minutes successive shock weakening coffin ray employs electricity subdue prey deter predators diet coffin ray consists benthic bony fishes includes cephalopods occasion crustaceans worms rats recorded species coffin ray prey substrate head burying takes extremely large prey relative size observed individual long long tail prey fish protruding mouth dead specimens recovered apparently trying swallow large prey coffin ray viviparous developing embryos yolk later supplemented milk mother females birth litters pups summer measure approximately long males females attain sexual maturity long species known human interactions approached coffin ray tends place sea floor result divers swimmers shocked accidentally contacting life threatening shock severe shock perceived person pouring stream ray coffin ray economic value noted ray native caught incidentally commercial hardy usually returned water alive caught traps taken spear remains common widespread assessed species concern kept public requires moving food | Coffin ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11516_Short-tailstingray | short tail short tail smooth common species family occurs southern africa typically offshore depth southern australia new_zealand zone depth dwelling nature found range habitats reefs frequently open water largest world heavy bodied species grows upwards weight plain colored diamond shaped pectoral fin disc characterized lack dermal denticles adults white pores head tail usually shorter disc thick base armed large row large spine dorsal ventral fin diet short tail consists invertebrates bony fishes including species tends remain relatively limited area year preferring deeper waters winter known perform long large rays form certain locations summer poor knight islands new_zealand mating documented poor knights species viviparous developing embryos sustained milk produced mother litter size short tail aggressive capable inflicting potentially lethal wound long sting caught incidentally commercial recreational fisheries range usually surviving released population appear threatened human activity listed concern taxonomy original description short tail curator female specimen caught new_zealand published account issue scientific journal named new species derived latin short tail subsequent authors assigned species obsolete genus short tail referred giant black ray giant new_zealand short tail ray short tailed black smooth short tailed closely related similar looking smaller pitted northwestern pacific description heavily built smooth pectoral fin disc short tail angular shape slightly wider long leading margins disc gently convex converge blunt broadly triangular snout eyes small immediately followed larger widely spaced nostrils long narrow short skirt shaped curtain skin fringed posterior margin sized mouth evenly arched lower jaw prominent grooves corners like structures floor additional tiny scattered nasal curtain outside lower jaw teeth arranged pattern flattened surfaces tooth small blunt roughly diamond shaped base tooth rows jaw pelvic fins somewhat large rounded tips tail usually shorter disc bears spines upper surface halfway length broad flattened base sting rapidly prominent ventral fin fold running sting tip low dorsal ridge dermal denticles found tail appearing tail base disc width adults row large backward pointing spear like flattened sting smaller conical sting covering tail tip dorsal coloration grayish brown tip tail eyes line white pores flanking head underside whitish fin margins beneath tail individuals reported short tail largest species known reach width length weight reliable observers new_zealand reported sighting individuals mature females larger mature males distribution habitat short tail common widely distributed temperate waters southern africa reported cape_town south_africa mouth southern australian coast found western australia queensland including tasmania new_zealand waters occurs rarely records northern australia thailand likely represent respectively past decades range numbers southeastern tasmania grown possibly result climate change southern africa short tail rare shallow water found offshore banks depth hand australia new_zealand found zone deeper australian new_zealand rays abundant summer tracking study conducted new_zealand rays suggests shift deeper waters winter undertake long distance short tail mainly dwelling nature inhabiting variety environments including sheltered bays sandy flats rocky reefs outer continental shelf makes regular upward middle water column biology ecology short tail usually slow moving achieve sudden bursts speed pectoral fins force water create bang known form large seasonal known example occurs summer january april poor knights islands new_zealand particularly rocky areas moves rising tide shallow water individual rays tend stay inside relatively small home range radius captive experiments shown capable detecting magnetic fields nature employed navigation short tail food day night feeds primarily benthic bony fishes invertebrates crustaceans lateral line system underside allows detect minute water jets produced buried worms extracted excess water expelled fishes invertebrates open water including eaten significant quantities south_africa ray observed patrolling egg beds squid mass capturing squid descend spawn short tail predators size include copper shark smooth great white shark killer whale threatened raises tail like smaller fishes observed swimming rays cover hunting prey known parasites species include life history summer short tail poor knights islands partly serve reproductive purpose mating observed gathered rays courtship mating place mid water speculated rising current flowing continuously narrow aids rays maintaining position receptive female followed males attempt bite grip disc males dragged female hours successful male upside beneath vent waving tail lasts minutes females captivity observed mating different males succession like short tail viviparous developing embryos exhaust yolk supply milk enriched proteins produced mother delivered specialized extensions called females bear litters pups summer males appear assist process female abdomen females ready mate shortly giving birth measure human interactions curious short tail approach humans trained hand fed western australia short tail australian bull rays regularly gather hand fed fish number visitors steadily increased recent years interest developing site permanent tourist attraction harassed species capable inflicting fatal wound sting sting measure long penetrate types including contains causes dangerous injuries involve damage vital organ massive blood loss secondary cases ray jumped water pierced chest cavity species responsible majority injuries new_zealand range short tail caught incidentally commercial fisheries danish purse set lines drag set nets caught recreational hook line boats shore spears individuals caught released alive cut tails safety practice significant impact rays long term survival sport occasionally captured rays meat competitions small number kept display public reproduced captivity survives fishing activities remains common range assessed short tail concern species range new_zealand targeting commercially prohibited | Short-tail stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11723_Hardnoseshark | shark shark species requiem shark family named heavily snout small bronze coloured shark reaching length slender body long pointed snout sized dorsal fins elongated rear tips shark widely distributed western kenya southern china northern australia inhabits warm shallow waters close shore common shark predator bony fishes cephalopods crustaceans species viviparous growing embryos sustained term connection mother females reproductive cycle bear litters pups month gestation period shark meat range given low reproductive rate listed taxonomy shark described german der named honour collected type specimen new_guinea american elevated rank genus type species species called shark phylogeny evolution evolutionary relationships shark fully resolved study based morphology tentatively grouped shark borneo shark shark shark creek shark shark shark results molecular phylogenetic analyses inconsistent supporting parts hypothesis study resolve shark position detail study reported close clade formed sharks study concluded sister species borneo shark teeth apparently belonging shark recovered formations united_states brazil earliest fossils date description shark slim bodied species long narrow pointed snout unlike species snout highly circular eyes large equipped protective membranes narrow lobe skin anterior rim arched mouth bears furrows corners sources report pores series pores corners mouth enlarged report upper teeth number rows narrow smooth edged central coarse base lower teeth number rows narrow smooth edged pairs fairly short gill slits pectoral fins fairly short pointed like shape dorsal fin medium sized triangular originates roughly pectoral fin free rear tips second dorsal fin small low originates middle anal fin base dorsal fins long free rear tips subtle ridge prominent notch present caudal dorsal origin caudal fin caudal fin developed lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip skin covered overlapping oval shaped dermal denticles horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species bronze white barely noticeable pale band flanks pectoral pelvic anal fins lighter margins dorsal fin upper caudal fin lobe darker margins shark reaches length distribution habitat shark common widely distributed tropical western found kenya indian_ocean including sri_lanka pacific_ocean found vietnam taiwan southern japan indonesia new_guinea northern australia usually found shallow waters reported depth data shown shark tends long distance movements caught individuals having moved initial location longest known distance travelled individual biology ecology shark forms large groups sharks australian sharks males females generally separately bony fishes form main shark diet cephalopods crustaceans making remainder parasites species include shark viviparous like requiem sharks embryos exhaust yolk supply yolk sac develops connection mother provides nutrition females birth year pups following gestation period months measure long sexual maturity attained long maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans shark caught line gear commercial fisheries range meat sold fresh dried small size limits economic importance low reproductive rate render susceptible given existing levels exploitation assessed northern australia shark makes catch catch losses appear diminished population iucn given regional assessment concern | Hardnose shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11732_Bandedhoundshark | banded banded species family common northwestern pacific_ocean southern taiwan found near favors shallow coastal habitats sandy bottoms enters water shark reaches length short rounded snout narrow fins pectoral fins broad triangular trailing margin dorsal fin vertical gray lighter younger sharks darker dots fade age nocturnal largely solitary banded benthic invertebrates bony fishes viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk mating summer females bear pups following gestation period months banded poses danger humans captivity caught japan taiwan likely range eaten regarded related species fishing appear diminished shark population listed concern taxonomy scientific description banded authored german based dried specimen japan der gave specific epithet derived ancient greek placed genus genus placed subgenus leopard shark distribution habitat native northwestern pacific_ocean banded occurs southern taiwan including japan korea eastern china records philippines questionable common benthic shark found continental shelves close shore depth sandy flats beds additionally tolerant water enters bays description banded moderately slender bodied species growing long snout short broad rounded widely separated nostrils preceded lobe skin reach mouth horizontally oval eyes placed high head equipped rudimentary membranes protective prominent ridges underneath mouth forms short wide arch bears long furrows corners extend jaws tooth upright oblique knife like central flanked strong pairs gill slits fins fairly narrow adults pectoral fins broad roughly triangular moderately tall dorsal fin placed halfway pectoral pelvic fins trailing margin nearly vertical near apex second dorsal fin quarters high larger anal fin caudal fin developed lower lobe prominent ventral notch near tip upper lobe young sharks lower caudal fin lobe distinct species gray darker scattered black spots fade age underside white biology ecology banded nocturnal generally solitary individuals rest atop inside cave feeds mainly crustaceans including crabs crabs cephalopods including octopus worms worms worms small living bony fishes including herring drums occasionally consumed shrimp worms important prey sharks long cephalopods larger sharks mating occurs summer involves male swimming parallel female gripping pectoral fin teeth secured twists aft portion body insert single banded viviparous developing embryos sustained birth yolk females bear litters pups gestation period months litters large pups recorded measure long males mature sexually years old long live years females mature sexually years old long live years known parasites species include human interactions harmless humans banded commonly displayed public china japan reproduced captivity individuals survived captivity years species caught incidentally japan set nets meat sold considered poorer quality region caught lesser numbers taiwan probably korea northern china listed banded concern remains abundant range japan found rocky areas provide refuge fishing pressure | Banded houndshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
11743_Sicklefinweaselshark | shark shark uncommon species ground shark family native southern india southern china parts southeast_asia living shallow waters depth lightly built shark characterized short mouth broad upper teeth trailing edge strongly shaped fins obvious white tips dorsal fins light grey bronze colour small white sides reaches maximum known length spending time close sea floor shark specialist predator cephalopods reproductive mode viviparous young form connection mother females probably birth twice year litter consisting pups shark widely caught fisheries meat fins low natural abundance reproductive rate mean sustain fishing pressure given fishing activity intense range assessed species vulnerable taxonomy dutch described shark gave specific epithet greek small mouth placed new genus account based females indonesia measuring long species thought occur australia population recognised distinct species description chinese waters probably species description philippines lacking detail consistent species description shark slender bodied species reaching length snout fairly long rounded nostrils preceded short flaps skin large oval eyes membranes followed minute mouth forms short wide arch teeth closed moderately long furrows present corners mouth upper lower tooth rows upper teeth broad angled smooth leading edge strongly trailing edge lower teeth narrow erect smooth edged pairs gill slits short fins strongly shaped particularly dorsal fins pelvic fins lower caudal fin lobe pectoral fins narrow pointed dorsal fin positioned halfway pectoral pelvic fins second dorsal fin thirds tall positioned slightly ahead anal fin anal fin smaller second dorsal fin dorsal surface caudal bears crescent shaped notch caudal fin origin caudal fin developed lower lobe long upper lobe ventral notch near tip dermal denticles small overlapping horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species light grey bronze small white spots sides pale dorsal fins tipped white especially obvious second dorsal remainder fin dark distribution habitat shark found southern india sri_lanka southern china taiwan java borneo occur philippines red_sea specimens regions need compared confirmed range common naturally species inhabits continental shelves waters depth usually close sea floor biology ecology diet shark composed entirely cephalopods crustaceans eaten small mouth short gill slits adaptations capturing cephalopods weak jaws small teeth reflect diet soft bodied prey species viviparous developing embryos sustained term connection formed depleted yolk sac females likely produce litters year implying gestation period months pups born time average measure approximately long males mature sexually long females mature long human interactions shark dangerous humans caught range drifting meat eaten fins shark fin soup processed small size shark limits economic value assessed shark vulnerable noting naturally uncommon resides heavily regions addition compared related australian shark productive withstand fishing pressure | Sicklefin weasel shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
12613_Slendersmooth-hound | slender smooth slender smooth species ground shark family endemic waters new_zealand usually found close continental slope depths extremely slim plain brownish shark reaching length slender smooth identified broad flattened head long bell shaped snout mouth angular short furrows corners contains high number tooth rows jaws dorsal fins roughly equal size diet slender smooth diverse dominated small benthic bony fishes crustaceans exhibits specialized form females produce single capsule contains develops embryo rest stores yolk material external yolk sac growing embryo mainly sustained yolk sac gestation additionally supplied milk produced mother typical litter size pups assessed slender smooth concern taken fishery great numbers furthermore large portions range minimal fishing activity taxonomy phylogeny known specimen slender smooth long adult male collected december depth cape new_zealand preserved crew curiosity given described issue scientific journal transactions royal society new zealand named species reference extremely slender body proposed separate genus slender smooth character lord rings shark bears resemblance form habits placed noted similarities false time chose maintain sole member family numerous unique traits recently increasingly tended group family arrangement phylogenetic study colleagues found genera high degree genetic similarity protein genes form natural clade apart additional species described additional species described distribution habitat range slender smooth restricted upper middle continental slope new_zealand including submarine features north kings ridge uncommon species mainly found deep recorded deep prefers temperature approximately generally swimming near sea floor shark inhabits soft rocky habitats terrain ranging steep slopes description slender smooth thin body broad highly flattened head snout long distinctive bell shaped outline viewed eyes horizontal oval shape equipped rudimentary membranes protective beneath eye prominent ridge smaller nostrils preceded small triangular flaps skin line mouth forms angle short furrows mouth corners upper lower jaws contain rows respectively small closely spaced teeth tooth narrow upright central flanked smaller sides pairs gill slits short pectoral fins originate fourth gill gently curved margins pelvic fins small angular males pointed dorsal fins similar size shape narrowly rounded concave trailing margins dorsal fin originates rear pectoral fins second dorsal fin originates pelvic anal fins ridge present dorsal fins anal fin half high dorsal fin nearly straight trailing margin short narrow caudal fin makes sixth total length lower caudal fin lobe indistinct upper lobe strong ventral notch near tip skin densely covered small overlapping dermal denticles crown mounted short stalk bears horizontal ridges leading marginal blade like teeth central tooth particularly long species plain brownish gray lighter grows long weight females reaching slightly larger size males biology ecology slender smooth likely schooling species variety benthic fishes invertebrates human garbage reported stomach contents small bony fishes particular important prey type followed crustaceans cephalopods stars sharks fish egg consumed challenger plateau cephalopods important food source juveniles long like false slender smooth exhibits form different sharks mature females single functional right functional embryo develops time resulting litters rarely pups inner surface covered packed single rigid amber colored capsule develops embryo remaining begin break embryo transfers yolk material external yolk sac serves main source gestation process completed length embryo receive secondary nutrition form milk produced mother embryo long emerges capsule time translucent gelatinous embryos long developed external gill external yolk sac entirely absorbed embryo long close born males females reach sexual maturity approximately long human interactions harmless humans economic value slender smooth occasionally caught incidentally northern range lies little waters listed concern shark low render susceptible population fishing pressure increase future | Slender smooth-hound | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
