Datasets:

rishavranaut
/

wiki_no_changes

Dataset card Viewer Files Files and versions Community

Split (1)

train · 6.58k rows

wiki-ref stringlengths 54 199	old_content stringlengths 1 48.7k	old_time stringlengths 20 20	new_content stringlengths 1 49.3k	new_time stringlengths 20 20
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_Street,_Dublin&diff=1010886507&oldid=1010886372	The historic house, Drogheda House, since demolished was on the corner of Cathedral Street and O'Connell Street, and dated from 1751. The eastern side of Cathedral Street survived the destruction of the Easter Rising in 1916 but was later destroyed during the Civil War in 1922.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Casey \|first1=Christine \|title=Dublin : the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park \|date=2005 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|location=New Haven, Conn. \|isbn=9780300109238 \|pages=213, 214}}</ref> Plans to refurnish Cathedral Street with Sackville Place to facilitate better pedestrian access between the Luas lines were scrapped in 2018.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Kelly \|first1=Olivia \|title=Councillors axe plans to upgrade Dublin streets \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/councillors-axe-plans-to-upgrade-dublin-streets-1.3495185 \|access-date=7 March 2021 \|work=The Irish Times \|date=14 May 2018 \|language=en}}</ref>	2021-03-07T21:43:39Z	The historic house, Drogheda House, since demolished was on the corner of Cathedral Street and O'Connell Street, and dated from 1751. The eastern side of Cathedral Street survived the destruction of the [[Easter Rising]] in 1916 but was later destroyed during the [[Irish Civil War\|Civil War]] in 1922.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Casey \|first1=Christine \|title=Dublin : the city within the Grand and Royal Canals and the Circular Road with the Phoenix Park \|date=2005 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|location=New Haven, Conn. \|isbn=9780300109238 \|pages=213, 214}}</ref> Plans to refurnish Cathedral Street with Sackville Place to facilitate better pedestrian access between the [[Luas]] lines were scrapped in 2018.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Kelly \|first1=Olivia \|title=Councillors axe plans to upgrade Dublin streets \|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/councillors-axe-plans-to-upgrade-dublin-streets-1.3495185 \|access-date=7 March 2021 \|work=The Irish Times \|date=14 May 2018 \|language=en}}</ref>	2021-03-07T21:44:39Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petergate&diff=980270071&oldid=980268717	High Petergate starts at [[Bootham Bar]] on the [[York city walls]], and runs south-east. The Hole-in-the-Wall [[snickelway]], the shortest official snickelway in the city, leads off its north-east side. At the front of [[York Minster]], it opens up to form a major junction with [[Duncombe Place (York)\|Duncombe Place]], Precentor's Court and Minster Yard, with access also to [[Dean's Park]]. The next junction is with [[Stonegate (York)\|Stonegate]] and Minster Gates, past which the street continues as Low Petergate. Grape Lane leads off the south-west side, as does the snickelway Lund's Court, while another snickelway, Hornpot Lane, leads off the north-east side. The street ends at [[King's Square (York)\|King's Square]], where it meets [[Church Street (York)\|Church Street]] and [[Goodramgate]]. Until the creation of King's Square, in the 18th-century, it was considered to continue slightly further, to a junction with [[St Andrewgate]], [[Colliergate]] and [[King's Court]].<ref name="inventory" /><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book \|last1=Pevsner \|first1=Niklaus \|title=Yorkshire: York and the East Riding \|date=1995 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=0300095937 \|page=220–224}}</ref>	2020-09-25T15:01:25Z	High Petergate starts at [[Bootham Bar]] on the [[York city walls]], and runs south-east. The Hole-in-the-Wall [[snickelway]], the shortest official snickelway in the city, leads off its north-east side. At the front of [[York Minster]], it opens up to form a major junction with [[Duncombe Place]], Precentor's Court and Minster Yard, with access also to [[Dean's Park]]. The next junction is with [[Stonegate (York)\|Stonegate]] and Minster Gates, past which the street continues as Low Petergate. Grape Lane leads off the south-west side, as does the snickelway Lund's Court, while another snickelway, Hornpot Lane, leads off the north-east side. The street ends at [[King's Square (York)\|King's Square]], where it meets [[Church Street (York)\|Church Street]] and [[Goodramgate]]. Until the creation of King's Square, in the 18th-century, it was considered to continue slightly further, to a junction with [[St Andrewgate]], [[Colliergate]] and [[King's Court]].<ref name="inventory" /><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book \|last1=Pevsner \|first1=Niklaus \|title=Yorkshire: York and the East Riding \|date=1995 \|publisher=Yale University Press \|isbn=0300095937 \|page=220–224}}</ref>	2020-09-25T15:11:20Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Via_Santo_Spirito,_Milan&diff=236806389&oldid=236805493	Category:Streets in Milan	2008-09-07T05:46:45Z	[[Category:Streets in Milan]]	2008-09-07T05:52:48Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionskirchplatz&diff=981126598&oldid=981125817	Zionskirchplatz was created during the development of the new Berlin quarter based on the Hobrecht-plan of 1862 in Department XI as Platz D. In accordance with the ideas of the Berlin City Council, the garden architect Joseph Pertl was commissioned to design the striking intersection of five streets in an appealing manner, at the same time as the neighboring Arkonaplatz. It received its name in December 1866 with the construction of the Church of Zion (1866-1873) in the center of the square. The square was designed as a decorative square with small paving and decorative strips of dark basalt stones, in which marble star ornaments mark the entrances to the interior of the square. Around the church, four densely planted rows of lime trees and between them strips of lawn formed a continuous green area. The square was initially protected by a wrought-iron grid that was closed at night.	