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https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legacy_of_the_Great_Irish_Famine&diff=603852&oldid=603147

Internationally, Ireland has been at the forefront of international famine relief. In 1985, Irish rock star and founder of [[Live Aid]], Sir [[Bob Geldof]] revealed that the people of Ireland had given more to his fundraising efforts per head of population than any other nation on earth. Irish famine relief charities, ''Goal'', ''Concern'', ''Trocaire'' and ''Gorta'' play a central role in helping famine victims throughout Africa. In 2000, [[Bono]], lead singer with Irish band [[U2]], played a central role in campaigning for debt relief for African nations in the [[Jubilee 2000]] campaign, while [[Mary Robinson]] as president visited [[Rwanda]] to highlight injustices, before becoming the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights. Though no longer subscribing to the belief that the famine was purely a deliberate act by Britain (the John Mitchel thesis still popular in the US), the Irish famine experience continues to shape Ireland and Irish people in their attitudes towards the third world and famine victims everywhere.

2003-01-20T07:22:10Z

Internationally, Ireland has been at the forefront of international famine relief. In 1985, Irish rock star and founder of [[Live Aid]], Sir [[Bob Geldof]] revealed that the people of Ireland had given more to his fundraising efforts per head of population than any other nation on earth. Irish famine relief charities, ''Goal'', ''Concern'', ''Trocaire'' and ''Gorta'' play a central role in helping famine victims throughout Africa. In 2000, [[Bono]], lead singer with Irish band [[U2 (band)|U2]], played a central role in campaigning for debt relief for African nations in the [[Jubilee 2000]] campaign, while [[Mary Robinson]] as president visited [[Rwanda]] to highlight injustices, before becoming the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights. Though no longer subscribing to the belief that the famine was purely a deliberate act by Britain (the John Mitchel thesis still popular in the US), the Irish famine experience continues to shape Ireland and Irish people in their attitudes towards the third world and famine victims everywhere.

2003-01-20T16:58:36Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Association_of_History_Educators&diff=54269223&oldid=48186459

[http://www.eurocliohistory.org/ EUROCLIO website] {{org-stub}}

2006-04-12T22:41:08Z

*[http://www.eurocliohistory.org/ EUROCLIO website] {{org-stub}}

2006-05-20T23:51:13Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historians_without_Borders&diff=839603748&oldid=839603588

** promote and deepen general and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of history ** promote open and free access to historical material and archives ** promote interactive dialogue between different views and interpretations of history to bring closer diverging views of the course of historical events ** support efforts to impede the abuse of history to foster conflicts or to sustain enemy images and distorted myths, and to contribute to the use of history in defusing and resolving conflicts.<ref>{{Verkkoviite|osoite=https://www.historianswithoutborders.fi/yhdistys/|nimeke=Yhdistys - Historians without Borders|julkaisu=Historians without Borders|viitattu=2018-03-15|ietf-kielikoodi=fi-FI}}</ref>

2018-05-04T14:02:53Z

* promote and deepen general and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of history * promote open and free access to historical material and archives * promote interactive dialogue between different views and interpretations of history to bring closer diverging views of the course of historical events * support efforts to impede the abuse of history to foster conflicts or to sustain enemy images and distorted myths, and to contribute to the use of history in defusing and resolving conflicts.<ref>{{Verkkoviite|osoite=https://www.historianswithoutborders.fi/yhdistys/|nimeke=Yhdistys - Historians without Borders|julkaisu=Historians without Borders|viitattu=2018-03-15|ietf-kielikoodi=fi-FI}}</ref>

2018-05-04T14:04:31Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canteen_Kopje&diff=320632694&oldid=320632414

Earlier Stone Age artefacts were noted in the area by Colonel Bowker and [[Mary Elizabeth Barber]] at the time of the earliest diamond diggings. Eminent prehistorians including [[C. van Riet Lowe]], the French prehistorian, the [[Abbé Henri Breuil]] and [[J. Desmond Clark]] visited and described it. <ref>Johnson, J.P. & Young, R.B. 1906. The relation of ancient deposits of the Vaal River to the palaeolithic period of South Africa. ''Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa'' 9, 53-56; Péringuey, L. 1911. The stone ages of South Africa as represented in the collections of the South African Museum. ''Annals of the South African Museum'' 8, 1-218.; Power, J.H. 1949. The contribution of the northern Cape to the study of prehistoric man. ''South African Journal of Science''. 46, 107-116.; Söhnge, P.G., Visser, D.J.L. & van Riet Lowe, C. 1937. The geology and archaeology of the Vaal River basin. ''Geological Survey of South Africa Memoir'' 35:1-134.</ref> <ref>Goodwin, A.J.H. 1928. The archaeology of the Vaal River gravels. ''Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa''. 16, 77-102.; Goodwin, A.J.H. 1934. Some developments in technique during the Earlier Stone Age. ''Transactions of the Royal Society South Africa''. 21,109-123.; Goodwin, A.J.H. & van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. The stone age cultures of South Africa. ''Annals of the South African Museum'' 27, 1-270.; Helgren, D.M. 1978. Acheulean settlement along the lower Vaal River, South Africa. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 5, 39-60.; Van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. Further notes on the archaeology of Sheppard Island. ''South African Journal of Science'' 26, 665-683.; Van Riet Lowe, C. 1945. The evolution of the Levallois technique in South Africa. ''Man'' 45, 49-59.</ref> Breuil was here in 1929 and again in the 1940s, when he famously noted that “not only are there enough specimens [there] to fill a museum to overflowing but to build it of them also.”

2009-10-18T17:40:08Z

Earlier Stone Age artefacts were noted in the area by Colonel Bowker and [[Mary Elizabeth Barber]] at the time of the earliest diamond diggings. Eminent prehistorians including [[C. van Riet Lowe]], the French prehistorian, the Abbé [[Henri Breuil]] and [[J. Desmond Clark]] visited and described it. <ref>Johnson, J.P. & Young, R.B. 1906. The relation of ancient deposits of the Vaal River to the palaeolithic period of South Africa. ''Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa'' 9, 53-56; Péringuey, L. 1911. The stone ages of South Africa as represented in the collections of the South African Museum. ''Annals of the South African Museum'' 8, 1-218.; Power, J.H. 1949. The contribution of the northern Cape to the study of prehistoric man. ''South African Journal of Science''. 46, 107-116.; Söhnge, P.G., Visser, D.J.L. & van Riet Lowe, C. 1937. The geology and archaeology of the Vaal River basin. ''Geological Survey of South Africa Memoir'' 35:1-134.</ref> <ref>Goodwin, A.J.H. 1928. The archaeology of the Vaal River gravels. ''Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa''. 16, 77-102.; Goodwin, A.J.H. 1934. Some developments in technique during the Earlier Stone Age. ''Transactions of the Royal Society South Africa''. 21,109-123.; Goodwin, A.J.H. & van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. The stone age cultures of South Africa. ''Annals of the South African Museum'' 27, 1-270.; Helgren, D.M. 1978. Acheulean settlement along the lower Vaal River, South Africa. ''Journal of Archaeological Science'' 5, 39-60.; Van Riet Lowe, C. 1929. Further notes on the archaeology of Sheppard Island. ''South African Journal of Science'' 26, 665-683.; Van Riet Lowe, C. 1945. The evolution of the Levallois technique in South Africa. ''Man'' 45, 49-59.</ref> Breuil was here in 1929 and again in the 1940s, when he famously noted that “not only are there enough specimens [there] to fill a museum to overflowing but to build it of them also.”

2009-10-18T17:41:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_church_buildings&diff=746321768&oldid=746321408