12753_Nightshark | night shark night shark species requiem shark family found temperate tropical waters atlantic_ocean outer continental shelf upper continental slope shark commonly occurs depths conducts vertical migration spending day deeper water moving shallower waters night northeastern brazil large numbers varying depth slender streamlined species night shark typically reaches length identified long pointed snout large green eyes alive dark grayish blue brown white night sharks quick active schooling predators feed mainly small bony fishes squid reproduction viviparous members family females mate summer birth litters usually pups gestation period year species known pose danger humans caught incidentally commercial fisheries western atlantic targeted fishery operating northeastern brazil night shark highly valued fins additionally source meat liver oil sharks caught northeastern brazil found contain unsafe concentrations mercury low reproductive rate historically documented declines areas caribbean night shark assessed vulnerable population assessment indicated species secure waters united_states true taxonomy scientific description night shark published cuban zoologist series papers entitled natural cuba based description single set jaws gave genus type specimen designated species common comes fact captured night distribution habitat distribution night shark extends outer continental shelves upper continental slopes atlantic_ocean state massachusetts argentina west including gulf_of_mexico caribbean_sea northern east united_states waters relatively common north_carolina florida particularly questionable reports species pacific_coast panama night shark species reported far occasionally ventures surface southeastern united_states usually caught depth range northeastern brazil night shark commonly found near ranging deep west_africa occurs depths temperature dissolved oxygen level annual variation cuban catch rates indicate seasonal migration description night shark slender build elongated pointed snout flanked moderately developed flaps skin eyes large circular green life irregularly shaped pupils membrane protective mouth lacks conspicuous furrows corners usually bears tooth rows jaws plus upper lower jaw tooth rows upper tooth smooth edge narrow oblique corner mouth coarse base trailing margin number size leading margin tooth increase relative trailing margin animal grows older lower teeth upright smooth edged pairs gill slits short pectoral fins fifth long total body length somewhat rounded tip dorsal fin relatively small triangular pointed originating free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin smaller originates slightly ahead anal fin ridge running dorsal fins dermal denticles tightly packed overlap diamond shaped horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth number increasing juveniles adults coloration grayish blue brown whitish fin markings faint band small black spots scattered species usually grows long recorded reaching length weight respectively biology ecology fast energetic night shark feeds primarily small active bony fishes sea squid shrimp taken feeding activity occurs night common peaks dawn dusk catch records indicate species usually found schools conducts vertical migration spending day depth moving shallower night females rarely caught suggesting period stop feeding species potential predators night shark include larger sharks known parasites include attach gills skin found spiral valve parasite similar common found attached species like members family night shark viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk depleted yolk sac converted connection mother delivers adult females single functional right functional divided separate compartments embryo embryos lie heads pointing direction mother information known night shark life history comes northeastern brazil hold true parts species range northeastern brazilian sharks mate summer males biting female body fins prelude year long gestation period females birth usually pups embryos varying stages development found february june suggesting takes place span months important nursery area believed exist continental shelf break latitude near southern extreme species range newborn young measure long add body length year fast rate growth serves period immediately birth small pups vulnerable predators strategy similar employed silky shark time sharks reach adulthood growth rate modest year difference growth rate sexes males mature sexually length corresponding age years females length corresponding age years oldest known individuals years old based growth curves maximum lifespan estimated years males years females human interactions habitat night shark known pose danger humans species prized large fins exported use shark fin soup utilized source meat liver oil traditionally comprised fisheries targeting western atlantic focus fishery operating northeastern brazil large numbers sharks easily captured shark ray catch area consists night sharks approximately juveniles study found night sharks northeastern brazil accumulate high levels mercury bodies likely diet sharks examined contained mercury levels higher allowed marketed fish set brazilian legislature average mercury concentration eating night shark meat day result times daily mercury content judged safe assessed night shark globally vulnerable citing slow reproductive rate historical declines fishing pressure listed vulnerable species significant cuban shark fishery comprising catch numbers dropped substantially 1970s similarly proportion night sharks shark catch southeastern fishery fell comparable decline observed catches south florida tournaments 1970s currently intense brazilian targeted fishery particular concern fishing pressure night shark fishery beginning shift fishery information night shark available eastern atlantic leading iucn assessment region listed night shark species concern meaning merits conservation concern insufficient evidence listing endangered species act atlantic sharks revised prohibit retention species including night shark prohibition species upheld amendment added night sharks suffer high mortality prohibited kept value difficulty identifying parts species population assessment concluded night shark population united_states waters stabilized increasing longer merits species concern recommended prohibition retention maintained measure species benefit time area charleston bump brazil fishing continues largely iucn members urged brazil improve catch monitoring enforcement existing regulations declare critical habitat limits implement international plan action conservation management sharks | Night shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13208_Atlanticbluemarlin | atlantic blue atlantic blue species endemic atlantic_ocean atlantic blue blue feeds wide variety organisms near surface uses bill kill school fish prey returns eat injured stunned fish popular game fish relatively high fat content meat makes commercially valuable certain markets national fish featured coat arms blue distributed tropical subtropical waters atlantic indian fish spends majority life open sea far land blue wide variety marine organisms near surface bill prey females grow times weight males maximum published weight length adult blue predators apart man sought highly prized game fish taken commercial fishermen directed catch major industrial fisheries blue currently considered threatened species iucn historic english names blue cuban black ocean ocean guard taxonomy naming blue placed genus derived greek word meaning short sword bent dagger latin sword specific epithet latin black blue family perch like order addition member means new wings class includes ray fishes fishes includes bony fishes classification atlantic blue separate species debate genetic data suggest groups isolated species genetic exchange occurring migrate contribute genes atlantic population separate study graves indicated atlantic striking mitochondrial synonyms synonyms sic ambiguous ambiguous jordan jordan jordan jordan jordan description biggest females times heavy biggest males rarely exceed weight longest females reach length bill eye tip total body length body mass largest female specimens reported depending source large specimens scientifically verified largest blue caught rules brazil weighed fishermen refer individual reach exceed pounds sexes caudal dorsal fins anal fins fins supported bony spines known rays dorsal fin rays second dorsal fin seven rays anal fin similar shape size second dorsal fin rays second anal fin seven rays pectoral fins rays long narrow drawn sides body pelvic fins shorter poorly developed membrane ventral grooves anal fin pectoral caudal fins folded grooves fish reduces drag blue like rapidly change color effect created pigment containing light reflecting skin cells body blue black white underside rows pale colored stripes round dots thin bars located sides fish dorsal fin membrane dark blue black dots marks fins normally brownish black hint dark blue bases second anal fins hint white body covered thick bony elongated scales posterior points common form bill long stout jaws roof mouth covered small file like teeth lateral line system group rooted lateral line canals sense weak water motions large changes pressure appearance net obvious immature specimens unclear adults progressively embedded skin origin anal fin range migration blue found year round tropical oceanic waters atlantic range expands temperate waters northern warmer months contracts equator colder months warm currents western atlantic western indian_ocean major influence seasonal distribution atlantic blue range extends abundant eastern atlantic occurs africa latitudes largest numbers usually found waters warmer blue found surface water temperatures high low studies conventional recently pop satellite given researchers glimpse blue migration patterns habits tagged fish shown multiple movements venezuela bahamas west_africa travel notably blue tagged coast delaware recovered near island mauritius southeast coast africa indian_ocean voyage miles blue tagged pacific recovered indian_ocean fish recaptured general area tagged implying reverse migration years data insufficient accurately determine predators parasites blue reach maturity predators important probably large sharks great white shark blue parasites include parasites groups tissue headed worms sharks commonly found attached blue inside growth maturity atlantic blue reach sexual maturity age years males reach sexual maturity weight females blue breed late summer fall females spawn times season release seven million eggs diameter reach sexual maturity young drift freely ocean zone larvae inhabit west central atlantic georgia north_carolina florida jamaica bahamas dominican_republic puerto_rico southwest atlantic brazil larvae grow day sides dorsal surfaces blue black color white caudal fin caudal narrow fish body caudal tail fin attached clear blue patches occur head individuals darker spots backs dorsal fin large concave gradually reducing proportion body size continued growth males live years females diet feeding larvae feed variety drifting fish eggs larvae progress feeding wide range fishes particularly squid especially near oceanic islands coral reefs juvenile fish studies stomach contents atlantic pacific found smaller schooling frigate bullet substantial proportion diet squid deep sea fishes snake important prey items certain areas blue recorded prey large white range conversely capable feeding small numerous prey scientists fishermen long debated extent blue use elongated upper jaw feeding japanese study stomach contents fish captured commercial fishery found prey items obtained blue injuries judged inflicted bill economic importance commercial fishery commercial value world landings totalling metric tons particularly valued japan hawaii fish known blue meat smoked sold vendors blue caught fisheries recreational fishery sport fishermen encountered blue bahamas 1920s early 1930s pioneering big game fishermen began exploring waters offshore cat pacific blue known silver related black caught author 1930s blue renowned world greatest game fishes pursuit developed dollar industry includes hundreds companies thousands jobs boat operators boat builders fishing tackle manufacturers dealers established sport fisheries blue found eastern gulf_coast united_states bermuda bahamas caribbean islands notably puerto_rico recreational fishing blue takes place brazil venezuela atlantic coast mexico particularly peninsula eastern atlantic blue sport fisheries exist coast portugal north south include islands azores cape_verde international game fish association tackle world record blue currently stands fish captured brazil conservation blue intense pressure fishing caribbean region japanese cuban fishermen annually thousand tons vessels coastline required release caught survival rate released fish low damage capture listed threatened species added blue red list sport fishermen forefront efforts conserve blue populations initial efforts develop electronic tracking highly migratory fish carried hawaii collaboration hawaiian international tournament popular culture blue florida keys bahamas famously cuba wrote extensively pursuit old man sea fisherman named battles blue days coast cuba | Atlantic blue marlin | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13214_Spottedeagleray | spotted eagle ray spotted eagle ray fish eagle ray family found globally tropical regions including gulf_of_mexico hawaii coast west_africa indian_ocean oceania coasts americas depths meters rays commonly seen occasionally swim groups rays female retaining eggs releasing young miniature versions parent ray identified dark dorsal surface covered white spots rings near base ray relatively long tail pelvic fins barbed spotted eagle rays commonly feed small fish crustaceans dig look food buried sand sea bed rays commonly observed water occasions reported having jumped boats incident resulting death woman florida keys spotted eagle ray hunted wide variety sharks rays considered near threatened iucn red list mainly southeast_asia africa common market commercial trade protected great barrier reef taxonomy spotted eagle ray described swedish botanist specimen collected unknown location possibly coast brazil trip antilles later classified current genus derived greek words eagle ray spotted eagle ray belongs family includes known ray rays swim open ocean close sea floor spotted eagle ray different common names including white spotted eagle ray ray ray spotted duck billed ray description behavior spotted eagle rays flat disk shaped bodies deep blue black white spots white distinctive flat similar duck bill tails longer rays spines pelvic fins half long wing like pectoral disk small gills underside mature spotted eagle rays meters length largest wingspan meters mass kilograms reproduction male pursue female males approaches female uses upper jaw grab male roll female grabbing pectoral fins located body ventral male puts female connecting mating process lasts seconds spotted eagle ray develops eggs retained female hatch internally feeding yolk sac live birth gestation period year mother ray birth maximum pups pups born discs measure millimeters rays mature years feeding diet spotted eagle ray mainly crabs benthic feed crustaceans particularly crabs shrimp small fish spotted eagle ray specialized shaped tooth structure helps crush hard shells jaws rays developed help break shells supporting jaws preventing hard prey rays unique behavior digging sand ocean cloud sand surrounds ray sand gills study shown differences feeding habits males females rays different regions australia taiwan behavior spotted eagle rays prefer swim waters daily movement influenced tides tracking study showed active high tides uniquely rays dig sand surrounding cloud sand gills exhibit motions abdomen pectoral fins moved rapidly pelvic thrust extreme pelvic thrust pelvic thrust usually performed solitary ray repeated times rapidly extreme pelvic thrust commonly observed ray swimming group separate vigorously pectoral fins rays performs jumps dip ray dive come rapidly times main types jump ray vertically water returns line ray leaps degree angle repeated multiple times high speeds shallow waters outside normal swimming areas rays commonly seen schools form traveling called loose sixteen rays swimming loose group occasional interactions school commonly consists rays swimming direction exactly speed human interaction dorsal spots spotted eagle ray attraction large size likely kept public target fisheries spotted eagle ray eaten caught unintentionally reported incidents spotted eagle rays water boats landing people spotted eagle rays pose significant threat humans shy generally avoid human contact interactions individual caribbean reported especially jamaica involving spotted eagle rays rays exhibit behavior similar human curiosity allows observe eagle ray slow share time slower human observer human observer appears interesting spotted eagle ray predators parasites spotted eagle rays common rays fall victim sharks tiger shark lemon shark bull shark silver tip shark great shark great shark observed attacking spotted eagle ray open water taking large bite pectoral fins ray shark head pin ray ray jaws head sharks observed follow female rays season feed newborn pups rays spotted eagle rays host variety parasites internal parasites include spiral external parasites include gills distribution habitat spotted eagle rays found globally tropical regions western pacific_ocean indian_ocean western atlantic_ocean found shallow coastal water coral reefs bays depths meters spotted eagle rays found warm temperate waters worldwide western atlantic_ocean found eastern coast united_states_of_america caribbean past southern brazil indian_ocean found red_sea south_africa eastward western pacific_ocean found red_sea south_africa northern japan australia found area includes spotted eagle rays commonly seen bays reefs spend time swimming freely open waters generally schools close surface travel long distances day conservation spotted eagle ray included iucn red list near threatened rays caught mainly southeast_asia africa common commercial marine life trade displayed efforts help protect species south_africa decision deploy fewer protective shark nets reduced number deaths caused south_africa placed restrictions number rays bought person day state florida united_states fishing landing purchasing trading spotted eagle ray outlawed spotted eagle ray protected great barrier reef eastern coast australia popular culture ray spotted eagle ray appeared film teacher young fishes including appears sequel trying find substitute teacher annual migration job eventually filled hank ray voiced | Spotted eagle ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13226_Bandedarcherfish | banded banded water fish genus colour dorsal fin posterior end distinctive semi triangular markings sides best known ability spit jet water shoot prey larger specimens able hit prey metres away banded reach displaced prey hitting water common refers archer unusual method banded use capture prey banded found waters generally river mouths fresh salt water course lifetime breed markings colour banded kept fish difficult care recommended home taxonomy etymology originally described synonyms come use greek archer specifically refers species related english means arrow common refer banded habit catching prey shooting arrows water mouth description banded dorsal spines dorsal soft rays anal spines longest anal soft rays spine shortest rays shorter posterior end scales dorsal spine posterior nostrils certain areas body tinged green fish olive green brown dorsal fin yellowish green located posterior end base shorter anal fin caudal fin dirty green height point attachment shallower anal fin silver body banded shape raised posterior body generally silver white colour varying yellow observed broad black bars present dorsal bar found anterior bony plate covering gills second found bar found origin dorsal fin fourth bar soft dorsal fifth area anal fin caudal fin caudal bars shorter fish ages lateral line curves upwards area fourth ninth lateral scales banded reach maximum length centimetres average length centimetres banded large eyes unlike fishes positioned vision head slightly shorter body pointed snout juveniles yellow green brown dorsal ventral juveniles flanks grey green banded irregular yellow patches bands possibility sexual banded investigated comparison banded relative grouped sold label banded dorsal spines banded usually wedge shaped bands seven spots shorter bands regular alternating pattern unlike banded colour banded confused difficult distinguish striking difference bands species wedge shaped bands banded extend dorsal fin spots dorsal fin separate main bar behaviour diet feeding banded daytime come surface feed floating matter diet comprises plant matter insects able shoot banded able capture prey jumping water seizing low branches young form small schools learning aim increasing chance shot hit target diet comprises underwater prey including crustaceans small fishes shooting banded mouths adapted spit jets water distance usually knock prey water banded shoots jet water raising tongue roof mouth forming tube close quickly water tube able spit range centimetres larger specimens capable ranges metres prey shot banded begins place land reach hitting water study found banded trained hit moving targets accuracy rate greater according study ability hit moving targets complex learned behaviour learnt members school study concluded fish shoot accurately observing members school shooting banded able hit targets high degree accuracy despite light water air interface believed able achieve level accuracy positioning bodies shoot directly intended target later studies found banded able achieve great accuracy angles suggesting able compensate suggest banded capable dimensional tasks breeding breeding habits banded known banded begin breed centimetres long banded spawning reports banded reefs spawn confirmed lay eggs time banded rarely breed captivity distribution habitat banded inhabits waters northern australia frequently southern coast australia found india eastwards southwards australia waters solomon islands observed far east new known banded occurs mainly areas water primary habitat occasionally moves upstream freshwater rivers associated reefs reported occur near vegetation fresh salt water life cycle breed relationship humans banded fairly common currently endangered minor commercial role fisheries sold fresh markets collected trade banded threatened destruction swamp habitat pollution species genus including banded kept fish banded grow centimetres long swim level banded kept small groups fish size fish larger aggressive smaller try eat live years captivity occasionally banded need warm water usually large amounts plant growth plenty space swimming centimetres deep banded generally recommended average home despite attractive appearance difficult care require special conditions banded prefer shoot capture live food fed food difficult feed need water tall canopy wild able jump water capture prey branches tall canopy required prevent jumping banded kept volume gallons imp gal greater volume preferred difficulties caring banded species successful captivity | Banded archerfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13228_Squatinasquatina | species shark family known generally angel sharks widespread coastal waters northeastern atlantic_ocean adapted sea floor flattened form enlarged pectoral pelvic fins giving superficial resemblance ray species identified broad stout body conical larger individuals grayish brownish dorsal coloration pattern numerous small light dark markings vivid juveniles measures long like members family nocturnal ambush predator sediment waits passing prey benthic bony fishes invertebrates viviparous species females bear litters seven pups year normally poses little danger humans provoked quick bite mid-20th century intense commercial fishing range population locally extinct nearly northern range prospects remaining fragmented slow rate reproduction result assessed species critically endangered taxonomy phylogeny originally described swedish