2020-09-30T12:45:55Z	Zionskirchplatz was created during the development of the new Berlin quarter based on the [[Hobrecht-plan]] of 1862 in Department XI as Platz D. In accordance with the ideas of the Berlin City Council, the garden architect Joseph Pertl was commissioned to design the striking intersection of five streets in an appealing manner, at the same time as the neighboring Arkonaplatz. It received its name in December 1866 with the construction of the Church of Zion (1866-1873) in the center of the square. The square was designed as a decorative square with small paving and decorative strips of dark basalt stones, in which marble star ornaments mark the entrances to the interior of the square. Around the church, four densely planted rows of lime trees and between them strips of lawn formed a continuous green area. The square was initially protected by a wrought-iron grid that was closed at night.	2020-09-30T12:53:35Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_pluralism&diff=548182545&oldid=548153795	This status was originally only made available to non-Muslims who were "[[People of the Book]]" (Christians, Jews, and Sabians), but was later extended to include Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Hindus, Mandeans(Sabians), and Buddhists.	2013-04-01T14:54:43Z	This status was originally only made available to non-Muslims who were "[[People of the Book]]" (Christians, Jews, and Sabians), but was later extended to include Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Hindus, Mandeans (Sabians) and Buddhists.	2013-04-01T18:02:12Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unitarian_Universalism&diff=809991173&oldid=809391921	Pastoral elements of the service may include a time for sharing Joys and Sorrows/Concerns, where individuals in the congregation are invited to [[Ceremonial use of lights\|light a candle]] and/or say a few words about important events in their personal lives. Many UU services also include a time of [[meditation]] or [[prayer]], led by the minister or service leader, both spoken and silent. Responsive readings and stories for children are also typical. Many congregations also allow for a time at the end of the service, called "talk back", where members of the congregation can respond to the sermon with their own insights and questions, or even disagree with the viewpoint expressed by the minister or invited speaker.	2017-11-08T20:34:11Z	Pastoral elements of the service may include a time for sharing Joys and Sorrows/Concerns, where individuals in the congregation are invited to [[Ceremonial use of lights\|light a candle]] or say a few words about important events in their personal lives. Many UU services also include a time of [[meditation]] or [[prayer]], led by the minister or service leader, both spoken and silent. Responsive readings and stories for children are also typical. Many congregations also allow for a time at the end of the service, called "talk back", where members of the congregation can respond to the sermon with their own insights and questions, or even disagree with the viewpoint expressed by the minister or invited speaker.	2017-11-12T19:48:52Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chosen_people&diff=221799377&oldid=221616552	In many religions it is believed that the God has revealed a message to a [[prophet]] or messenger. Some of these religions, such as most forms of [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], teach that their path is the only path to [[salvation]].	2008-06-25T08:56:45Z	In many religions it is believed that God has revealed a message to a [[prophet]] or messenger. Some of these religions, such as most forms of [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], teach that their path is the only path to [[salvation]].	2008-06-26T04:08:10Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_responsibility&diff=12912390&oldid=12912140	{stub}	2005-04-28T02:30:01Z	{{stub}}	2005-04-28T02:30:53Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogma&diff=588369580&oldid=588369516	'''Dogma''' is a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dogma], "dogma." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 Oct. 2011. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dogma>.</ref> It serves as part of the primary basis of an [[ideology]],[[nationalism]]or belief system, and it cannot be changed or discarded without affecting the very system's [[paradigm]], or the ideology itself. They can refer to acceptable opinions of philosophers or philosophical schools, public decrees, religion, or issued decisions of political authorities.<ref>[http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e2044], "Dogma" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. [[Oxford University Press]]. York University. 25 October 2011 <http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e2044>.</ref>	2013-12-30T13:55:15Z	'''Dogma''' is a principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dogma], "dogma." Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 24 Oct. 2011. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dogma>.</ref> It serves as part of the primary basis of an [[ideology]],[[nationalism]] or belief system, and it cannot be changed or discarded without affecting the very system's [[paradigm]], or the ideology itself. They can refer to acceptable opinions of philosophers or philosophical schools, public decrees, religion, or issued decisions of political authorities.<ref>[http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e2044], "Dogma" The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. [[Oxford University Press]]. York University. 25 October 2011 <http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t101.e2044>.</ref>	2013-12-30T13:55:51Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_(dialogue)&diff=12874974&oldid=12874924	Plato presents the almost iconic image of the raving, mad and divine poet inspired by the muse. He does this in the conversation that occurs between Socrates and Ion, a rhapsode, which is a professional performer of poetry in ancient Greece. The work also is what would today be called "literary criticism," and a criticism of literary criticism itself. Since poetic inspiration is a kind of magnetism (({{perseus\|Plat.\|Ion\|533d}}), anyone who comes within this field of inspiration can be said to be also magnetically charged with inspiration. The literary critic as an audience of poetry likewise becomes inspired in the writing of literary criticism. Therefore, literary criticism is not simply a piecing together of a text for the purposes of making a structured and solely rational interpretation of it. Plato would like to claim that there is something divine, non-objective, and non-reductive about poetry and the arts related to it (literary criticism) that he can only speak about in metaphor.	2005-04-27T07:13:05Z	Plato presents the almost iconic image of the raving, mad and divine poet inspired by the muse. He does this in the conversation that occurs between Socrates and Ion, a rhapsode, which is a professional performer of poetry in ancient Greece. The work also is what would today be called "literary criticism," and a criticism of literary criticism itself. Since poetic inspiration is a kind of magnetism ({{perseus\|Plat.