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | [[Monastery of Saint Anthony]] | [[File:Antonius Kloster BW 7.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Eastern Desert]] | [[Egypt]] | 356 | [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox]] | Partially destroyed in the 11th century and rebuilt; very little of the original structure remains. | [[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion]] | [[File:Ark of the Covenant church in Axum Ethiopia.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Axum]] | [[Ethiopia]] | 4th century | [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]] | Originally built in the 4th century, it has been rebuilt several times, most recently in the 17th century during the reign of Emperor [[Fasilides]]. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | [[Dura-Europos church]] | [[File:DuraEuropos-Church.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Dura-Europos]] | [[Syria]] | {{circa|241}}<ref name="Dura-Europos">{{cite web|last=Silver|first=Carly|title=Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/|publisher=''[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]''|accessdate=16 November 2013|date=11 August 2010}}</ref> | [[Early Christianity|Early Church]] | [[House church]]. Several walls still standing, oldest images of Jesus discovered within the surviving frescoes of the large [[baptistry]] room. Fragments of [[parchment]] scrolls with [[Hebrew]] texts unearthed containing Christian [[Eucharist]]ic prayers closely connected with the prayers in the ''[[Didache]]''.<ref>J.L. Teicher, "Ancient Eucharistic Prayers in Hebrew (Dura-Europos Parchment D. Pg. 25)", ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'' New Series '''54'''.2 (October 1963), pp. 99–109</ref> | [[Megiddo church (Israel)|Megiddo church]] | | [[Legio]] near [[Tel Megiddo]] | [[Israel]] | late 3rd century<ref>''The Ancient Church at Megiddo: The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance'' E Adams – The Expository Times, 2008 "... chronologically distinct. The structure at Megiddo is obviously not a basilica. According to Tepper, the Megiddo church is a unique ecclesiastical form. It could not have resembled the church buildings of the late third century."</ref> | Early Church | Ruins discovered on prison grounds in 2005, possibly oldest building constructed as a church ever discovered. It retains mosaic floor decoration with Christian motifs – possibly the oldest building with this feature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/07/israel.artsnews |title=Holy Land's 'oldest church' found at Armageddon |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Chris |last=McGreal|date=7 November 2005 |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> | [[Aqaba Church]] | [[File:Early church of Aqaba02.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Aqaba]] | [[Jordan]] | late 3rd-eartly 4th century<ref name="aqaba">{{cite web|last=Rose|first=Mark|title=Early Church at Aqaba|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> | Early Church | Early Church| Ruins uncovered in 1988; Remains of an early basilica.<ref>http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html</ref> Considered to be the world's first purpose-built church.<ref>http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church</ref> | [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]] | [[File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Vagharshapat]] | [[Armenia]] | 301 (tradition); current church: late 5th century | Armenian Apostolic Church | According to scholars it was the first [[cathedral]] (but not the first church) built in [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|ancient Armenia]]. | [[Ma'loula#Mar Sarkis|Mar Sarkis Monastery]] | [[File:Monastery St Sergios 3.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Ma'loula]] | [[Syria]] | 4th century | [[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Catholic]] | Built in the 4th century on the remains of a pagan temple, it likely predates the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicea]] (325 AD) as evidenced by the fact that it has a round altar, which was prohibited at the Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/maalula |title=Maalula Monasteries, Syria |publisher=sacred-destinations.com |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> The monastery suffered extensive damage and desecration in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10768900/Syria-war-Maaloulas-monastery-destroyed-after-Assad-forces-drive-rebels-out.html | location=London | newspaper=The Daily Telegraph | first=Peter | last=Oborne | title=Syria war: Maaloula's monastery destroyed after Assad forces drive rebels out | date=15 April 2014}}</ref> | [[Sts. Constantine & Helena Cathedral, Yabroud|Sts. Constantine & Helena Cathedral]] | | [[Yabroud]] | Syria | 326 | Syriac Catholic | Originally built as a pagan temple dedicated to [[Baalshamin]] during the first millennium BC, it was converted to a church when [[Helena (empress)|St. Helen]] passed through the city on her way back to Rome from Jerusalem. The church was damaged during the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10384025/The-damage-done-to-Syrias-oldest-church-seen-first-hand.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Christine | last=Marlow | title=The damage done to 'Syria's oldest church' seen first hand | date=16 October 2013}}</ref> | [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] | [[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Jerusalem]] | | 335 | [[Simultaneum]] | Originally completed in 335, the building suffered extensive damage and was almost completely destroyed in 1009. The church was rebuilt in 1038. | [[Mar Mattai monastery]] | [[File:Mor-mattai.png|120px|center]] | [[Mount Alfaf]] | [[Iraq]] | 363 | [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] | Extensively rebuilt over the years with the earliest portions built during the 4th century. | [[Kasagh Basilica]] | [[File:Basilica of the Holy Cross (Aparan, Armenia).jpg|120px|center]] | [[Aparan]] | [[Armenia]] | 4th or 5th century | [[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] | Original building retains many ancient features. | [[Mor Gabriel Monastery]] | [[File:Deyrulumur P1040804 20080425103239.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Midyat]] | [[Turkey]] | 397 | [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] | Built on the ruins of an old Assyrian temple, the property is now currently subject to a dispute between the Turkish government and the church. | [[Chora Church]] | [[File:Chora Church Constantinople 2007 panorama 002.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Istanbul]] | [[Turkey]] | 4th century | [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] | Very little remains of the 4th-century structure, but it contains impressive 13th-century mosaic decoration. It was converted to a mosque in 1501 and has been a museum since the time of [[Ataturk]].<ref>http://www.choramuseum.com/chora-church/</ref> | [[Hagia Irene]] | [[File:Hagia Eirene Constantinople July 2007 002.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Istanbul]] | [[Turkey]] | 4th century | Eastern Orthodox | Now a museum and concert hall (due to its excellent acoustics). Its excellent state of preservation is due to the fact that it lies inside the Ottoman palace complex ([[Topkapı Palace]]).<ref>http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-eirene</ref> | [[Jubail Church]] | [[File:Jubail Church.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Al-Jubail]] | [[Saudi Arabia]] | 4th century | [[Ancient Church of the East|Assyrian Church]] | [[Church of St Peter]] | [[File:Antioch Saint Pierre Church Front.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Antioch]] ([[Antakya]]) | [[Turkey]] | 4th or 5th century | Syriac Orthodox | [[List of cave monasteries|Cave church]] used by very first Christians of Antioch, where St. Peter presided as bishop. Known by its original [[Aramaic]] name of ''Knisset Mar Semaan Kefa.'' Extensively reconstructed, with oldest surviving elements from 4th or 5th century.<ref>Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell Glenn Reddish, [https://books.google.com/books?id=248rXe16v9YC&source=gbs_navlinks_s A guide to biblical sites in Greece and Turkey] (Oxford University Press US, 2003), pg. 149</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | [[Cathedral of Saint Domnius]] | [[File:Cathedral_of_Split1.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Split, Croatia|Split]] | [[Croatia]] | 295–305 | [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] | Built 295–305 as the Mausoleum of emperor [[Diocletian]], is the second oldest structure used by any Christian Cathedral. Consecrated in 641 AD, is regarded as the oldest Catholic cathedral in the world that remains in use in its original structure, without near-complete renovation at a later date. | [[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|Rotunda of St. George]] | [[File:Rotunda of Galerius (February 2009).jpg|120px|center]] | [[Thessaloniki]] | [[Greece]] | 306 | [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] | Currently serves as a museum, although the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] has access to the church for various festivities. Structure built in 305 and consecrated later in the century. | [[Santi Cosma e Damiano]] | [[File:Palatine view of temple of romulus.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | c. 309 | [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] | Occupies the former space of the [[Temple of Romulus]] in the [[Roman Forum]]. | [[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]] | [[File:Basilica of Hagia Sofia, Bulgaria.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Sofia]] | [[Bulgaria]] | 313 | [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] | The church was built near the [[Amphitheatre of Serdica]]. 343 in the building took place the [[Council of Sardica|Council of Serdica]] that was attended by 316 bishops. | [[Panagia Ekatontapiliani]] | [[File:EKPYL 2881.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Parikia]] | [[Greece]] | 326 | Greek Orthodox | Panagia Ekatontapyliani (also known as the Church of 100 Doors) is a historic [[Byzantine]] church complex. | [[Stavrovouni Monastery]] | [[File:Stravrovoini monastry.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Larnaca]] | [[Cyprus]] | 327–329<ref>'''Ιερά Μονή Σταυροβουνίου''', Έκδοση Ιεράς Μονής Σταυροβουνίου, 1998, Λευκωσία, Κύπρος. ISBN 9963-615-02-3 (In Greek).</ref> | Greek Orthodox | It was founded by [[Helena of Constantinople|Saint Helena]] the mother of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine the Great]] at the place where after a miracle she found the lost [[True Cross|Holy Cross]] on her way back from her pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]]. Saint Helena went on the pilgrimage after the [[First Council of Nicaea|First Ecumenical Synod]] in Nicaea (325). The monastery has a piece of the [[True Cross|Holy Cross]] left there by [[Helena of Constantinople|Saint Helena]]. | [[Vatican City]] | [[Vatican City State]] | 333 | Roman Catholic | Largest church in the world and the seat of [[Roman Catholicism]], the current church (1635) is built on the site of the original basilica and the grave of [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] (who was [[martyr]]ed in Rome).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro/necropoli-precostantiniana.html |title=Pre-Constantinian Necropolis |publisher=Vatican City State |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> The actual grave is visible in excavations under the church. The original floor and columns are visible in a space under the 17th-century floor. | [[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] | [[File:Santa Maria in Trastevere front.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 340 | Roman Catholic | The first sanctuary was built in 221 and 227 by [[Pope Callixtus I]] and later completed by [[Pope Julius I|Julius I]], but the oldest parts of the present church, the wall structure and floors, date from 340 AD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoteldesartistes.com/rome-churches.html |title=Rome attractions : Rome Churches and Basilicas Guide |publisher=Hoteldesartistes.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rome-explorer.com/rome-guide/santa_maria_in_trastevere.html |title=Santa Maria in Trastevere |publisher=Rome-explorer.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref> | [[Cathedral of Trier]] | [[File:Trier Dom BW 1.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Trier]] | [[Germany]] | 340 | Roman Catholic | Oldest cathedral in Germany, and still in use today. Its construction was overseen by Bishop [[Maximin of Trier]], the construction of the grandest ensemble of ecclesiastical structures in the West outside Rome. A few 4th-century elements remain in a mainly [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] building. | [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan|Basilica di San Lorenzo]] | [[File:Fale - Milano - 85 retouched.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Milan]] | [[Italy]] | 364 | Roman Catholic | When built, it was the biggest circular church building standing. It was an inspiration for the [[Hagia Sofia]] in Constantinople. Some ancient features remain. | [[Basilica di San Simpliciano]] | [[File:Lombardia Milano9 tango7174.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Milan]] | [[Italy]] | c. 374 | Roman Catholic | Exterior walls are original from the late 4th century. Roman basilica windows as in [[Cathedral of Trier]] are still visible on the flanks of the basilica. | [[Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains]] | [[File:Metz st pierre nonnains.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Metz]] | [[France]] | 380 | Roman Catholic | Originally built to be part of a Roman spa complex, the structure was converted into use as a church in the 7th century when it became the chapel of a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] monastery. It is the oldest church building in [[France]]. | [[San Nazaro in Brolo]] | [[File:IMG 5599 - Milano - S. Nazaro Maggiore - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 21-2-2007.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Milan]] | [[Italy]] | c. 382 | Roman Catholic | One of the earliest Latin cross buildings in western Europe; retains few ancient features.<ref>http://www.arte.it/guida-arte/milano/da-vedere/chiesa/basilica-di-san-nazaro-maggiore-detta-in-brolo-1498</ref> | [[San Paolo fuori le mura]] | [[File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 386 | Roman Catholic | One of the four major [[Constantine the Great|Constantinian]] basilicas in [[Rome]], and the only one to retain its antique character, the basilica was heavily damaged by an 1823 fire. It was rebuilt true to form, however, so it remains one of the best "preserved" Constantinian basilicas in the Roman world. All that remain of the ancient basilica are the interior portions of the apse and the triumphal arch.<ref>http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/storia.htm</ref> | [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] | [[File:Basilique Santi Giovanni e Paolo de Rome.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 398 | Roman Catholic | A 4th-century basilica was erected on the site of one of the most well-preserved "house churches" of early [[Christianity]] (dating from the 1st, 2nd or 3rd century), with intact [[fresco]] decoration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caseromane.it/storia.html |title=Case Romane del Celio |publisher=Case Romane del Celio |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923005702/http://www.caseromane.it/storia.html |archivedate=23 September 2014 |language=Italian}}</ref> The houses are part of a museum currently, but the basilica still functions as a church. | [[Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio]] ruins | [[File:Side view of Saint Eustorgius Church in Milan.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Milan]] | [[Italy]] | c. 4th century | Roman Catholic | Some ruins remain of the apse of the ancient basilica. | [[Church of St. George, Sofia|Church of St. George]] | [[File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Sofia]] | [[Bulgaria]] | 4th century | [[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] || Built by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] with many later additions, St. George is the oldest building in [[Sofia]] and the only one dating from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] era. Still a functioning church.<ref>http://www.svgeorgi-rotonda.com/index.php?lang=en</ref> | [[Aula Palatina]] (Konstantinbasilika) | [[File:Konstantinbasilika Trier 2016.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Trier]] | [[Germany]] | 4th century | [[Evangelical Church in the Rhineland]] | A Roman palace basilica that was built by the Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] at the beginning of the 4th century. The basilica contains the largest extant hall from antiquity. The church was converted to Protestant use from its original Roman Catholic use in 1856.<ref>http://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier-basilica.html</ref> | [[Santi Nereo e Achilleo]] | [[File:21 caracalla ss nereo 3 000213.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th century | Roman Catholic | Adjoins the [[Baths of Caracalla]] at the site where [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] is said to have dropped the cloth covering his wounds upon his removal from the [[Mamertine Prison]]. First referenced in 336, a 15th-century basilica sits on its original site; only the columns are original.<ref>http://www.tesoridiroma.net/chiese_medioevo/san_nereo_achilleo.html</ref> | [[Santa Pudenziana]] | [[File:Apsis mosaic, Santa Pudenziana, Rome photo Sixtus enhanced TTaylor.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th century | Roman Catholic | Retains original and unique late Roman [[mosaic]] decoration.<ref>http://www.stpudenziana.org/</ref> | [[San Clemente al Laterano]] | [[File:Alexius of Rome saint clemente.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th century | Roman Catholic | [[Santa Costanza]] | [[File:Santa Costanza - vista dalla basilica costantiniana.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th century | Roman Catholic | Built under [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] as a mausoleum for his daughter, Costanza. Retains many original mosaic decorations, and her [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] sarcophagus is a gem of the [[Vatican Museums|Vatican Museum]]. | [[Santi Quattro Coronati]] | [[File:Santi Quattro 0511-13 cortile interno.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th century | Roman Catholic | Sanctuary is located in an isolated green area of Rome, so it retains the ambience of the area in antiquity. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | [[Paromeos Monastery]] | [[File:Paromeos Monastery.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Wadi El Natrun]] | [[Egypt]] | 6th century | Coptic Orthodox | Founded in 335, but oldest remaining part dates from the 6th century. | [[Debre Damo]] | [[File:Debre Damo Church.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Tigray Region]] | [[Ethiopia]] | 6th century | Ethiopian Orthodox | The best preserved example of [[Aksumite Architecture]]. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | 462 | Greek Orthodox | No longer a functioning church, and was a mosque until it fell into ruin. As with many other archaeological sites in Turkey, plans to revert the ruins back into a mosque are underway.<ref>http://www.meforum.org/3536/hagia-sophia-mosque</ref> | [[Qalb Loze]] | [[File:QalbLoze,W.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Qalb Loze]] | [[Syria]] | 5th century | Assyrian Church | The church at Qalb Lozeh dates back to the 460s AD and is one of the best-preserved churches of this period in the region. The church is the first known in Syria with the wide basilica, where the columns that in traditional Byzantine church architecture separate the aisles from the nave have been replaced with low piers and soaring arches that create the feeling of expanded space. | 475 | Greek Orthodox | No longer a functioning church, but walls still standing. | 479–493 | [[Georgian Orthodox Church|Georgian Orthodox]] | The oldest extant church building in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. | [[Turmanin|Turmanin Basilica]] | [[File:Church of Turmanin.png|120px|center]] | [[Turmanin]] | [[Syria]] | 480 | Early Church | The basilica, which is currently in ruins, served as a monastery and hospice.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Quodlibet (journal)|Quodlibet Journal]] | [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]] | [[File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Vagharshapat]] | [[Armenia]] | 483 | Armenian Apostolic | The current building was erected in 483 and heavily rebuilt in the following centuries. It still functions as a church and is the main cathedral of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is listed among the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s. | [[Mor Hananyo Monastery]] | [[File:Deyrulzaferan.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Mardin]] | [[Turkey]] | 493 | Syriac Orthodox | It was founded in 493 by Mor Shlemon on the site of a temple dedicated to the Assyrian sun god Shamash that was converted into a citadel by the Romans. After the Romans withdrew from the fortress, it was transformed it into a monastery. Better known as Saffron Monastery. (Deir-ul-Zafran) | [[Little Hagia Sophia]] | [[File:Sergius and Bacchus Church February 2011.JPG|120px|center]] | [[Istanbul]] | [[Turkey]] | 527 | Greek Orthodox | A former Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Saints Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople, converted into a mosque during the Ottoman Empire. This Byzantine building with a central dome plan was erected in the 6th century by [[Justinian]], likely was a model for [[Hagia Sophia]], and is one of the most important early Byzantine buildings in Istanbul. Poorly executed restorations leave the church with a modern character.<ref>http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/Istanbul/Sights/Sultanahmet/k_ayasofya.html</ref> | [[Hagia Sophia]] | [[File:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 002.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Istanbul]] | Turkey | 532–537 | Greek Orthodox | For almost 1,000 years it was the largest church in Christendom, the main center of worship for the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the jewel of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]. In 1453, it was captured and converted into a [[mosque]], becoming a museum in 1932 under [[Atatürk]]. | [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] | [[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Saint Catherine, Egypt|Saint Catherine]] | [[Egypt]] | c. 550 | Greek Orthodox | Oldest functioning Christian [[Monastery#Christian|monastery]] in the world. First chapel on the site established by Saint Helena over the burning bush seen by Moses. Later emperor Justinian established a monastery on the spot which composes most of the modern structure, although the original chapel survives as it was incorporated into the central basilica, as well as a tower which is now the Chapel of the Life-giving Spring. | c. 550–600 | Georgian Orthodox | The oldest church building in [[Abkhazia]], still functioning as a church. | West Bank | c. 565 | Simultaneum | One of the oldest church buildings in the world which has continuously functioned as a church. | 590–604 | Georgian Orthodox | A [[World Heritage Site]]. {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" | 400 | Roman Catholic | Although it was restored several times, the church retains its original structure and walls; it actually sits below street level due to its age and relative lack of major structural renovations. The [[portico]] is one of the most ancient parts of the church. | 422 | Roman Catholic | Mostly unaltered, with some original [[mosaic]] decoration and agate window treatments. Notably, wooden doors date from around the same era and contain an early depiction of the crucifixion. | 424 | Roman Catholic | Partially original walls, with original floors and columns under layers of new floors. | 432 | Roman Catholic | Features intact original [[mosaic]] decoration, including some of the oldest depictions of the [[Virgin Mary]]. 18th-century façade covers 12th-century façade which replaced the original. | 450–470 | Greek Orthodox | The Acheiropoietos has been dated from its bricks and mosaics to c. 450–470, making it perhaps the earliest of the city's surviving churches. It was modified in the 7th century and again in the 14th and 15th centuries, but retains much of its original character. Known as the Panagia Theotokos in Byzantine times, it is dedicated to Mary. | 455 | Roman Catholic | Believed to be the first church in Rome with a circular plan, inspired by the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]]. | 460 | Roman Catholic | Built for the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Goths]] by [[Ricimer]], this ancient church retains its original site plan and columns, despite many restorations. | [[Stenče Basilica]] | [[Polog Valley]] | [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] | 420–465 | Early Church | To date remains of 16 early Christian basilicas have been revealed in the Polog Valley, of which 12 in Tetovo area and 4 in Gostivar area, and best has been investigated the one in Stenče dating from the 5th century AD, which is unique in Macedonia with 3 baptisteries. | [[Santa Prisca]] | [[File:Santa Prisca-facciata-antmoose.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Rome]] | [[Italy]] | 4th or 5th century | [[Roman Catholic]] | In the interior, the columns are the only visible remains of the ancient church after a 17th-century restoration, but the floor plan remains. A baptismal font allegedly used by Saint Peter is also conserved. | Italy | 547 | Roman Catholic | The best-preserved basilica from the time of [[Justinian I]], filled with outstanding [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] [[mosaics]] in an excellent state of preservation. | [[Netherlands]] | c. 550 | Roman Catholic | The oldest church in the [[Netherlands]]. There was a small memorial chapel on the site dedicated to the [[Saint Servatius]] (310–384), who became the first bishop of [[Maastricht]], and this was later replaced by a larger stone church, incorporating the ancient stone. | [[United Kingdom]] | 597 | [[Church of England|Anglican]] | The oldest church building in [[England]], still functioning as a church. | [[Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras|Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul]] | [[File:PetrovaCrkva2008.jpg|120px|center]] | [[Stari Ras]], [[Novi Pazar]] | [[Serbia]] | 6th century | [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] | Also known as Peter's Church (Serbian: Петрова црква / Petrova crkva), it is a [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] church, the oldest intact church in Serbia. It is situated on a hill of Ras, the medieval capital of the [[Serbian Grand Principality]] (Rascia), near [[Novi Pazar]], [[Serbia]]. It is part of the [[Stari Ras]] complex, listed on the UNESCO [[List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia]]. The foundations of the structure date from the 6th century, with the rest from the 7th, 9th, and 12th centuries.<ref>http://www.serbia.travel/culture/religious-buildings/orthodox-churches-middle-ages/church-of-the-holy-apostles-peter-and-paul-petrova-church/</ref> | [[Church of St John the Baptist, Kerch]] | 717 | [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox]] | Founded in 717, later rebuilt on several occasions. | c. 977 | Roman Catholic | Facade restored, but very much intact. Constructed by [[Galla Placidia]]. *St. George's Church, [[Rihab]], [[Jordan]], 1st to 8th centuries. Dates are contested by experts but area under the church may have been used for Christian worship as early as 33 AD<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/06/12/doubts-raised-about-ancient-christian-shrine-in-jordan/ | work=Fox News | title=Doubts Raised About Ancient Christian Shrine in Jordan | date=12 June 2008}}</ref><ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080613-old-church.html</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7446812.stm | work=BBC News | first=Matt | last=McGrath | title=Jordan cave may be oldest church | date=10 June 2008}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" | Denmark | 1060 | Lutheran | An older wooden church was on the site in the 10th century. The crypt of the church is the oldest extant stone church in Scandinavia. It is still functioning as a church. | Italy | 1063 | Roman Catholic | Built on the foundations of an older church. Dedicated to the Assumption of St. Mary, it is a [[Primate (bishop)|Primatial]] church. | Austria | 1220–1240 | Roman Catholic | One of the oldest churches in Vienna, Austria, and also one of its few remaining Romanesque buildings. Dedicated to the Archangel Michael, St. Michael's Church is located at Michaelerplatz across from St. Michael's Gate at the Hofburg Palace.