natural historian known father taxonomy tenth edition designate type specimen word latin derived word genus angel sharks french zoologist common names species include angel angel fish angel fish angel ray fish monk colleagues conducted phylogenetic study based mitochondrial dna found sister species species formed clade number asian species description largest members family female attain length males maximum reported weight species shares common flattened body large wing like pectoral fins anterior fused head head body broad small eyes positioned followed pair larger pair occurs smooth weakly fringed skin single triangular lobe present sides head teeth small sharp similar shape jaws pectoral pelvic fins wide rounded tips dorsal fins positioned muscular tail pelvic fins anal fin absent caudal fin larger lower lobe upper dermal denticles small narrow pointed cover entire upper lower body surface patches small spines snout eyes small individuals row middle coloration gray reddish greenish brown small black white spots white juveniles patterned adults pale lines darker dorsal fins darker leading margin lighter trailing margin individuals white spot neck distribution habitat historically occurred temperate waters northeastern atlantic southern norway sweden including british isles mediterranean recent times north_sea large portions northern mediterranean benthic shark inhabits continental shelf preferring soft mud sand found near coast depth enters environments northern migrate northward summer southward winter biology ecology daytime usually lies sea floor buried layer sediment eyes showing night active seen swimming numbering observed summer known parasites species include minor ambush predator feeds mainly dwelling bony fishes especially invertebrates prey reported taken include genus squid crabs examined specimens contained birds case entire individual sharks select sites offer best ambush opportunities successful remain days viviparous meaning young hatch inside mother yolk sac birth females functional right containing right containing embryos functional present angel shark species unlike sharks yolk formation occurs concurrently pregnancy onset delayed halfway gestation period mature measure enclosed capsule reproductive cycle estimated years taking place spring ill defined litter size ranges seven size mother young months occurs december february mediterranean july england measuring long males females mature lengths respectively human interactions generally aggressive humans deliver severe bite disturbed approached underwater usually remains away mouth open recorded fishery workers particular treat caution edition wrote extremely fierce dangerous approached know instance fisherman leg terribly torn large species lay nets shallow water went lay hold humans thousands years authors described meat light easily elder noted rough skin valued wood ivory aristotle recorded elements natural history including bore live young correctly recognized shark despite resemblance rays use species food continued modern times sold fresh dried refers genus source shark liver oil conservation status sources 19th early 20th centuries indicate abundant coasts western_europe day noted common british isles recorded species common mediterranean half 20th century onwards come intense pressure commercial fisheries operating range benthic near shore habits individuals ages susceptible incidental capture nets low reproductive rate shark limits capacity withstand population numbers declined range believed extinct north_sea northern mediterranean extremely rare comprehensive survey program captured similarly survey period caught fishery data compiled landed fewer dozen thought remain irish waters healthy thought persist areas north_africa thorough assessment needed result steep population declines ongoing threat fisheries iucn assessed critically endangered listed barcelona convention aims limit pollution mediterranean_sea species protected marine reserves reported area mid-1990s received legal protection human activities waters england wales coast distance wildlife countryside act united_kingdom belgium pushed unsuccessfully species listed convention protection marine environment captive breeding program initiated live pups born | Squatina squatina | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13487_Pacificelectricray | pacific electric ray known pacific electric ray species electric ray family endemic coastal waters northeastern pacific_ocean baja california british_columbia generally inhabits sandy flats rocky reefs forests surface depth known open ocean measuring long species smooth paired respiratory openings eyes dark gray slate brown dorsal coloration dark spots body form typical genus rounded pectoral fin disc wider long thick tail bearing dorsal fins unequal size developed caudal fin solitary nocturnal pacific electric ray generate volts electricity purposes prey self defense feeds mainly bony fishes substrate day actively hunting night reproduction viviparous meaning embryos initially yolk later supplemented milk produced mother females bear litters pups probably year care exercised pacific electric ray known act aggressively provoked electric shock potentially electric rays model organisms research listed species concern significant numbers taxonomy pacific electric ray described american curator named state discovered science published account inaugural volume academy proceedings type specimens designated placed species newly created genus basis smooth later authors generally regarded subgenus torpedo closely similar electric rays found peru chile japan species common names ray include california torpedo ray pacific torpedo simply electric ray torpedo ray species placed genus distribution habitat electric ray found western north_america pacific electric ray occurs far south baja california far north northern british_columbia common south point conception california rays north point representing separate populations california pacific electric ray generally encountered depth baja california typically observed depth reported deep species prefers temperatures sandy flats rocky reefs forests individual west point california swimming surface water deep observations suggest species makes periodic away shallow coastal habitats zone description pacific electric ray soft body devoid dermal denticles oval pectoral fin disc times wide long nearly straight margin pair kidney shaped electric organs visible beneath skin eyes small followed smooth space snout tip times distance curtain skin nostrils reaches mouth arched deep furrows corners distance mouth snout tip equal mouth width times distance nostrils upper tooth rows lower tooth rows tooth tiny smooth single sharp dorsal fins present twice size second positioned opposite large pelvic fins tail short terminating large triangular caudal fin nearly straight trailing margin ray dark gray slate brown small darker spots increase number age underside white males attain maximum known length females maximum recorded weight biology ecology sizable liver low density tissues pacific electric ray water column little effort power provided muscular tail disc held rigid studies shown species primarily night enters reefs habitats high terrain relief spends day nearby open areas buried sediment nomadic solitary individuals rest area like members family pacific electric ray produces powerful electric attack defense paired electric organs derived muscle comprise approximately total weight consisting thousands filled electric plates stacked hundreds high vertical columns columns function essentially like batteries connected parallel large adult ray generate volts electricity power output low internal resistance electric organs discharge direct current lasting attacking prey moments ray normally produces rate second slowing time thousand produced depending long takes prey subdued pulse rate increases water temperature large size formidable defenses pacific electric ray seldom falls prey animals record fed killer whale cooper specialized parasite ray possibly dwelling fishes attracted chemicals contained ray surface makes small cut ventral surface ray uses suck blood known parasites species include feeding pacific electric ray feeds mainly bony fishes including herring bass cephalopods invertebrates given opportunity jaws highly allowing swallow surprisingly large prey female long observed silver salmon nearly half length day pacific electric ray ambush predator fish approaches head ray jumps forward resting place disc delivering strong fish subdued ray swallow head entire process takes minutes night fishes descend water column inactive short distance pacific electric ray switches active hunting strategy fish slowly swimming simply drifting water closes prey forward prey disc delivering better secure fish disc ray short kicks tail send barrel rolls finally stunned prey mouth disc recorded case long female captured consumed long jack seconds nighttime net sampling surface captured pacific electric rays surprising numbers suggesting rise upward feed small fishes pacific electric ray feed hour responds prey quickly night day prey captures occur darkness conditions eyes largely useless instead relies locate food experiments field shown attack artificially generated electric fields metal mechanical sensory cues detected lateral line play important role species observed attacking faster moving prey closer food item available life history pacific electric ray exhibits developing embryos receiving yolk later milk enriched proteins fat produced mother delivered specialized lining mature females functional reproduction occurs year round males apparently capable mating year females year gestation period unknown reported litter sizes range number number young increases size female measure long double size year life adding length male grow faster females reach smaller ultimate size sexual maturity attained length age seven years males length age years females oldest documented individuals years age growth curves maximum lifespan species upwards years human interactions shock generated pacific electric ray knock adult human treated caution especially night active known charge divers mouth harassed known responsible fatalities involved unexplained fatal diving accidents species poorly captivity usually refuses feed introduced success keeping pacific electric rays offering moving food pacific electric ray relatives model organisms research electric organs contain abundance important nervous system proteins 1970s 1980s species electric ray isolated considered landmark success field led number advances significant underlying disease small commercial fishery southern california supplies pacific electric rays research purposes fishery employed ray economic value caught incidentally commercial fisheries hook line sport activities appear little impact population leading listed concern fishing ray managed | Pacific electric ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13833_Australianweaselshark | australian shark australian shark uncommon species ground shark family inhabits shallow waters northern australia depth smaller sharks frequent sand habitat shift coral reefs grow older slim species reaching length shaped fins dark tips second dorsal fin caudal fin upper lobe upper teeth broad strong trailing edge lateral line prominent exhibits downward curve second dorsal fin feeding exclusively cephalopods australian shark hunts near sea floor viviparous developing embryos connection born month gestation period species productive shark females bearing litters pups usually twice year australian shark caught lesser extent fisheries numbers population threatened listed concern taxonomy originally regarded shark australian shark documented potentially distinct species scientific description authored peter volume scientific journal gave specific epithet basis range designated type specimen adult male long caught depth western australia description reaching length australian shark slender shaped body moderately long head thick rounded snout large oval eyes possess membranes posterior tiny located eyes large nostrils preceded fairly long triangular flaps skin short curved mouth bears prominent furrows corners upper lower tooth rows visible mouth closed upper teeth broad angled large trailing edge lower teeth thin upright smooth edges pairs fairly short gill slits fins particularly narrow pectoral fins shaped degree medium sized dorsal fin originates pectoral fin rear tips second dorsal fin thirds tall ridge running pelvic fins broad slightly larger anal fin anal fin strong notch trailing margin positioned slightly second dorsal fin caudal bears crescent shaped notch upper origin caudal fin caudal fin developed lower lobe long narrow upper lobe ventral notch near tip prominent lateral line curves downward second dorsal fin skin densely covered small overlapping dermal denticles bears horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species light grey bronze tips second dorsal fin upper caudal fin lobe indistinct larger sharks pale underside white dorsal fin pale trailing margin distribution habitat australian shark inhabits continental shelves northern australia western australia heads new_south_wales additional records unconfirmed naturally uncommon species tends swim close sea floor found waters deep juveniles small adults generally found sandy areas cover large adults occur coral reefs biology ecology australian shark feeds predominantly removing arms increasingly important diet age sharks long eat increasing accompanied habitat shift coral reefs serve reduce competition older younger individuals represent minor secondary food source particularly smaller sharks addition cephalopods mud crabs rarely consumed species probably hunts dawn dusk typically seeks dwelling prey rise water column opportunity presents seasonal broad squid known parasites australian shark include like members family australian shark viviparous developing embryos sustained connection mother mature females single functional functional gestation period months long typically litters produced annually february september litter size varies pups average embryos lose external gills length developed length born length males females reach sexual maturity approximately long respectively human interactions harmless humans australian shark commonly caught fish operating northern australia smaller numbers captured species relatively high reproductive rate losses fisheries severe affect population assessed concern | Australian weasel shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
13958_Smoothhammerhead | smooth smooth species shark family species named smooth distinctive shape head flattened extended hammer shape called middle margin smooth unlike species prefers temperate waters occurs worldwide medium latitudes summer sharks migrate poles following cool water masses forming schools numbering hundreds thousands second largest shark great shark smooth measure long active predator takes wide variety bony fishes invertebrates larger individuals feeding sharks rays rest family shark viviparous gives birth litters pups relatively common shark captured intentionally commercial fisheries range fins extremely valuable use shark fin soup shark potentially dangerous likely responsible attacks humans likely encounter swimmers large species temperate habitat taxonomy phylogeny swedish natural historian known father taxonomy originally described smooth tenth edition designating type specimen later changed specific epithet originates greek word meaning referring shape head greek shark aristotle second book history animals common names species include common common smooth round headed simply studies based morphology generally regarded smooth derived members family grouped great phylogenetic analyses based nuclear mitochondrial dna concluded differently smooth great closely related closely related species furthermore smooth basal species indicating evolve large description second largest great smooth typically measures long maximum recorded length weight respectively smooth differs large shape curved margin center wide short measuring body length nostrils located near ends long grooves running center tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw tooth triangular shape smooth weakly edges body streamlined dorsal ridge dorsal fins dorsal fin moderately tall like shape rounded tip pectoral pelvic fins having nearly straight rear margins anal fin larger second dorsal fin long free rear tip strong notch rear margin dermal denticles densely packed horizontal ridges juveniles leading shaped rear margin dark brownish gray olive color contrast simple brown lighter flanks belly white pectoral fins dark edges underneath distribution habitat sharks smooth species tolerant temperate water occurs worldwide higher latitudes species atlantic occurs nova scotia brazil southern argentina west british isles including mediterranean_sea east indian_ocean found south_africa india sri_lanka western pacific occurs southern japan siberia australia new_zealand central eastern pacific occurs california panama ecuador chile species usually considered absent tropics distribution rare reports tropical waters india southern presence tropics difficult determine confusion species compared great smooth stays closer surface water deep recorded diving depth prefers waters bays found open ocean continental shelf oceanic islands shark reported entering freshwater habitats florida summer smooth migrate stay cooler water heading equator winter biology ecology adult smooth solitary form small groups come great numbers annual schools juveniles long observed eastern cape south_africa schools thousands strong reported california hot summer weather seen swimming surface dorsal fins exposed young smooth preyed larger sharks shark adults observed consumed killer new_zealand known parasites smooth include smooth active swimming predator feeds bony fishes rays sharks including species cephalopods lesser extent crustaceans shrimp crabs readily fishing lines areas favored prey comprise majority diet found lodged mouths sharks specimen examined contained spines northern europe smooth feeds herring north_america takes spanish south_africa smooth feed squid small schooling fish deep coral reefs edge continental shelf individuals long taking increasing numbers smaller sharks rays australia squid important prey followed bony fish like smooth viviparous young exhaust supply yolk yolk sac converted connection mother delivers females bear relatively large litters pups gestation period months occurs shallow coastal bay north_carolina pups measure long birth females reach maturity long males long depending locality south_africa newly females caught february females term embryos november east coast australia takes place january march taking place time shark thought live years human interactions smooth potentially dangerous humans lists attacks large sharks fatal smooth occurrence temperate regions people likely enter water likely responsible minority attacks southern california species reported steal catches sport divers smooth caught commercial fisheries world including united_states east west coasts brazil spain taiwan philippines southwestern australia western africa primarily fishery catches smooth difficult frequent lack distinction large meat sold fresh dried smoked markets considered undesirable reports poisoning valuable fins highest rating use shark fin soup leads captured sharks sea additionally liver oil skin leather shark chinese medicine fisheries ocean smooth caught numbers recreational smooth killed shark nets protect beaches fewer smooth caught annually nets south_africa contrast nets new_south_wales australia smooth comprised sharks captured present species remains relatively common assessed vulnerable new_zealand prohibited target species abundant shark northwest coast appear negatively impacted fishing southern australia eastern united_states catches species regulated atlantic shark fishery management plan classified smooth great added appendix cites bringing shark fishing commerce species licensing regulation | Smooth hammerhead | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