\|Ion\|533d}}), anyone who comes within this field of inspiration can be said to be also magnetically charged with inspiration. The literary critic as an audience of poetry likewise becomes inspired in the writing of literary criticism. Therefore, literary criticism is not simply a piecing together of a text for the purposes of making a structured and solely rational interpretation of it. Plato would like to claim that there is something divine, non-objective, and non-reductive about poetry and the arts related to it (literary criticism) that he can only speak about in metaphor.	2005-04-27T07:14:12Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_offense&diff=522037930&oldid=522026173	{{stub}}	2012-11-08T16:55:13Z	{{stub}}	2012-11-08T18:12:24Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interspirituality&diff=918349571&oldid=918349453	[[Wayne Teasdale]] [[Pythagoras]] [[Roberto de Nobili]] [[Jules Monchanin]] [[Henri le Saux]] [[Bede Griffiths]] [[Anthony de Mello]] [[Robert Kennedy (Jesuit)]] [[Inayat Khan]] [[Bhakti Ananda Goswami]]	2019-09-28T07:04:23Z	[[Wayne Teasdale]] [[Pythagoras]] [[Roberto de Nobili]] [[Jules Monchanin]] [[Henri le Saux]] [[Bede Griffiths]] [[Anthony de Mello]] [[Robert Kennedy (Jesuit)]] [[Inayat Khan]] [[Bhakti Ananda Goswami]]	2019-09-28T07:05:21Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karma&diff=593241230&oldid=593241145	Many [[Western culture]]s have notions similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase [[wikt:what goes around comes around\|what goes around comes around]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Universal Well-Being – A Gift – Your Life\|author=Dorothy M. Neddermeyer\|url=http://drdorothy.info/?p=1444}}</ref> Christian expressions similar to karma include [[wikt:reap what one sows\|reap what one sows]] (Galatians 6:7), [[violence begets violence]] and [[live by the sword, die by the sword]].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Karma, rhythmic return to harmony\|author=Haridas Chaudhuri\|pages=78 and 79\|quote=The Meaning of Karma in Integral Philosophy\|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ve_Nim-MChcC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Wicca teaches the [[Rule of Three]], which states that whatever energy a person puts out into the world, be it positive or negative, will be returned to that person three times.<ref>http://www.wicca-spirituality.com/three-fold-law.html</ref> In Hinduism, God plays a role and is seen as a dispenser of [[Karma in Hinduism\|its version of karma]]. The non-interventionist view is that of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], the latter originally a non-theist religion. Generally, Western popular culture portrays karma as more of a supranatural mystical force than a perspective on causality. This is more similar to Hinduism's concept of karma than Buddhism's.<ref>"Kathoey Ladyboy", p. 208, by Heinz Duthel, year = 2013</ref>	2014-01-31T06:46:17Z	Many [[Western culture]]s have notions similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase [[wikt:what goes around comes around\|what goes around comes around]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Universal Well-Being – A Gift – Your Life\|author=Dorothy M. Neddermeyer\|url=http://drdorothy.info/?p=1444}}</ref> Christian expressions similar to karma include [[wikt:reap what one sows\|reap what one sows]] (Galatians 6:7), [[violence begets violence]] and [[live by the sword, die by the sword]].<ref>{{cite book\|title=Karma, rhythmic return to harmony\|author=Haridas Chaudhuri\|pages=78 and 79\|quote=The Meaning of Karma in Integral Philosophy\|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ve_Nim-MChcC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> [[Wicca]] teaches the [[Rule of Three(Wicca)\|Rule of Three]], which states that whatever energy a person puts out into the world, be it positive or negative, will be returned to that person three times.<ref>http://www.wicca-spirituality.com/three-fold-law.html</ref> In Hinduism, God plays a role and is seen as a dispenser of [[Karma in Hinduism\|its version of karma]]. The non-interventionist view is that of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]], the latter originally a non-theist religion. Generally, Western popular culture portrays karma as more of a supranatural mystical force than a perspective on causality. This is more similar to Hinduism's concept of karma than Buddhism's.<ref>"Kathoey Ladyboy", p. 208, by Heinz Duthel, year = 2013</ref>	2014-01-31T06:47:24Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patience&diff=354518291&oldid=350737157	[[ru:Терпимость]]	2010-03-19T05:08:32Z	[[ru:Терпимость]]	2010-04-07T12:43:56Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_experience&diff=688814137&oldid=688658771	Different varieties of religious experience are described in detail in the ''[[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]]''. In its section on the fifty [[skandha]]-[[mara (demon)\|maras]], each of the five skandhas has ten skandha-maras associated with it, and each skandha-mara is described in detail as a deviation from correct samādhi. These skandha-maras are also known as the "fifty skandha demons" in some English-language publications.<ref name="epstein50">{{cite web\|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/repstein/Buddhism/Shurangama/ss8foreword.html\|title=Fifty Skandha Demon States: Forward\|author=Ron Epstein}}</ref>	2015-11-02T08:15:12Z	Different varieties of religious experience are described in detail in the ''[[Śūraṅgama Sūtra]]''. In its section on the fifty [[skandha]]-[[mara (demon)\|maras]], each of the five skandhas has ten skandha-maras associated with it, and each skandha-mara is described in detail as a deviation from correct samādhi. These skandha-maras are also known as the "fifty skandha demons" in some English-language publications.<ref name="epstein50">{{cite web\|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/repstein/Buddhism/Shurangama/ss8foreword.html\|title=Fifty Skandha Demon States: Forward\|author=Ron Epstein}}</ref>	2015-11-03T05:45:30Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_self-schema_therapy&diff=637814883&oldid=637814011	Spiritual [[Self-Schema]] Therapy, sometimes referred to as 3-S, is designed to teach skills to individuals with [[HIV]] that will both promote living a spiritual life aiding in their recovery and help reduce the spread of HIV<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S) development program for the treatment of addiction and HIV risk behavior\|url=http://medicine.yale.edu/spiritualselfschema/training/manuals/therapy.aspx\|publisher=Yale School of Medicine\|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref>. Spiritual Self-Schema Therapy can use both contemporary cognitive-therapy and various religious practices.