2016-10-26T17:58:48Z

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |[[Monastery of Saint Anthony]] |[[File:Antonius Kloster BW 7.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Eastern Desert]] |[[Egypt]] |356 |[[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox]] |Partially destroyed in the 11th century and rebuilt; very little of the original structure remains. |[[Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion]] |[[File:Ark of the Covenant church in Axum Ethiopia.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Axum]] |[[Ethiopia]] |4th century |[[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|Ethiopian Orthodox]] |Originally built in the 4th century, it has been rebuilt several times, most recently in the 17th century during the reign of Emperor [[Fasilides]]. {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |[[Dura-Europos church]] |[[File:DuraEuropos-Church.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Dura-Europos]] |[[Syria]] |{{circa|241}}<ref name="Dura-Europos">{{cite web|last=Silver|first=Carly|title=Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/|publisher=''[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]''|accessdate=16 November 2013|date=11 August 2010}}</ref> |[[Early Christianity|Early Church]] |[[House church]]. Several walls still standing, oldest images of Jesus discovered within the surviving frescoes of the large [[baptistry]] room. Fragments of [[parchment]] scrolls with [[Hebrew]] texts unearthed containing Christian [[Eucharist]]ic prayers closely connected with the prayers in the ''[[Didache]]''.<ref>J.L. Teicher, "Ancient Eucharistic Prayers in Hebrew (Dura-Europos Parchment D. Pg. 25)", ''The Jewish Quarterly Review'' New Series '''54'''.2 (October 1963), pp. 99–109</ref> |[[Megiddo church (Israel)|Megiddo church]] | |[[Legio]] near [[Tel Megiddo]] |[[Israel]] |late 3rd century<ref>''The Ancient Church at Megiddo: The Discovery and an Assessment of its Significance'' E Adams – The Expository Times, 2008 "... chronologically distinct. The structure at Megiddo is obviously not a basilica. According to Tepper, the Megiddo church is a unique ecclesiastical form. It could not have resembled the church buildings of the late third century."</ref> |Early Church |Ruins discovered on prison grounds in 2005, possibly oldest building constructed as a church ever discovered. It retains mosaic floor decoration with Christian motifs – possibly the oldest building with this feature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/nov/07/israel.artsnews |title=Holy Land's 'oldest church' found at Armageddon |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Chris |last=McGreal|date=7 November 2005 |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> |[[Aqaba Church]] |[[File:Early church of Aqaba02.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Aqaba]] |[[Jordan]] |late 3rd-eartly 4th century<ref name="aqaba">{{cite web|last=Rose|first=Mark|title=Early Church at Aqaba|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html|accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> |Early Church |Early Church|Ruins uncovered in 1988; Remains of an early basilica.<ref>http://archive.archaeology.org/9811/newsbriefs/aqaba.html</ref> Considered to be the world's first purpose-built church.<ref>http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-purpose-built-church</ref> |[[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]] |[[File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Vagharshapat]] |[[Armenia]] |301 (tradition); current church: late 5th century |Armenian Apostolic Church |According to scholars it was the first [[cathedral]] (but not the first church) built in [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|ancient Armenia]]. |[[Ma'loula#Mar Sarkis|Mar Sarkis Monastery]] |[[File:Monastery St Sergios 3.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Ma'loula]] |[[Syria]] |4th century |[[Syriac Catholic Church|Syriac Catholic]] |Built in the 4th century on the remains of a pagan temple, it likely predates the [[First Council of Nicaea|Council of Nicea]] (325 AD) as evidenced by the fact that it has a round altar, which was prohibited at the Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/syria/maalula |title=Maalula Monasteries, Syria |publisher=sacred-destinations.com |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> The monastery suffered extensive damage and desecration in the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10768900/Syria-war-Maaloulas-monastery-destroyed-after-Assad-forces-drive-rebels-out.html |location=London |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |first=Peter |last=Oborne |title=Syria war: Maaloula's monastery destroyed after Assad forces drive rebels out |date=15 April 2014}}</ref> |[[Sts. Constantine & Helena Cathedral, Yabroud|Sts. Constantine & Helena Cathedral]] | |[[Yabroud]] |Syria |326 |Syriac Catholic |Originally built as a pagan temple dedicated to [[Baalshamin]] during the first millennium BC, it was converted to a church when [[Helena (empress)|St. Helen]] passed through the city on her way back to Rome from Jerusalem. The church was damaged during the [[Syrian Civil War]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/10384025/The-damage-done-to-Syrias-oldest-church-seen-first-hand.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Christine |last=Marlow |title=The damage done to 'Syria's oldest church' seen first hand |date=16 October 2013}}</ref> |[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] |[[File:The Church of the Holy Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Jerusalem]] | |335 |[[Simultaneum]] |Originally completed in 335, the building suffered extensive damage and was almost completely destroyed in 1009. The church was rebuilt in 1038. |[[Mar Mattai monastery]] |[[File:Mor-mattai.png|120px|center]] |[[Mount Alfaf]] |[[Iraq]] |363 |[[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] |Extensively rebuilt over the years with the earliest portions built during the 4th century. |[[Kasagh Basilica]] |[[File:Basilica of the Holy Cross (Aparan, Armenia).jpg|120px|center]] |[[Aparan]] |[[Armenia]] |4th or 5th century |[[Armenian Apostolic Church|Armenian Apostolic]] |Original building retains many ancient features. |[[Mor Gabriel Monastery]] |[[File:Deyrulumur P1040804 20080425103239.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Midyat]] |[[Turkey]] |397 |[[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] |Built on the ruins of an old Assyrian temple, the property is now currently subject to a dispute between the Turkish government and the church. |[[Chora Church]] |[[File:Chora Church Constantinople 2007 panorama 002.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Istanbul]] |[[Turkey]] |4th century |[[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] |Very little remains of the 4th-century structure, but it contains impressive 13th-century mosaic decoration. It was converted to a mosque in 1501 and has been a museum since the time of [[Ataturk]].<ref>http://www.choramuseum.com/chora-church/</ref> |[[Hagia Irene]] |[[File:Hagia Eirene Constantinople July 2007 002.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Istanbul]] |[[Turkey]] |4th century |Eastern Orthodox |Now a museum and concert hall (due to its excellent acoustics). Its excellent state of preservation is due to the fact that it lies inside the Ottoman palace complex ([[Topkapı Palace]]).<ref>http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-eirene</ref> |[[Jubail Church]] |[[File:Jubail Church.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Al-Jubail]] |[[Saudi Arabia]] |4th century |[[Ancient Church of the East|Assyrian Church]] |[[Church of St Peter]] |[[File:Antioch Saint Pierre Church Front.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Antioch]] ([[Antakya]]) |[[Turkey]] |4th or 5th century |Syriac Orthodox |[[List of cave monasteries|Cave church]] used by very first Christians of Antioch, where St. Peter presided as bishop. Known by its original [[Aramaic]] name of ''Knisset Mar Semaan Kefa.'' Extensively reconstructed, with oldest surviving elements from 4th or 5th century.<ref>Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell Glenn Reddish, [https://books.google.com/books?id=248rXe16v9YC&source=gbs_navlinks_s A guide to biblical sites in Greece and Turkey] (Oxford University Press US, 2003), pg. 149</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |[[Cathedral of Saint Domnius]] |[[File:Cathedral_of_Split1.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Split, Croatia|Split]] |[[Croatia]] |295–305 |[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |Built 295–305 as the Mausoleum of emperor [[Diocletian]], is the second oldest structure used by any Christian Cathedral. Consecrated in 641 AD, is regarded as the oldest Catholic cathedral in the world that remains in use in its original structure, without near-complete renovation at a later date. |[[Arch of Galerius and Rotunda|Rotunda of St. George]] |[[File:Rotunda of Galerius (February 2009).jpg|120px|center]] |[[Thessaloniki]] |[[Greece]] |306 |[[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] |Currently serves as a museum, although the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] has access to the church for various festivities. Structure built in 305 and consecrated later in the century. |[[Santi Cosma e Damiano]] |[[File:Palatine view of temple of romulus.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |c. 309 |[[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] |Occupies the former space of the [[Temple of Romulus]] in the [[Roman Forum]]. |[[Saint Sofia Church, Sofia|Saint Sofia Church]] |[[File:Basilica of Hagia Sofia, Bulgaria.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Sofia]] |[[Bulgaria]] |313 |[[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] |The church was built near the [[Amphitheatre of Serdica]]. 343 in the building took place the [[Council of Sardica|Council of Serdica]] that was attended by 316 bishops. |[[Panagia Ekatontapiliani]] |[[File:EKPYL 2881.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Parikia]] |[[Greece]] |326 |Greek Orthodox |Panagia Ekatontapyliani (also known as the Church of 100 Doors) is a historic [[Byzantine]] church complex. |[[Stavrovouni Monastery]] |[[File:Stravrovoini monastry.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Larnaca]] |[[Cyprus]] |327–329<ref>'''Ιερά Μονή Σταυροβουνίου''', Έκδοση Ιεράς Μονής Σταυροβουνίου, 1998, Λευκωσία, Κύπρος. ISBN 9963-615-02-3 (In Greek).</ref> |Greek Orthodox |It was founded by [[Helena of Constantinople|Saint Helena]] the mother of the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Constantine the Great]] at the place where after a miracle she found the lost [[True Cross|Holy Cross]] on her way back from her pilgrimage to the [[Holy Land]]. Saint Helena went on the pilgrimage after the [[First Council of Nicaea|First Ecumenical Synod]] in Nicaea (325). The monastery has a piece of the [[True Cross|Holy Cross]] left there by [[Helena of Constantinople|Saint Helena]]. |[[Vatican City]] |[[Vatican City State]] |333 |Roman Catholic |Largest church in the world and the seat of [[Roman Catholicism]], the current church (1635) is built on the site of the original basilica and the grave of [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] (who was [[martyr]]ed in Rome).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/monumenti/basilica-di-s-pietro/necropoli-precostantiniana.html |title=Pre-Constantinian Necropolis |publisher=Vatican City State |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> The actual grave is visible in excavations under the church. The original floor and columns are visible in a space under the 17th-century floor. |[[Santa Maria in Trastevere]] |[[File:Santa Maria in Trastevere front.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |340 |Roman Catholic |The first sanctuary was built in 221 and 227 by [[Pope Callixtus I]] and later completed by [[Pope Julius I|Julius I]], but the oldest parts of the present church, the wall structure and floors, date from 340 AD<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoteldesartistes.com/rome-churches.html |title=Rome attractions : Rome Churches and Basilicas Guide |publisher=Hoteldesartistes.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rome-explorer.com/rome-guide/santa_maria_in_trastevere.html |title=Santa Maria in Trastevere |publisher=Rome-explorer.com |date= |accessdate=2012-06-13}}</ref> |[[Cathedral of Trier]] |[[File:Trier Dom BW 1.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Trier]] |[[Germany]] |340 |Roman Catholic |Oldest cathedral in Germany, and still in use today. Its construction was overseen by Bishop [[Maximin of Trier]], the construction of the grandest ensemble of ecclesiastical structures in the West outside Rome. A few 4th-century elements remain in a mainly [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] building. |[[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan|Basilica di San Lorenzo]] |[[File:Fale - Milano - 85 retouched.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |364 |Roman Catholic |When built, it was the biggest circular church building standing. It was an inspiration for the [[Hagia Sofia]] in Constantinople. Some ancient features remain. |[[Basilica di San Simpliciano]] |[[File:Lombardia Milano9 tango7174.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |c. 374 |Roman Catholic |Exterior walls are original from the late 4th century. Roman basilica windows as in [[Cathedral of Trier]] are still visible on the flanks of the basilica. |[[Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains]] |[[File:Metz st pierre nonnains.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Metz]] |[[France]] |380 |Roman Catholic |Originally built to be part of a Roman spa complex, the structure was converted into use as a church in the 7th century when it became the chapel of a [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine]] monastery. It is the oldest church building in [[France]]. |[[San Nazaro in Brolo]] |[[File:IMG 5599 - Milano - S. Nazaro Maggiore - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto - 21-2-2007.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |c. 382 |Roman Catholic |One of the earliest Latin cross buildings in western Europe; retains few ancient features.<ref>http://www.arte.it/guida-arte/milano/da-vedere/chiesa/basilica-di-san-nazaro-maggiore-detta-in-brolo-1498</ref> |[[San Paolo fuori le mura]] |[[File:Roma San Paolo fuori le mura BW 1.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |386 |Roman Catholic |One of the four major [[Constantine the Great|Constantinian]] basilicas in [[Rome]], and the only one to retain its antique character, the basilica was heavily damaged by an 1823 fire. It was rebuilt true to form, however, so it remains one of the best "preserved" Constantinian basilicas in the Roman world. All that remain of the ancient basilica are the interior portions of the apse and the triumphal arch.<ref>http://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/san_paolo/en/basilica/storia.htm</ref> |[[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] |[[File:Basilique Santi Giovanni e Paolo de Rome.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |398 |Roman Catholic |A 4th-century basilica was erected on the site of one of the most well-preserved "house churches" of early [[Christianity]] (dating from the 1st, 2nd or 3rd century), with intact [[fresco]] decoration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caseromane.it/storia.html |title=Case Romane del Celio |publisher=Case Romane del Celio |date= |accessdate=14 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923005702/http://www.caseromane.it/storia.html |archivedate=23 September 2014 |language=Italian}}</ref> The houses are part of a museum currently, but the basilica still functions as a church. |[[Basilica di Sant'Eustorgio]] ruins |[[File:Side view of Saint Eustorgius Church in Milan.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Milan]] |[[Italy]] |c. 4th century |Roman Catholic |Some ruins remain of the apse of the ancient basilica. |[[Church of St. George, Sofia|Church of St. George]] |[[File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Sofia]] |[[Bulgaria]] |4th century |[[Bulgarian Orthodox Church|Bulgarian Orthodox]] ||Built by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] with many later additions, St. George is the oldest building in [[Sofia]] and the only one dating from the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] era. Still a functioning church.<ref>http://www.svgeorgi-rotonda.com/index.php?lang=en</ref> |[[Aula Palatina]] (Konstantinbasilika) |[[File:Konstantinbasilika Trier 2016.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Trier]] |[[Germany]] |4th century |[[Evangelical Church in the Rhineland]] |A Roman palace basilica that was built by the Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] at the beginning of the 4th century. The basilica contains the largest extant hall from antiquity. The church was converted to Protestant use from its original Roman Catholic use in 1856.<ref>http://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier-basilica.html</ref> |[[Santi Nereo e Achilleo]] |[[File:21 caracalla ss nereo 3 000213.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th century |Roman Catholic |Adjoins the [[Baths of Caracalla]] at the site where [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] is said to have dropped the cloth covering his wounds upon his removal from the [[Mamertine Prison]]. First referenced in 336, a 15th-century basilica sits on its original site; only the columns are original.<ref>http://www.tesoridiroma.net/chiese_medioevo/san_nereo_achilleo.html</ref> |[[Santa Pudenziana]] |[[File:Apsis mosaic, Santa Pudenziana, Rome photo Sixtus enhanced TTaylor.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th century |Roman Catholic |Retains original and unique late Roman [[mosaic]] decoration.<ref>http://www.stpudenziana.org/</ref> |[[San Clemente al Laterano]] |[[File:Alexius of Rome saint clemente.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th century |Roman Catholic |[[Santa Costanza]] |[[File:Santa Costanza - vista dalla basilica costantiniana.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th century |Roman Catholic |Built under [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] as a mausoleum for his daughter, Costanza. Retains many original mosaic decorations, and her [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] sarcophagus is a gem of the [[Vatican Museums|Vatican Museum]]. |[[Santi Quattro Coronati]] |[[File:Santi Quattro 0511-13 cortile interno.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th century |Roman Catholic |Sanctuary is located in an isolated green area of Rome, so it retains the ambience of the area in antiquity. {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |[[Paromeos Monastery]] |[[File:Paromeos Monastery.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Wadi El Natrun]] |[[Egypt]] |6th century |Coptic Orthodox |Founded in 335, but oldest remaining part dates from the 6th century. |[[Debre Damo]] |[[File:Debre Damo Church.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Tigray Region]] |[[Ethiopia]] |6th century |Ethiopian Orthodox |The best preserved example of [[Aksumite Architecture]]. {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |462 |Greek Orthodox |No longer a functioning church, and was a mosque until it fell into ruin. As with many other archaeological sites in Turkey, plans to revert the ruins back into a mosque are underway.<ref>http://www.meforum.org/3536/hagia-sophia-mosque</ref> |[[Qalb Loze]] |[[File:QalbLoze,W.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Qalb Loze]] |[[Syria]] |5th century |Assyrian Church |The church at Qalb Lozeh dates back to the 460s AD and is one of the best-preserved churches of this period in the region. The church is the first known in Syria with the wide basilica, where the columns that in traditional Byzantine church architecture separate the aisles from the nave have been replaced with low piers and soaring arches that create the feeling of expanded space. |475 |Greek Orthodox |No longer a functioning church, but walls still standing. |479–493 |[[Georgian Orthodox Church|Georgian Orthodox]] |The oldest extant church building in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. |[[Turmanin|Turmanin Basilica]] |[[File:Church of Turmanin.png|120px|center]] |[[Turmanin]] |[[Syria]] |480 |Early Church |The basilica, which is currently in ruins, served as a monastery and hospice.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Quodlibet (journal)|Quodlibet Journal]] |[[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]] |[[File:Էջմիածնի Մայր Տաճար.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Vagharshapat]] |[[Armenia]] |483 |Armenian Apostolic |The current building was erected in 483 and heavily rebuilt in the following centuries. It still functions as a church and is the main cathedral of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is listed among the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s. |[[Mor Hananyo Monastery]] |[[File:Deyrulzaferan.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Mardin]] |[[Turkey]] |493 |Syriac Orthodox |It was founded in 493 by Mor Shlemon on the site of a temple dedicated to the Assyrian sun god Shamash that was converted into a citadel by the Romans. After the Romans withdrew from the fortress, it was transformed it into a monastery. Better known as Saffron Monastery. (Deir-ul-Zafran) |[[Little Hagia Sophia]] |[[File:Sergius and Bacchus Church February 2011.JPG|120px|center]] |[[Istanbul]] |[[Turkey]] |527 |Greek Orthodox |A former Eastern Orthodox church dedicated to Saints Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople, converted into a mosque during the Ottoman Empire. This Byzantine building with a central dome plan was erected in the 6th century by [[Justinian]], likely was a model for [[Hagia Sophia]], and is one of the most important early Byzantine buildings in Istanbul. Poorly executed restorations leave the church with a modern character.<ref>http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/go/Istanbul/Sights/Sultanahmet/k_ayasofya.html</ref> |[[Hagia Sophia]] |[[File:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 002.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Istanbul]] |Turkey |532–537 |Greek Orthodox |For almost 1,000 years it was the largest church in Christendom, the main center of worship for the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], and the jewel of [[Istanbul|Constantinople]]. In 1453, it was captured and converted into a [[mosque]], becoming a museum in 1932 under [[Atatürk]]. |[[Saint Catherine's Monastery]] |[[File:Katharinenkloster Sinai BW 2.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Saint Catherine, Egypt|Saint Catherine]] |[[Egypt]] |c. 550 |Greek Orthodox |Oldest functioning Christian [[Monastery#Christian|monastery]] in the world. First chapel on the site established by Saint Helena over the burning bush seen by Moses. Later emperor Justinian established a monastery on the spot which composes most of the modern structure, although the original chapel survives as it was incorporated into the central basilica, as well as a tower which is now the Chapel of the Life-giving Spring. |c. 550–600 |Georgian Orthodox |The oldest church building in [[Abkhazia]], still functioning as a church. |West Bank |c. 565 |Simultaneum |One of the oldest church buildings in the world which has continuously functioned as a church. |590–604 |Georgian Orthodox |A [[World Heritage Site]]. {|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" |400 |Roman Catholic |Although it was restored several times, the church retains its original structure and walls; it actually sits below street level due to its age and relative lack of major structural renovations. The [[portico]] is one of the most ancient parts of the church. |422 |Roman Catholic |Mostly unaltered, with some original [[mosaic]] decoration and agate window treatments. Notably, wooden doors date from around the same era and contain an early depiction of the crucifixion. |424 |Roman Catholic |Partially original walls, with original floors and columns under layers of new floors. |432 |Roman Catholic |Features intact original [[mosaic]] decoration, including some of the oldest depictions of the [[Virgin Mary]]. 18th-century façade covers 12th-century façade which replaced the original. |450–470 |Greek Orthodox |The Acheiropoietos has been dated from its bricks and mosaics to c. 450–470, making it perhaps the earliest of the city's surviving churches. It was modified in the 7th century and again in the 14th and 15th centuries, but retains much of its original character. Known as the Panagia Theotokos in Byzantine times, it is dedicated to Mary. |455 |Roman Catholic |Believed to be the first church in Rome with a circular plan, inspired by the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]]. |460 |Roman Catholic |Built for the [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Goths]] by [[Ricimer]], this ancient church retains its original site plan and columns, despite many restorations. |[[Stenče Basilica]] |[[Polog Valley]] |[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] |420–465 |Early Church |To date remains of 16 early Christian basilicas have been revealed in the Polog Valley, of which 12 in Tetovo area and 4 in Gostivar area, and best has been investigated the one in Stenče dating from the 5th century AD, which is unique in Macedonia with 3 baptisteries. |[[Santa Prisca]] |[[File:Santa Prisca-facciata-antmoose.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Rome]] |[[Italy]] |4th or 5th century |[[Roman Catholic]] |In the interior, the columns are the only visible remains of the ancient church after a 17th-century restoration, but the floor plan remains. A baptismal font allegedly used by Saint Peter is also conserved. |Italy |547 |Roman Catholic |The best-preserved basilica from the time of [[Justinian I]], filled with outstanding [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] [[mosaics]] in an excellent state of preservation. |[[Netherlands]] |c. 550 |Roman Catholic |The oldest church in the [[Netherlands]]. There was a small memorial chapel on the site dedicated to the [[Saint Servatius]] (310–384), who became the first bishop of [[Maastricht]], and this was later replaced by a larger stone church, incorporating the ancient stone. |[[United Kingdom]] |597 |[[Church of England|Anglican]] |The oldest church building in [[England]], still functioning as a church. |[[Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras|Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul]] |[[File:PetrovaCrkva2008.jpg|120px|center]] |[[Stari Ras]], [[Novi Pazar]] |[[Serbia]] |6th century |[[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] |Also known as Peter's Church (Serbian: Петрова црква / Petrova crkva), it is a [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] church, the oldest intact church in Serbia. It is situated on a hill of Ras, the medieval capital of the [[Serbian Grand Principality]] (Rascia), near [[Novi Pazar]], [[Serbia]]. It is part of the [[Stari Ras]] complex, listed on the UNESCO [[List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia]]. The foundations of the structure date from the 6th century, with the rest from the 7th, 9th, and 12th centuries.<ref>http://www.serbia.travel/culture/religious-buildings/orthodox-churches-middle-ages/church-of-the-holy-apostles-peter-and-paul-petrova-church/</ref> |[[Church of St John the Baptist, Kerch]] |717 |[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox]] |Founded in 717, later rebuilt on several occasions. |c. 977 |Roman Catholic |Facade restored, but very much intact. Constructed by [[Galla Placidia]]. *St. George's Church, [[Rihab]], [[Jordan]], 1st to 8th centuries. Dates are contested by experts but area under the church may have been used for Christian worship as early as 33 AD<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/06/12/doubts-raised-about-ancient-christian-shrine-in-jordan/ |work=Fox News |title=Doubts Raised About Ancient Christian Shrine in Jordan |date=12 June 2008}}</ref><ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/06/080613-old-church.html</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7446812.stm |work=BBC News |first=Matt |last=McGrath |title=Jordan cave may be oldest church |date=10 June 2008}}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" |Denmark |1060 |Lutheran |An older wooden church was on the site in the 10th century. The crypt of the church is the oldest extant stone church in Scandinavia. It is still functioning as a church. |Italy |1063 |Roman Catholic |Built on the foundations of an older church. Dedicated to the Assumption of St. Mary, it is a [[Primate (bishop)|Primatial]] church. |Austria |1220–1240 |Roman Catholic |One of the oldest churches in Vienna, Austria, and also one of its few remaining Romanesque buildings. Dedicated to the Archangel Michael, St. Michael's Church is located at Michaelerplatz across from St. Michael's Gate at the Hofburg Palace.