14587_Yellowstingray | yellow yellow species family found tropical western atlantic_ocean north_carolina trinidad dwelling species inhabits sandy muddy bottoms shallow waters commonly near coral reefs reaching yellow round pectoral fin disc short tail developed caudal fin highly variable distinctive dorsal color pattern consisting light dark dark light forming spots rapidly change coloration improve camouflage relatively day yellow feeds small invertebrates bony fishes hunting disc uncover buried prey lift disc form cave attractive shelter seeking organisms species viviparous meaning developing embryos sustained initially yolk later milk females bear litters seven young year following gestation period months humans yellow inflict painful injury tail spine species taken commercial fisheries collected trade negatively affected habitat degradation remains common widespread led list concern taxonomy phylogeny french naturalist originally described yellow animal son organisation pour base des introduction based account specimens obtained jamaica type specimens designated subsequent authors moved species genus genus literature refers species common names ray include yellow spotted ray round ray maid ray phylogenetic analysis based morphology found yellow basal member clade contains species genus finding render study relationships taxa description yellow small growing long nearly circular pectoral fin disc slightly longer wide short snout eyes immediately followed narrow curtain skin nostrils fringed posterior margin mouth nearly straight contains transverse row floor tooth rows upper jaw similar number lower jaw arranged bands teeth broad based low blunt crowns females juveniles tall pointed adult males teeth males widely spaced females pelvic fins nearly straight leading margins rounded trailing margins tail stout flattened comprising half total length terminates small leaf shaped caudal fin quarter high long continuous spine positioned halfway tail newborn rays smooth skinned shortly birth small blunt appear middle larger adults extends eyes shoulders base tail adults develop upper margin caudal fin color pattern yellow varies significantly individuals follow schemes minute dark green brown light background dense white yellow golden spots dark green brown background underside yellowish greenish brownish white small darker spots disc margin tail species capable rapidly changing tone contrast coloration better match environment distribution habitat yellow found waters gulf_of_mexico representative family caribbean_sea including florida bahamas greater lesser antilles trinidad rare occasions ranges far north cape north_carolina abundant florida keys parts antilles uncommon mexico species occupies range benthic nature yellow inhabits coastal habitats bays low energy surf zones reported water edge depth particularly favors hard habitats dense invertebrates termed live habitats found sand mud vicinity coral reefs jamaica large numbers yellow square meter gather beneath aerial roots trees cattle birds sustain invertebrates attract rays evidence seasonal migration spring females tend found closer shore males biology ecology day yellow fairly inactive spends time buried thin layer sediment lying vegetation tracking studies shown generally remains small home range individuals covering portion entire area particular day favors boundaries different terrain sand reef eyes view surroundings eye bears elaborate covering allows fine control light entering pupil resting ray equipped detect approaching predators potentially include large fish tiger shark yellow sensitive sounds fairly typical sharks rays investigated far large brain relative rays comprising body weight diet yellow poorly documented includes likely worms small bony fishes typically ray settle prey item trap manipulated mouth motions disc like related round species uses disc margins pits reveal buried prey observed raising disc create shaded cave attract shelter seeking organisms known parasites yellow include life history like yellow viviparous embryos sustained yolk later supplanted milk rich proteins delivered mother numerous finger like extensions called mature females functional left right individuals left functional reproductive cycle month long gestation period period occurs january april peaking late february early march june september peaking late july early august second period occurs august september november january cycles overlap yolk formation begins female pregnant courtship mating yellow involves males closely following female seeking bite grip rear margin disc high pointed teeth males serve aid endeavor male successfully holds female aligned abdomen abdomen single rival males attempt interfere mating pair biting observation took place water deep near tobacco belize barrier reef male pursuit lasted seconds lasted minutes predominant source nutrition supports fold weight increase near term time embryo fully yolk sac external gills litter size ranges seven litter year spring summer larger second autumn winter number offspring increasing size female relationship observed second litter hand litter tend slightly smaller second litter average length versus second litter fewer larger young reflect lower temperatures autumn winter results slower growth beds serve important habitat emerge tail similar coloration adults disc relatively wider small covers shortly birth males females reach sexual maturity disc respectively maximum lifespan years human interactions generally yellow pay little divers approached closely stepped provoked ray defend tail spine coated potent venom resulting wound extremely painful seldom life threatening small yellow readily captivity reproduced requires large space gal fine deep substrate minimal ornamentation listed yellow concern citing wide distribution high abundance certain regions addition small size implies relatively high productivity population fishing pressure species targeted commercially probably taken incidentally fisheries range harvested home trade frequently available member family north american market extent trade potential threat habitat degradation particularly beds conservation measures enacted species | Yellow stingray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
14613_Tasmaniannumbfish | species electric ray family endemic southeastern australia common ray inhabits shallow continental shelf waters southern portion range deeper continental slope waters northern portion range prefers sand mud habitats species identified shaped pectoral fin disc concave anterior margins long tail developed skin plain dark brown dorsal maximum known length dwelling feeds mainly worms crustaceans produce moderate electric shock defend predators species gives live birth young sustained term yolk litter size ranges common fisheries population appear threatened human activity assessed concern taxonomy phylogeny scottish naturalist described contribution london classifying new species genus gave specific epithet female long collected port arthur tasmania richardson noted ray known locally ground shark common names species include electric ray electric torpedo little phylogenetic study based mitochondrial dna found belonging different lineage giant electric ray description reaching length shaped pectoral fin disc short blunt snout concave leading margins medium sized eyes followed smaller nearly circular smooth pair large electric organs located head curtain skin nostrils posterior margin narrow highly mouth encircled deep groove teeth small diamond shaped pointed tips arranged pattern bands remain exposed mouth closed pairs gill slits beneath disc triangular pelvic fins longer wide adult males extend past pelvic fin rear tips broad flattened tail quarter longer disc bears prominent skin sides dorsal fins roughly equal size shape originating rear tips pelvic fins tail terminates low caudal fin upper caudal fin lobe somewhat angular especially adult males lower lobe rounded skin bears devoid dermal denticles plain dark brown lighter fins underside white dark juveniles exhibit darker stripe darker disc dorsal fin bases distribution habitat common southeastern australia range extends harbour new_south_wales western australia encompasses tasmania tasmania found waters depth continental shelf northerly waters inhabits upper continental slope depths dwelling species sandy muddy substrate encountered vicinity rocky reefs mature rays sexes appear live apart juveniles biology ecology fairly inactive species spends long periods time buried sediment feeds primarily worms particularly family crustaceans including consumed rare occasions juvenile rays consume crustaceans roughly equal proportions adults consume shift reflect increasing experience age animals difficult locate capture crustaceans like members family defend modest electric shock predators include shark parasite species reproduction viviparous developing embryos term yolk females bear litters pups average measure long males females attain reproductive maturity lengths respectively human interactions frequently caught incidentally australia operate range discarded capture unknown probably high rate survival species appear threatened human activity listed concern | Tasmanian numbfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
14798_Creekwhaler | creek creek common species requiem shark family endemic northern australia shallow waters close shore including small shark usually grows long brownish color conspicuous fin markings identified long snout large triangular pectoral fins large positioned dorsal fin diet creek consists mainly small fishes crustaceans viviparous young sustained connection defined mating season lasts july females birth seven pups annually following gestation period seven months small number creek caught incidentally food effect fishing population result iucn listed species concern taxonomy phylogeny creek described australian volume proceedings society new south wales assigned new species subgenus genus gave specific epithet type specimen long female collected estuary subsequent authors evolutionary relationships creek fully resolved comparative morphological studies published tentatively placed grouping defined shark shark study based reported species close nervous shark reef shark study based nuclear mitochondrial genes found basal member clade containing graceful shark shark australian shark description body creek shaped long snout narrowly shape large nostrils preceded small shaped flaps skin eyes circular medium size equipped membranes arched mouth short furrows corners upper lower tooth rows upper teeth long triangular strongly edges increasing angled sides jaw lower teeth slender upright finely edges pairs gill slits short pectoral fins large triangular rounded pointed tips large dorsal fin originates rear pectoral fin bases second dorsal fin relatively tall long originates slightly anal fin origin ridge dorsal fins anal fin larger second dorsal fin crescent shaped notch caudal origin upper caudal fin lobe caudal fin developed lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip skin densely covered overlapping dermal denticles bearing horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth species bronze brownish gray pale lacks obvious lighter band flanks rarely individuals light bluish gray reach length typical distribution habitat range creek restricted northern australia central queensland cape western australia common species inhabits waters zone depth biology ecology creek feeds predominantly small fishes including crustaceans including cephalopods consumed known parasites species include genus like members family creek viviparous developing embryos receiving mother connection formed depleted yolk sac females produce litters seven young year mating occurs july females storing sperm takes place july september gestation period seven months occurs february following year measure long spend months life shallow nursery areas cleveland bay north queensland males females attain sexual maturity lengths respectively human interactions creek minor fisheries operating northern australia meat sold human consumption given relatively high reproductive rate population appears capable present levels fishing iucn listed species concern | Creek whaler | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
14802_Blacktipreefshark | reef shark confused shark reef shark species requiem shark family easily identified prominent black tips fins especially dorsal fin caudal fin abundant sharks inhabiting tropical coral reefs indian pacific oceans species prefers shallow waters exposed dorsal fin common sight region reef sharks found reef sandy flats known enter freshwater environments species typically length reef sharks extremely small home ranges exhibit strong site fidelity remaining local area years time active predators small bony fishes cephalopods crustaceans known feed sea snakes accounts reef shark life history variable contradictory reflecting geographical differences species like members family shark viviparous females giving birth young annual possibly cycle reports gestation period range possibly months mating preceded male following closely female likely attracted chemical signals newborn sharks found shallower water adults frequently large groups areas flooded high tide reef shark difficult approach seldom poses danger humans food people shallow water risk having legs mistakenly shark meat fins liver oil considered commercially significant species assessed reef shark species remains widespread relatively common slow shark led decline number taxonomy french originally described reef shark voyage corvette account published voyage sur les volume report voyage type specimen juvenile male caught island west new_guinea chose greek meaning black meaning fin wing reference shark prominent fin markings subsequent authors moved reef shark genus designated type species genus earlier literature scientific shark mistakenly given recognized synonym shark common names species include reef shark black shark shark reef shark phylogeny like members genus phylogenetic position reef shark remains based morphology proposed closest relative reef shark nervous shark morphological analysis suggested affinity species nervous shark species resolve relationships analysis yielded ambiguous results finding reef shark forms group species distribution habitat reef shark found waters tropical subtropical indian_ocean occurs south_africa red_sea including madagascar mauritius eastward coast southeast_asia including sri_lanka pacific_ocean found southern china philippines indonesia northern australia inhabits numerous oceanic islands including marshall gilbert society hawaiian islands contrary sources state confirmed records species japanese waters purported japanese specimens likely came taiwan shark eastern mediterranean_sea way suez_canal reported depth reef shark usually found water meters deep seen swimming close shore dorsal fin exposed younger sharks prefer shallow sandy flats older sharks common reef found near reef drop offs species reported lakes madagascar freshwater environments malaysia able tolerate low degree bull shark indian_ocean reef sharks channels reef flats low tide travel water rises evidence sharks northern southern extremes distribution migratory description built species streamlined typical shark form reef shark short wide rounded snout moderately large oval eyes skin expanded shaped lobe counting small central teeth tooth rows number usually upper jaw usually lower jaw upper teeth upright angled narrowly triangular shape bearing coarse bases lower teeth similar finely teeth adult males abruptly curved females pectoral fins large narrowly shaped tapering points sizable dorsal fin high curving rear margin originates free rear tips pectoral fins second dorsal fin relatively large short rear margin placed opposite anal fin ridge dorsal fins shark pale grayish brown white obvious white band sides extending forward anal fin fins black tips highlighted lighter colored borders especially striking dorsal fin lower caudal fin lobe reef sharks long rarely individuals reach possibly maximum weight record biology ecology grey reef shark reef shark reef shark common sharks inhabiting coral reefs species shallow habitats found deeper fast swimming active reef shark encountered small groups large social observed juvenile adult sharks segregated sex save movements pregnant females birth individuals exhibit strong fidelity particular areas remain years tracking study central pacific found reef shark home range km2 smallest shark species size location range change time day range area constitute favored hunting patches occupied resident shark sharks spend time swimming forth reef making occasional short sandy flats average swimming speed decreases tide rises night possibly influx cooler water reduces accompanying movement prey fishes makes foraging easier reef sharks tend mobile recorded individual movements hours reef sharks particularly small individuals fall prey larger fishes including grey reef sharks tiger sharks members species adults avoid patrolling tiger sharks staying central deeper known parasites include genus documented examples infectious disease shark fatal case reef shark caused feeding abundant apex predator ecosystem reef shark plays major role ecological communities diet composed primarily small fishes including groups reef sharks indian_ocean observed schools shore easier feeding squid octopus shrimp shrimp taken smaller sharks rays rare northern australia species known consume sea snakes including sharks documented chicks fallen nests water miscellaneous items found inside species include algae turtle grass coral rats stones researchers working found reef shark readily attracted striking metal tools hard objects underwater scent healthy injured fish sharks reef shark cone cells limiting ability colors fine details instead vision adapted sensitivity movement contrast low light conditions enhanced presence reflective experiments shown shark capable detecting small objects away unable clearly shape object means shark locate prey sensitivity approximately effective range similar grey reef shark species excited confident presence individuals species extreme situations feeding feeding activity greater night day life history like members family reef shark viviparous details life history vary range reproductive cycle annual northern australia mating taking place january february french mating occurs november march cycle intense competition species food females bearing young year earlier accounts indian_ocean johnson madagascar red_sea indicated cycle regions breeding seasons year june july december january accurate shorter reproductive cycles consequence warmer water receptive mating female reef shark slowly pattern near head pointed observations wild suggest female sharks release chemical signals allow males track male finds closes follows snout oriented vent male bite female gills pectoral fins mating wounds heal completely weeks period swimming male pushes female positions head tail raised female position male lasts minutes sharks separate resume regular behavior individual older females mate birth consistent time year week precision younger females exhibit timing younger females likely fail pregnant mating gestation period reported months long islands months long northern australia earlier authors estimated gestation period long months validity figure subsequently challenged female single functional right functional divided separate compartments embryo newly egg cases measure hatching embryos sustained yolk sac stage development months embryo measures long developed external gills months yolk sac begun converted connection wall time embryo dark fin markings develop months embryo measures external gills fully formed yolk remains seven months gestation occurs september november females making use shallow nursery areas interior reef newborn pups measure long indian_ocean northern australia free swimming pups small long observed pacific islands litter size typically female size young reef sharks commonly form large groups water barely deep cover bodies sand flats swamps close shore high tide flooded coral platforms beds growth initially rapid documented captive shark grew average year years life growth rate year juveniles adults males females mature sexually lengths respectively northern australia respectively males mature long human interactions circumstances reef shark demeanor easily frightened away swimmers habitat preferences bring frequent contact humans regarded potentially dangerous early attacks attacks total fatal listed reef shark attacks involve sharks biting legs feet apparently natural prey result injury native avoid reef shark attacks swimming shallow water way sharks body reef shark known aggressive presence bait pose threat attempting steal catches spear reef shark regular catch coastal fisheries operating thailand india targeted considered commercially important meat sold fresh frozen dried smoked human consumption liver oil fins assessed reef shark remains widespread common overall substantial local declines documented areas species low reproductive rate limiting capacity recovering reef sharks popular subjects public exhibits shark like appearance modest size attractions divers | Blacktip reef shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
14932_Smalleyehammerhead | golden small species shark belonging family species common shallow coastal waters western atlantic_ocean venezuela favors muddy habitats poor visibility reflected relatively small eyes adult males juveniles schooling generally found apart solitary adult females typically reaching length shark unique bright golden color head sides fins scientifically documented 1980s head flattened expanded hammer shaped structure called species wide long arched margin bearing central lateral yellow orange acquired shrimp main food juvenile sharks sea eggs main food adults golden color serve conceal predators larger sharks species viviparous developing embryos sustained connection formed depleted yolk sac females bear litters pups year following gestation period months reproductive litter size size maturity vary geographical regions abundance economically important fisheries range utilized food recent years caused marked declines numbers trinidad northern brazil probably coupled low reproductive rate led list vulnerable taxonomy phylogeny despite easily recognizable sharks long history taxonomic confusion remains fully resolved scientific originated french zoologist description scientific journal specific epithet latin hammer reference specimens nice france french centuries believed account matched great known later known different coined issue examined nice specimens specimen having lost interim concluded great species concurred revision sharks noting lost specimen probably great existing material belonged species accepted taking precedence published earlier great received available gilbert designated nice specimen define having priority specimen meant stabilize opposite effect revisited type specimens found nice likely likely synonym explain locality nice specimen known outside americas rules nomenclature valid taking precedence revert reluctant change names preferring solution official status require decision reject nice specimen designate specimen place relevant petition forth detailed study carried distinctive golden coloration unknown science color fades death resulting yellowish cast museum specimens regarded artifact preservation names yellow golden fishermen trinidad shark promoted wider usage common species shark phylogenetic analyses based nuclear mitochondrial dna found smallest derived members lineage closest relative appears media turn form clade sister species pair description smaller members family reach length typical weight body streamlined fairly slender shaped wide long span measuring body length leading margin forms broad arch middle longer arched adults eyes placed ends smaller equipped membranes protective nostrils positioned inside eyes developed groove running center mouth strongly curved containing upper tooth rows lower tooth rows teeth single narrow smooth weakly edges angled upper jaw upright lower jaw dorsal fin tall slightly shaped originating pectoral fin bases free rear tip lies origin pelvic fins second dorsal fin smaller large concave trailing margin pelvic fins nearly straight trailing margins anal fin taller longer second dorsal fin caudal fin developed lower lobe notch near tip upper lobe dermal denticles oval horizontal ridges leading marginal teeth distinctive trait species coloration dorsal fins gray yellowish gray margins flanks underside pectoral fins pelvic fins anal fin bright yellow orange metallic newborn sharks gray dorsal fin upper caudal fin lobe whitish gain bright yellow cast length turns orange length golden color sharks long tends fade onset sexual maturity distribution habitat found eastern coast south_america venezuela seldom occurs west southeast trinidad unconfirmed reports species panama mexico western florida records parts world likely erroneous resulting taxonomic history abundant sharks range species inhabits waters deep muddy bottoms segregation sex age juveniles long found waters moving