<ref>{{cite web\|title=3-S Theoretical Foundation\|url=http://www.3-s.us/about/foundation/index.aspx\|publisher=Yale School of Medicine\|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> [[Yale School of Medicine]] have started a program called 3-S (signifying '''S'''piritual '''S'''elf-'''S'''chema). They explain on their website that self-schemas can be very helpful. However, they can also be very problematic. They suggest stereotypes as an example. Additionally, people who believe that they are "bad, worthless, or unlovable" do significant amounts of mental damage to themselves. Their 3-S program promotes [[spirituality]] as a strong resource for coping with life's troubles. The goal of their program is to create a path to enhance ones spiritual nature.<ref name="3-S Theoretical Foundation" />	2014-12-12T20:17:15Z	Spiritual [[Self-Schema]] Therapy, sometimes referred to as 3-S, is designed to teach skills to individuals with [[HIV]] that will both promote living a spiritual life aiding in their recovery and help reduce the spread of HIV<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Spiritual Self-Schema (3-S) development program for the treatment of addiction and HIV risk behavior\|url=http://medicine.yale.edu/spiritualselfschema/training/manuals/therapy.aspx\|publisher=Yale School of Medicine\|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref>. Spiritual Self-Schema Therapy can use both contemporary cognitive-therapy and various religious practices.<ref name="3-S Theoretical Foundation">{{cite web\|title=3-S Theoretical Foundation\|url=http://www.3-s.us/about/foundation/index.aspx\|publisher=Yale School of Medicine\|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> [[Yale School of Medicine]] have started a program called 3-S (signifying '''S'''piritual '''S'''elf-'''S'''chema). They explain on their website that self-schemas can be very helpful. However, they can also be very problematic. They suggest stereotypes as an example. Additionally, people who believe that they are "bad, worthless, or unlovable" do significant amounts of mental damage to themselves. Their 3-S program promotes [[spirituality]] as a strong resource for coping with life's troubles. The goal of their program is to create a path to enhance ones spiritual nature. <ref name="3-S Theoretical Foundation" />	2014-12-12T20:23:59Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongji_(spirit_medium)&diff=1337208&oldid=1337165	<b>Tong-ki</b> [[Image:Tong2ji1.jpg]] is a Chinese word (the Mandarin pronunciation represented in pin-yin romanizatin is used here) that refers to a person who experiences himself as having been chosen by a particular god to be his vehicle for expression here on earth. Frequently a person who will become a <i>tong-ki</i> experiences himself, at an early time in his life, to be coming under the compulsion of some god to be possessed by him. The person may well resist that compulsion. Should his resistance fail, he will from time to time enter into a trance in which he may beat himself with a nail-studded ball at the end of a cord and handle to the point that he draws blood from multiple wounds on his back. While in this trance state he will experience himself,and the members of his community of belief will experience him, as speaking the words of that god.	2003-08-24T04:00:57Z	[[Image:Tong2ji1.jpg]]<b>Tong-ki</b> is a Chinese word (the Mandarin pronunciation represented in pin-yin romanizatin is used here) that refers to a person who experiences himself as having been chosen by a particular god to be his vehicle for expression here on earth. Frequently a person who will become a <i>tong-ki</i> experiences himself, at an early time in his life, to be coming under the compulsion of some god to be possessed by him. The person may well resist that compulsion. Should his resistance fail, he will from time to time enter into a trance in which he may beat himself with a nail-studded ball at the end of a cord and handle to the point that he draws blood from multiple wounds on his back. While in this trance state he will experience himself,and the members of his community of belief will experience him, as speaking the words of that god.	2003-08-24T04:01:42Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinn&diff=1135742834&oldid=1135742175	</ref>{{rp\|style=ama\|pages= 1–10}} Belief in jinn in the pre-Islamic [[Arab]] religion is testified not only by the Quran, but also by pre-Islamic literature in the seventh century.<ref name="HistMuh-2016">{{cite book \|last= Zeitlin \|first= I. M.\|author-link= \|date= 2007\|title= The Historical Muhammad\|url= \|location= United Kingdom\|publisher= Wiley\|page= \|isbn=978-0-745-63998-7}}</ref>{{rp\|p=54}} Some scholars of the Middle East hold that they originated as malevolent spirits residing in deserts and unclean places, who often took the forms of animals;<ref name="Lebling–2010"/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 1–10}} others hold that they were originally pagan nature deities who gradually became marginalized as other deities took greater importance.<ref name="Lebling–2010"/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pages= 1–10}} Since the term ''jinn'' seems not to be of [[Arabic]], but [[Aramaic]] origin, denoting demonized pagan deities, the jinn probably entered the Arabian belief in the late pre-Islamic period.<ref name="HistMuh-2016"/>{{rp\|p=54}} Still, jinn had been worshipped by many Arabs during the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia\|Pre-Islamic period]],<ref name=elZein-2009><br/>	2023-01-26T15:55:07Z	</ref>{{rp\|style=ama\|pages= 1–10}} Belief in jinn in the pre-Islamic [[Arab]] religion is testified not only by the Quran, but also by pre-Islamic literature in the seventh century.<ref name="HistMuh-2016">{{cite book \|last= Zeitlin \|first= I. M.\|author-link= \|date= 2007\|title= The Historical Muhammad\|url= \|location= United Kingdom\|publisher= Wiley\|page= \|isbn=978-0-745-63998-7}}</ref>{{rp\|p=54}} Some scholars of the Middle East hold that they originated as malevolent spirits residing in deserts and unclean places, who often took the forms of animals;<ref name="Lebling–2010"/>{{rp\|style=ama\|p= 1–10}} others hold that they were originally pagan nature deities who gradually became marginalized as other deities took greater importance.<ref name="Lebling–2010"/>{{rp\|style=ama\|pages= 1–10}} Since the term ''jinn'' seems to be not of [[Arabic]], but of [[Aramaic]] origin, denoting demonized pagan deities, the jinn probably entered Arabian belief in the late pre-Islamic period.