2016-10-26T18:01:39Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Association_of_Historic_Towns_and_Regions&diff=154359336&oldid=137150807

It defines its principle objective as 'the identification and and sharing of experience and good practice in the sustainable urban conservation and management of historic areas through international collaboration and co-operation between towns and cities and other involved organisations'. [http://www.historic-towns.org Official website] {{eu-stub}}

2007-06-10T00:47:03Z

It defines its principle objective as 'the identification and sharing of experience and good practice in the sustainable urban conservation and management of historic areas through international collaboration and co-operation between towns and cities and other involved organisations'. * [http://www.historic-towns.org Official website] {{eu-stub}}

2007-08-29T10:28:48Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_minarets&diff=860222749&oldid=860220242

|- |[[Minaret of Jam]] |[[File:Minaret of jam 2009 ghor.jpg|frameless|133x133px]] |[[Shahrak District]] |[[Afghanistan]] |[[South Asia]] |65 |213 |1194 AD<ref name="jam2" /> | Endangered | In [[List of World Heritage in Danger|UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger]] | <ref name="jam1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28969385|title=Afghan historic minaret of Jam 'in danger of collapse'|last=|first=|date=28 August 2014|website=bbc.co.uk|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="jam2">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211|title=Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam|last=|first=|date=|website=unesco.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>

2018-09-19T04:53:32Z

|- |[[Minaret of Jam]] |[[File:Minaret of jam 2009 ghor.jpg|frameless|133x133px]] |[[Shahrak District]] |[[Afghanistan]] |[[South Asia]] |65 |213 |1194 AD<ref name="jam2" /> | Endangered | In [[List of World Heritage in Danger|UNESCO List of World Heritage in Danger]] |<ref name="jam1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28969385|title=Afghan historic minaret of Jam 'in danger of collapse'|last=|first=|date=28 August 2014|website=bbc.co.uk|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="jam2">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/211|title=Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam|last=|first=|date=|website=unesco.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref>

2018-09-19T05:27:37Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saving_Our_Vanishing_Heritage&diff=395542178&oldid=395541798

'''''Saving Our Vanishing Heritage: Safeguarding Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites in the Developing World''''' is a report released by [[Global Heritage Fund|Global Heritage Fund (GHF)]] on October 17, 2010.<ref>http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/introduction</ref> It illuminates five accelerating man-made threats facing global heritage sites in developing countries: development pressures, unsustainable tourism, insufficient management, looting, and war and conflict. Based on these threats, the report surveys 500 major archaeological and heritage sites in developing countries to evaluate current loss and destruction, conservation and development. It identifies nearly 200 of these sites as "At Risk” or “Under Threat,” and the following 12 as “On the Verge” of irreparable loss and destruction:<ref>http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/</ref>

2010-11-08T13:45:46Z

'''''Saving Our Vanishing Heritage: Safeguarding Endangered Cultural Heritage Sites in the Developing World''''' is a report released by [[Global Heritage Fund|Global Heritage Fund (GHF)]] on October 17, 2010.<ref>http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/introduction</ref> It illuminates five accelerating man-made threats facing global heritage sites in developing countries: development pressures, unsustainable tourism, insufficient management, looting, and war and conflict. Based on these threats, the report surveys 500 major archaeological and heritage sites in developing countries to evaluate current loss and destruction, conservation and development. It identifies nearly 200 of these sites as "At Risk” or “Under Threat,” and the following 12 as “On the Verge” of irreparable loss and destruction:<ref>http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/</ref>

2010-11-08T13:48:44Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Memorials_Trust&diff=478584121&oldid=478584037

War Memorials Trust was registered as a charity on 7th May 1997. It was originally known as Friends of War Memorials. [[Sir Donald Thompson]], then MP for Calderdale, [[Winston Churchill (grandson)|Winston S Churchill]], grandson of the wartime Prime Minister, and Ian Davidson, a former Royal Marine, were amongst those involved in founding the charity.<ref>http://www.warmemorials.org/history/ History. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</ref> Sir Donald Thompson became the Director-General of the charity and Winston S Churchill the President. At the end of 2004 the Trustees of the charity decided upon a new name, War Memorials Trust, to replace Friends of War Memorials. The change came into effect in January 2005. To support the new name the Trustees approved a change of logo which was introduced in 2005.<ref>http://www.warmemorials.org/logo/ Logo. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</ref>

2012-02-24T10:36:45Z

War Memorials Trust was registered as a charity on 7th May 1997. It was originally known as Friends of War Memorials. [[Donald Thompson|Sir Donald Thompson]], then MP for Calderdale, [[Winston Churchill (grandson)|Winston S Churchill]], grandson of the wartime Prime Minister, and Ian Davidson, a former Royal Marine, were amongst those involved in founding the charity.<ref>http://www.warmemorials.org/history/ History. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</ref> Sir Donald Thompson became the Director-General of the charity and Winston S Churchill the President. At the end of 2004 the Trustees of the charity decided upon a new name, War Memorials Trust, to replace Friends of War Memorials. The change came into effect in January 2005. To support the new name the Trustees approved a change of logo which was introduced in 2005.<ref>http://www.warmemorials.org/logo/ Logo. Retrieved 2012-01-05.</ref>

2012-02-24T10:37:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budoji&diff=88617457&oldid=88617427

'''Budoji'''(부도지, 符都誌) is narrative literature about the Korean ancient history written by Bak Jesang(박제상) at the period of king Nulji of [[Silla]. In 1953CE, his offspring Bak Geum has published to people, however its original version cannot be identified. The published version of the current Budoji is restoration version based on his memorial about the original Budoji.

2006-11-18T13:52:16Z

'''Budoji'''(부도지, 符都誌) is narrative literature about the Korean ancient history written by Bak Jesang(박제상) at the period of king [[Nulji]] of [[Silla]]. In 1953CE, his offspring Bak Geum has published to people, however its original version cannot be identified. The published version of the current Budoji is restoration version based on his memorial about the original Budoji.

2006-11-18T13:52:33Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesar's_Messiah&diff=721579013&oldid=721578702

In 2013, a conference "Covert Messiah" was organized in London to discuss the film and the book's thesis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.covertmessiah.com|title=Covert Messiah - 19 October 2013|last=Gilmore|first=Ryan|website=www.covertmessiah.com|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> The conference attracted significant interest,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/story-of-jesus-christ-was-fabricated-to-pacify-the-poor-claims-controversial-biblical-scholar-8870879.html|title=Story of Jesus Christ was 'fabricated to pacify the poor', claims|date=2013-10-10|website=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/history/religion/scholar-claims-jesus-was-roman-hoax-131011.htm|title=Scholar Claims Jesus Was a Roman Hoax : DNews|website=DNews (Discovery Channel)|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/was-jesus-real-joseph-atwills-covert-messiah-symposium-aims-settle-non-debate-1429378|title=Was Jesus Real? Joseph Atwill’s Covert Messiah Symposium Aims To Settle The Non-Debate|date=2013-10-17|website=International Business Times|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-siebold/joseph-atwill_b_4119059.html|title=Was Jesus Nothing More Than a Fabrication? Biblical Scholar Says Yes!|date=2013-10-18|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> but also a scathing critique from Richard Carrier (discussed above.) Atwill posted a response to Carrier at his website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caesarsmessiah.com/blog/2013/12/richard-carrier-the-phd-that-drowned-at-gadara/|title=Richard Carrier: The PhD that Drowned at Gadara|last=Atwill|first=Joseph|date=2013|website=Caesar's Messiah|publisher=|access-date=May 22, 2016}}</ref>

2016-05-22T20:05:05Z

In 2013, a conference "Covert Messiah" was organized in London to discuss the film and the book's thesis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.covertmessiah.com|title=Covert Messiah - 19 October 2013|last=Gilmore|first=Ryan|website=www.covertmessiah.com|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> The conference attracted significant interest,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/story-of-jesus-christ-was-fabricated-to-pacify-the-poor-claims-controversial-biblical-scholar-8870879.html|title=Story of Jesus Christ was 'fabricated to pacify the poor', claims|date=2013-10-10|website=The Independent|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/history/religion/scholar-claims-jesus-was-roman-hoax-131011.htm|title=Scholar Claims Jesus Was a Roman Hoax : DNews|website=DNews (Discovery Channel)|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/was-jesus-real-joseph-atwills-covert-messiah-symposium-aims-settle-non-debate-1429378|title=Was Jesus Real? Joseph Atwill’s Covert Messiah Symposium Aims To Settle The Non-Debate|date=2013-10-17|website=International Business Times|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-siebold/joseph-atwill_b_4119059.html|title=Was Jesus Nothing More Than a Fabrication? Biblical Scholar Says Yes!|date=2013-10-18|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-05-22}}</ref> but also a scathing critique from Richard Carrier (discussed above.) Atwill posted a response to Carrier at his website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://caesarsmessiah.com/blog/2013/12/richard-carrier-the-phd-that-drowned-at-gadara/|title=Richard Carrier: The PhD that Drowned at Gadara|last=Atwill|first=Joseph|date=2013|website=Caesar's Messiah|publisher=|access-date=May 22, 2016}}</ref>

2016-05-22T20:07:27Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glastonbury&diff=409726670&oldid=409051208

[[Centwine of Wessex|Centwine]] (676–685) was the first Saxon patron of [[Glastonbury Abbey]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Godden|first=Malcolm|title=Anglo-Saxon England|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521883436|page=51|url=http://books.google.com/?id=i3s1Q4XXIF8C&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Centwine+Glastonbury&q=Centwine%20Glastonbury|coauthors=Simon Keynes|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> In 1016 [[Edmund Ironside]] was crowned king at Glastonbury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eadmund|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php|publisher=Archontology.org|accessdate=5 July 2010}}</ref> After his death later that year he was buried at the abbey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edmund II Ironside |url=http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_15.htm|publisher=English Monarchs|accessdate=5 July 2010}}</ref> To the southwest of the town centre is Beckery, which was once a village in its own right but is now part of the suburbs. Around the 7th and 8th centuries it was occupied by a small monastic community associated with a cemetery.<ref>{{cite web | title=Water and wetlands in medieval estate management: Glastonbury Abbey, Meare and the Somerset Levels in South West England | work=The Exeter Research and Institutional Content archive (ERIC) | url=http://eric.exeter.ac.uk/exeter/handle/10036/23912 | accessdate=29 October 2010}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Anglo-Saxon Glastonbury: Church and Endowment |last=Abrams |first=Lesley |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |location= |isbn=9780851153698 |page=56 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dbuMaZ3JRPwC}}</ref>

2011-01-20T21:52:30Z

[[Centwine of Wessex|Centwine]] (676–685) was the first Saxon patron of [[Glastonbury Abbey]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Godden|first=Malcolm|title=Anglo-Saxon England|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521883436|page=51|url=http://books.google.com/?id=i3s1Q4XXIF8C&pg=PA51&lpg=PA51&dq=Centwine+Glastonbury&q=Centwine%20Glastonbury|coauthors=Simon Keynes|accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> In 1016 [[Edmund Ironside]] was crowned king at Glastonbury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eadmund|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/anglosaxon/edmund2.php|publisher=Archontology.org|accessdate=5 July 2010}}</ref> After his death later that year he was buried at the abbey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Edmund II Ironside |url=http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_15.htm|publisher=English Monarchs|accessdate=5 July 2010}}</ref> To the southwest of the town centre is Beckery, which was once a village in its own right but is now part of the suburbs. Around the 7th and 8th centuries it was occupied by a small monastic community associated with a cemetery.<ref>{{cite web | title=Water and wetlands in medieval estate management: Glastonbury Abbey, Meare and the Somerset Levels in South West England | work=The Exeter Research and Institutional Content archive (ERIC) | url=http://eric.exeter.ac.uk/exeter/handle/10036/23912 | accessdate=29 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Anglo-Saxon Glastonbury: Church and Endowment |last=Abrams |first=Lesley |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1996 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |location= |isbn=9780851153698 |page=56 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dbuMaZ3JRPwC}}</ref>

2011-01-24T08:52:18Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hoteps&diff=1032454443&oldid=1032454273

The '''hoteps''' are a subculture of [[African Americans]], who and use [[Ancient Egypt]] as a source of [[black pride]].<ref name="Lovett">{{cite journal |last1=Lovett |first1=Miranda |title=Reflecting on the Rise of the Hoteps |journal=Sapiens |date=July 21, 2020 |url=https://www.sapiens.org/culture/hotep/ |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref> The community is [[anti-feminist]], and has been described as promoting [[Pseudohistory|false history]], such as claiming that the [[Ancient Egyptian race controversy|Ancient Egyptians were black]].

2021-07-07T14:44:39Z

The '''hoteps''' are a [[subculture]] of [[African Americans]] who use [[Ancient Egypt]] as a source of [[black pride]].<ref name="Lovett">{{cite journal |last1=Lovett |first1=Miranda |title=Reflecting on the Rise of the Hoteps |journal=Sapiens |date=July 21, 2020 |url=https://www.sapiens.org/culture/hotep/ |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref> The community is [[anti-feminist]], and has been described as promoting [[Pseudohistory|false history]], such as claiming that the [[Ancient Egyptian race controversy|Ancient Egyptians were black]].

2021-07-07T14:46:04Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of..._(TV_series)&diff=158590014&oldid=158573900

#[[Money Pit]] Mystery: A true tale of hidden treasure and mysterious death. Six people have died in the scramble to dig up the [[Oak Island]] treasures, supposedly buried by [[Captain Kidd]].

2007-09-17T20:43:56Z

#[[Oak Island|Money Pit]] Mystery: A true tale of hidden treasure and mysterious death. Six people have died in the scramble to dig up the [[Oak Island]] treasures, supposedly buried by [[Captain Kidd]].

2007-09-17T22:03:23Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc&diff=38998398&oldid=38994747

{{category:Joan of Arc}}

2006-02-10T00:31:17Z

[[category:Joan of Arc]]

2006-02-10T01:00:45Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCERT_textbook_controversies&diff=75729477&oldid=75729411

* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150930.htm Tampering with a textbook: The NCERT wields the axe against a history textbook by [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]

2006-09-14T17:17:23Z

* [http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150930.htm Tampering with a textbook: The NCERT wields the axe against a history textbook by [[Ram Sharan Sharma|R.S. Sharma]]]

2006-09-14T17:17:49Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestinabuch&diff=950880404&oldid=950879819

{{Category:Pseudo-history}} {{Category:Scientific racism}} {{Category:Pseudoarchaeology}} {{Category:Western esotericism}} {{Category:SS-Personnel}} {{Category:People of Nazi Germany}} {{Category:Nazism}} {{Category:Antisemitic forgeries}} {{Category:Antisemitism in Russia}} {{Category:Religious hoaxes}} {{Category:Political forgery}} {{Category:Hoaxes in science}} {{Category:Historical negationism}}

2020-04-14T09:50:06Z

[[Category:Pseudo-history]] [[Category:Nazism]] [[Category:Scientific racism]] [[Category:Antisemitic forgeries]] [[Category:Pseudoarchaeology]] [[Category:Western esotericism}} [[Category:SS-Personnel}} [[Category:People of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Russia]] [[Category:Religious hoaxes]] [[Category:Political forgery]] [[Category:Hoaxes in science]] [[Category:Historical negationism]]

2020-04-14T09:55:13Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Politically_Incorrect_Guide_to_Islam_(and_the_Crusades)&diff=17950822&oldid=17950802

'''''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades)''''' is a book by [[American]] [[Counter-terrorism]]expert [[Robert Spencer]], the director of ''Jihad Watch''. [http://jihadwatch.org] It provides an uncensored look at the Islam during the time period of the Crusades.

2005-07-01T11:26:30Z

'''''The Politically Incorrect Guide to Islam (And the Crusades)''''' is a book by [[American]] [[Counter-terrorism]] expert [[Robert Spencer]], the director of ''Jihad Watch''. [http://jihadwatch.org] It provides an uncensored look at the Islam during the time period of the Crusades.

2005-07-01T11:27:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories&diff=698568190&oldid=698523191

James Tracy, a professor at [[Florida Atlantic University]] who teaches a course on conspiracy theories, has suggested the shooting either did not actually occur or occurred very differently than accounted in mainstream reports, claiming political motives for the coverup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/sandy-hook-samaritan-faces-internet-harassment |title=Sandy hook Samaritan faces internet harassment|author=Stanislava Gaydazhieva|publisher=New Europe Online |date=Jan 16, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://memoryholeblog.com/2012/12/24/the-sandy-hook-massacre-unanswered-questions-and-missing-information/ |title=The Sandy Hook Massacre: Unanswered Questions and Missing Information |last=Tracy |first=James |date=24 December 2012 |publisher=Memory Hole |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> His allegations were strongly criticized by Patricia Llodra, a Newtown [[Board of selectmen|selectwoman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Newtown official furious after Florida professor makes outrageous conspiracy claims saying that Sandy Hook shooting may not have happened |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259754/James-Tracy-Newtown-official-furious-professor-makes-conspiracy-claims-Sandy-Hook-shooting.html |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref> Additionally, Florida Atlantic president Mary Jane Saunders issued a statement that Tracy's views were "not shared by" the university.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandy Hook community leader rips Florida professor who doubted massacre |first=Joshua Rhett |last=Miller |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/01/08/florida-professor-questions-newtown-shooting-massacre-calls-for-more/ |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> In response to his comments, the university opened an investigation of Tracy, who has [[tenure (academic)|tenure]].<ref>{{cite news |title=James Tracy: FAU opens investigation, leaving him unsure of job status |first=Ryan |last=Cortes |url=http://upressonline.com/2013/01/fau-opens-investigation-on-james-tracy-leaving-him-unsure-of-job-status/ |publisher=University Press (Florida Atlantic University) |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>

2016-01-06T17:37:02Z

James Tracy, a professor at [[]] who teaches a course on conspiracy theories, has suggested the shooting either did not actually occur or occurred very differently than accounted in mainstream reports, claiming political motives for the coverup.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/sandy-hook-samaritan-faces-internet-harassment |title=Sandy hook Samaritan faces internet harassment|author=Stanislava Gaydazhieva|publisher=New Europe Online |date=Jan 16, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://memoryholeblog.com/2012/12/24/the-sandy-hook-massacre-unanswered-questions-and-missing-information/ |title=The Sandy Hook Massacre: Unanswered Questions and Missing Information |last=Tracy |first=James |date=24 December 2012 |publisher=Memory Hole |accessdate=15 January 2013}}</ref> His allegations were strongly criticized by Patricia Llodra, a Newtown [[Board of selectmen|selectwoman]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Newtown official furious after Florida professor makes outrageous conspiracy claims saying that Sandy Hook shooting may not have happened |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2259754/James-Tracy-Newtown-official-furious-professor-makes-conspiracy-claims-Sandy-Hook-shooting.html |newspaper=[[Daily Mail]] |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref> Additionally, Florida Atlantic president Mary Jane Saunders issued a statement that Tracy's views were "not shared by" the university.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandy Hook community leader rips Florida professor who doubted massacre |first=Joshua Rhett |last=Miller |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2013/01/08/florida-professor-questions-newtown-shooting-massacre-calls-for-more/ |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> In response to his comments, the university opened an investigation of Tracy, who has [[tenure (academic)|tenure]].<ref>{{cite news |title=James Tracy: FAU opens investigation, leaving him unsure of job status |first=Ryan |last=Cortes |url=http://upressonline.com/2013/01/fau-opens-investigation-on-james-tracy-leaving-him-unsure-of-job-status/ |publisher=University Press (Florida Atlantic University) |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>

2016-01-06T22:56:52Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sun_Language_Theory&diff=4876059&oldid=4876052

The theory was already generally disreputed by the time it was introduced into Turkish politics and education by [[Kemal Mustafa Ataturk]] in [[1935]] at the high point of attempts to clean the Turksih language from foreign influence. It fell into final disregard in the 1950s. [[User:Refdoc|Refdoc]] 20:30, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

2004-07-27T20:30:30Z

The theory was already generally disreputed by the time it was introduced into Turkish politics and education by [[Kemal Ataturk|Kemal Mustafa Ataturk]] in [[1935]] at the high point of attempts to clean the Turksih language from foreign influence. It fell into final disregard in the 1950s. [[User:Refdoc|Refdoc]] 20:30, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC)

2004-07-27T20:46:25Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_denial&diff=311731609&oldid=311731234

[[Image:Sack of jerusalem.JPG|right|thumb|450px|Sack of the [[Second Temple]] depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in Rome.]]

2009-09-03T21:49:31Z

[[Image:Sack of jerusalem.JPG|right|thumb|450px|Sack of the [[Second Temple]] depicted on the inside wall of the [[Arch of Titus]] in Rome.]]

2009-09-03T21:52:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tribe_of_Shabazz&diff=128821528&oldid=128821337

According to the legend the Tribe of Shabazz was a technologically advanced society of kings and queens among men. All other tribes of men developed out of the Tribe of Shabazz, which was the original tribe of mankind. [[Dr. Yakub]] was a member of the tribe according to Elijah Muhammad's traditions.

2007-05-07T02:54:50Z

According to the legend the Tribe of Shabazz was a technologically advanced society of kings and queens among men. All other tribes of men developed out of the Tribe of Shabazz, which was the original tribe of mankind. Dr. [[Yakub]] was a member of the tribe according to Elijah Muhammad's traditions.