deeper months life adult females found depths larger juveniles adult males found depths species tolerant water found range biology ecology species sharks overlap range small sized large sized great little competition species differing habitat preferences dominant shallow muddy areas high limits utility vision smaller eyes adult males juveniles sexes form schools uniform body size schools appear relate reproduction migration adult females apparently solitary young long feed predominantly shrimp larger sharks feed mainly bony fishes especially sea eggs shrimp surface layer eggs contain appear source sharks golden color uncertain ultimately come shrimp shark species region yellow smooth feeds shrimp yellowish color albeit nearly bright species known consume swimming crabs squid newborn fall prey larger sharks bull shark smaller individuals taken bony fishes coloration provide camouflage known parasite species serve host common like sharks viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk depleted yolk sac develops connection mother delivers mature females single functional functional occurs time gestation allowing females bear young year details life history vary range trinidad reproduction occurs defined annual cycle mating august september late june following year females carry pups months use food rich shallow coastal bays nursery areas measure long males females attain sexual maturity long respectively contrast northern brazilian state substantially larger males long females long litter size increases female size sharks recorded carrying pups breeding differs pregnant females found june october january april males apparent reproductive condition november march human interactions harmless humans caught incidentally multi species fisheries range marketed food second important shark caught fisheries trinidad brazil head shape individuals ages readily caught small numbers caught line gear assessed species vulnerable subjected intense fishing pressure low reproductive rate renders susceptible population evidence suggests catches declined significantly trinidad northern brazil likely indicative population trends rest range target conservation management schemes | Smalleye hammerhead | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15228_Cookiecuttershark | shark called cigar shark species small shark family shark occurs warm oceanic waters worldwide particularly near islands recorded deep vertically day approaching surface dusk descending dawn reaching length shark long cylindrical body short blunt snout large eyes tiny dorsal fins large caudal fin dark brown light covering underside dark collar throat gill slits shark refers feeding habit round cut cutter larger animals marks sharks found wide variety marine mammals fishes submarines cables human bodies smaller prey squid sharks adaptations water column likely rely stealth capture active prey dark collar mimic silhouette small fish rest body blends light ventral predator approaches lure shark lips specialized flesh like set lower teeth species known travel schools rarely encountered oceanic habitat handful documented attacks humans apparently caused sharks shark regarded highly dangerous listed shark concern widely distributed commercial value particularly susceptible fisheries taxonomy french originally described shark voyage corvette giving type specimen caught brazil account published voyage sur les volume report voyage american coined new genus species isis egyptian goddess light earliest accounts wounds left shark animals ancient legend held entering leave pieces flesh sacrifice community chief later centuries explanations wounds advanced including bacteria parasites predecessor discovered cigar shark generally known responsible shark expert popularized shark species originally called demon whale common names shark include shark shark smooth shark description shark elongated cigar shaped body short rounded snout nostrils short skin large oval green eyes placed forward head extensive vision eyes large positioned upper surface head mouth short forming nearly transverse line surrounded enlarged lips tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw increasing body size upper lower teeth extremely different upper teeth small narrow upright tapering single smooth edged lower teeth smooth edged larger broader knife like bases form single saw like cutting edge pairs gill slits small pectoral fins short roughly shape dorsal fins placed far body originating ahead pelvic fins second located second dorsal fin slightly larger pelvic fins larger anal fin absent caudal fin broad lower lobe large upper prominent ventral notch dermal denticles flattened slight central raised corners shark chocolate brown color subtly lighter dark collar gill region fins translucent margins caudal fin darker margin complex light producing organs called densely cover entire underside collar produce vivid green glow maximum recorded length species males females distribution habitat inhabiting world major tropical warm temperate oceanic basins shark common latitudes surface water temperature atlantic reported bahamas southern brazil west cape_verde guinea southern south_africa east south caught mauritius new_guinea australia new_zealand including tasmania lord howe island japan central eastern pacific occurs fiji north east easter fresh wounds observed marine mammals suggest shark range far california warm years based catch records shark appears conduct vertical migration way spends day depth night rises upper water column usually remaining rare occasions surface species tolerant low dissolved oxygen levels sharks related genera frequently found near islands reproductive purposes hold congregations large prey animals northeastern atlantic adults found smallest largest individuals found lower higher latitudes respectively evidence gender segregation biology ecology best known biting neat round tissue marine mammals large fish shark considered wholly smaller prey wide strong bite virtue heavily small fins weak muscles ambush predator spends time water column maintain neutral liver comprise weight rich low density species higher skeletal density body cavity liver larger oil content higher large caudal fin allows quick burst speed catch larger faster prey come range shark regularly replaces teeth like sharks sheds lower teeth entire rows time shark long calculated shed sets lower teeth time long totaling teeth represents significant investment resources probably shark old sets teeth calcium content unlike sharks shark cells concentrated concentric area horizontal streak visual field help focus prey shark fat shark known travel schools increase effectiveness lure discourage larger predators green shark strongest known shark reported persist hours taken water positioned serve disrupt silhouette matching light strategy known counter illumination common organisms zone individual set denticles small naked eye suggesting evolved fool animals high visual close distances set apart glowing underside darker collar sides throat serve lure mimicking silhouette small fish appeal lure multiplied school sharks collar function way shark known case absence light attracts prey serve prevent premature detection incoming predators shark match limited range light vertical movements likely serve preserve effectiveness disguise times day weather conditions feeding virtually type medium large sized oceanic animal sharing habitat shark open attack bite found including sperm including fur seals leopard seals elephant seals sharks including blue sharks sharks sharks great white sharks sharks sand tiger sharks including bony fishes including shark regularly hunts eats entire squid mantle length comparable size shark prey modest dimensions parasitic attacks shark leave round crater wound averaging deep prevalence attacks high hawaii nearly adult spinner bears species weakened animals appear susceptible western atlantic records beached headed dozens hundreds recent healing shark wounds wounds rare beached impact prey species terms resources diverted growth reproduction uncertain shark exhibits number mouth parasitic lifestyle shark body surface prey closing tongue create pressure lower surroundings lips ensure tight seal bites narrow upper teeth anchors razor sharp lower teeth prey finally shark twists body complete circular cut possibly aided initial forward momentum subsequent struggles prey action lower teeth assisted forth vibrations jaw mechanism akin electric carving knife shark ability create strong mouth likely utility capturing smaller prey squid life history like sharks shark viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk birth females functional birth litters pups record female carrying embryos long close birth size developed yolk suggesting slow rate yolk absorption long gestation period embryos developed brown dark collar differentiated newborn sharks measure long males attain sexual maturity length females length human interactions favoring offshore waters seldom encountered humans shark considered dangerous small size implicated attacks notable case school fierce long fish blunt attacked underwater photographer open ocean dive similar reports come survivors suffering small clean deep bites night time march resident shark swimming channel records bodies recovered water post shark bites 1970s submarines forced base repair damage caused shark bites boots caused sound oil inside leak impaired navigation unknown enemy weapon initially feared shark identified culprit problem solved installing covers 1980s thirty submarines damaged shark bites rubber electric cable leading sounding probe ensure safety shipping zones solution apply coating equipment telecommunications cables damaged species harm inflicted sharks fishing nets economically important species minor negative effect commercial fisheries shark small value taken nets lack significant population threats coupled worldwide distribution led iucn assess shark concern | Cookiecutter shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15319_Barndoorskate | species marine fish family family order native northwestern atlantic_ocean found southern south north_carolina fish largest found reaching lengths meters feeding invertebrates fish found near sea floor peaking 1950s population dramatically declined 1960s early 1970s result listed endangered populations increased substantially cases intentionally harvested commercial fishing industry usually considered catch nets target species fish description flat bodied fish large disk like body sharply angled corners pointed snout pectoral fins evolved broad flat wing like propel fish water fins concave edge rounded posterior corners like sharks skeleton tough elastic substance composed elastic fibers cells firm like substance called matrix slot like body openings called gill slits underside body beneath pectoral fins lead gills dorsal fins close far removed tail eyes dorsal surface located approximately centimeters apart fish upper surface brown reddish brown scattered darker spots lighter streaks center pectoral fin marked oval spot lower surface light white grey irregularly gray spots unique species having straight line begins snout ends anterior margin outer corner disk stopping short disk largest found reach lengths meters weigh kilograms unconfirmed reports individuals reaching lengths meters centimeter weighs average kilograms tail moderately short large like structures called dermal denticles normally found lack denticles distinguishes species found western atlantic larger individuals rows smaller denticles tail mature females possess denticles head shoulders dorsal disk tail denticles completely absent small individuals habitat occurs range extending banks newfoundland southern northeastern coast offshore banks nova scotia north_carolina reports 19th century range fish extended far south northeastern florida recent research suggests florida discoveries actually found types ocean bottoms including soft muddy sandy rocky bottoms found shoreline depths meters commonly found depths meters inhabits waters broad range temperatures freezing appears closer shore autumn sea warmer months water low parts thousand prefers parts thousand believed exhibit north south migratory patterns diet fish prey consisting mainly benthic invertebrates fishes food items include rock crabs cancer crabs spider crabs fishes including atlantic herring sand lance juveniles primarily benthic invertebrates shrimp individuals found denticles snout worn smooth indicating snout dig mud sand obtain importance humans commercial value species frequently targeted winter commonly considered catch commercial operating northwestern atlantic target commercially valuable species fish harvested flesh bait fish meal pet food meat wings sold human consumption landings increased substantially partly response increased demand bait significantly increased export market wings currently commercial retention sale prohibited united_states conservation dropped 1960s early 1970s coinciding period intense fishing foreign factory abundance remained low increased nearly approaching levels observed 1960s published controversial study claiming nearly extinct presented data recovery started early 1990s clearly evident conservation groups based cambridge massachusetts based washington petitioned listed endangered species act month study announced listing species endangered threatened cited increases abundance observed surveys rapid time endangered species ruling retrieved april listed vulnerable categories criteria species endangered iucn red list year estimates current population levels variety aquatic species special interest releases annual report showing progress reduce harvesting species species determined subject regional fishery management councils required develop plan correct problem published press release stating result conservation efforts monitored stocks grown level longer considers taxonomy naming fish originally described scientific later changed currently valid american genus derived greek words meaning meaning wing original genus coined recognized valid subgenus | Barndoor skate | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15683_Ocellatedelectricray | electric ray electric ray electric ray species electric ray family native shallow waters eastern central pacific ecuador reaching length species rounded pectoral fin disc pelvic fins convex margins short thick tail bears dorsal fins terminates triangular caudal fin electric ray named distinctive large middle disc consisting black yellow center surrounded concentric rings dorsal coloration highly variable ranging plain patterned light dark brown background disc darker brown solitary nocturnal nature electric ray found sandy rocky habitats moves pelvic fins feeds small crustaceans worms defense generate electrical discharge electric organs species probably bears live young sustained yolk later milk gestation listed electric ray vulnerable susceptible heavy activity limited range taxonomy american described electric ray article scientific journal account based female specimen caught united_states fish commission steamer female collected depth gilbert previously obtained specimen panama destroyed fire studied jordan gilbert named new species greek eyed reference distinctive spot assigned genus created new genus species based unique subdivision nostrils species described atlantic atlantic species closely resemble morphology electric ray species extremely similar common species target ray description pectoral fin disc electric ray shaped slightly wider long pair large kidney shaped electric organs visible skin head small eyes followed smaller seven small rounded projections snout broadly rounded divided openings nostrils curtain skin smooth gently posterior margin small mouth forms transverse line edge lower jaw closed usually teeth tooth rows jaw small pointed teeth progressively longer arranged pattern pairs small gill slits present underside disc large pelvic fins originate beneath disc convex trailing margins adult males short thick broad flattened tail shorter disc bears fold skin small dorsal fins rounded angular slightly smaller second position varies pelvic fins caudal fin triangular rounded corners roughly symmetrical skin soft entirely devoid dermal denticles dorsal coloration electric ray extremely variable constant large middle center black yellow surrounded concentric alternating dark light rings continuous broken remainder upper surface commonly shade light brown numerous fine dark dots light dots larger dark spots irregular brown individuals plain light dark brown black portion disc eyes brown darker dorsal pattern extends ventral fin margins underside white cream colored species grows long distribution habitat electric ray common tropical coastal waters eastern pacific range extends far north baja california sur far south ecuador dwelling species recorded zone depth favored habitat ray sandy bays found rubble bottoms rocky terrain beds biology ecology like rest family electric ray defend producing moderate electric shock day solitary ray spends time lying partially buried sand near rocky reefs active night pelvic fins hop sea floor feeds small crustaceans shrimp worms parasites documented species include reproductive details unknown electric ray presumably viviparous developing embryos sustained yolk later produced milk electric rays females mature sexually long maturation size males unknown human interactions shock electric ray dangerous humans occasionally appears home trade difficult requires live invertebrates food electric ray electric rays model organisms research electric organs rich channels play important roles human nervous system protein human development isolated species electric ray utilized economically caught incidentally shrimp mortality fishing thought high considering operations atlantic known species large numbers catch rate probably problematic identification given restricted range species intensity habitat assessed vulnerable | Ocellated electric ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15764_Shark | shark sharks group fish characterized skeleton seven gill slits sides head pectoral fins fused head modern sharks classified clade sister group rays term shark extinct members outside broader definition earliest known sharks date million years ago referred sharks proper leading fish sharks species range size small dwarf deep sea species centimetres length whale shark largest fish world reaches approximately metres length sharks found seas common depths metres generally live freshwater known exceptions bull shark river shark survive found freshwater sharks covering dermal denticles protects skin damage parasites addition improving fluid dynamics numerous sets teeth known species great white shark tiger shark blue shark shark shark apex predators organisms underwater food chain shark populations threatened human activities etymology 16th century sharks known sea dogs etymology word shark uncertain largely theory derives maya word pronounced evidence etymology came oxford english dictionary notes shark came use sir sailors exhibited london posted refer large sharks caribbean_sea records isolated occurrence word shark referring sea fish letter written rules etymology etymology states original sense word predator dutch meaning villain card shark loan shark etc later applied fish predatory behaviour evolution evidence existence sharks dates period million years ago land existed plants continents scales recovered sharks agree true sharks scales actually oldest generally accepted shark scales million years ago period sharks looked different modern sharks majority modern sharks traced million years ago fossils teeth large numbers partial skeletons complete remains discovered estimates suggest sharks grow tens thousands teeth lifetime explains abundant fossils teeth consist easily calcium shark dies skeleton breaks scattering preservation requires rapid burial sediments ancient primitive sharks million years ago found strata ohio kentucky tennessee point earth history rocks soft sediments large shallow ocean stretched north_america metre long stiff triangular fins slender jaws teeth pointed wore use small number teeth found likely replace teeth regularly modern sharks caudal fins similar shape great white sharks presence fish arranged tail suggest fast swimmers great agility fossil sharks million years ago assigned groups exclusive freshwater environments time group extinct million years ago spread worldwide group appeared million years ago lived oceans freshwater results study gill structure unusually preserved million year old fossil suggested sharks living fossils evolved extensively previously thought hundreds millions years modern sharks began appear million years ago fossil shark teeth date early cretaceous recently evolved families shark family emerged oldest white shark teeth date million years ago time extinction early white shark evolution lineage white sharks teeth probably gave rise modern great white shark lineage white sharks finely teeth sharks attained gigantic proportions include extinct shark like extinct sharks primarily known fossil teeth giant shark reached total length metres approached metres total length metric tons short tons mass evidence suggests shark active predator large taxonomy sharks belong class include rays include currently thought sharks form group sharks closely related rays sharks divided usually placed clade recent studies clade scientists think divided includes contains invalid includes invalid includes species sharks split thirteen orders including orders sharks gone extinct commonly known ground sharks order includes blue tiger bull grey reef reef caribbean reef reef reef oceanic sharks collectively called requiem sharks sharks distinguished elongated snout membrane protects eyes attack generally referred horn sharks examples group include cow sharks sharks somewhat resembles marine snake commonly known sharks include shark shark shark sharks sharks great white shark distinguished large jaws reproduction include extinct commonly referred carpet sharks including sharks nurse sharks whale shark elongated toothed snout use prey group includes sharks known angel sharks flattened sharks strong resemblance anatomy teeth shark teeth embedded directly jaw constantly replaced life multiple rows replacement teeth grow groove inside jaw steadily forward comparison belt sharks lose teeth lifetime rate tooth replacement varies days months species teeth replaced time opposed simultaneous replacement entire row observed shark tooth shape depends shark diet feed crustaceans dense flattened teeth crushing feed fish needle like teeth gripping feed larger prey mammals pointed lower teeth gripping