<ref name="HistMuh-2016"/>{{rp\|p=54}} Still, jinn had been worshipped by many Arabs during the [[Pre-Islamic Arabia\|Pre-Islamic period]],<ref name=elZein-2009><br/>	2023-01-26T16:00:33Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_hour&diff=781882793&oldid=781882207	In Jewish tradition, prayers were usually offered at the time of the [[Whole-burnt offering\|daily whole-burnt offerings]].<ref>''Rabbeinu Hananel's Commentary on Tractate Berakhot'' (ed. David Metzger),Jerusalem 1990, s.v. ''Berakhot'' 26a (p. 51)</ref> The historian, [[Josephus]], writing about daily whole-burnt offering, says that it was offered twice each day, in the morning and about the ''ninth hour''.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews\|Antiquities]]'' (xiv.iv.§ 3)</ref> The [[Mishnah]], a compendium of Jewish oral laws compiled in the late 2nd-century CE, says of the morning daily offering that it was offered in the ''fourth hour'',<ref>Mishnah, ''Eduyot'' 6:1</ref> but says of the late afternoon offering: "The daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half after the ''eighth hour'', and offered up at a half after the ''ninth hour''."<ref name=MishnahPesahim>''The Mishnah'' (ed. [[Herbert Danby]]), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1977, s.v. ''Pesahim'' 5:1, p. 141</ref> Elsewhere, when writing about the slaughter of the [[Passover offering]]s on the eve of Passover (the 14th day of the lunar month [[Nisan]]), he says: "...their feast which is called the Passover, when they slay their sacrifices, from the ''ninth hour'' to the ''eleventh'', etc." (roughly corresponding to 3 o'clock pm to 5 o'clock pm).<ref>Josephus, ''[[Wars of the Jews\|Wars]]'' (vi.ix.§ 3)</ref> Conversely, the Mishnah says that on the eve of Passover the daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half past the ''seventh hour'', and offered up at a half past the ''eighth hour''.<ref name=MishnahPesahim>	2017-05-23T19:46:14Z	In Jewish tradition, prayers were usually offered at the time of the [[Whole-burnt offering\|daily whole-burnt offerings]].<ref>''Rabbeinu Hananel's Commentary on Tractate Berakhot'' (ed. David Metzger),Jerusalem 1990, s.v. ''Berakhot'' 26a (p. 51)</ref> The historian, [[Josephus]], writing about daily whole-burnt offering, says that it was offered twice each day, in the morning and about the ''ninth hour''.<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews\|Antiquities]]'' (xiv.iv.§ 3)</ref> The [[Mishnah]], a compendium of Jewish oral laws compiled in the late 2nd-century CE, says of the morning daily offering that it was offered in the ''fourth hour'',<ref>Mishnah, ''Eduyot'' 6:1</ref> but says of the late afternoon offering: "The daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half after the ''eighth hour'', and offered up at a half after the ''ninth hour''."<ref name=MishnahPesahim>''The Mishnah'' (ed. [[Herbert Danby]]), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1977, s.v. ''Pesahim'' 5:1, p. 141</ref> Elsewhere, when writing about the slaughter of the [[Passover offering]]s on the eve of Passover (the 14th day of the lunar month [[Nisan]]), he says: "...their feast which is called the Passover, when they slay their sacrifices, from the ''ninth hour'' to the ''eleventh'', etc." (roughly corresponding to 3 o'clock pm to 5 o'clock pm).<ref>Josephus, ''[[Wars of the Jews\|Wars]]'' (vi.ix.§ 3)</ref> Conversely, the Mishnah says that on the eve of Passover the daily whole-burnt offering was slaughtered at a half past the ''seventh hour'', and offered up at a half past the ''eighth hour''.<ref name=MishnahPesahim/>	2017-05-23T19:50:31Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remnant_(Bible)&diff=75295544&oldid=75295335	REDIRECT [[Remnant church]]	2006-09-12T14:24:58Z	#REDIRECT [[Remnant church]]	2006-09-12T14:26:31Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remnant_(Seventh-day_Adventist_belief)&diff=75293619&oldid=75293536	[Category:Seventh-day Adventist theology]	2006-09-12T14:12:15Z	[[Category:Seventh-day Adventist theology]]	2006-09-12T14:12:56Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Criminel&diff=239429886&oldid=239429694	Baron Kriminel is a much feared spirit or [[Lwa]] in the [[Haitian Vodou]] religion, he is evisioned as murderer who has been condemned to death. He is invoked to pronounce swift judgement, when a person becomes possessed by Baron Kriminel they shout obscenties, spit and try to stick knives into surrounding people. If, during possession, Baron Kriminel is presented with food he does not like, he will bite chunks out of the arms of the person he has possessed.	2008-09-19T01:30:03Z	Baron Kriminel is a much feared spirit or [[Lwa]] in the [[Haitian Vodou]] religion, he is evisioned as a murderer who has been condemned to death. He is invoked to pronounce swift judgement, when a person becomes possessed by Baron Kriminel they shout obscenties, spit and try to stick knives into surrounding people. If, during possession, Baron Kriminel is presented with food he does not like, he will bite chunks out of the arms of the person he has possessed.	2008-09-19T01:30:50Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Happy_hunting_ground&diff=74868251&oldid=73450257	The happy hunting ground was the name given to the concept of the [[afterlife]] by several of the [[great plains]] [[native american]] tribes for example the various [[sioux]] nations. The sioux commonly believe that after death, the spirit of that person goes to the happy hunting ground, unless they were [[scalped]] during their lifetime. This belief corresponds with the general sioux belief that everything has a [[spirit]]; including trees, rocks, rivers and almost every natural entity. This therefore leads to the existence of an afterlife. The native american tribes were highly spiritual with many spiritual dances such as the [[sun dance]] and the [[ghost dance]], which directly refers to the spirits of the dead returning to life. The name basically describes the features of the sioux afterlife. The tribes originally depended upon the [[buffalo]] for survival and it was an integral part of their lives. Thus it follows that buffalo hunting would be a feature for the sioux version of heaven.	