2007-05-07T02:55:53Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collegium_Carolinum_(1956–)&diff=768922818&oldid=768922760

[Category:Research institutes in Germany] [Category:Historical research institutes]

2017-03-06T15:20:00Z

[[Category:Research institutes in Germany]] [[Category:Historical research institutes]]

2017-03-06T15:20:25Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Four_penny_coffin&diff=226344162&oldid=226340963

Compared with examples such as [[Glide Memorial Church]] and [[Raphael House]] this shelter in London was considered inadequate for these individuals. It was however considered an inexpensive and compassionate attempt to deal with the relatively new problem of homelessness. This shelter provided relief from the harsh London winters and helped provide new followers to the [[Christian]] faith.

2008-07-17T23:02:53Z

Compared with examples such as [[Glide Memorial Church]] and [[Raphael House]] this shelter in London was considered inadequate for these individuals. It was however considered an inexpensive and compassionate attempt to deal with the relatively new problem of homelessness. This shelter provided relief from the harsh [[London]] winters and helped provide new followers to the [[Christian]] faith.

2008-07-17T23:22:48Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliamentary_cretinism&diff=163146240&oldid=163143676

'''Parliamentary cretinism''' is a term originally coined by [[Karl Marx]] in chapter five of his ''Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte''<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/index.htm</ref>, published in [[1852]] following the [[French coup of 1851|Louis Napoleon's coup d'état]] in [[France]]. It describes the belief that a [[socialist]] society can be achieved by peaceful, [[parliamentary]] means. Marx and Engels considered this a fatal delusion for the socialist movement, believing it would only waste time and allow [[reactionary]] forces to grow stronger.

2007-10-08T18:32:15Z

'''Parliamentary cretinism''' is a term originally coined by [[Karl Marx]] in chapter five of his ''Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte''<ref>http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/index.htm</ref>, published in [[1852]] following [[French coup of 1851|Louis Napoleon's coup d'état]] in [[France]]. It describes the belief that a [[socialist]] society can be achieved by peaceful, [[parliamentary]] means. Marx and Engels considered this a fatal delusion for the socialist movement, believing it would only waste time and allow [[reactionary]] forces to grow stronger.

2007-10-08T18:43:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settler_society&diff=455297909&oldid=455297856

Sherene H. Razack ''Race, space, and the law: Unmapping a white settler society'' Toronto, Ontario: Between the Lines, 2002 D Pearson, "Theorizing citizenship in British settler societies" ''Ethnic and Racial Studies,'' 2002.

2011-10-13T00:39:06Z

*Sherene H. Razack ''Race, space, and the law: Unmapping a white settler society'' Toronto, Ontario: Between the Lines, 2002 *D Pearson, "Theorizing citizenship in British settler societies" ''Ethnic and Racial Studies,'' 2002.

2011-10-13T00:39:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_and_Slaving_in_World_History:_A_Bibliography&diff=1158705428&oldid=1158705325

[http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/bib/ The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving]], [[University of Virginia]]: a searchable database of 25,000 scholarly works on slavery and the slave trade in all western European languages. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71612548.pdf Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, 1900—91] by Joseph C. Miller, pdf version that includes Volume I of the original work plus the years 1992—1994

2023-06-05T18:59:40Z

* [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/bib/ The Bibliography of Slavery and World Slaving]], [[University of Virginia]]: a searchable database of 25,000 scholarly works on slavery and the slave trade in all western European languages. * [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71612548.pdf Slavery and Slaving in World History: A Bibliography, 1900—91] by Joseph C. Miller, pdf version that includes Volume I of the original work plus the years 1992—1994

2023-06-05T19:00:23Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toreatae&diff=73302694&oldid=73302660

The '''Toreatae''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|Τορεᾶται}}, [[Strabo]] xi. 2. 11)or '''Toretae''' (Greek: {{polytonic|Τορεταί}}, [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. B.]] ''s. v.''; Dionys. Per. 682; [[Pliny the Elder|Plin.]] vi. 5; [[Mela]], i. 2; Avien. ''Orb. Terr.'' 867) were a tribe of the [[Maeotae]] in [[Asiatic Sarmatia]]. [[Ptolemy]] (v. 9. § 9) mentions a {{polytonic|Τορετικὴ ἀκρὰ}} in Asiatic Sarmatia; and in another passage (iii. 5. § 25) he speaks of the {{polytonic|Τορεκκάδαι}} ([[Torekkadae]]) as a people in [[European Sarmatia]], who are perhaps the same as the Toretae or Toreatae.

2006-09-01T22:32:03Z

The '''Toreatae''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: {{polytonic|Τορεᾶται}}, [[Strabo]] xi. 2. 11) or '''Toretae''' (Greek: {{polytonic|Τορεταί}}, [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. B.]] ''s. v.''; Dionys. Per. 682; [[Pliny the Elder|Plin.]] vi. 5; [[Mela]], i. 2; Avien. ''Orb. Terr.'' 867) were a tribe of the [[Maeotae]] in [[Asiatic Sarmatia]]. [[Ptolemy]] (v. 9. § 9) mentions a {{polytonic|Τορετικὴ ἀκρὰ}} in Asiatic Sarmatia; and in another passage (iii. 5. § 25) he speaks of the {{polytonic|Τορεκκάδαι}} ([[Torekkadae]]) as a people in [[European Sarmatia]], who are perhaps the same as the Toretae or Toreatae.

2006-09-01T22:32:19Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport&diff=550041397&oldid=550041273

'''Sport''' refers to a [[Competition|competitive]] [[physical activity]].<ref name=sportaccord>{{cite web|publisher=SportAccord|url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881|title=Definition of sport}}</ref> <ref name=council>{{cite web|last=Council of Europe|title=The Europien sport charter|url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451|accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>

2013-04-12T18:46:44Z

'''Sport''' refers to a [[Competition|competitive]] [[physical activity]].<ref name=sportaccord>{{cite web|publisher=SportAccord|url=http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881|title=Definition of sport}}</ref><ref name=council>{{cite web|last=Council of Europe|title=The Europien sport charter|url=https://wcd.coe.int/wcd/ViewDoc.jsp?id=206451|accessdate=2012-03-05}}</ref>

2013-04-12T18:47:36Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hybrid_sports&diff=180974333&oldid=180974227

The Irish sports of Hurling and Comogie, and the Scottish sport of Shity are combined to create [[Composite rules Shinty/Hurling]]. Additionally, Gaelic Football and [[Australian Rules Football]] are combined in relation to the formation of [[International Rules Football]].

2007-12-30T12:50:56Z

The [[Irish]] sports of [[Hurling]] and [[Comogie, and the [[Scottish]] sport of [[Shity]] are combined to create [[Composite rules Shinty/Hurling]]. Additionally, [[Gaelic Football]] and [[Australian Rules Football]] are combined in relation to the formation of [[International Rules Football]].

2007-12-30T12:52:03Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_sports&diff=490088753&oldid=490088438

[[File:CISM Logo.jpg|thumb|140px|The logo of [[International Military Sports Council|CISM]]]].

2012-05-01T08:04:42Z

[[File:CISM Logo.jpg|thumb|140px|The logo of [[International Military Sports Council|CISM]].]]

2012-05-01T08:08:27Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_rating_system&diff=22181165&oldid=22181060

Sports ratings systems can use any number of differing theories for rating teams, but the most prevalent method is called a power rating. The power rating of a team is a calculation of the team's relative strength compared to other teams in the same league or division. The basic idea is the implementation of the law of transitivity, where when A>B and B>C, then one can safely say that the ranking of the three teams should be 1) A, 2) B, 3) C. There are obvious problems with this theory and the rating systems attempt to address these logical breakdowns.

2005-08-30T15:38:58Z

Sports ratings systems can use any number of differing theories for rating teams, but the most prevalent method is called a power rating. The power rating of a team is a calculation of the team's relative strength compared to other teams in the same league or division. The basic idea is the implementation of the law of transitivity, where when A>B and B>C, then one can safely say that the ranking of the three teams should be 1-A, 2-B, and 3-C. There are obvious problems with this theory and the rating systems attempt to address these logical breakdowns.

2005-08-30T15:40:46Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Away_colours&diff=606887427&oldid=602902005

The old FA Cup rules, with almost identical wording, are still used in semis and finals by many county and district football associations in England.<ref>{{cite web|title=RULES OF THE LONDON FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION COUNTY CUP COMPETITIONS 2013-14|url=http://www.londonfa.com/~/media/countysites/londonfa/documents/adult-cup-rules-for-all-comps-2013-14-to-be-re-sent.ashx|publisher=London Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Heavy Woollen District Football Association 2010/11|url=http://resources.thefa.com/images/ftimages/data/league763600/32794.pdf|accessdate=August 25, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WEST RIDING COUNTY SENIOR CUP COMPETITION 2011/12|url=http://www.westridingfa.com/governance/~/media/countysites/wrfa/documents/county-fa-handbook/pages-69-to-191-from-west_riding_hand_book.ashx|publisher=West Riding FA|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WEST RIDING COUNTY FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION LTD Official Handbook Season 2009–2010|url=http://www.bradfordmdschoolsfa.co.uk/docs/West_Riding_Handbook_09.pdf|publisher=West Riding FA|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Prostar Cup rules|url=http://www.barkstonashfa.co.uk/prostar_cuprules.htm|publisher=Barkston Ash District Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Challenge Cup Rules|url=http://www.leedsfa.co.uk/seniorchallengecup/senchallcuprules.htm|publisher=Leeds Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uhlsport Hellenic League|url=http://www.hellenicleague.co.uk/rules/39.html|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>

2014-04-05T19:04:39Z

The old FA Cup rules, with almost identical wording, are still used in semis and finals by many county and district football associations in England.<ref>{{cite web|title=RULES OF THE LONDON FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION COUNTY CUP COMPETITIONS 2013-14|url=http://www.londonfa.com/~/media/countysites/londonfa/documents/adult-cup-rules-for-all-comps-2013-14-to-be-re-sent.ashx|publisher=London Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}} * {{cite web|title=Heavy Woollen District Football Association 2010/11|url=http://resources.thefa.com/images/ftimages/data/league763600/32794.pdf|accessdate=August 25, 2013}} * {{cite web|title=WEST RIDING COUNTY SENIOR CUP COMPETITION 2011/12|url=http://www.westridingfa.com/governance/~/media/countysites/wrfa/documents/county-fa-handbook/pages-69-to-191-from-west_riding_hand_book.ashx|publisher=West Riding FA|accessdate=25 August 2013}} * {{cite web|title=WEST RIDING COUNTY FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION LTD Official Handbook Season 2009–2010|url=http://www.bradfordmdschoolsfa.co.uk/docs/West_Riding_Handbook_09.pdf|publisher=West Riding FA|accessdate=25 August 2013}} * {{cite web|title=Prostar Cup rules|url=http://www.barkstonashfa.co.uk/prostar_cuprules.htm|publisher=Barkston Ash District Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}} * {{cite web|title=Senior Challenge Cup Rules|url=http://www.leedsfa.co.uk/seniorchallengecup/senchallcuprules.htm|publisher=Leeds Football Association|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Uhlsport Hellenic League|url=http://www.hellenicleague.co.uk/rules/39.html|accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>

2014-05-03T11:43:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sporting_colours&diff=3353183&oldid=3353172

* [[http://www.tcd.ie/Clubs/Boat/private/pinks.doc Rules governing the award of a Pink at Trinity College Dublin - '''Caution: Word document''']]

2004-03-19T18:04:36Z

* [http://www.tcd.ie/Clubs/Boat/private/pinks.doc Rules governing the award of a Pink at Trinity College Dublin - '''Caution: Word document''']]

2004-04-26T22:22:06Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danny_Almonte&diff=48887662&oldid=48881905

Danny, who did not speak English at the time, apparently knew nothing about the falsified documentations, and was cleared of wrongdoing. After his father's visa expired, Danny remained in New York under the guardianship of Rolando Paulino, his league founder. He played, along with four of his former teammates, in the [[2004]] [[Public School Athletic League]] championship. In early 2005, Danny moved to the [[Miami, Florida]] area, where he did not play baseball. As of April 2006, he was back in New York and pitching for [[James Monroe High School]] in the Bronx.

2006-04-17T19:38:22Z

Danny, who did not speak English at the time, apparently knew nothing about the falsified documentations, and was cleared of wrongdoing. After his father's visa expired, Danny remained in New York under the guardianship of Rolando Paulino, his league founder. He played, along with four of his former teammates, in the [[2004]] Public School Athletic League championship. In early 2005, Danny moved to the [[Miami, Florida]] area, where he did not play baseball. As of April 2006, he was back in New York and pitching for James Monroe High School in the Bronx.

2006-04-17T20:19:43Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BeoutQ&diff=855932446&oldid=855932345

The beIN Media Group has accused the channel of piracy, including everything from the [[Olympic Games]], [[Formula 1]] and Wimbledon tennis, to the [[Uefa Champions League]], the English Premier League and [[La Liga]]. The channel also broadcast all Fifa World Cup 2018 games.

2018-08-21T19:58:31Z

The [[beIN Media Group]] has accused the channel of piracy, including everything from the [[Olympic Games]], [[Formula 1]] and Wimbledon tennis, to the [[Uefa Champions League]], the English Premier League and [[La Liga]]. The channel also broadcast all Fifa World Cup 2018 games.

2018-08-21T19:59:30Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_Ciprès&diff=453171109&oldid=453099778

'''Morgan Ciprès''' (born 24 April 1991 in [[Melun]]) is a [[France|French]] [[Figure skating|figure skater]] who has competed internationally as both a [[single skating|single skater]] and [[pair skater]]. | SHORT DESCRIPTION =

2011-09-29T19:45:40Z

'''Morgan Ciprès''' (born 24 April 1991 in [[Melun]]) is a [[France|French]] [[Figure skating|figure skater]] who has competed internationally as both a [[single skating|single skater]] and [[pair skater]]. | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Figure skater

2011-09-30T06:31:33Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonya_Harding&diff=923866238&oldid=923866167

Tonya Maxene Harding was born on November 12, 1970, in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940) and Albert Harding (1933–2009).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tillamookheadlightherald.com/obituaries/albert-gordon-harding/article_fbf7f286-1e22-5e3d-8d4b-3c27f9952c35.html |title=Albert Gordon Harding |newspaper=[[Headlight-Herald (Tillamook)|Headlight-Herald]]|publisher=Country Media|location=Tillamook, Oregon|date=April 14, 2009| accessdate=January 20, 2018}}</ref> She was raised in [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] and began skating at age three, training with coach Diane Rawlinson. During her youth, Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned automotive mechanics from her father. He held various odd jobs including managing apartments, driving a truck, and working at a bait-and-tackle store – yet was often [[Underemployment|underemployed]] due to poor health.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5045902/tonya-harding-nancy-kerrigan-1994/|title=Tonya Harding's World Was Nothing Like Nancy Kerrigan's|last=Rothman|first=Lily|magazine=[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=Dec 8, 2017|accessdate=July 12, 2018}}</ref> LaVona struggled to support the family while working as a waitress, and hand-sewed her daughter's skating costumes as they could not afford to purchase them.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-poisoned-ice-vol-41-no-3/|title=Poisoned Ice|last1=Plummer|first1=William |last2=Reed |first2=Susan |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|date=January 24, 1994|accessdate=July 7, 2018|number=3|volume=41}}</ref> Harding's parents divorced after 19 years of marriage in 1987, when she was 16 years old.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2RiUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|url-access=subscription|last1=Prouse|first1=Lynda D.|first2=Tonya|last2=Harding|title=Tonya Tapes|date=2008|page=40|publisher=World Audience|location=New York City|quote=[My parents] divorced in 1987. They separated in February, and then their divorce was final sometime in the summer}}</ref> She later dropped out of [[Milwaukie High School]] during her sophomore year in order to focus on skating, and earned a [[General Educational Development]] (GED) Certificate in 1988.{{sfn|Prouse|Harding|2008|pages=13; 42; 44; 46; 65}}

2019-10-31T08:41:30Z

Tonya Maxene Harding was born on November 12, 1970, in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940) and Albert Harding (1933–2009).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.tillamookheadlightherald.com/obituaries/albert-gordon-harding/article_fbf7f286-1e22-5e3d-8d4b-3c27f9952c35.html |title=Albert Gordon Harding |newspaper=[[Headlight-Herald (Tillamook)|Headlight-Herald]]|publisher=Country Media|location=Tillamook, Oregon|date=April 14, 2009| accessdate=January 20, 2018}}</ref> She was raised in [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] and began skating at age three, training with coach Diane Rawlinson. During her youth, Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned automotive mechanics from her father. He held various odd jobs including managing apartments, driving a truck, and working at a bait-and-tackle store – yet was often [[Underemployment|underemployed]] due to poor health.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://time.com/5045902/tonya-harding-nancy-kerrigan-1994/|title=Tonya Harding's World Was Nothing Like Nancy Kerrigan's|last=Rothman|first=Lily|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=Dec 8, 2017|accessdate=July 12, 2018}}</ref> LaVona struggled to support the family while working as a waitress, and hand-sewed her daughter's skating costumes as they could not afford to purchase them.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-poisoned-ice-vol-41-no-3/|title=Poisoned Ice|last1=Plummer|first1=William |last2=Reed |first2=Susan |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|date=January 24, 1994|accessdate=July 7, 2018|number=3|volume=41}}</ref> Harding's parents divorced after 19 years of marriage in 1987, when she was 16 years old.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2RiUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|url-access=subscription|last1=Prouse|first1=Lynda D.|first2=Tonya|last2=Harding|title=Tonya Tapes|date=2008|page=40|publisher=World Audience|location=New York City|quote=[My parents] divorced in 1987. They separated in February, and then their divorce was final sometime in the summer}}</ref> She later dropped out of [[Milwaukie High School]] during her sophomore year in order to focus on skating, and earned a [[General Educational Development]] (GED) Certificate in 1988.{{sfn|Prouse|Harding|2008|pages=13; 42; 44; 46; 65}}

2019-10-31T08:42:29Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victoria_Sinitsina&diff=535623267&oldid=535623112

Sinitsina and Zhiganshin debuted on the [[ISU Junior Grand Prix|Junior Grand Prix]] circuit at the [[2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2008 Merano Cup]] where they finished 6th. The following [[2009–2010 ISU Junior Grand Prix|JGP season]], they finished 5th at both of their events. They won a pair of silver medals during the [[2010–2011 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2010–2011 JGP season]] and qualified for the [[2010–2011 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|JGP Final]]. At the Final, they won the short dance<ref name=gs101209/> and placed second in the free dance to take the silver behind [[Ksenia Monko]] and [[Kirill Khaliavin]]. They withdrew from the [[2011 Russian Figure Skating Championships|2011 Russian Junior Championships]] due to Sinitsina's illness.<ref name=ria111003/> In the [[2011–2012 figure skating season|2011–2012 season]], Sinitsina and Zhiganshin won gold at the [[2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix|Junior Grand Prix]] event in Poland, their first JGP title. They won another title in Austria to qualify for their second Final. At the [[2011–2012 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|Junior Grand Prix Final]], they placed first in both segments and won the title. They then took gold at the [[2012 Russian Figure Skating Championships|2012 Russian Junior Championships]]. Sinitsina and Zhiganshin won the [[2012 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2012 World Junior title]].<ref name=rsp120314/> They were first in both the short and free dance and scored their season's best, 153.81 points.