triangular upper teeth edges cutting teeth shark small non functional skeleton shark skeletons different bony fish terrestrial sharks fish rays skeletons tissue flexible half normal density bone reduces skeleton weight saving energy sharks rib easily crushed weight land jaw jaws sharks like rays attached jaw surface comparison shark gill arches needs extra support heavy exposure physical stress need strength layer tiny plates called crystal blocks calcium arranged mosaic gives areas strength found bony tissue found animals generally sharks layer jaws large specimens bull shark tiger shark great white shark layers depending body size jaws large great white shark layers snout flexible absorb power impacts fins fin skeletons elongated supported soft rays named elastic protein resembling hair feathers sharks fins sharks drift away objects directly fins allow tail direction dermal denticles unlike bony fish sharks complex dermal flexible fibers arranged network surrounding body works outer skeleton providing attachment swimming muscles saving energy dermal teeth advantages reduce swimming tails tails provide thrust making speed acceleration dependent tail shape caudal fin shapes vary considerably shark species evolution separate environments sharks possess caudal fin dorsal portion usually noticeably larger ventral portion shark column extends dorsal portion providing greater surface area muscle attachment allows efficient negatively fish contrast bony fish possess caudal fin tiger sharks large upper lobe allows slow cruising sudden bursts speed tiger shark able twist turn water easily hunting support varied diet shark hunts schooling fish herring large lower lobe help pace fast swimming prey tail adaptations help sharks catch prey directly shark usage powerful elongated upper lobe fish squid physiology unlike bony fish sharks gas filled swim instead sharks rely large liver filled oil contains half normal density bone liver constitutes total body mass liver effectiveness limited sharks employ dynamic lift maintain depth swimming sand tiger sharks store air form swim dwelling sharks like nurse shark negative allowing rest ocean floor sharks inverted nose enter natural state researchers use condition handle sharks safely like fish sharks extract oxygen passes gills unlike fish shark gill slits covered lie row head modified called lies eye assists shark taking water plays major role dwelling sharks reduced missing active sharks shark moving water passes mouth gills process known ram ventilation rest sharks pump water gills ensure constant supply water small number species lost ability pump water gills swim rest species ram presumably unable ram ventilation true bony fish species circulation process begins blood travels shark heart shark pumps blood gills ventral branches takes place gills blood flows come form dorsal blood flows dorsal body blood body flows posterior cardinal veins enters posterior cardinal blood enters heart cycle repeats sharks cold precisely meaning internal body temperature matches ambient environment members family shark great white shark maintain higher body temperature surrounding water sharks strip red muscle located near center body generates heat body retains exchange mechanism system blood vessels called net common shark similar mechanism maintaining elevated body temperature thought evolved independently contrast bony fish exception blood tissue sharks generally marine environments high concentration allowing balance adaptation prevents sharks surviving freshwater confined marine environments exceptions exist bull shark developed way change kidney function large amounts shark dies broken bacteria causing dead body gradually smell strongly long time food moves mouth shaped stomach stored initial occurs unwanted items past stomach instead shark turns inside unwanted items mouth biggest differences digestive systems sharks mammals sharks shorter short length achieved spiral valve multiple turns single short section instead long tube like valve provides long surface area requiring food inside short gut fully remaining waste products pass senses smell sharks keen senses located short fused unlike bony fish anterior posterior nasal openings species able detect little million blood sharks ability determine direction given scent based timing scent detection similar method mammals use determine direction sound attracted chemicals found species result near sewage species nurse sharks external greatly increase ability sense prey sight shark eyes similar eyes including similar lenses adapted marine environment help tissue called tissue reflects light increasing visibility dark waters effectiveness tissue varies sharks having stronger nocturnal adaptations sharks contract pupils like humans fish sharks surrounding water eyes protect eyes species membranes membrane covers eyes hunting shark attacked species including great white shark membrane instead roll eyes backwards protect striking prey importance sight shark hunting behavior debated believe significant point membrane evidence sight important presumably shark protect eyes use sight probably varies species water conditions shark field vision swap time micro study species shark found rod cone cells giving good night vision making remaining seven species addition rods single type cone sensitive green seeing shades grey green believed effectively study indicates object contrast background colour important object detection hearing hard test hearing sharks sharp sense hearing possibly hear prey miles away small opening heads leads directly inner ear thin channel lateral line shows similar arrangement open environment series openings called lateral line pores reminder common origin sound detecting organs grouped system bony fish external opening inner ear lost organs number hundreds thousands sharks use detect electromagnetic fields living things produce helps sharks particularly shark find prey shark greatest electrical sensitivity animal sharks find prey hidden sand detecting electric fields produce ocean currents moving magnetic field earth generate electric fields sharks use orientation possibly navigation lateral line system found fish including sharks motion vibrations water shark sense frequencies range life history shark vary species live years longest lifespan years whale sharks live years reproduction unlike bony fish sharks selected meaning produce small number developed young opposed large number poorly developed young sharks ranges young reproductive cycle sharks mature slowly relative fish example lemon sharks reach sexual maturity age sexual sharks practice internal posterior male shark pelvic fins modified pair organs called analogous deliver sperm female mating rarely observed sharks smaller mate male female flexible species sharks swim parallel male female females larger species bite marks appear result male maintain position mating bite marks come courtship behavior male bite female interest species females evolved thicker skin withstand bites number documented cases female shark contact male conceived details process understood genetic showed pups paternal genetic contribution ruling sperm storage extent behavior wild unknown species capability mammals major group reproduction observed scientists reproduction wild rare probably ditch effort reproduce mate present reproduction genetic diversity helps build defenses threats species species rely solely risk extinction reproduction contributed blue shark decline irish coast brooding sharks display ways bear young varying species sharks meaning eggs hatch mother body egg yolk walls embryos young continue remnants yolk young born alive fully functional sharks practice embryos hatch eat remaining eggs taking step sand tiger shark pups consume neighboring embryos survival strategy species brood young comparatively large size birth whale shark classified eggs thought aborted sharks birth sheltered areas including bays river mouths shallow reefs choose areas protection predators mainly sharks abundance food longest known gestation period shark months sharks sharks appear longer gestation periods accurate data lacking species like fish laying eggs water shark species egg case consistency leather protects developing embryo cases protection egg case known purse wash shore sharks include horn shark shark finally sharks maintain link developing young method called analogous gestation fishes young born alive fully functional requiem sharks bull blue sharks viviparous behavior classic view describes solitary hunter ranging oceans search food applies species live far social benthic lives appear likely distinct personalities solitary sharks meet breeding rich hunting grounds lead cover thousands miles year shark migration patterns complex birds sharks covering entire ocean basins sharks highly social remaining large schools islands cross species social exist example oceanic sharks dominate silky sharks comparable size feeding approached closely sharks perform threat display usually consists exaggerated swimming movements vary intensity according threat level speed general sharks swim cruise average speed kilometres hour mph feeding attacking average shark reach speeds upwards kilometres hour mph shark fastest shark fastest fish burst speeds kilometres hour mph great white shark capable speed bursts exceptions warm nature sharks physiology sharks travel day intelligence sharks possess brain body mass similar mammals birds exhibited apparent curiosity behavior resembling play wild evidence juvenile lemon sharks use learning investigation novel objects environment sleep sharks need water flowing gills order breathe species need moving able breathe swimming force water gills allowing extract oxygen water recorded eyes remain open state actively follow movements divers swimming truly asleep species need swim continuously breathe process known sleep swimming shark essentially unconscious known experiments conducted spinal cord brain coordinates swimming continue swim sleeping case larger shark species ecology feeding sharks sharks whale sharks sharks independently evolved different strategies filter feeding sharks practice ram feeding whale sharks use small fishes sharks feeding efficient tissue inside mouths attract prey deep ocean type feeding requires gill long slender form efficient analogous plates great shark traps time time huge teeth species comparatively small needed feeding highly specialized include sharks feed flesh larger fish marine mammals teeth enormous compared animal size lower teeth particularly sharp observed feeding believed prey use thick lips seal twisting bodies rip flesh dwelling species highly effective ambush predators angel sharks use camouflage lie wait suck prey mouths benthic sharks feed solely crustaceans crush flat teeth sharks feed squid fish swallow teeth point strike capture prey intact great white large predators swallow small prey huge bites large animals sharks use long tails fishes stir prey slash swimming prey tooth sharks including reef shark cooperative hunt packs herd capture elusive prey social sharks migratory traveling huge distances ocean basins large schools partly necessary find new food sources range habitat sharks found seas generally live fresh water exceptions bull shark river shark swim freshwater sharks common depths metres live deeper entirely absent metres deepest confirmed report shark portuguese metres relationship humans attacks undertook investigation alleged shark attacks confirming attacks provoked attacks average number fatalities worldwide year shark attacks contrary popular belief sharks dangerous humans species involved significant number fatal attacks humans great white oceanic tiger bull sharks sharks large powerful predators attack kill people despite responsible attacks humans filmed protective cage perception sharks dangerous animals popularized publicity given isolated attacks shark attacks popular fictional works shark attacks jaws film series jaws author jaws director steven_spielberg later attempted image sharks man eating monsters help avoid attack humans wear jewelry metal shiny refrain captivity recently benthic species shark leopard sharks survived conditions year gave rise belief sharks difficult capture transport difficult care knowledge led species including large sharks living far longer captivity safer transportation techniques enabled long distance transportation long time great white shark successfully held captivity long september successfully kept young female days releasing species suitable home species sold pet stores appropriate species flourish home dealers sell juvenile sharks like nurse shark reaching adulthood far large typical home public generally accept donated specimens housing owners tempted release species appropriate home represent considerable spatial financial investments generally approach adult lengths feet live years hawaii sharks figure prominently hawaiian mythology stories tell men shark jaws change shark human form common theme shark man warn beach sharks waters beach laugh ignore warnings eaten shark man warned hawaiian mythology includes shark gods fishing people popular ancestor guardians shark describes detail offer corpse shark body transforms gradually point awe struck family markings shark body correspond clothing beloved body wrapped shark family pet receiving food driving fish family net danger like evil uses helping kill enemies ruling chiefs typically forbade native hawaiian families claim known community best known revered shark gods older favored brother helped hawaii able assume human fish forms summit cliff crater sacred spots point temple shrine dedicated piece land ocean island ancestral god human shark banned eating humans eating shark god lost souls popular culture contrast complex portrayals european western view sharks historically fear sharks popular culture commonly eating machines notably jaws novel film sequels sharks threats films reef comedic effect series comedic effects seen batman movie channel films like sharks tend seen cartoons scene involves ocean examples include tom jerry cartoons shows produced commonly means killing character held rope similar object sharks swim right character standing shark infested waters popular popular myth sharks immune disease cancer scientifically supported sharks known cancer diseases parasites affect sharks evidence sharks resistant cancer disease scientific statistical studies sharks heightened immunity disease apparently false claims fins prevent cancer treat scientific proof supports claims study shown shark value cancer treatment conservation fishery estimated million sharks killed people year commercial recreational fishing shark yields estimated million metric tons million tons based analysis average shark weights translates total annual mortality estimate million sharks million sharks total range possible values million sharks year sharks common places including japan australia australian state victoria shark commonly fish fish chips battered deep fried fish chip shops shark called india small sharks baby sharks called tamil language telugu language sold local markets flesh developed cooking flesh breaks powder fried oil called soft bones easily considered coastal greenland sharks produce widely regarded national dish year period estimated million sharks killed traded annually commercial markets sharks killed shark fin soup fishermen capture live sharks fin dump animal water shark involves removing fin hot metal blade resulting shark soon dies predators shark fin major trade black markets world fins sell illegally fin millions year governments enforce laws protect hawaii state prohibit possession sale trade distribution shark fins estimated million sharks killed year harvesting shark fins shark fin soup status symbol asian countries considered healthy nutrients sharks killed meat european consume rays lists sharks fish king high mercury content hazardous children pregnant women sharks generally reach sexual maturity years produce offspring comparison harvested fish harvesting sharks reproduce severely impacts future populations majority shark fisheries little monitoring management rise demand shark products increases pressure fisheries major declines shark stocks recorded species depleted past years population declines unusual study suggests quarter known species sharks rays threatened extinction species classified critically endangered threats threats include habitat alteration damage loss coastal development pollution impact fisheries prey species documentary exposed sharks hunted extinction protection south_africa country world declare sharks legally protected species intending ban practice shark sea united_states congress passed years later act saw legal challenge united_states approximately pounds ruled law allowed non fishing vessels purchase shark fins fishing vessels high seas seeking close shark conservation act passed congress december signed law january european_union introduced general shark ban vessels union waters vessels flying flag member states prohibition amended june close remaining named species oceanic shark species risk extinction fishing shark cites rejected proposals united_states required countries strictly regulate trade species oceanic sharks majority required thirds voting delegates approved proposal china far world largest shark market japan battles attempts extend convention marine species led opposition march endangered commercially valuable sharks oceanic added appendix cites bringing shark fishing commerce species licensing regulation added school shark shark shark tiger shark red list list common supermarket fish sourced fisheries advocacy group campaigns limit shark fishing advocacy group directs american consumers eat sharks auspices convention conservation migratory species wild animals known memorandum understanding concluded came effect march global instrument concluded aims international coordination protection conservation management migratory sharks discussion scientific research july new_york state major market entry point shark fins banned shark fin trade joining seven states united_states pacific territories providing legal protection sharks | Shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15881_Coralcatshark | coral coral species family common shallow coral reefs west pacific pakistan new_guinea reaching length coral extremely slender body short head tail dorsal fins angled backwards identified numerous black white spots sides fins merge form horizontal bars furthermore adult males long thin inactive day dusk night coral actively small living invertebrates bony fishes slender form allows access tight spaces reef females lay purse shaped egg time young hatch months small harmless shark captivity reproduced regarded suitable shark species private coral minor reef fisheries minimal commercial value increasing fishing activity extensive habitat degradation range leading concern population assessment taxonomy coral described anonymous author usually referred english zoologist memoir sir original latin meaning common species placed newly created genus type specimen caught sumatra suspected lost description coral slender cylindrical firm body short narrow head snout short slightly flattened blunt tip eyes horizontally oval protected rudimentary membranes moderate size large nostrils covered broad triangular flaps skin anterior margins leaving small openings nasal flaps reach mouth pair broad grooves connecting openings mouth long angular mouth long furrows corners extending upper lower jaws small teeth narrow central flanked sides pairs gill slits pectoral fins fairly large dorsal fin angled backwards originates rear pelvic fin bases second dorsal fin similarly shaped slightly smaller originates quarter anal fin base adult males thin tapering extend thirds distance pelvic anal fins anal fin smaller dorsal fins caudal fin relatively short broad indistinct lower lobe ventral notch near tip upper lobe skin thick covered dermal denticles extremely variable coloration coral lacks prominent saddle markings black white spots grayish background spots run form horizontal include white tips dorsal fins white stripe gill slits underside plain white species grows long distribution habitat widely distributed member genus coral found pakistan india southeast_asia taiwan including philippines new_guinea range extends far north early records australian waters fact related australian banded sand common dwelling nature coral inhabits coral reefs depths exceeding biology ecology elongated body coral allows small spaces reef environment crawl pectoral pelvic fins like shark primarily nocturnal active foraging activity beginning afternoon ending sunrise day generally hides shelter reef sunken logs singly groups individual sharks return hiding place successive days species feeds small benthic invertebrates bony fishes captive specimens observed lying prey come range coral female producing eggs time egg enclosed purse shaped capsule roughly long wide end capsule squared bears short horns terminate short female deposits eggs vertical structures capsule light brown laid time eggs hatch months newly hatched sharks measure long contrasting dorsal pattern light dark vertical bars black white dots months old young grown coloration faded match adults males females attain sexual maturity respectively human interactions common trade coral regarded suited home small size attractive appearance requires tank metres long sufficiently deep hiding places shark tends aggressive small sharks attacking larger consume captive individuals known live years species reproduced small numbers coral caught incidentally reef eastern indonesia likely sold meat processed liver oil size limits economic importance assessed species notes data meet criteria vulnerable likely threatened rising fishing pressure range widespread habitat degradation blast fishing pollution mining coral use building material | Coral catshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
