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What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

A total of 33 of the 91 subjects had one or more respiratory tract virus; there were 10 cases of triple infection and 5 of quadruple. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses in the clinical sample; present in 93.8% 15/16 of clinical subjects, and 6.7% 5/75 of community subjects significant difference, p < 0.001 . Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 .

What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

No observations used in this study had any missing data for analyses in this study. Basic participant demographics are summarized in PCR results showed that ten different viruses influenza A, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63, RSVA, RSV B, parainfluenza 1-4 were detected. Figure 1 shows how these infections were distributed across virus types as well as in the community versus clinic samples.

What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note. We identified ten different respiratory tract viruses among the subjects as shown in Fig. 1 . Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses.

What was the most common virus detected in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

We performed a cross-sectional study in three community centers and one clinical in Ilorin, Nigeria. Ilorin is in Kwara state and is the 6th largest city in Nigeria by population . Three Local Government Areas Ilorin East, Ilorin South and Ilorin West LGAs were the community sites and Children's Specialist Hospital, Ilorin the clinical site.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 . A different strain, Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected among subjects from the clinic 2/16 and not detected in the community. This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

These three infections resulted in 41 viruses detected in 15 subjects clinically, and eight infections detected in five people in the community. Together they infected 94% 15/16, 95% CI 67.7-99.7% of clinical subjects, and 7% 5/75, 95% CI 2.5-15.5% in the community significant difference, p < 0.001 . The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects. The most prevalent virus in the clinical sample coronavirus OC43 was not detected in the community sample. Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus and their prevalence in the community.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

OBJECTIVE: Recognizing increasing interest in community disease surveillance globally, the goal of this study was to investigate whether respiratory viruses circulating in the community may be represented through clinical hospital surveillance in Nigeria. RESULTS: Children were selected via convenience sampling from communities and a tertiary care center n = 91 during spring 2017 in Ilorin, Nigeria. Nasal swabs were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

There is no report, to the best of our knowledge, implicating coronavirus in ARIs in Nigeria, and it was detected in 12 subjects in this study. Although cases of double and triple infections were observed in a study in Nigeria in 2011 , as far as we are aware, reports of quadruple infections are rare and have not been reported in Nigeria previously. Due to the unique nature of the data generated in this study and novelty of work in the setting, it is not possible to exactly compare results to other studies.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Due to the unique nature of the data generated in this study and novelty of work in the setting, it is not possible to exactly compare results to other studies. For example, though we found a similar study regarding ARIs in clinical subjects in Burkina Faso , due to the small sample size from this study it would not be feasible to infer or compare prevalence rates. Studies of ARI etiology have mostly been generally focused in areas of the world that are more developed , and it is important to note that the availability of molecular diagnostic methods as employed in this study substantially improve the ability to detect viruses which hitherto have not been detected in Nigeria.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus and their prevalence in the community. Finally, some of the viruses detected in this study have not been detected and implicated with ARIs in Nigeria. There is no report, to the best of our knowledge, implicating coronavirus in ARIs in Nigeria, and it was detected in 12 subjects in this study.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically . This pilot study indicates that in areas of Nigeria, etiology of ARIs ascertained from clinical samples may not represent all of the ARIs circulating in the community. The main limitation of the study is the sample size.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Diagnostic methods available and other constraints have limited studies there to serological surveys of only a few of these viruses and only in clinical populations . Thus, the utility of community-based surveillance may be appropriate in contexts such as in Nigeria, and the purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if clinical cases may describe the entire picture of ARI among children in Nigeria. We performed a cross-sectional study in three community centers and one clinical in Ilorin, Nigeria.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Twenty-five children with symptoms were selected each from the three community locations while 16 symptomatic children were sampled from the hospital. The total sample size n = 91 was arrived at based on materials and processing cost constraints, as well as to provide enough samples to enable descriptive understanding of viral circulation patterns estimated from other community-based studies . Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers, who are employed by the State Ministry of Health and familiar with the communities in this study, performed specimen and data collection.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Three Local Government Areas Ilorin East, Ilorin South and Ilorin West LGAs were the community sites and Children's Specialist Hospital, Ilorin the clinical site. Convenience sampling was used for the purposes of this pilot study, and samples were obtained from March 28 to April 5 2017. Inclusion criteria were: children less than 14 years old who had visible symptoms of ARI within the communities or those confirmed at the hospital with ARI.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

However, the sample size was big enough to ascertain significant differences in community and clinic sourced viruses, and provides a qualitative understanding of viral etiology in samples from the community and clinic. Moreover, the sample was largely concentrated on subjects under 6 years, who are amongst the groups at highest risk of ARIs. Despite the small sample size, samples here indicate that circulation patterns in the community may differ from those in the clinic.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC43 in community samples in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

No observations used in this study had any missing data for analyses in this study. Basic participant demographics are summarized in PCR results showed that ten different viruses influenza A, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63, RSVA, RSV B, parainfluenza 1-4 were detected. Figure 1 shows how these infections were distributed across virus types as well as in the community versus clinic samples.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

These three infections resulted in 41 viruses detected in 15 subjects clinically, and eight infections detected in five people in the community. Together they infected 94% 15/16, 95% CI 67.7-99.7% of clinical subjects, and 7% 5/75, 95% CI 2.5-15.5% in the community significant difference, p < 0.001 . The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 . A different strain, Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected among subjects from the clinic 2/16 and not detected in the community. This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