2013-01-30T03:17:09Z

Sinitsina / Zhiganshin debuted on the [[ISU Junior Grand Prix|Junior Grand Prix]] circuit at the [[2008–2009 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2008 Merano Cup]] where they finished 6th. The following [[2009–2010 ISU Junior Grand Prix|JGP season]], they finished 5th at both of their events. They won a pair of silver medals during the [[2010–2011 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2010–2011 JGP season]] and qualified for the [[2010–2011 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|JGP Final]]. At the Final, they won the short dance<ref name=gs101209/> and placed second in the free dance to take the silver behind [[Ksenia Monko]] / [[Kirill Khaliavin]]. They withdrew from the [[2011 Russian Figure Skating Championships|2011 Russian Junior Championships]] due to Sinitsina's illness.<ref name=ria111003/> In the [[2011–2012 figure skating season|2011–2012 season]], Sinitsina / Zhiganshin won gold at the [[2011–12 ISU Junior Grand Prix|Junior Grand Prix]] event in Poland, their first JGP title. They won another title in Austria to qualify for their second Final. At the [[2011–2012 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|Junior Grand Prix Final]], they placed first in both segments and won the title. They then took gold at the [[2012 Russian Figure Skating Championships|2012 Russian Junior Championships]]. Sinitsina / Zhiganshin won the [[2012 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2012 World Junior title]].<ref name=rsp120314/> They were first in both the short and free dance and scored their season's best, 153.81 points.

2013-01-30T03:18:45Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sockgate&diff=397731797&oldid=397731740

'''Contested Judgement of Twinkles of Asian Games 2010''' is the major disputed judgement event on [[Asian Games 2010]], the athlete [[Yang Shu-Chun]] of Twinkles and goes with the country of [[Chinese Taipei]] (namerom of Republic of China, or Taiwan), has been judgement to disqualified due of "the problem of eletricion sensor".

2010-11-19T19:52:37Z

'''Contested Judgement of Twinkles of Asian Games 2010''' is the major disputed judgement event on [[Asian Games 2010]], the athlete [[Yang Shu-Chun]] of [[Twinkles]] and goes with the country of [[Chinese Taipei]] (namerom of Republic of China, or Taiwan), has been judgement to disqualified due of "the problem of eletricion sensor".

2010-11-19T19:52:57Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Zimmerman_(figure_skater)&diff=32844541&oldid=32844465

'''John Zimmerman IV''' (born [[November 26]], [[1973]] in [[Birmingham]], [[Alabama]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[figure skater]]. He currently trains in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] with his partner [[Kyoko Ina]] and coaches [[Tamara Moskvina]] and [[Igor Moskvin]].

2005-12-27T05:24:20Z

'''John Zimmerman IV''' (born [[November 26]], [[1973]] in [[Birmingham]], [[Alabama]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[figure skater]]. He currently trains in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] with his partner [[Kyoko Ina]] and his coaches [[Tamara Moskvina]] and [[Igor Moskvin]].

2005-12-27T05:25:06Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiss_cam&diff=503386956&oldid=503386812

The Canadian group, the [Arkells] released a song titled 'Kiss Cam' in July 2011.

2012-07-21T03:54:06Z

The Canadian group, the [[Arkells]] released a song titled 'Kiss Cam' in July 2011.

2012-07-21T03:56:03Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revival_(sports_team)&diff=162042108&oldid=162042066

=== [[[National Hockey League]] (NHL)===

2007-10-03T16:32:20Z

=== [[National Hockey League]] (NHL)===

2007-10-03T16:32:34Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_ice_hockey_players_who_died_during_their_careers&diff=593558587&oldid=593558507

| 23 || {{Sortname|Archie Hooper}}<ref name="gaz-obit">{{cite news |newspaper=Montreal Gazette |date=October 12, 1904 |title=Hooper Dead; Of Hockey Fame |page=2 |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l3YuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5IQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5597%2C820190}}</ref> ||{{flag|Canada|1868}} || {{dts|link=off|1904|October|11}} || complications from on-ice injury || Member of 1902 and 1903 [[Montreal Hockey Club]] Stanley Cup champions.

2014-02-02T09:18:23Z

| 23 || {{Sortname|Archie |Hooper}}<ref name="gaz-obit">{{cite news |newspaper=Montreal Gazette |date=October 12, 1904 |title=Hooper Dead; Of Hockey Fame |page=2 |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l3YuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5IQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5597%2C820190}}</ref> ||{{flag|Canada|1868}} || {{dts|link=off|1904|October|11}} || complications from on-ice injury || Member of 1902 and 1903 [[Montreal Hockey Club]] Stanley Cup champions.

2014-02-02T09:19:25Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climbing_equipment&diff=423316553&oldid=330379122

#REDIRECT [[Rock climbing equipment]]

2009-12-08T03:11:50Z

#REDIRECT [[Rock-climbing equipment]]

2011-04-10T11:19:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexible_Flyer&diff=403651995&oldid=402776593

Flexible fliers are flexible both in design and usage. The rider may sit upright on the sled or lie on their stomach, allowing the possibility to go down a snowy slope either feet-first or head-first. To steer the sled the rider may either push on the wooden cross piece with their hands or feet, or alternatively pull on the rope attached to the wooden cross-piece. Shifting the cross-piece one way or the other causes the flexible rails to bend and thereby turns the sled.

2010-12-16T23:59:25Z

Flexible fliers are flexible both in design and usage. The rider may sit upright on the sled or lie on their stomach, allowing the possibility to go down a snowy slope either feet-first or head-first. To steer the sled the rider may either push on the wooden cross piece with their hands or feet, or alternatively pull on the rope attached to the wooden cross-piece. Shifting the cross-piece one way or the other causes the flexible rails to bend and thereby turns the sled.

2010-12-22T04:50:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scoreboard&diff=40099336&oldid=40099308

==[[Hockey]]

2006-02-18T03:08:02Z

==[[Hockey]]==

2006-02-18T03:08:16Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sports_Spat&diff=451591330&oldid=451591225

[http://www.bodymagazine.us/news.php?idArticles=2126 <ref>Body Magazine</ref>] <ref>[http://www.goldtoemoretz.com/store/products/The-Debris-Inhibitor®-Sports-Spat.html For All Walks of Life]</ref>

2011-09-21T00:05:50Z

[http://www.bodymagazine.us/news.php?idArticles=2126 <ref>Body Magazine</ref>] Body Magazine <ref>[http://www.goldtoemoretz.com/store/products/The-Debris-Inhibitor®-Sports-Spat.html For All Walks of Life]</ref> For All Walks of Life

2011-09-21T00:06:41Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Squash_ball_machine&diff=542301977&oldid=542301776

* Bowling machine * Pitching machine

2013-03-06T01:53:10Z

* [[Bowling machine]] * [[Pitching machine]]

2013-03-06T01:55:03Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xiaomi_Mi_Band_2&diff=723455282&oldid=723429575

The '''Xiaomi Mi Band 2''' is a wearable [[fitness tracker]] produced by [[Xiaomi]]. Xiaomi Mi Band was unveiled during a Xiaomi launch event on 2nd June 2016.<ref>http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/06/xiaomis-mi-band-2-is-its-first-tracker-with-a-screen-but-remains-affordable</ref><ref>http://www.cnet.com/news/xiaomi-unveils-mi-band-2-fitness-tracker-for-23/</ref>

2016-06-03T00:34:39Z

The '''Xiaomi Mi Band 2''' is a wearable [[fitness tracker]] produced by [[Xiaomi]]. Xiaomi Mi Band 2 was unveiled during a Xiaomi launch event on 2nd June 2016.<ref>http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/06/xiaomis-mi-band-2-is-its-first-tracker-with-a-screen-but-remains-affordable</ref><ref>http://www.cnet.com/news/xiaomi-unveils-mi-band-2-fitness-tracker-for-23/</ref>

2016-06-03T04:27:15Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sports_desegregation_firsts&diff=845040005&oldid=845039819

* [[Chuck Cooper (basketball)|Chuck Cooper]] (1926–1984), [[Nathaniel Clifton]] (1922–1990) and [[Earl Lloyd]] (1928–2015), the first African Americans in the NBA, with Lloyd being the first to play in a game, due to scheduling

2018-06-08T22:27:09Z

* [[Nathaniel Clifton]] (1922–1990), [[Chuck Cooper (basketball)|Chuck Cooper]] (1926–1984) and [[Earl Lloyd]] (1928–2015), the first African Americans in the NBA, with Lloyd being the first to play in a game, due to scheduling

2018-06-08T22:29:22Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_professional_sports_leagues_by_revenue&diff=1052556479&oldid=1052439247

|- |[[National Hockey League]] (NHL)||[[Ice hockey]]||{{USA}}<br />{{CAN}}||[[2018–19 NHL season|2018–19]] |1|| 32 |{{nts|1358}}||{{nts|4,570}} ||{{nts|134}} |{{nts|3365}}||<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/193468/total-league-revenue-of-the-nhl-since-2006/|title=National Hockey League – total league revenue from 2005/06 to 2017/18 (in billion U.S. dollars)|website=Dfl.de|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

2021-10-29T04:46:05Z

|- |[[National Hockey League]] (NHL)||[[Ice hockey]]||{{USA}}<br />{{CAN}}||[[2018–19 NHL season|2018–19]] |1|| 32 |{{nts|1358}}||{{nts|4,570}} ||{{nts|134}} |{{nts|3365}}||<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/193468/total-league-revenue-of-the-nhl-since-2006/|title=National Hockey League – total league revenue from 2005/06 to 2017/18 (in billion U.S. dollars)|website=Dfl.de|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

2021-10-29T21:29:46Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_sports_venues&diff=5796572&oldid=5559062

{{disambig}}

2004-08-22T02:33:00Z

{{disambig}}

2004-08-31T06:11:51Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanattic_Sports_Museum&diff=771395328&oldid=771394466

Fanattic Sports Museum (FSM) is a sports [[museum]], dedicated to various types of sports and located in Ecospace Business Park, New Town, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. Established in January 2017, FSM is known as the first sports museum in Kolkata as well as in West Bengal. It is an initiative by [[Boria Majumdar|Prof. Boria Majumdar]], an eminent historian, writer, commentator and journalist in association with [[Harshavardhan Neotia]], Chairman, Ambuja Neotia group and consists of sports-related artefacts of various famous sports personalities. == Collections ==

2017-03-21T08:13:35Z

Fanattic Sports Museum (FSM) is a sports [[museum]], dedicated to various types of sports and located in Ecospace Business Park, New Town, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]. Established in January 2017, FSM is known as the first sports museum in Kolkata as well as in West Bengal. It is an initiative by [[Boria Majumdar|Prof. Boria Majumdar]], an eminent historian, writer, commentator and journalist in association with [[Harshavardhan Neotia]], Chairman, Ambuja Neotia group and consists of sports-related artefacts of various famous sports personalities. == Collections ==

2017-03-21T08:21:31Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_(sports)&diff=850191661&oldid=850191643

*[[Number (sprots)}}

2018-07-14T08:21:37Z

*[[Number (sprots]]

2018-07-14T08:21:47Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniform_number_(American_football)&diff=402103676&oldid=401215072

A number of current players wear numbers outside the range for their primary position. Tight ends [[Chris Cooley (American football)|Chris Cooley]] of the [[Washington Redskins]] and [[Jeff King (American football)|Jeff King]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] both wear number 47. Tight end/linebacker [[Spencer Havner]] of the [[Green Bay Packers]] wears number 41. [[Indianapolis Colts]] tight end [[Dallas Clark]] wears number 44. [[Minnesota Vikings]] tight end [[Jimmy Kleinsasser]] wears number 40. Unlike the aforementioned Cushing, none of these players play any other position. In addition, [[Chicago Bears]] wide receiver/[[return specialist]] [[Devin Hester]] wears number 23, which represented the position the team originally drafted him for, [[cornerback]]. Hester was allowed to keep 23 after the team converted him to wide receiver. [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] linebacker [[Aaron Kampman]] wears number 74, which represented the position for which he was drafted, [[defensive end]] (or defensive tackle). Kampman moved to linebacker since his former team, the Green Bay Packers switched from [[Defensive lineman|4]]-[[Linebacker|3]] defense to a [[Defensive lineman|3]]-[[Linebacker|4]] defense under [[Dom Capers|the new defensive coordinator]] before the 2009 season (see [[2009_Green_Bay_Packers_season#Switch from 4–3 to 3–4 defense|Packers switch to from 4-3 to 3-4 defence]]). Former defensive end [[Chris Doleman]] was permitted to keep his number 56 after being moved from linebacker to defensive end, while former linebacker [[Simon Fletcher]] made the opposite move, defensive end to linebacker, and was permitted to keep his number 73.

2010-12-08T08:08:28Z

A number of current players wear numbers outside the range for their primary position. Tight ends [[Chris Cooley (American football)|Chris Cooley]] of the [[Washington Redskins]] and [[Jeff King (American football)|Jeff King]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] both wear number 47. Tight end/linebacker [[Spencer Havner]] of the [[Green Bay Packers]] wears number 41. [[Indianapolis Colts]] tight end [[Dallas Clark]] wears number 44. [[Minnesota Vikings]] tight end [[Jimmy Kleinsasser]] wears number 40. Unlike the aforementioned Cushing, none of these players play any other position. In addition, [[Chicago Bears]] wide receiver/[[return specialist]] [[Devin Hester]] wears number 23, which represented the position the team originally drafted him for, [[cornerback]]. Hester was allowed to keep 23 after the team converted him to wide receiver. [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] linebacker [[Aaron Kampman]] wears number 74, which represented the position for which he was drafted, [[defensive end]] (or defensive tackle). Kampman moved to linebacker since his former team, the Green Bay Packers switched from [[Defensive lineman|4]]-[[Linebacker|3]] defense to a [[Defensive lineman|3]]-[[Linebacker|4]] defense under [[Dom Capers|the new defensive coordinator]] before the 2009 season (see [[2009_Green_Bay_Packers_season#Switch from 4–3 to 3–4 defense|Packers switch to from 4-3 to 3-4 defence]]). Former defensive end [[Chris Doleman]] was permitted to keep his number 56 after being moved from linebacker to defensive end, while former linebacker [[Simon Fletcher (American football)|Simon Fletcher]] made the opposite move, defensive end to linebacker, and was permitted to keep his number 73.

2010-12-13T07:03:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Race_queen&diff=10325222&oldid=6319349

A '''race queen''' is a model found as part of a [[pit crew]] certain kinds of [[motor racing]]. Their official job is to hold a umbrella over the driver whilst his car is being worked on however in reality their function is simply to make motor racing seem sexier.

2004-10-03T14:20:35Z

A '''race queen''' is a model found as part of a [[pit crew]] in certain kinds of [[motor racing]]. Their official job is to hold a umbrella over the driver whilst his car is being worked on however in reality their function is simply to make motor racing seem sexier.

2004-10-03T22:37:10Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1961_Boston_Celtics_boycott&diff=976480343&oldid=976480134

Two black players, [[Sam Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]] and [[Satch Sanders]] went to a coffee shop on arriving in town, where a waitress refused to serve them. They informed player Bill Russell of this incident, and the three decided to leave Kentucky and return to Boston in protest. Coach [[Red Auerbach]] argued the three should stay, but ultimately agreed to drive them to the airport. On arriving in Boston, Russell stated to the media: "Negroes are ina fight for their rights - a fight for survival in a changing world... I am with these Negroes."<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/King_of_the_Court/e7MwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=1961%20celtics%20boycott</ref>

2020-09-03T04:55:45Z

Two black players, [[Sam Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]] and [[Satch Sanders]] went to a coffee shop on arriving in town, where a waitress refused to serve them. They informed player [[Bill Russell]] of this incident, and the three decided to leave Kentucky and return to Boston in protest. Coach [[Red Auerbach]] argued the three should stay, but ultimately agreed to drive them to the airport. On arriving in Boston, Russell stated to the media: "Negroes are ina fight for their rights - a fight for survival in a changing world... I am with these Negroes."<ref>https://www.google.com/books/edition/King_of_the_Court/e7MwDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=1961%20celtics%20boycott</ref>

2020-09-03T04:57:51Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Against_Chess_Olympiad&diff=482887747&oldid=482862723

34 teams played a 13 round [[Swiss system tournament]]. In a somewhat surprising outcome, the completely unknown Salvadoran team, which included 17-year old prodigy [[Boris Pineda]], took home the gold medals. Silver and bronze went to Tunisia and Pakistan, respectively.

2012-03-20T08:21:19Z

34 teams played a 13-round [[Swiss system tournament]]. In a somewhat surprising outcome, the completely unknown Salvadoran team, which included 17-year-old prodigy [[Boris Pineda]], took home the gold medals. Silver and bronze went to Tunisia and Pakistan, respectively.

2012-03-20T12:27:36Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Marathon_bombing&diff=1101452583&oldid=1101162652

During questioning, Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, that they were self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups, and that he was following his brother's lead. He said they learned to build explosive devices from the [[Inspire (magazine)|online magazine]] of [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="AutoLC-8" /> He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb [[Times Square]]. On April 8, 2015, he was convicted of 30 charges, including use of a [[Weapon of mass destruction#Criminal (civilian) definition|weapon of mass destruction]] and malicious destruction of property resulting in death.<ref name="DOJ affidavit" /><ref name="AutoLC-9" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev: Boston Marathon bomber found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32225787|access-date=April 8, 2015|work=BBC News|date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Two months later, he was sentenced to death,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/what-happened-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-update-boston-marathon-bomber-sentenced-death-2526052|title=What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death|date=April 16, 2017|work=International Business Times|access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> though in July 2020 the sentence was vacated by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]].<ref name="cnn appeal july312020"/> On March 22, 2021, a [[Writ of Certiorari|writ of certiorari]] was granted by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which considered the questions of whether the lower court erred in vacating the death sentence. The Supreme Court heard arguments on October 13, 2021, as ''[[United States v. Tsarnaev]]''; on March 4, 2022, the Court upheld the death penalty, reversing the First Circuit Court's decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United States v. Tsarnaev |website=Oyez |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/20-443|access-date=2021-12-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

2022-07-29T16:35:33Z

During questioning, Dzhokhar said that he and his brother were motivated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, that they were self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups, and that he was following his brother's lead. He said they learned to build explosive devices from the [[Inspire (magazine)|online magazine]] of [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]].<ref name="AutoLC-8" /> He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb [[Times Square]]. On April 8, 2015, he was convicted of 30 charges, including use of a [[Weapon of mass destruction#Criminal (civilian) definition|weapon of mass destruction]] and malicious destruction of property resulting in death.<ref name="DOJ affidavit" /><ref name="AutoLC-9" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Dzhokhar Tsarnaev: Boston Marathon bomber found guilty|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-32225787|access-date=April 8, 2015|work=BBC News|date=April 8, 2015}}</ref> Two months later, he was sentenced to death,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/what-happened-dzhokhar-tsarnaev-update-boston-marathon-bomber-sentenced-death-2526052|title=What Happened To Dzhokhar Tsarnaev? Update On Boston Marathon Bomber Sentenced To Death|date=April 16, 2017|work=International Business Times|access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> though in July 2020 the sentence was vacated by the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]].<ref name="cnn appeal july312020"/> On March 22, 2021, a [[Writ of Certiorari|writ of certiorari]] was granted by the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], which considered the questions of whether the lower court erred in vacating the death sentence. The Supreme Court heard arguments on October 13, 2021, as ''[[United States v. Tsarnaev]]''; on March 4, 2022, the Court upheld the death penalty, reversing the First Circuit Court's decision.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United States v. Tsarnaev |website=Oyez |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/2021/20-443|access-date=2021-12-13 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

2022-07-31T03:31:21Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Ladies'_Football_Club&diff=634895265&oldid=634895171

The '''British Ladies' Football Club''' was an all-woman football team formed in the United Kingdom in 1895. The team had as its patron [[Lady Florence Dixie]], an aristocrat from [[Dumfries]] and its first captain was [[Nettie Honeyball]] (real name Mary Hutson]].