2006-09-02T20:11:41Z	The happy hunting ground was the name given to the concept of the [[afterlife]] by several of the [[great plains]] [[native american]] tribes for example the various [[sioux]] nations. The sioux commonly believe that after death, the spirit of that person goes to the happy hunting ground, unless they were [[scalped]] during their lifetime. This belief corresponds with the general sioux belief that everything has a [[spirit]]; including trees, rocks, rivers and almost every natural entity. This therefore leads to the existence of an afterlife. The native american tribes were highly spiritual with many spiritual dances such as the [[sun dance]] and the [[ghost dance]], which directly refers to the spirits of the dead returning to life. The name basically describes the features of the sioux afterlife. The tribes originally depended upon the [[buffalo]] for survival and it was an integral part of their lives. Thus it follows that buffalo hunting would be a feature for the sioux version of heaven.	2006-09-10T08:14:35Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osanobua&diff=23989090&oldid=23988904	Osanobua , is the Edo name for God almighty, it is often abbrevated as Osa, which is commonly intergrated into modern Edo names, like esosa, which means God,s goodness or gift, eghosa ,God,s time, etc.	2005-09-25T11:51:29Z	Osanobua , is the[[ Edo]] name for God almighty, it is often abbrevated as Osa, which is commonly intergrated into modern Edo names, like esosa, which means God,s goodness or gift, eghosa ,God,s time, etc.	2005-09-25T11:55:21Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Responsive_reading&diff=644490469&oldid=644489968	'''Responsive reading''' is the alternate reading of a text between the leader of a group and the rest of the group <ref> [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/responsive%20reading Responsive reading (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary)] </ref> , especially, during the worship or [[Bible study (Christian)\|Bible study]], at the reading of the [[Psalms]] in the Bible reading time. <ref> [http://www.godonthe.net/responsive-readings/ Responsive readings</ref> Some [[hymnals]] include responsive readings, usually selected from the Psalms, in addition to the [[hymns]]. <ref> [fwbreadings.blogspot.com/2004/12/table-of-contents.html Holy Bible Responsive or Unison Readings ] </ref>	2015-01-28T01:30:39Z	'''Responsive reading''' is the alternate reading of a text between the leader of a group and the rest of the group <ref> [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/responsive%20reading Responsive reading (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary)] </ref> , especially, during the worship or [[Bible study (Christian)\|Bible study]], at the reading of the [[Psalms]] in the Bible reading time. <ref> [http://www.godonthe.net/responsive-readings/ Responsive readings] </ref> Some [[hymnals]] include responsive readings, usually selected from the Psalms, in addition to the [[hymns]]. <ref> [http://fwbreadings.blogspot.com/2004/12/table-of-contents.html Holy Bible Responsive or Unison Readings] </ref>	2015-01-28T01:33:46Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruhanga&diff=164823325&oldid=164823258	</ref><ref>[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Tooro/Ruhanga Webster’s Online Dictionary</ref> Ruhanga is also considered to be the founder of the [[Batembuzi]] dynasty of the [[Kingdom of Kitara]].<ref>Uganda Travel Guide: [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bachwezi.html The Bachwezi</ref>	2007-10-15T22:28:23Z	</ref><ref>[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Tooro/Ruhanga Webster’s Online Dictionary]</ref> Ruhanga is also considered to be the founder of the [[Batembuzi]] dynasty of the [[Kingdom of Kitara]].<ref>Uganda Travel Guide: [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bachwezi.html The Bachwezi]</ref>	2007-10-15T22:28:46Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silat_Bridge&diff=1081564654&oldid=1081564614	*[[[[Chinvat Bridge]]]]	2022-04-08T06:40:24Z	*[[Chinvat Bridge]]	2022-04-08T06:41:00Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seshat_(project)&diff=684392614&oldid=684392560	The Seshat: Global History Databank is a [[nonprofit organization]] that has collected over 82,000 data points as of October 1st, 2015 to rigorously test different hypotheses about the rise and fall of large-scale societies across the globe and human history<ref>http://seshatdatabank.info</ref>. The Seshat: Global History Databank is an integral part of an exciting new scientific approach to historical research—[[Cliodynamics]]. The goal of Cliodynamics is to use the scientific method to produce the data necessary to empirically test competing theories.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Turchin\|first=Peter\|title=Arise cliodynamics\|journal=Nature\|date=2008\|http://www.sott.net/articles/show/161508-Transforming-history-into-science-Arise-cliodynamics</ref>}}</ref>	2015-10-06T10:42:46Z	The Seshat: Global History Databank is a [[nonprofit organization]] that has collected over 82,000 data points as of October 1st, 2015 to rigorously test different hypotheses about the rise and fall of large-scale societies across the globe and human history<ref>http://seshatdatabank.info</ref>. The Seshat: Global History Databank is an integral part of an exciting new scientific approach to historical research—[[Cliodynamics]]. The goal of Cliodynamics is to use the scientific method to produce the data necessary to empirically test competing theories.<ref>{{cite journal\|last=Turchin\|first=Peter\|title=Arise cliodynamics\|journal=Nature\|date=2008\|http://www.sott.net/articles/show/161508-Transforming-history-into-science-Arise-cliodynamics</ref>	2015-10-06T10:43:21Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force-field_analysis&diff=2264877&oldid=2264800	One of the most significant contributions to the field of [[organizational development]], [[Kurt Lewin]]'s concept of '''force field analysis''' provides a framework for looking at the factors in any given situation that are either driving movement toward a goal (helping factors) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering factors).	2004-01-30T20:34:04Z	One of the most significant contributions to the field of [[organizational development]], [[Kurt Lewin]]'s concept of '''force field analysis''' provides a framework for looking at the factors in any given situation that are either driving movement toward a [[goal]] (helping factors) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering factors).	2004-01-30T20:35:48Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praxeology&diff=250724920&oldid=249467929	Another conclusion that Mises reached was that [[Decision making\|decisions]] are made on an ''[[ordinal]]'' basis. That is, it is impossible to carry out more than one action at once, the conscious [[mind]] being only capable of one decision at a time — even if those decisions can be made in rapid order. Thus man will act to remove the most pressing source of dissatisfaction first and then move to the next most pressing source of dissatisfaction. Additionally, Mises dismissed the notion that [[subjective]] values could be calculated mathematically; man can not treat his values with cardinal numbers, e.g., "I prefer owning a television 2.5 times as much as owning a DVD player." This is related to how the [[rank transform]] in statistics discards absolute values and retains only an ordering.	