15991_Greyreefshark | grey reef shark grey reef shark species requiem shark family common reef sharks found far east far west south_africa species seen shallow water near drop offs coral reefs grey reef shark typical reef shark shape broad round snout large eyes species distinguished similar species plain white tipped dorsal fin dark tips fins broad black rear margin tail fin lack ridge dorsal fins individuals long grey reef sharks fast swimming predators feed primarily free swimming bony fishes cephalopods aggressive demeanor enables dominate shark species reef despite moderate size grey reef sharks home range specific area reef continually return social territorial day sharks form groups individuals near coral reef drop offs splitting evening sharks begin hunt adult females form groups shallow water higher water temperature accelerate growth young like members family grey reef shark viviparous meaning mother embryos connection litters pups born year grey reef sharks shark species known perform threat display stereotypical behavior warning prepared attack display involves posture dropped pectoral fins exaggerated swimming motion grey reef sharks followed divers indicate perceive threat species responsible number attacks humans treated caution especially begin display caught fisheries susceptible local population low reproduction rate limited dispersal result assessed species taxonomy phylogeny dutch described grey reef shark scientific journal later authors moved species genus type specimen metres female common names shark world include black bronze shark graceful shark graceful shark grey shark grey shark shark school shark shark names applied species older literature scientific species given reef shark native western indian_ocean regarded species grey reef shark authors originally distinguished grey reef shark white tip dorsal fin shorter snout fewer upper tooth row based morphological characters counts tooth shapes concluded grey reef shark closely related shark interpretation supported phylogenetic analysis description grey reef shark streamlined moderately stout body long blunt snout large round eyes upper lower jaws teeth usually upper lower upper teeth triangular teeth narrower erect tooth larger upper jaw lower dorsal fin medium sized ridge running second dorsal fin pectoral fins narrow shaped coloration grey bronze white entire rear margin caudal fin distinctive broad black band black tips pectoral pelvic second dorsal anal fins individuals western indian_ocean narrow white margin tip dorsal fin trait usually absent pacific populations grey reef sharks spend time shallow water eventually color grey reef sharks long maximum reported length maximum reported weight distribution habitat grey reef shark native indian pacific oceans indian_ocean occurs south_africa india including madagascar nearby islands red_sea pacific_ocean found southern china northern australia new_zealand including philippines indonesia species reported numerous pacific islands including guam generally coastal shallow water species grey reef sharks found depths known dive found continental shelves preferring away direction current sides coral reefs clear water rugged topography frequently found near drop offs outer edges reef particularly near reef channels strong currents commonly occasion shark venture kilometers open ocean usually near outer slopes reef channels strong currents near outer edges reefs biology ecology reef shark reef shark grey reef shark common sharks inhabiting reefs actively expel shark species favored habitats species larger size areas species exists reef shark species occupies shallow flats stays deeper water areas high abundance grey reef sharks tend contain sharks vice versa similar causing competitive exclusion occasions swim oceanic waters grey reef sharks associate marine mammals large fishes account grey reef sharks following large pod silky sharks single shark rainbow runners observed grey reef sharks sharks rough skin parasites grey reef sharks prey larger sharks shark french great feed grey reef sharks exhausted pursuing mates known parasites species include species attach sharks skin juvenile stages attach gill gill feeding grey reef sharks feed mainly bony fishes cephalopods squid octopus second important food group crustaceans crabs making remainder larger sharks greater proportion cephalopods sharks hunt individually groups known pin schools fish outer walls coral reefs feeding capturing fish swimming open complement hunting reef sharks adept capturing fish inside caves sense smell extremely acute capable detecting extract billion parts sea water presence large quantity food grey reef sharks feeding documented caused underwater explosion killed sharks involved attacked consumed life history mating male grey reef shark bite female body fins hold like requiem sharks viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk yolk sac develops connection term female single functional right functional pups hawaii born year number young increases female size estimates gestation period range months thought place july august march july females term embryos reported fall measure long sexual maturation occurs seven years age males long females long females great barrier reef mature years age later locations slightly larger size lifespan years behavior grey reef sharks active times day activity levels peaking night groups sharks spend day small collective home range night shallower water forage food home range km2 grey reef sharks different parts reef exhibit different social ranging behaviors sharks outer ocean reefs tend nomadic swimming long distances reef reefs underwater stay defined daytime night time home ranges strong tidal currents grey reef sharks water shore tide sea rising tide allow better detect scent prey afford cover water hunt little evidence grey reef shark individuals tolerate species entering feeding home ranges hawaii individuals stay reef years regularly shift locations individual grey reef sharks highly aggressive specific locations suggesting exhibit dominant behavior sharks home areas social documented grey reef sharks northwestern large numbers pregnant adult females observed slowly swimming circles shallow water occasionally exposing dorsal fins backs groups corresponding peak daylight hours similarly females form shallow water march june number sharks group differs year year day sharks begin arriving area reaching peak numbers hottest day afternoon individual sharks return site days female sharks speculated taking advantage warmer water speed growth embryos shallow waters enable avoid unwanted attention males grey reef sharks exhibit different social behaviors different parts reef sharks tend solitary shallower reefs near reef drop offs loose sharks form morning grow number day night level areas sharks form schools swimming direction individuals near sea arranging parallel slowly swimming circles individuals schools females formation schools relate mating threat display threat display grey reef shark pronounced known display display directed competitors threats shark investigations behavior focused reaction sharks approaching divers culminated attacks display consists shark raising snout dropping pectoral fins curving body holding posture shark stiff exaggerated motion combined rolls loops intensity display increases shark closely approached obstacles blocking escape routes landmarks sharks shark retreat launch rapid open attack upper teeth observed displays grey reef sharks response approaching following meters perform display instance larger great subsequently withdrew seen performing threat displays suggests display primarily response potential threats predators competitors grey reef sharks territorial speculated defending critical volume personal space compared sharks french grey reef sharks indian_ocean western pacific aggressive given displaying human interactions grey reef sharks curious divers enter water approach closely lose interest repeat dangerous presence food tend aggressive encountered open water reef known attacks possibly mistake shark struck fish close species attack pursued divers immediately retreat slowly facing shark begins perform threat display display attempted flash camera known attack modest size capable inflicting significant damage study threat display grey reef shark attacked researchers multiple times leaving tooth marks plastic windows biting propellers shark consistently launched attacks distance able cover second listed seven provoked attacks fatal species abundant island relatively sites grey reef sharks susceptible localized slow reproductive rate specific habitat requirements tendency stay certain area iucn assessed grey reef shark shark taken fisheries parts range products shark fin soup threat continuing degradation coral reefs human development evidence substantial declines populations anderson reported grey reef shark numbers fallen 1970s levels found grey reef shark populations great barrier reef fishing zones declined compared entry zones boats allowed addition zones boats allowed fishing prohibited levels fishing zones illustrating severe effect projections suggested shark population fall pre exploitation levels years additional conservation measures possible avenue conservation grey reef sharks suitable shark watching ventures profitable diving sites enjoy protection countries | Grey reef shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
16025_Brambleshark | shark shark species sharks family aside found tropical temperate waters worldwide rarely encountered shark close typically depths enter shallower water shark stout body small dorsal fins positioned far anal fin readily identified large like dermal denticles scattered body fused brown black color grows long diet shark includes smaller sharks bony fishes crabs slow moving species capture viviparous females producing litters pups harmless humans occasional commercial recreational liver oil presently lacks information assess conservation status species population declined substantially northeastern atlantic 18th 19th centuries likely taxonomy original description shark authored french naturalist des nature named greek meaning depths sea type specimen lost created genus species 1960s specimens shark caught pacific_ocean sharks common names species shark shark description shark thick cylindrical body somewhat flattened head snout blunt shorter width mouth widely spaced nostrils preceded small flaps skin eyes lack membranes tiny located wide curved mouth bears short furrows corners upper lower tooth rows tooth knife like single main pairs gill slits fifth pair longest pectoral fins short angular pelvic fins long relatively large dorsal fins small dorsal fin origin lying pelvic fin origins anal fin caudal robust lacks caudal fin origins caudal fin indistinct lower lobe upper lobe notch trailing margin skin covered layer foul millimeters thick dermal denticles scattered irregularly body vary greatly size measuring like shape ridges central point base denticles fused form multi pointed plates underside snout area mouth densely covered small denticles sharks long denticles larger larger sharks species brown black metallic paler individuals red black report specimen greenish glow caught shark reach length maximum weight record long female distribution habitat records shark fairly rare originate widely scattered locations tropical temperate waters worldwide save eastern pacific_ocean come eastern atlantic western indian oceans range extends north_sea british isles southern including mediterranean_sea western atlantic species represented handful specimens massachusetts north_carolina louisiana brazil argentina known india southern japan southern australia new_zealand possibly found close sea floor shark commonly inhabits continental shelves slopes depths reported shallow areas cold water deep european waters species migrate shallower depths summer biology ecology sluggish nature shark feeds smaller sharks including bony fishes including crabs large size relative mouth suggests capture prey species viviparous females functional recorded litter sizes ranged newly born pups estimated measure long dermal denticles near term embryos appearing minute spines located open pits skin size sexual maturity uncertain smallest known mature males females long respectively human interactions shark known pose danger humans caught incidentally commercial fisheries fishing line sport eastern atlantic species processed little commercial significance liver oil highly valued south_africa medicine india oil considered poor coat discourage beetles historical accounts suggest shark numbers northeastern atlantic fallen markedly 18th 19th centuries extremely rare northern europe mediterranean decline attributed fishing pressure species highly vulnerable large deep sea sharks generally slow growth rates long species lacks sufficient data assessment | Bramble shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
16483_Fur-bearingtrout | fur bearing trout fur bearing trout trout fictional creature found north_america iceland according tales trout created thick coat fur maintain body heat tales fish date 17th century later trout iceland earliest known american publication dates magazine article trout produced specimen trout white rabbit fur attached real examples fur bearing trout species examples hair like fish known cotton mold fish result appearance fish covered white fur real fish known fish hair like wings fur bearing trout fictional creatures found arkansas northern north_america iceland basic claim tall tale waters lakes rivers area cold evolved thick coat fur maintain body heat theory says bottles hair origins vary earlier claims date 17th century scottish immigrant letter relatives referring animals fish plentiful new world followed request specimen fish sent home publication recounts haired trout common folklore earliest known american publication dates magazine article cotton mold fish causing fur like growth appear body heavy infection result death fish fungus continues grow dead fish largely covered white fur occasionally found washed ashore real fish known fish hair like wings discovered azores according legend trout creation demons giants described fish rivers form punishment human featured account poisonous trout northern iceland trout cast shore featured illustration newspaper described having reddish hair lower jaw neck sides fins writer article specifically identify popular writer obsessed folk tale recounted man eat trout pregnant cut open deliver baby noted story explain later propelled united_states account trout appeared magazine noted account states fish caught change temperature water atmosphere great fish explodes taken water fur skin come perfect piece making available commercial purposes leaving body fish purposes eating desired fur bearing trout story originated secretary promoted story convincingly picked record newspaper according trout grew fur cold temperatures shed fur water temperatures warmed summer november story recounted trout history stated living near told tales years fur bearing trout indigenous waters arkansas near mysteries museum visited expected segment late tall tale recounted states trout result bottles hair catch trout fisherman act lure fish waters offer free trim intentionally story maine claimed trout catch release policy enforced carrying fish caught warden measure fisher foot fish length matched fisher foot size fish eaten canada canadian fur bearing trout example trout hoax according story trout white fur caught marie ontario canada marie fish learned hoax presenting white fur rabbit described attached fish fictional description canadian trout published | Fur-bearing trout | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
16761_Pinkwhipray | pink pink species family wide ill defined distribution tropical southern africa generally inhabits shallow water deep sandy areas associated coral reefs individuals exhibit high degree fidelity particular locations pink diamond shaped pectoral fin disc wider long broad angled snout long whip like tail fin small uniform brownish grayish pink color darker past tail sting large ray reach long nature pink known form large active resting associate large ray species mainly benthic invertebrates bony fishes species viviparous young milk produced mother range substantial numbers pink caught incidentally variety fishing gear marketed meat skin importance attracted visitors bait listed species concern wide distribution includes relatively protected areas northern australia population southeast_asia likely declining heavy fishing pressure assessed vulnerable taxonomy pink described american volume basis specimen collected specific epithet means native languages common species grouped species complex description pectoral fin disc pink diamond shaped thick center measuring times wider long outer corners disc angular snout forms angle tip barely protruding small widely spaced eyes followed larger short broad curtain skin finely fringed posterior margin long thin nostrils mouth fairly small surrounded prominent furrows lower jaw small middle large central tiny lateral floor mouth teeth small arranged pavement like surfaces pairs gill slits located beneath disc pelvic fins small narrow tail extremely long thin measuring twice disc length intact lacks fin usually bears single spine adults small rounded dermal denticles covering central dorsal surface disc beginning eyes extending cover entire tail small sharp base tail juveniles smooth skinned covering flat heart shaped denticles species uniform grayish brownish pink dark gray black tail past sting uniformly light grows long maximum weight record distribution habitat exact range pink unclear confusion believed common tropical waters probably occurring indian_ocean periphery south_africa northern australia year appears red_sea range extends pacific_ocean northward philippines eastward islands including pink recorded deep usually found zone depth dwelling species prefers sandy flats soft habitats near coral reefs tends found closer shore warm season genetic studies islands found individual rays tend remain local area little island movement biology ecology small large gatherings pink observed sandy flats coral reefs great barrier reef resting individuals pile atop mixing species seen riding larger species rays pink feeds primarily crustaceans takes cephalopods fishes far dominant prey type rays sizes french sizable feeding known form night shallow water tends solitary large home range like pink viviparous mother supplying developing embryos nutrient rich milk specialized structures measure nursery area species males reach sexual maturity maturation size females unknown known parasites pink include human interactions highly dangerous humans pink sting makes difficult handle fishing net usually thrown overboard rest catch indonesia malaysia probably range species regular incidental catch coastal fisheries nets nets lesser extent retained meat skin utilized fishing activity southeast_asia intense largely large ray vulnerable smaller relatives slower reproductive rate population thought particularly affected indonesian fishery targeting indonesian increasingly operating illegally australian waters northern australia pink caught incidentally levels likely fallen significantly use compulsory pink valuable sites french attracted visitors large numbers promise food government taken steps preserve ray banning exports ray products brought study found negative effect form bite impact injuries stemming artificially high ray density interactions boat traffic feeding sites assessed pink concern overall citing wide distribution includes refuge regions conservation threats population northern australia listed concern contrast heavily southeast asian population listed vulnerable | Pink whipray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
16774_Longtailbutterflyray | butterfly ray butterfly ray species butterfly ray family native red_sea southern japan western indonesia growing ray shaped pectoral fin disc twice wide long colored brown gray small light spots eyes smooth species identified tail long snout vent distance lacks fins bears alternating black white bands dwelling nature butterfly ray sandy muddy habitats coastal waters shallower diet consists bony fishes crustaceans species gives birth live young developing embryos yolk later milk supplied mother defined breeding season females bear litters seven pups meat butterfly ray caught commercial fisheries listed species citing high levels fishing pressure range low reproductive rate taxonomy phylogeny butterfly ray originally described english zoologist designate type specimen account based illustration scottish naturalist published year earlier fishes collected specific epithet derived greek colors tail later authors moved species genus research needed determine isolated butterfly rays french fact species rest range phylogenetic studies based morphology mitochondrial dna indicate butterfly ray closely related butterfly ray shares range butterfly ray butterfly ray description pectoral fin disc butterfly ray shape characteristic family measuring twice wide long leading margin disc gently trailing margin convex outer corners mildly angular snout short broad tiny protruding tip medium sized eyes larger smooth nostrils positioned close mouth short broad curtain skin smooth margin large mouth forms transverse curve contains tooth rows jaw increasing number age teeth small narrow pointed pairs short gill slits underside disc pelvic fins small rounded thread like tail lacks dorsal caudal fins low ridges length length equal distance snout tip vent distinguishing species butterfly rays shorter tails small spine rarely upper surface tail near base skin devoid dermal denticles species brown greenish brown gray small pale spots dark dots tail black bands alternating white bands small positioned dark spot underside white edges fins butterfly ray maximum width distribution habitat widespread member family butterfly ray found red_sea westward india sri_lanka china southern japan philippines western islands indonesia including borneo sumatra java reported french taxonomic note fairly common areas dwelling species inhabits coastal waters depths preferring sandy muddy bottoms appear migrate biology ecology butterfly ray feeds bony fishes particular genus crustaceans known large numbers known parasites ray include like butterfly rays species viviparous young sustained initially yolk later milk produced mother adult females functional reproductive activity proceeds year peak april october gestation period unknown possible females bear litter year litter size seven pups female size measure look like adult siblings differ color males females mature sexually roughly respectively human interactions butterfly ray widely caught meat commercial fisheries including india thailand indonesia taken set lesser degree nets fishing gear specific population catch data lacking butterfly ray thought susceptible low reproductive rate fact pregnant females young captured given high intensity fishing pressure range assessed species | Longtail butterfly ray | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