2014-11-21T23:04:18Z

The '''British Ladies' Football Club''' was an all-woman football team formed in the United Kingdom in 1895. The team had as its patron [[Lady Florence Dixie]], an aristocrat from [[Dumfries]] and its first captain was [[Nettie Honeyball]] (real name Mary Hutson).

2014-11-21T23:04:58Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derbi_Barceloní&diff=267490901&oldid=267490842

[[Category:FC Barcelona| ]]

2009-01-30T22:23:17Z

[[Category:FC Barcelona]]

2009-01-30T22:23:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enes_Kanter_Freedom&diff=1057872183&oldid=1057871065

<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Enes Kanter Freedom|2=Talk:Enes Kanter Freedom#Requested move 30 November 2021}}

2021-11-30T04:09:41Z

<noinclude>{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Enes Kanter Freedom|2=Talk:Enes Kanter#Requested move 30 November 2021}}

2021-11-30T04:18:53Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalism_and_sport&diff=1978632&oldid=1978627

'''[[Nationalism]] and [[sport]]''' are often intertwined, as sports provide a venue for symbolic competition between nations; sports competition often reflects national conflict, and in fact has often been a tool of [[diplomacy]]. The involvement of political goals in sport is seen by some as contrary to the fundamental [[ethos of sport]] being carried on for its own sake, for the enjoyment of its participants, but this involvement has been true throughout the [[history of sport]].

2003-12-12T03:41:47Z

'''[[Nationalism]] and [[sport]]''' are often intertwined, as sports provide a venue for symbolic [[competition]] between nations; sports competition often reflects national conflict, and in fact has often been a tool of [[diplomacy]]. The involvement of political goals in sport is seen by some as contrary to the fundamental [[ethos of sport]] being carried on for its own sake, for the enjoyment of its participants, but this involvement has been true throughout the [[history of sport]].

2003-12-16T23:28:09Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Madrid_fan_club_massacres&diff=720180760&oldid=720180646

|motive = Terror

2016-05-14T06:20:42Z

|motive = [[Terror]]

2016-05-14T06:21:49Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spartakiad_(Albania)&diff=339425756&oldid=339425699

The Albanian Spartakiads were similar to those in the USSR and Checoslovakia. Six such events have been held in [[Albania]] during Communist rule as well (in 1959, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, and 1989).<ref>http://www.iliriadaportal.com/opinion-f34/lindja-zhdukja-dhe-rilindja-e-olimpizmit-shqiptar-t1669.htm</ref>http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/cup.html

2010-01-22T22:14:38Z

The Albanian Spartakiads were similar to those in the USSR and Checoslovakia. Six such events have been held in [[Albania]] during Communist rule as well (in 1959, 1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, and 1989).<ref>http://www.iliriadaportal.com/opinion-f34/lindja-zhdukja-dhe-rilindja-e-olimpizmit-shqiptar-t1669.htm</ref><ref>http://www.giovanniarmillotta.it/albania/calcio/cup.html</ref>

2010-01-22T22:14:59Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiral-Lord_Mountevans_rules&diff=501444264&oldid=501444125

'''Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules''' are a set of [[professional Wrestling]] rules mainly used in British wrestling. They were named after [[Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans]] who ordered a unified set of rules written up for professional wrestling in the British Isles. Professional Wrestling in the United Kingdom had been banned by the [[London County Council]] in the late 1930's for being too violent. After a failed attempt to relaunch the sport with a show at [[Harringay Arena]], [[London]] in 1947 was condemned by journalists as being "fake",<ref name=bleach /> Admiral-Lord Mountevans along with [[A.B. Campbell|Archibald Bruce Campbell]], [[Maurice Webb (politician)|Maurice Webb]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] and [[Amateur wrestling|amateur wrestler]], Norman Morell formed a committee to formalise professional wrestling in the United Kingdom and write up a set of unified rules.<ref name=book>{{cite book | first = John | last = Listner | title = Slamthology: Collected Wrestling Writings 1991-2004 | publisher = Lulu.com | location = | year = 2005| isbn = 1411653297 | page = 255}}</ref> Once they were written, they were almost universally accepted with 95% of promotions in the United Kingdom adopting them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/90279549/1946-The-Rules-Governing-Professional-Wrestling-Alll-the-Techniques-to-go-Along-With-Them |title=(1946) The Rules Governing Professional Wrestling & Alll the Techniques to go Along With Them |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> In 1952, the rules were adopted by [[Joint Promotions]], officially as a way to uphold the committee's ideology but was also considered to be a way for Joint Promotions to effectively control British wrestling.<ref name=book />

2012-07-09T19:27:45Z

'''Admiral-Lord Mountevans rules''' are a set of [[professional wrestling]] rules mainly used in British wrestling. They were named after [[Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans]] who ordered a unified set of rules written up for professional wrestling in the British Isles. Professional wrestling in the United Kingdom had been banned by the [[London County Council]] in the late 1930's for being too violent. After a failed attempt to relaunch the sport with a show at [[Harringay Arena]], [[London]] in 1947 was condemned by journalists as being "fake",<ref name=bleach /> Admiral-Lord Mountevans along with [[A.B. Campbell|Archibald Bruce Campbell]], [[Maurice Webb (politician)|Maurice Webb]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] and [[Amateur wrestling|amateur wrestler]], Norman Morell formed a committee to formalise professional wrestling in the United Kingdom and write up a set of unified rules.<ref name=book>{{cite book | first = John | last = Listner | title = Slamthology: Collected Wrestling Writings 1991-2004 | publisher = Lulu.com | location = | year = 2005| isbn = 1411653297 | page = 255}}</ref> Once they were written, they were almost universally accepted with 95% of promotions in the United Kingdom adopting them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/90279549/1946-The-Rules-Governing-Professional-Wrestling-Alll-the-Techniques-to-go-Along-With-Them |title=(1946) The Rules Governing Professional Wrestling & Alll the Techniques to go Along With Them |publisher=Scribd.com |date=2012-04-20 |accessdate=2012-07-09}}</ref> In 1952, the rules were adopted by [[Joint Promotions]], officially as a way to uphold the committee's ideology but was also considered to be a way for Joint Promotions to effectively control British wrestling.<ref name=book />

2012-07-09T19:28:38Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Anti-Doping_Agency&diff=790706488&oldid=790051788

The '''Spanish Anti-Doping Agency''', officialy '''Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport''' ('''AEPSAD''') is a [[Spain|spanish]] agency responsible of the protection of the [[right to health]] of all the [[athletes]] and the protection of the right to participate in a competition without [[Doping|cheats]].

2017-07-11T08:41:50Z

The '''Spanish Anti-Doping Agency''', officialy '''Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport''' ('''AEPSAD''') is a [[Spain|spanish]] agency responsible for the protection of the [[right to health]] of all the [[athletes]] and the protection of the right to participate in a competition without [[Doping|cheats]].

2017-07-15T15:17:21Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Straddle_(skiing)&diff=931609413&oldid=931609411

Als '''„Einfädler“''' oder '''„Einfädeln“''' ([[Englische Sprache|englisch]] ''straddle'') bezeichnet man im [[Skisport]] [[Umgangssprache|umgangssprachlich]] das nicht korrekte Passieren eines Tores, bei dem der Innenski auf der falschen Seite einer Torstange vorbeigeführt wird und die Stange somit zwischen Innen- Außenski gerät. Torfehler dieser Art betreffen in erster Linie den [[Ski Alpin|alpinen Skisport]], sind aber auch in anderen Sportarten wie [[Skicross]] oder dem [[Snowboard]]sport möglich.

2018-02-02T11:59:07Z

Als '''„Einfädler“''' oder '''„Einfädeln“''' ([[Englische Sprache|englisch]] ''straddle'') bezeichnet man im [[Skisport]] [[Umgangssprache|umgangssprachlich]] das nicht korrekte Passieren eines Tores, bei dem der Innenski auf der falschen Seite einer Torstange vorbeigeführt wird und die Stange somit zwischen Innen- und Außenski gerät. Torfehler dieser Art betreffen in erster Linie den [[Ski Alpin|alpinen Skisport]], sind aber auch in anderen Sportarten wie [[Skicross]] oder dem [[Snowboard]]sport möglich.

2018-02-02T12:36:24Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te_ano&diff=1042476161&oldid=1042475900

[[Category: Te ano| ]]

2021-09-05T05:35:35Z

[[Category: Te ano]]

2021-09-05T05:37:29Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=True_team&diff=93688798&oldid=93688694

The '''True Team''' format is to determine the top overall team, rather than individuals, in [[track and field]] and [[swim and dive]]. In a True Team meet, each team has a given amount of competitors, which each competitor scoring at least one point (barring disqualification). Therefore, in a nine team meet with three competitors per event, the event champion would earn 27 points whereas the last place finisher would earn 1. The purpose of a True Team meet is to judge which team is the best overall, rather than which team has the most top finishers.

2006-12-11T23:32:47Z

The '''True Team''' format is to determine the top overall team, rather than individuals, in [[track and field]] and [[swim]] and [[dive]]. In a True Team meet, each team has a given amount of competitors, which each competitor scoring at least one point (barring disqualification). Therefore, in a nine team meet with three competitors per event, the event champion would earn 27 points whereas the last place finisher would earn 1. The purpose of a True Team meet is to judge which team is the best overall, rather than which team has the most top finishers.

2006-12-11T23:33:13Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederation_of_African_Esports&diff=950968251&oldid=950967783

So far, there are 5 member nations in CAES.<ref>[https://esportscommentator.blogspot.com/2017/04/change-is-in-air.html Change is in the air]

2020-04-14T20:08:48Z

So far, there are 5 member nations in CAES.<ref>[https://esportscommentator.blogspot.com/2017/04/change-is-in-air.html Change is in the air]</ref>

2020-04-14T20:11:49Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnosport&diff=513640712&oldid=513636037

First release of ethnosport theory has been stated in the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems [[(EOLSS)]] of [[UNESCO]] as extensive article “Ethnocultural Diversity of Sport” (2011)<ref>[ Kylasov, A., Gavrov, S. Ethnocultural diversity of sport // Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Sport Science. – UNESCO/EOLSS, Magister-press, 2011. – P. 462–491]</ref>, and then published as the monograph “Ethnosport Theory” (2012)<ref>[ Кыласов А.В. Теория этноспорта: монография [Текст] / А. Кыласов. - М.: Советский спорт, 2012. - 112 с. ISBN 978-5-9718-0162-7]</ref>.

2012-09-20T04:03:21Z

First release of ethnosport theory has been stated in the Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems [[Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems|(EOLSS)]] of [[UNESCO]] as extensive article “Ethnocultural Diversity of Sport” (2011)<ref>[ Kylasov, A., Gavrov, S. Ethnocultural diversity of sport // Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Sport Science. – UNESCO/EOLSS, Magister-press, 2011. – P. 462–491]</ref>, and then published as the monograph “Ethnosport Theory” (2012)<ref>[ Кыласов А.В. Теория этноспорта: монография [Текст] / А. Кыласов. - М.: Советский спорт, 2012. - 112 с. ISBN 978-5-9718-0162-7]</ref>.

2012-09-20T05:01:17Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2014_UCI_World_Championships&diff=707331839&oldid=707331763

* [[2014 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships]] * [[2014 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships]] * [[2014 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships]] * [[2014 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships]] [[[[:Category:UCI World Championships

2016-02-28T06:25:13Z

<!-- * [[2014 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships]] --> <!-- * [[2014 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships]] --> <!-- * [[2014 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships]] --> <!-- * [[2014 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships]] --> [[[[:Category:UCI World Championships]]]]

2016-02-28T06:26:10Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_UCI_World_Championships&diff=707333147&oldid=707333092

* [[2016 UCI Road World Championships|Road]] * [[2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships|Track Cycling]] * [[2016 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships|Para-cycling Road]] * [[2016 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships|Para-cycling Track]] * [[2016 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships|Mountain Bike & Trials]] * [[2016 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships|Mountain Bike Marathon]] * [[2016 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships|Cyclo-cross]] * [[2016 UCI BMX World Championships|BMX]] * [[2016 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships|Indoor Cycling]]

2016-02-28T06:40:11Z

* [[2016 UCI Road World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Para-cycling Road World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Para-cycling Track World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Mountain Bike Marathon World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI BMX World Championships]] * [[2016 UCI Indoor Cycling World Championships]]

2016-02-28T06:40:47Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hockey_Day&diff=360139131&oldid=100542594

#REDIRECT [[Hockey Night in Canada#Hockey Day in Canada ]]

2007-01-13T23:39:14Z

#REDIRECT [[Hockey Night in Canada#Hockey Day in Canada]]

2010-05-04T20:15:21Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Dakota_Fighting_Hawks_basketball&diff=44953399&oldid=44953318

The North Dakota Fighting Sioux men's and womens' basetball teams of the University of North Dakota are members of the NCAA Divsion II [[North Central Conference]]. The current Fighting Sioux mens head coach is [[Rich Glas]]. The current women's head coach is [[Gene Roebuck]].

2006-03-22T14:37:26Z

The North Dakota Fighting Sioux men's and womens' basetball teams of the [[University of North Dakota]] are members of the NCAA Divsion II [[North Central Conference]]. The current Fighting Sioux mens head coach is [[Rich Glas]]. The current women's head coach is [[Gene Roebuck]].

2006-03-22T14:38:14Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_dart_average&diff=714432537&oldid=714432347

| [[2016 Premier League Darts|Premier League Darts]] | [[2012 Championship League Darts|Championship League Darts]] | [[2014 Perth Darts Masters|Perth Darts Masters]] | [[2016 Premier League Darts|Premier League Darts]] | [[2015 German Darts Championship|German Darts Championship]] | [[2015 Premier League Darts|Premier League Darts]] | [[2016 Premier League Darts|Premier League Darts]]

2016-04-09T18:52:07Z

| [[2016 Premier League Darts]] | [[2012 Championship League Darts]] | [[2014 Perth Darts Masters]] | [[2016 Premier League Darts]] | [[2015 German Darts Championship]] | [[2015 Premier League Darts|2015 Premier League Darts]] | [[2016 Premier League Darts]]

2016-04-09T18:53:26Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketball_moves&diff=799576059&oldid=799575998

A finger roll is performed when a player shoots the ball with one hand during a layup and then lifts his fingers, rolling the ball into the basket. The rotation produced provides the ball with a soft touch, and the ball will roll around the rim and then drop into the basket. The former Philadelphia 76ers forward [[Julius Erving]]is credited with the creation of the finger roll layup. Former [[San Antonio Spurs]] guard [[George Gervin|George "The Iceman" Gervin]] was known for having one of the best finger rolls in the game along with [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] center [[Wilt Chamberlain]]. [[Michael Jordan]] and [[Scottie Pippen]] are other notable practitioners, while former NBA star [[Jason Kidd]] is renowned for his smooth finger rolls as well.

2017-09-08T15:22:05Z

A finger roll is performed when a player shoots the ball with one hand during a layup and then lifts his fingers, rolling the ball into the basket. The rotation produced provides the ball with a soft touch, and the ball will roll around the rim and then drop into the basket. The former Philadelphia 76ers forward [[Julius Erving]] is credited with the creation of the finger roll layup. Former [[San Antonio Spurs]] guard [[George Gervin|George "The Iceman" Gervin]] was known for having one of the best finger rolls in the game along with [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] center [[Wilt Chamberlain]]. [[Michael Jordan]] and [[Scottie Pippen]] are other notable practitioners, while former NBA star [[Jason Kidd]] is renowned for his smooth finger rolls as well.

2017-09-08T15:22:39Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantera&diff=5008678&oldid=4740883

Spanish canteras have been highly productive over the years, for example [[Vicente del Bosque]], a product of cantera at [[Real Madrid]], rose through the club to the position of head coach which he kept until [[2003]].

2004-07-20T07:01:39Z

Spanish canteras have been highly productive over the years, for example [[Vicente del Bosque]], a product of the cantera at [[Real Madrid]], rose through the club to the position of head coach which he kept until [[2003]].

2004-07-20T07:04:03Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comeback_(sports)&diff=688690307&oldid=688690273

In [[professional tennis]], the match goes to the first player to win three sets. There have been numerous instances of a player being down two sets to none, and coming back to win three sets in a row to win the match.

2015-11-02T13:42:40Z

In professional [[tennis]], the match goes to the first player to win three sets. There have been numerous instances of a player being down two sets to none, and coming back to win three sets in a row to win the match.

2015-11-02T13:42:57Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_blunder&diff=116946732&oldid=116946055

2. Perhaps the biggest draft blunder in the history of all sports occurred in the the 2006 NFL Draft and was executed by the Houston Texans. [[Vince Young]], a clearly superior athlete who had completely redefined the [[quarterback]] position while in college, had just won a National Championship with the [[Texas Longhorns]] in a [[Rose Bowl]] game which he single-handedly dominated. The Houston Texans themselves were besieged by underperformance at the [[quarterback]] position. The draft blunder occured when the Texans, who had the number 1 overall pick in the draft, ignored the availability of [[Vince Young]] and skipped the right to pick him. The blunder was further accentuated by the fact that [[Vince Young]] is a native of the city of [[Houston]] who clearly had expressed an ardent desire to play for his hometown Texans. Young was chosen by the [[Tennesse Titans]] in the draft and went on to perform at a spectacular level in the 2006 NFL season, eventually becoming the starting quarterback, winning the NFL Rookie of the Year honors, a Pro Bowl berth, and leading his team to a solid winning streak. Young also played a game against the Texans which he won with a spectacular 39-yard touchdown run in which no Texan defender was able to touch him. To further highlight the nature of this draft blunder by the Texans, it has been speculated by many NFL watchers and experts that [[Vince Young]] will very likely be known as the greatest football player of all time by the time he is done with his career, and it has even been specualated that he will one day be known as the greatest athlete in the history of the world. Meanwhile, many of the failures associated with teams executing draft blunders, as mentioned in the section above, have already begun to take place with the [[Houston Texans]] franchise.