2008-11-03T19:32:04Z	Another conclusion that Mises reached was that [[Decision making\|decisions]] are made on an ''[[ordinal]]'' basis. That is, it is impossible to carry out more than one action at once, the conscious [[mind]] being capable of only one decision at a time — even if those decisions can be made in rapid order. Thus man will act to remove the most pressing source of dissatisfaction first and then move to the next most pressing source of dissatisfaction. Additionally, Mises dismissed the notion that [[subjective]] values could be calculated mathematically; man can not treat his values with cardinal numbers, e.g., "I prefer owning a television 2.5 times as much as owning a DVD player." This is related to how the [[rank transform]] in statistics discards absolute values and retains only an ordering.	2008-11-09T21:03:10Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_mass_(sociodynamics)&diff=88801459&oldid=88801390	Critical mass is a concept used in a variety of contexts, including [physics], [group dynamics], [politics], [public opinion], and [technology].	2006-11-19T13:13:18Z	Critical mass is a concept used in a variety of contexts, including [[physics]], [[group dynamics]], [[politics]], [[public opinion]], and [[technology]].	2006-11-19T13:13:56Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organizational_behavior&diff=613757839&oldid=613757788	According to Miner (2006) when organizational behavior began, the overlap between the well established [[scientific]] field of [[industrial and organizational psychology]] was pronounced and there was even moves to try and incorporate industrial and organizational psychology into [[business school]]s in the United States<ref> Miner, J.(2006) Organizational behavior 3: Historical origins, theoretical foundations and the future. Wiley.</ref>Although there are subtle differences, there is still a lot of confusion as to the difference between organizational behavior and organisational psychology as Jex and Britt (2008) point out.<ref>Jex, S. & Britt, T. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. 2nd Edition.</ref>	2014-06-21T01:16:41Z	According to Miner (2006) when organizational behavior began, the overlap between the well established [[scientific]] field of industrial and organizational psychology was pronounced and there was even moves to try and incorporate industrial and organizational psychology into [[business school]]s in the United States<ref> Miner, J.(2006) Organizational behavior 3: Historical origins, theoretical foundations and the future. Wiley.</ref>Although there are subtle differences, there is still a lot of confusion as to the difference between organizational behavior and organisational psychology as Jex and Britt (2008) point out.<ref>Jex, S. & Britt, T. (2008). Organizational Psychology: A Scientist-Practitioner Approach. 2nd Edition.</ref>	2014-06-21T01:17:25Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_inequity_aversion&diff=175690259&oldid=175690043	According to Sarah Brosnan, “human beings have a similar approach, we do not live in a world of absolute values but one in which we are constantly comparing ourselves with those about us and, like a capuchin, we can tell when we are being short changed.”<sup>4</sup> This can directly be connected to social inequality in that we as humans know what social inequality is and can identify it as an injustice; it is how we know that something such as unequal pay based on socioeconomic status is social inequality. However, according to the concept of social inequity aversion, we will not reject what is offered to us unless we realize that by rejecting what we are offered we will reduce another person’s earnings or the earnings of the person who is giving to us, thus making our earnings closer to theirs, thus lessening the inequality.	2007-12-04T11:17:55Z	According to Sarah Brosnan, “human beings have a similar approach, we do not live in a world of absolute values but one in which we are constantly comparing ourselves with those about us and, like a capuchin, we can tell when we are being short changed.”<sup>4</sup> This can directly be connected to [[social inequality]] in that we as humans know what social inequality is and can identify it as an injustice; it is how we know that something such as unequal pay based on socioeconomic status is social inequality. However, according to the concept of social inequity aversion, we will not reject what is offered to us unless we realize that by rejecting what we are offered we will reduce another person’s earnings or the earnings of the person who is giving to us, thus making our earnings closer to theirs, thus lessening the inequality.	2007-12-04T11:20:29Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_software&diff=296375777&oldid=293100756	More narrowly, the term [[virtual presence]] denotes presence on [[World Wide Web]] locations which identified by [[Uniform Resource Locator\|URL]]s. People who are browsing a web site are considered to be virtually present at web locations. Virtual presence is a social software in the sense that people meet on the web by chance or intentionally. The ubiquitous(in the web space) communication transfers behavior patterns from the real world and [[virtual world]]s to the web. Research <ref> [[Sheizaf Rafaeli]] & Noy, A. (2002), Online auctions, messaging, communication and social facilitation: a simulation and experimental evidence, European Journal of Information Systems, September 2002, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 196-207.</ref> has demonstrated effects <ref> [[Sheizaf Rafaeli]] and Noy, A. (2005). [http://sheizaf.rafaeli.net/publications/SocialPresenceEMRafaeliNoyPrePrint.doc "Social Presence: Influence on Bidders in Internet Auctions"]. EM-Electronic Markets, 15(2), 158-176. </ref>	2009-05-29T14:27:37Z	More narrowly, the term [[virtual presence]] denotes presence on [[World Wide Web]] locations which are identified by [[Uniform Resource Locator\|URL]]s. People who are browsing a web site are considered to be virtually present at web locations. Virtual presence is a social software in the sense that people meet on the web by chance or intentionally. The ubiquitous(in the web space) communication transfers behavior patterns from the real world and [[virtual world]]s to the web. Research <ref> [[Sheizaf Rafaeli]] & Noy, A. (2002), Online auctions, messaging, communication and social facilitation: a simulation and experimental evidence, European Journal of Information Systems, September 2002, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 196-207.