16910_Pacificangelshark | pacific species angel shark family found eastern pacific_ocean alaska ecuador chile southeastern pacific fact separate species pacific inhabits shallow coastal waters sandy flats usually near rocky reefs forests underwater features species resembles angel sharks appearance flattened body greatly enlarged pectoral pelvic fins characteristic features shark include pair cone shaped snout angular pectoral fins brown gray dorsal coloration small dark markings maximum length ambush predator pacific sea floor waits approaching prey primarily bony fishes squid prey targeted visually quick upward thrust head jaws individual sharks actively choose ideal ambush sites stay days moving new species active night day stays buried sediment seldom moves reproduction viviparous embryos hatching inside mother sustained yolk sac birth females birth average young spring pacific dangerous humans provoked case bite cause painful injury valued meat captured commercial recreational range targeted fishery species began california ended new regulations led near collapse species mainly mexican waters assessed species population largely protected recovering impact mexican fisheries unknown taxonomy phylogeny scientifically described curator gave specific epithet originally described specimen caught san_francisco locally species referred angel shark california angel shark chilean southeastern pacific species later tentatively recognized separate species taxonomic status angel sharks southeastern pacific species region remains unresolved angel sharks inhabiting represent different species mature smaller size rest range phylogenetic study based mitochondrial dna published colleagues reported sister species sand devil western north_atlantic species estimated diverged approximately close panama began form authors found pacific differed genetically represented species level distinction distribution habitat pacific found cold warm temperate waters southeastern corner alaska including entire baja peninsula common central southern california occur ecuador southern tip chile taxonomic uncertainty dwelling shark prefers habitats soft flat bottoms close shore bays found near rocky reefs submarine forests occasion seen swimming sea floor california common depth reported deep number genetically identified northern range exist coast point conception northward alaska separate mainland northern southern pacific coast baja california distinct diverged time pacific undertake long migratory movements outside preferred home areas deep waters serve effective geographical barriers population mixing measure genetic diversity higher pacific shark species examined description flattened body wing like pectoral fins pacific resembles ray unlike rays pairs gill slits located sides head underneath expanded anterior pectoral fins separate fused head eyes located head skin triangular sides head mouth wide placed snout pair cone shaped like tips located tooth rows upper jaw tooth rows lower jaw gaps middle jaws tooth broad base single narrow smooth edged pectoral pelvic fins broad angular pointed tips dorsal fins located far body anal fin lower lobe caudal fin larger upper row small runs middle tail present snout eyes shark ages decrease size disappear dorsal coloration gray brown reddish brown scattered dark markings large surrounded ring tiny spots adults pairs juveniles underside white extending margins pectoral pelvic fins species measures long weighs biology ecology day pacific seen open instead resting sea floor buried thin layer sediment outlines night individuals remain waiting prey encountered actively swimming large sharks including great white shark shark northern elephant seal known consume pacific known parasites species include skin spiral valve attached shark inside inside developing embryos feeding ambush predator pacific feeds mainly bony fishes including bass winter early spring spawning squid abundant primary source food southern gulf california important prey species descending order shrimp species feeds mainly adults juveniles similar individual sharks choose sites giving best ambush success prefer junctions sandy rocky near reefs fishes shelter usually parallel nearby vertical structures tend face facilitate burying falling sediment bring fish swimming downstream reef ease targeting prey sunlight settled successful site remain days burying near spot strike local prey eventually learn avoid stationary predator shark periodically shifts night new site kilometers away study found hours sharks km2 later longer term study found sharks sporadic position changes covered months island single individuals swam night primarily visual hunter experiments nature strike fish shaped targets electrical chemical cues night guided disturbed moving prey species visual system light emitted organisms showing importance night hunting pacific likely strike prey approaching usually waits prey approaches attack accurate distance strike behavior shark presses forward pectoral fins head upwards angle mouth forms tube opened creating force jaws forward secure prey sharp teeth strike eyes roll backward head protection strike completed tenth second life history viviparous young yolk sac reproduction occurs annual cycle females single functional left filled yolk speculated eggs young embryos long translucent skin protruding eyes exposed gill spots pigment developed embryo long row teeth appeared embryo long time embryo long mouth migrated terminal position color pattern fully developed external yolk sac begins shrink yolk transferred internal yolk sac holds transferred internal yolk sac fully birth released prematurely feed process complete takes place march june gestation period months females mate shortly afterward average litter size range rarely female size number offspring young born water deep probably protect predators pacific embryos grow month young slowing month birth born length newborn pups captivity grow rate year adults wild grow year sexes mature long corresponding age years gulf california sharks species mature long males long females survive maturity maximum lifespan estimated years unlike sharks growth rings species deposited proportion shark size yearly making age determination difficult human interactions usually underwater pacific quick bite touched captured provoked inflict severe commercial fisheries species exist baja california lesser extent california meat considered excellent sold fresh frozen species captured limited numbers recreational hook line spears hand particularly southern california taken shrimp operating processed capacity species withstand focused fishing effort limited low rates reproduction movement commercial fishery california operating expanded include pacific sharks valuable promotion substitute available common shark development new processing techniques shark skin discarded 1980s rising demand led introduction medium sized designed specifically species fishery landings increased dressed post processing weight fishery peaked million taken annually making species number shark california level exploitation despite minimum size limit imposed catches fell use waters banned voter initiative proposition restricted area included habitat reduced fishing pressure species result landings dropped dressed central angel shark fishery closed completely remained low decline fishery led industry shifting mexico fishing vessels targeting species meet angel shark demand california assessed species numbers california appear increasing demographic modeling suggests stock healthy impact intense mexican fishery global population continuing interest california resumption commercial fishery conservation concerns far taken precedence | Pacific angelshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
17126_Japaneseangelshark | japanese japanese species angel shark family found northwestern pacific_ocean china japan korea dwelling shark found sandy habitats deep species flattened shape wing like pectoral pelvic fins typical family grows length dorsal fins placed pelvic fins row large occurs dorsal upper surface patterned numerous dark spots brown background feeding fishes cephalopods crustaceans japanese nocturnal ambush predator spends day lying sea floor species gives birth live young sustained gestation yolk litter size varies japanese dangerous humans provoked large numbers meat type leather listed vulnerable citing intense activity range low angel sharks fishing pressure taxonomy phylogeny japanese described dutch volume scientific journal type specimen male long collected nagasaki japan specific epithet common names species include change angel shark change canopy shark japanese japanese mitochondrial dna phylogenetic analysis reported japanese forms clade asian included study sister species pair taiwan indonesian asian species turn allied european north african angel shark species molecular clock suggested japanese lineage diverged rest asian million years ago cretaceous description japanese fairly narrow bodied greatly enlarged pectoral pelvic fins skin sides head lack distinct eyes oval widely spaced closely crescent shaped large projections inside anterior large preceded small skin bearing outer thin inner like tip smooth slightly fringed base wide mouth placed furrows corners tooth rows jaws separated gap middle teeth small narrow pointed pairs gill slits located sides head portion pectoral fin forms triangular lobe separate head outer corners pectoral fins angular rear tips rounded pelvic fins convex margins angular dorsal fins similar shape size located pelvic fins caudal flattened keel running supports roughly triangular caudal fin rounded corners lower lobe caudal fin larger upper dorsal surface covered medium sized dermal denticles distinctive row large present tail species light dark brown dense covering dark spots finer fins underside white darker sources differing maximum lengths ranging distribution habitat japanese native cooler waters northwestern pacific range extends eastern coast japan taiwan includes southern older sources reported occur philippines recent research suggests angel shark species area japanese inhabits continental shelf usually deep found sandy bottoms close rocky reefs biology ecology day japanese lies partly buried complex color pattern provides camouflage nearby prey night species active diet consists fishes cephalopods crustaceans found proximity species parasites documented species include larvae japanese viviparous members family developing embryos yolk litters pups spring summer measuring long females mature sexually long male maturation size unknown human interactions japanese typically humans disturbed inflict severe bite range frequent catch intentional probably set nets meat eaten rough skin type leather called use wood finishing angel sharks general highly threatened commercial fisheries capture low rate reproduction angel shark species known declined markedly fishing pressure activity parts northwestern pacific intense coupled pollution impact local ecosystem japanese population suspected declined conditions leading species assessed vulnerable benefit ban imposed areas chinese government enforcement inconsistent | Japanese angelshark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
17373_Portuguesedogfish | portuguese portuguese portuguese shark species sleeper shark family globally distributed species reported depth making deepest living shark known inhabits lower continental slopes plains usually staying near dark brown color portuguese distinguished similar looking species shark small spines dorsal fins dermal denticles unusual resembling scales bony fish species typically reaches length sharks mediterranean_sea smaller distinct depth food preferences relatively common portuguese active hunter capable fast large prey feeds mainly cephalopods fishes invertebrates shark acute vision detecting prey sunlight reach depths lives portuguese viviparous young yolk fluid females birth young gestation period year valued liver oil lesser extent meat portuguese important commercial fisheries operating portugal british isles japan australia fishing pressures low reproductive rate species led assess taxonomy scientific description portuguese published portuguese issue created new genus shark gave specific epithet derived greek hollow fish scale referring structure dermal denticles type specimen caught portugal destroyed fire distribution habitat widest ranging sharks portuguese distributed world western atlantic occurs grand banks newfoundland state delaware eastern atlantic found iceland sierra including western mediterranean_sea azores southern western south_africa indian_ocean species caught pacific shark occurs japan new_zealand australia new south wales including tasmania deepest living shark known portuguese reported depths lower continental slope plain common species found deeper mediterranean seldom occurring depth common deep mediterranean relatively constant temperature deep ocean temperature generally portuguese essentially benthic nature young sharks found considerable distance depth segregation size sex pregnant females found shallower water juveniles found deeper separate populations atlantic sharks mediterranean japan appear distinct description portuguese typically reaches length males females specimens long recorded sharks mediterranean smaller growing long species flattened broadly rounded snout shorter mouth wide nostrils preceded short flaps skin eyes large oval shape positioned head equipped reflective produces yellow green eye shine mouth wide slightly arched moderately thick smooth lips short furrows corners extending jaws upper teeth slender upright single numbering rows lower teeth short strongly angled number rows bases form continuous cutting surface pairs gill slits short nearly vertical body portuguese thick cylindrical flattened belly dorsal fins small similar size shape bearing tiny spine dorsal fin originates pectoral fins second dorsal originates middle pelvic fin bases pectoral fins medium sized rounded margin anal fin caudal fin short developed lower lobe prominent ventral notch near tip upper lobe large dermal denticles change shape age juveniles widely spaced heart shaped incomplete ridge posterior points adults overlapping roughly circular smooth flattened round central resembling scales bony fishes young sharks uniform blue black color adults brown black prominent fin markings partially individual pale body normal eyes caught northeastern atlantic represented documented case deep sea shark biology ecology living exclusively zone little sunlight portuguese relatively common dominant shark species deeper waters large rich liver shark allows maintain neutral minimal effort males contain females tracking study found portuguese average swimming speed remain particular area long species preyed larger fishes sharks known parasites species include genus active predator mobile relatively large organisms portuguese feeds mainly cephalopods including bony fishes including orange fishes known sharks invertebrates whale portuguese acute vision sharks addition having large pupil lens eyes contain high concentration cells concentrated horizontal streak center cells highly sensitive motion detection horizontal plane visual system species appears adapted detecting maximum absorption visual correspond light emitted favored prey mediterranean sea portuguese common sharks velvet belly shark shark abundant depth inhabiting deeper water portuguese mediterranean reduce competition species smaller size mediterranean sharks relative rest world limited food availability warmer environment diet portuguese mediterranean consists cephalopods bony fishes secondary food source immature sharks favor shrimp common environment unlike regions mediterranean sharks seldom life history portuguese viviparous female retaining eggs internally hatch embryos sustained yolk possibly fluid mother reported breeding seasons year portugal january august december fraction population active time previous accounts described continuous reproduction females stages pregnancy present year round time mature diameter studies females found traces sperm inside reproductive tracts suggests occurs immediately following trigger reproductive cycles portuguese atlantic pacific generally similar sharks japan tend produce larger numbers smaller sharks british isles exhibit larger litter size birth size smaller portugal record specimen right left early development embryos sexually possess external gills external yolk sac stage weighs recognizable sex organs develop length tissue complete length body appears embryo long external gills time internal yolk sac develops embryo long begins yolk external yolk sac time embryo long external yolk sac completely portugal young born december following gestation period year near giving birth females undergo suggesting enter resting period litter size ranges typically female size occur unknown nursery area rarely caught length birth reported atlantic pacific aside distinctive mediterranean population portuguese attain sexual maturity similar sizes world males females mature respectively respectively west british isles respectively japan respectively southeastern australia mediterranean males mature long human interactions portuguese small occurs deep pose danger humans species long commercially hook line mainly valued liver contains weight processed meat sold fresh dried human consumption converted important fishery portuguese exists liver oil catches peaked world war declined soon exploitation past years catches australia increasing seeking species covered commercial following mercury regulations shark landings fishery affected prohibition landing rest recently portugal european country utilize portuguese important black fishery tons shark landed annually weight value increasing exploitation likely continue french began fish portuguese sharks west british isles meat species referred catch peaked tons declining tons french joined norwegian irish scottish making portuguese significant component fisheries northwest atlantic stocks portugal stable stocks british isles diminished substantially recent years reflect portuguese fishery commercial french fishery assessed species commercial value low reproductive productivity | Portuguese dogfish | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
17797_Smalltailshark | shark shark species requiem shark family found western atlantic_ocean northern gulf_of_mexico southern brazil inhabits shallow waters close shore particularly muddy bottoms tends swim low water column forms large segregated sex slim species generally exceeding length shark long pointed snout broad triangular dorsal fin second dorsal fin originates anal fin base plain gray color prominent markings fins diet shark consists mainly bony fishes crustaceans cephalopods smaller sharks rays consumed viviparous meaning developing embryos sustained connection females bear litters young cycle following approximately month gestation period shark caught meat fins liver oil impact fishing population largely unknown northern brazil declined significantly 1980s listed overall vulnerable brazil taxonomy phylogeny italian naturalist published scientific description shark volume named new shark greek referring prominent pores eyes type specimen male brazil lost species moved genus later authors shark evolutionary relationships shark uncertain based morphology tentatively placed group defined shark shark grouping supported based phylogenetic analysis alternately phylogenetic study based nuclear mitochondrial genes found close relationships shark shark shark shark pacific shark mistakenly resurrected distinct taxon species closely similar known southeast_asia description shark slender bodied species fairly long pointed snout leading margin enlarged narrow pointed lobe large circular eyes equipped membranes series prominent pores mouth bears short furrows corners contains tooth rows jaws usually upper lower upper teeth tall triangular strong increasing oblique sides lower teeth comparatively narrower upright finer pairs gill slits short small pectoral fins shaped relatively pointed tips dorsal fin broad forming nearly triangle adults blunt apex originates pectoral fin rear tips second dorsal fin small originates anal fin base ridge dorsal fins pelvic fins small pointed narrowly rounded tips anal fin deep notch trailing margin caudal fin strong lower lobe longer upper lobe ventral notch near tip dermal denticles non overlapping horizontal ridges leading posterior teeth central longest shark plain gray slate whitish faint lighter stripe flanks pectoral dorsal caudal fins tips shark reaches maximum known length typical females grow larger males distribution habitat known range shark extends northern gulf_of_mexico southern brazil excluding caribbean islands aside trinidad center abundance northern brazilian coast common shark species reported east mississippi_river past years despite historical evidence nursery area louisiana shark usually found close waters deeper northern brazil environment characterized tides high reaching knots rainy season dry season temperature ranges favors areas muddy bottoms biology ecology shark forms large segregated sex males generally found deeper females feeds mainly bony fishes including sea shrimp crabs squid secondary food sources adults capable taking young sharks sharks habits composition shark generally reflects available environment northern brazil important prey species juveniles consume wider variety prey adults turn shark potentially preyed larger sharks like members family shark viviparous developing embryos exhaust supply yolk yolk sac develops connection mother delivers females produce litters typically young year litter size increases size female gestation period lasts approximately months reproduction occurs year peak september november known nursery areas shallow waters northern brazil trinidad bays provide shelter food measure long grow average year years life males females mature sexually long respectively corresponding years age sexes average growth rate year maturation maximum lifespan years human interactions harmless humans shark caught incidentally fisheries range meat sold fresh frozen dried addition dried fins exported use shark fin soup liver oil processed iucn assessed species including pacific populations separated lack fishery data trinidad abundance makes economically important shark northern brazil substantial numbers caught fisheries targeting spanish 1980s species constituted roughly shark ray catch declined apparent decline thought resulted increasing fishing effort large proportion juveniles captured shark low reproductive rate consequently iucn assessed shark brazil vulnerable noted urgent need conservation measures given northern brazil represents center species range shark ostensibly given protection inclusion official list endangered animals brazil fishing remains effectively | Smalltail shark | Natural sciences | Biology and medicine | Fish |
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