2007-03-22T02:52:35Z

2. Perhaps the biggest draft blunder in the history of all sports occurred in the the 2006 NFL Draft and was executed by the Houston Texans. [[Vince Young]], a clearly superior athlete who had completely redefined the [[quarterback]] position while in college, had just won a National Championship with the [[Texas Longhorns]] in a [[Rose Bowl]] game which he single-handedly dominated. The Houston Texans themselves were besieged by underperformance at the [[quarterback]] position. The draft blunder occured when the Texans, who had the number 1 overall pick in the draft, ignored the availability of [[Vince Young]] and skipped the right to pick him. The blunder was further accentuated by the fact that [[Vince Young]] is a native of the city of [[Houston]] who clearly had expressed an ardent desire to play for his hometown Texans. Young was chosen by the [[Tennesse Titans]] in the draft and went on to perform at a spectacular level in the 2006 NFL season, eventually becoming the starting quarterback, winning the NFL Rookie of the Year honors, a Pro Bowl berth, and leading his team to a solid winning streak. Young also played a game against the Texans which he won with a spectacular 39-yard touchdown run in which no Texan defender was able to touch him. To further highlight the nature of this draft blunder by the Texans, it has been speculated by many NFL watchers and experts that [[Vince Young]] will very likely be known as the greatest football player of all time by the time he is done with his career, and it has even been specualated that he will one day be known as the greatest athlete in the history of the world. Meanwhile, many of the failures associated with teams executing draft blunders, as mentioned in the section above, have already begun to take place with the [[Houston Texans]] franchise.

2007-03-22T02:56:28Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hitting_the_wall&diff=25504722&oldid=17565290

Average human body usually contains enough glycogen in its stores to generate 1500 to 2000 [[Calorie|calories]] of energy. Intense cycling or running can easily consume 600-800 or more calories per hour. Unless glycogen stores are not replenished during the exercise, after 2 hours of continuous cycling or 15-20 miles of running glycogen stores will be depleted. Symptoms of depletion include general weakness, fatigue, and manifestations of [[hypoglycemia]] such as dizziness and even hallucinations. Symptoms will not be relieved by short periods of rest. This condition is potentially dangerous and should be avoided.

2005-05-25T03:15:52Z

Average human body usually contains enough glycogen in its stores to generate 1500 to 2000 [[Calorie|calories]] of energy. Intense cycling or running can easily consume 600-800 or more calories per hour. Unless glycogen stores are replenished during the exercise, after 2 hours of continuous cycling or 15-20 miles of running glycogen stores will be depleted. Symptoms of depletion include general weakness, fatigue, and manifestations of [[hypoglycemia]] such as dizziness and even hallucinations. Symptoms will not be relieved by short periods of rest. This condition is potentially dangerous and should be avoided.

2005-10-14T13:06:44Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-game_playoff&diff=243377502&oldid=243377469

One-game playoffs are currently used in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB). When two or more MLB teams are tied for a division championship or [[Wild card (sports)#Major League Baseball|wild card]] playoff berth at the end of the regular season, a one-game playoff is used to determine the winner, except in cases where the tie is a two-way tie for a division championship and the tied teams' records are higher than the records of the second place teams in the other divisions. In this scenario, the winner of the season series between the two teams is deemed division champion for purposes of playoff seeding, and the loser of the season series is given the wild card.<ref name="rule33">{{cite press release | title = 2003 postseason tiebreakers: Excerpts from Major League Rule 33 and Major League Rule 34 | publisher = [[Major League Baseball]] | date = 2003-09-08 | url = http://www.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20030908&content_id=517243&vkey=pr_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb | accessdate = 2008-09-28}}</ref> Home field advantage for one-game playoffs is determined by a coin flip. For statistical purposes, one-game playoffs are considered part of the regular season. The result of the playoff is included in the regular season standings and individual player statistics are included along with the statistics for the rest of the season. One significant playoff-like deviation from normal regular season games in force [[as of 2008]] is that six-man umpire crews are used (as opposed to the four-man crews of the regular season) <ref>{http://mlb.mlb.com/news/boxscore.jsp?gid=2008_09_30_minmlb_chamlb_1 Official boxscore for the most recent one game playoff names a six man umpiring crew]</ref>

2008-10-06T07:10:02Z

One-game playoffs are currently used in [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB). When two or more MLB teams are tied for a division championship or [[Wild card (sports)#Major League Baseball|wild card]] playoff berth at the end of the regular season, a one-game playoff is used to determine the winner, except in cases where the tie is a two-way tie for a division championship and the tied teams' records are higher than the records of the second place teams in the other divisions. In this scenario, the winner of the season series between the two teams is deemed division champion for purposes of playoff seeding, and the loser of the season series is given the wild card.<ref name="rule33">{{cite press release | title = 2003 postseason tiebreakers: Excerpts from Major League Rule 33 and Major League Rule 34 | publisher = [[Major League Baseball]] | date = 2003-09-08 | url = http://www.mlb.com/news/press_releases/press_release.jsp?ymd=20030908&content_id=517243&vkey=pr_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb | accessdate = 2008-09-28}}</ref> Home field advantage for one-game playoffs is determined by a coin flip. For statistical purposes, one-game playoffs are considered part of the regular season. The result of the playoff is included in the regular season standings and individual player statistics are included along with the statistics for the rest of the season. One significant playoff-like deviation from normal regular season games in force [[as of 2008]] is that six-man umpire crews are used (as opposed to the four-man crews of the regular season). <ref>{http://mlb.mlb.com/news/boxscore.jsp?gid=2008_09_30_minmlb_chamlb_1 Official boxscore for the most recent one game playoff names a six man umpiring crew]</ref>

2008-10-06T07:10:19Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throwback_uniform&diff=255110279&oldid=255109354

* [[Arizona Cardinals|Arizona]], [[Chicago Bears|Chicago]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers|Pittsburgh]] wore reproductions of uniforms that pre-dated large numerals on the front of jerseys, so instead smaller numerals were worn on the right shoulder.<ref>http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Stadium/3028/pitt-v-colts.jpg</ref> * [[Dallas Cowboys|Dallas]] and [[Buffalo Bills|Buffalo]] received some criticism for their portrayal of their throwbacks. The Cowboys wore their early 1960s uniforms with their current helmet, while the Bills wore their then-current uniforms with the old "standing buffalo" logo in white on their red helmets, in place of the current blue "charging buffalo" logo. Later that season, the Cowboys used the "double-star" uniform, which could be considered an updated version of the 1960s jerseys. Both teams have since adopted these throwbacks more accurately as alternates, with Dallas now using the original, plain star helmet and Buffalo using the original red "standing buffalo" helmet on white background, as well as wearing the [[O. J. Simpson]]-era jerseys as opposed to the [[Jim Kelly]]/[[Marv Levy]]-era jerseys. The [[New York Jets]] also received similar criticism for using their throwback logo on their then-current green helmets; when they adopted the throwback design full-time in 1998, they also went back to their original-style white helmets.

2008-12-01T01:13:18Z

* The [[Arizona Cardinals]], [[Chicago Bears]] and [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] wore reproductions of uniforms that pre-dated large numerals on the front of jerseys, so instead smaller numerals were worn on the right shoulder.<ref>http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Stadium/3028/pitt-v-colts.jpg</ref> * The [[Dallas Cowboys]] and [[Buffalo Bills]] received some criticism for their portrayal of their throwbacks. The Cowboys wore their early 1960s uniforms with their current helmet, while the Bills wore their then-current uniforms with the old "standing buffalo" logo in white on their red helmets, in place of the current blue "charging buffalo" logo. Later that season, the Cowboys used the "double-star" uniform, which could be considered an updated version of the 1960s jerseys. Both teams have since adopted these throwbacks more accurately as alternates, with Dallas now using the original, plain star helmet and Buffalo using the original red "standing buffalo" helmet on white background, as well as wearing the [[O. J. Simpson]]-era jerseys as opposed to the [[Jim Kelly]]/[[Marv Levy]]-era jerseys. The [[New York Jets]] also received similar criticism for using their throwback logo on their then-current green helmets; when they adopted the throwback design full-time in 1998, they also went back to their original-style white helmets.

2008-12-01T01:18:05Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underdog&diff=188729085&oldid=188154393

*In 1935, [[boxing|boxer]] [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated [[heavyweight]] champion [[Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.

2008-01-31T14:40:41Z

*In 1935, [[boxing|boxer]] [[James J. Braddock]] ([[Cinderella Man]]) defeated [[heavyweight]] champion [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] as the 10-to-1 underdog in a major upset.

2008-02-03T03:29:09Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whitewash_(sport)&diff=99445422&oldid=99444962

A whitewash may may be in a single game where the loser fails to score any points or goals, or in a series where the loser fails to win a game.

2007-01-09T00:24:53Z

A whitewash may be in a single game where the loser fails to score any points or goals, or in a series where the loser fails to win a game.

2007-01-09T00:27:09Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winger_(sports)&diff=4626652&oldid=4625018

Wingers are usually players of great pace or [[dribbling]] ability so as to provide cut-backs or crosses from which strikers can score. Their main function is to support attack from the wings. They are a special breed of[[midfielder]]s who work up and down the flanks from centre of the pitch.

2004-07-14T07:17:28Z

Wingers are usually players of great pace or [[dribbling]] ability so as to provide cut-backs or crosses from which strikers can score. Their main function is to support attack from the wings. They are a special breed of [[midfielder]]s who work up and down the flanks from centre of the pitch.

2004-07-14T07:18:51Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_cup&diff=60374786&oldid=60374718

Notable world cups include the [[Cricket World Cup]], the [[Rugby World Cup]] and the [[IAAF World Cup in Athletics|Athletics World Cup]], but it is the much older [[FIFA World Cup]] (a [[football (soccer)|soccer]] tournament) that is widely known simply as 'the World Cup' <ref>[http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/w/w0226150.html The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition]</ref>.

2006-06-24T19:18:37Z

Notable world cups include the [[Cricket World Cup]], the [[Rugby World Cup]] and the [[IAAF World Cup in Athletics|Athletics World Cup]], but it is the much older [[FIFA World Cup]] (a [[football (soccer)|football]] tournament) that is widely known simply as 'the World Cup' <ref>[http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/w/w0226150.html The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition]</ref>.

2006-06-24T19:19:02Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_the_USSR_and_Russia&diff=42533412&oldid=42533069

As of the 1970s, there were following ranks for athletes of the [[USSR]] (listed in descending order of value):

2006-03-06T20:53:40Z

As of the 1970s, there were following ranks for athletes of the USSR (listed in descending order of value):

2006-03-06T20:55:55Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turf_management&diff=52670047&oldid=52669862

* Consistency. Consistency of bounce is reported to be the most valued characteristic of a good pitch.

2006-05-11T15:21:32Z

*Consistency. Consistency of bounce is reported to be the most valued characteristic of a good pitch.

2006-05-11T15:22:46Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_road_race&diff=595995780&oldid=595995643

The first European Double Road Race is scheduled to be held in Athens, Greece on November 30, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |http://www.bestroadraces.com/double/athens |publisher=Double Road Race Federation |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doubleroadrace.com/ ||website=DoubleRoadRace.com |publisher=Double Road Race Federation |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideoutdoor.com/double-road-race-events-hit-the-roads-of-america/ |title=Double Road Race Events Hit the Roads of America |author=Martin Vilaboy |date=April 2013 |website=Active.com |publisher=Active Network, Inc. |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | last = Pugh | first = Terry | title = Senior athlete adds to medal collection at national, international track events | newspaper = Clark's Crossing Gazette | date = August 29, 2013 | website = ccgazette.ca | page = 19}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caltrack.com/ ||website=CalTrack.com | periodical=California Track and Running News |publisher=California/Northern Nevada Associations of USATF |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideoutdoor.com/double-road-race-events-hit-the-roads-of-america/ |title=Double Road Race Events Hit the Roads of America |author=David Prokop |date=May 16,2013 |website=Active.com |publisher=Best Road Races |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref>

2014-02-18T07:49:19Z

The first European Double Road Race is scheduled to be held in Athens, Greece on November 30, 2014.<ref>{{cite web |http://www.bestroadraces.com/double/athens |publisher=Double Road Race Federation |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doubleroadrace.com/ ||website=DoubleRoadRace.com |publisher=Double Road Race Federation |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideoutdoor.com/double-road-race-events-hit-the-roads-of-america/ |title=Double Road Race Events Hit the Roads of America |author=Martin Vilaboy |date=April 2013 |website=Active.com |publisher=Active Network, Inc. |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | last = Pugh | first = Terry | title = Senior athlete adds to medal collection at national, international track events | newspaper = Clark's Crossing Gazette | date = August 29, 2013 | website = ccgazette.ca | page = 19}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caltrack.com/ ||website=CalTrack.com | periodical=California Track and Running News |publisher=California/Northern Nevada Associations of USATF |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=http://insideoutdoor.com/double-road-race-events-hit-the-roads-of-america/ |title=Double Road Race Events Hit the Roads of America |author=David Prokop |date=May 16,2013 |website=Active.com |publisher=Best Road Races |accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref>

2014-02-18T07:51:01Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Offense_(sports)&diff=17395715&oldid=14171787

In sport, '''offense''' ([[American English]]) and '''offence''' ([[British English]] and [[Canadian English]]) is the action of attacking or engaging an opposing team with the objective of scoring points or goals. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in offense, or a sub-team whose primary responsibility is offense.

2005-04-15T01:02:59Z

In sport, '''offense''' ([[American English]]) or '''offence''' ([[British English]] and [[Canadian English]]) is the action of attacking or engaging an opposing team with the objective of scoring points or goals. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in offense, or a sub-team whose primary responsibility is offense.

2005-05-24T18:19:15Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panic_snap&diff=107510041&oldid=107509888

In horse [[tack]], a '''panic snap''' is mechanism often used between a lead and a horse's harness. They are useful because, unlike swivels or carabiners and similar fittings, they can be disconnected under load, as the panic snap is specially built so that the latching mechnaism is separate from the load bearing structure.

2007-02-12T07:04:05Z

In [[horse tack]], a '''panic snap''' is mechanism often used between a lead and a horse's harness. They are useful because, unlike swivels or carabiners and similar fittings, they can be disconnected under load, as the panic snap is specially built so that the latching mechnaism is separate from the load bearing structure.

2007-02-12T07:04:59Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_errors&diff=653732148&oldid=653732081

In [firearm] or [airsoft] shooting, '''shooting errors''' or '''shooting mistakes''' are shooter's actions or external influences, leading to the consequence that a [bullet] or [pellet] misses the spot the shooter intentended to hit. Shooting errors can be classified as [[shooter faults http://www.targetshooting.ca/docs/shooting_faults.pdf]] like aiming errors and triggering errors, and errors caused by external influences.

2015-03-27T10:26:19Z

In [firearm] or [airsoft] shooting, '''shooting errors''' or '''shooting mistakes''' are shooter's actions or external influences, leading to the consequence that a [bullet] or [pellet] misses the spot the shooter intentended to hit. Shooting errors can be classified as [[shooter faults | http://www.targetshooting.ca/docs/shooting_faults.pdf]] like aiming errors and triggering errors, and errors caused by external influences.

2015-03-27T10:27:06Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upright_row&diff=85757955&oldid=85757919

{{sports stub}}

2006-11-05T00:54:44Z

{sports stub}

2006-11-05T00:54:58Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_environment&diff=205910758&oldid=205910443

-very high or low temperatures -very high or low pressure -little atmosphere or weak gravity

2008-04-16T00:07:32Z

* very high or low temperatures * very high or low pressure * little atmosphere or weak gravity

2008-04-16T00:09:15Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan-region&diff=329731201&oldid=329730980

Definition: Pan-region: A geographic region or state’s sphere of economic, political and cultural influence extending beyond that states borders. For example the pan-region of the United States of America (USA) includes regions both bordering the USA and it’s close neighbors including, Canada, Mexico, and many South American states. Origin of Term: The idea of pan-regions or spheres of economic and cultural influence was first developed by Karl Ernst Haushofer (8/27/1869-3/10/1946), a German General, geographer and geo-politician. Pan-regions contributed to Geopolitik or the German theories of foreign policy during the interwar period (1918-1939) or the time from the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II. Haushofer’s pan-regions divided the world under three supreme leading states in economy, politics and culture. Those three states included the USA who controlled North America and much of South America, Germany who controlled Europe, much of Africa and western Asia and Japan who controlled central, eastern, and the islands of southern Asia. These leading states could expect their regions to develop economic and political alliance with their leading state as well as yield to sanctions and major cultural designations.

2009-12-04T20:34:11Z

Definition: Pan-region: A geographic region or state’s sphere of economic, political and cultural influence extending beyond that states borders. For example the pan-region of the United States of America (USA) includes regions both bordering the USA and it’s close neighbors including, Canada, Mexico, and many South American states. Origin of Term: The idea of pan-regions or spheres of economic and cultural influence was first developed by Karl Ernst Haushofer (8/27/1869-3/10/1946), a German General, geographer and geo-politician. Pan-regions contributed to Geopolitik or the German theories of foreign policy during the interwar period (1918-1939) or the time from the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II. Haushofer’s pan-regions divided the world under three supreme leading states in economy, politics and culture. Those three states included the USA who controlled North America and much of South America, Germany who controlled Europe, much of Africa and western Asia and Japan who controlled central, eastern, and the islands of southern Asia. These leading states could expect their regions to develop economic and political alliance with their leading state as well as yield to sanctions and major cultural designations.

2009-12-04T20:35:24Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rank–size_distribution&diff=115238115&oldid=115237989

'''Rank size distribution''' describes the remarkable regularity in the distribution of city sizes all over the world. This phenomon is giverned by [[Zipf's Law]]. Rank the size of each in a given country or in the world. If you calculate the [[natural logarithm]] of the rank and of the city size (measured in terms of the number of people) and plot the resulting data in a diagram you will get a remarkable log-linear pattern, this is the Rank-Size Distribution.<ref>[http://people.few.eur.nl/vanmarrewijk/geography/zipf/ Zipf's Law, or the Rank-Size Distribution] Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, and Charles van Marrewijk</ref> A 2002 study found that, Zipf’s Law worked for 44 of 73 countries tested.<ref>[cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0641.pdf Kwok Tong Soo (2002)]</ref> The study also found that variations of the Pareto exponent are better explained by poltical variables than by economic geography variables like proxies for economies of scale or transportation costs.<ref>[http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199280988/01student/zipf/ Zipf's Law, or the Rank-Size Distribution]</ref>

2007-03-15T03:28:39Z

'''Rank size distribution''' describes the remarkable regularity in the distribution of city sizes all over the world. This phenomon is giverned by [[Zipf's Law]]. Rank the size of each in a given country or in the world. If you calculate the [[natural logarithm]] of the rank and of the city size (measured in terms of the number of people) and plot the resulting data in a diagram you will get a remarkable log-linear pattern, this is the Rank-Size Distribution.<ref>[http://people.few.eur.nl/vanmarrewijk/geography/zipf/ Zipf's Law, or the Rank-Size Distribution] Steven Brakman, Harry Garretsen, and Charles van Marrewijk</ref> A 2002 study found that, Zipf’s Law worked for 44 of 73 countries tested.<ref>[http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp0641.pdf Kwok Tong Soo (2002)]</ref> The study also found that variations of the Pareto exponent are better explained by poltical variables than by economic geography variables like proxies for economies of scale or transportation costs.<ref>[http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199280988/01student/zipf/ Zipf's Law, or the Rank-Size Distribution]</ref>

2007-03-15T03:29:20Z

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverscape&diff=15178460&oldid=15178447

*Waterfalls e.g. [[Niagra Falls]] *Gorges *Meader *Oxbow lake *Flood Plain *Levees *Delta

2005-06-14T15:53:27Z

*[[Waterfalls]] e.g. [[Niagra Falls]] *[[Gorges]] *[[Meader]] *[[Oxbow lake]] *[[Flood Plain]] *[[Levees]] *[[Delta]]

2005-06-14T15:54:13Z