</ref> has demonstrated effects <ref> [[Sheizaf Rafaeli]] and Noy, A. (2005). [http://sheizaf.rafaeli.net/publications/SocialPresenceEMRafaeliNoyPrePrint.doc "Social Presence: Influence on Bidders in Internet Auctions"]. EM-Electronic Markets, 15(2), 158-176. </ref>	2009-06-14T16:32:40Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triadic_closure&diff=179228526&oldid=179227609	Triadic closure is a concept in social network theory. Supposing that A has a strong connection to B and to C, but there is no connection between B and C; when this changes and B and C become either weakly or strongly linked, there is triadic closure	2007-12-20T18:38:59Z	Triadic closure is a concept in [[social network]] theory. Supposing that A has a strong connection to B and to C, but there is no connection between B and C; when this changes and B and C become either weakly or strongly linked, there is triadic closure	2007-12-20T18:43:59Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_aquarium&diff=105284567&oldid=105284507	The first public [[aquarium]] was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of a number of public aquaria in Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, 1868, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872).[ [P.T. Barnum]] quickly followed with the first American aquarium, which opened on [[Broadway (New York City)\|Broadway]] in [[New York]]. The example was later followed, (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco 1894).	2007-02-03T06:52:55Z	The first public [[aquarium]] was opened in London Zoo in 1853. This was followed by the opening of a number of public aquaria in Europe (for example, Paris 1859, Hamburg 1864, 1868, Berlin 1869, Brighton 1872).[[P.T. Barnum]] quickly followed with the first American aquarium, which opened on [[Broadway (New York City)\|Broadway]] in [[New York]]. The example was later followed, (Boston 1859, Washington 1873, San Francisco 1894).	2007-02-03T06:53:22Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_enemy&diff=54739704&oldid=54739461	It was later appropriated by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation\|FBI]] who used it to describe various notorious [[fugitive]]s that they were pursuing throughout the 1930s. Among the criminals whom the FBI called "Public Enemies" were [[John Dillinger]], [[Bonnie and Clyde]] and [[Ma Barker]] and [[Alvin Karpis]].	2006-05-23T17:22:16Z	It was later appropriated by [[J. Edgar Hoover]] and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation\|FBI]] who used it to describe various notorious [[fugitive]]s that they were pursuing throughout the 1930s. Among the criminals whom the FBI called "Public Enemies" were [[John Dillinger]], [[Bonnie and Clyde]], [[Ma Barker]] and [[Alvin Karpis]].	2006-05-23T17:23:46Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_auction&diff=655257001&oldid=655256938	* [[Car]]s & [[Commercial vehicle\|Commercial Vehicle]]s	2015-04-06T22:33:55Z	* [[Car]]s & [[Commercial vehicle\|Commercial Vehicle]]s	2015-04-06T22:34:23Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_sphere_pedagogy&diff=599686052&oldid=599685924	'''Public Sphere Pedagogy (PSP)''' represents an approach to educational engagement that connects classroom activities with real world civic engagement.<ref name="jill12">{{Cite journal\| issn = 00241822\| volume = 97\| issue = 2\| pages = 40–45\| last = Swiencicki\| first = Jill\| coauthors = Chris Fosen, Sofie Burton, Justin Gonder, Thia Wolf\| title = The Town Hall Meeting: Imagining a Self through Public-Sphere Pedagogy\| journal = Liberal Education\| accessdate = 2014-03-15\| date = 2011\| url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=64443756&site=ehost-live}}</ref>. The focus of PSP programs is to connect class assignments, content, and readings with contemporary public issues.<ref name="ChicoPSP">{{Cite web \| title = About Public Sphere Pedagogy - First-Year Experience \| work = California State University Chico \| accessdate = 2014-03-15 \| date = 2013 \| url = http://www.csuchico.edu/fye/Public_Sphere_Work/index.shtml }}</ref> Students are then asked to participate with members of the community in various forms of [[public sphere]] discourse and [[democratic]] participation such as [[town hall meetings]] and public debate events<ref name="enjoymag">{{Cite news\| last = Mosby\| first = Claudia\| title = The Great Debate and Civic Expo\| work = Enjoy Magazine: Northern California Living\| accessdate = 2014-03-15\| date = 2013-10-30\| url = http://www.enjoymagazine.net/2013/10/30/the-great-debate-and-civic-expo}}</ref>. Through these events, students are challenged to practice [[civic engagement]] and [[civil discourse]].	2014-03-15T06:19:23Z	'''Public Sphere Pedagogy (PSP)''' represents an approach to educational engagement that connects classroom activities with real world civic engagement.<ref name="jill12">{{Cite journal\| issn = 00241822\| volume = 97\| issue = 2\| pages = 40–45\| last = Swiencicki\| first = Jill\| coauthors = Chris Fosen, Sofie Burton, Justin Gonder, Thia Wolf\| title = The Town Hall Meeting: Imagining a Self through Public-Sphere Pedagogy\| journal = Liberal Education\| accessdate = 2014-03-15\| date = 2011\| url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=64443756&site=ehost-live}}</ref> The focus of PSP programs is to connect class assignments, content, and readings with contemporary public issues.<ref name="ChicoPSP">{{Cite web \| title = About Public Sphere Pedagogy - First-Year Experience \| work = California State University Chico \| accessdate = 2014-03-15 \| date = 2013 \| url = http://www.csuchico.edu/fye/Public_Sphere_Work/index.shtml }}</ref> Students are then asked to participate with members of the community in various forms of [[public sphere]] discourse and [[democratic]] participation such as [[town hall meetings]] and public debate events<ref name="enjoymag">{{Cite news\| last = Mosby\| first = Claudia\| title = The Great Debate and Civic Expo\| work = Enjoy Magazine: Northern California Living\| accessdate = 2014-03-15\| date = 2013-10-30\| url = http://www.enjoymagazine.net/2013/10/30/the-great-debate-and-civic-expo}}</ref>. Through these events, students are challenged to practice [[civic engagement]] and [[civil discourse]].	2014-03-15T06:21:22Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publicly_traded_private_equity&diff=228893434&oldid=228893072	[[Category:Private equity\| ]] [[Category:Venture capital\| ]]	2008-07-30T21:47:41Z	[[Category:Private equity]] [[Category:Venture capital]]	2008-07-30T21:49:54Z