OBJECTIVE: Recognizing increasing interest in community disease surveillance globally, the goal of this study was to investigate whether respiratory viruses circulating in the community may be represented through clinical hospital surveillance in Nigeria. RESULTS: Children were selected via convenience sampling from communities and a tertiary care center n = 91 during spring 2017 in Ilorin, Nigeria. Nasal swabs were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus and their prevalence in the community. Finally, some of the viruses detected in this study have not been detected and implicated with ARIs in Nigeria. There is no report, to the best of our knowledge, implicating coronavirus in ARIs in Nigeria, and it was detected in 12 subjects in this study.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

There is no report, to the best of our knowledge, implicating coronavirus in ARIs in Nigeria, and it was detected in 12 subjects in this study. Although cases of double and triple infections were observed in a study in Nigeria in 2011 , as far as we are aware, reports of quadruple infections are rare and have not been reported in Nigeria previously. Due to the unique nature of the data generated in this study and novelty of work in the setting, it is not possible to exactly compare results to other studies.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects. The most prevalent virus in the clinical sample coronavirus OC43 was not detected in the community sample. Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus and their prevalence in the community.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Due to the unique nature of the data generated in this study and novelty of work in the setting, it is not possible to exactly compare results to other studies. For example, though we found a similar study regarding ARIs in clinical subjects in Burkina Faso , due to the small sample size from this study it would not be feasible to infer or compare prevalence rates. Studies of ARI etiology have mostly been generally focused in areas of the world that are more developed , and it is important to note that the availability of molecular diagnostic methods as employed in this study substantially improve the ability to detect viruses which hitherto have not been detected in Nigeria.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically . This pilot study indicates that in areas of Nigeria, etiology of ARIs ascertained from clinical samples may not represent all of the ARIs circulating in the community. The main limitation of the study is the sample size.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

No observations used in this study had any missing data for analyses in this study. Basic participant demographics are summarized in PCR results showed that ten different viruses influenza A, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63, RSVA, RSV B, parainfluenza 1-4 were detected. Figure 1 shows how these infections were distributed across virus types as well as in the community versus clinic samples.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Figure 1 shows how these infections were distributed across virus types as well as in the community versus clinic samples. In sum, a total of 33 of the 91 subjects surveyed had one or more respiratory tract virus 36.3%, 95% CI 26.6-47.0%, Fig. 1 .

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Three Local Government Areas Ilorin East, Ilorin South and Ilorin West LGAs were the community sites and Children's Specialist Hospital, Ilorin the clinical site. Convenience sampling was used for the purposes of this pilot study, and samples were obtained from March 28 to April 5 2017. Inclusion criteria were: children less than 14 years old who had visible symptoms of ARI within the communities or those confirmed at the hospital with ARI.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Twenty-five children with symptoms were selected each from the three community locations while 16 symptomatic children were sampled from the hospital. The total sample size n = 91 was arrived at based on materials and processing cost constraints, as well as to provide enough samples to enable descriptive understanding of viral circulation patterns estimated from other community-based studies . Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers, who are employed by the State Ministry of Health and familiar with the communities in this study, performed specimen and data collection.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

Diagnostic methods available and other constraints have limited studies there to serological surveys of only a few of these viruses and only in clinical populations . Thus, the utility of community-based surveillance may be appropriate in contexts such as in Nigeria, and the purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if clinical cases may describe the entire picture of ARI among children in Nigeria. We performed a cross-sectional study in three community centers and one clinical in Ilorin, Nigeria.

What was the prevalence of Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 in clinical subjects in Ilorin, Nigeria?

The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples. However a different strain, coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected in 12.5% of the clinical subjects 2/16, 95% CI 2.2-39.6% and not detected in the community. Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note.

A total of 33 of the 91 subjects had one or more respiratory tract virus; there were 10 cases of triple infection and 5 of quadruple. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses in the clinical sample; present in 93.8% 15/16 of clinical subjects, and 6.7% 5/75 of community subjects significant difference, p < 0.001 . Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 .

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Gender and age, type of residential area rural/urban , education level, proximity of residence to livestock, proximity to an untarred road and number of people who sleep in same room, were all recorded. The general difference between the two settings was that those from the hospital had severe illnesses, while those from the community were generally "healthy" but exhibiting ARI symptoms i.e. mild illness .

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections. Text: Acute Respiratory Infections ARIs the cause of both upper respiratory tract infections URIs and lower respiratory tract infections LRIs are a major cause of death among children under 5 years old particularly in developing countries where the burden of disease is 2-5 times higher than in developed countries . While these viruses usually cause mild cold-like symptoms and can be self-limiting, in recent years novel coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS have evolved and infected humans, causing severe illness, epidemics and pandemics .

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Figure 1 shows how these infections were distributed across virus types as well as in the community versus clinic samples. In sum, a total of 33 of the 91 subjects surveyed had one or more respiratory tract virus 36.3%, 95% CI 26.6-47.0%, Fig. 1 .

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

However, the sample size was big enough to ascertain significant differences in community and clinic sourced viruses, and provides a qualitative understanding of viral etiology in samples from the community and clinic. Moreover, the sample was largely concentrated on subjects under 6 years, who are amongst the groups at highest risk of ARIs. Despite the small sample size, samples here indicate that circulation patterns in the community may differ from those in the clinic.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

For ARI surveillance in particular, infections in the community are those that do not get reported clinically. Clinical data generally represents the most severe cases, and those from locations with access to healthcare institutions. In Nigeria, hospitals are visited only when symptoms are very severe.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Results of this study can inform a larger study, representative across demographic and locations to systematically assess the etiology of infection and differences in clinical and community cohorts. A larger study will also enable accounting for potential confounders such as environmental risk factors. Finally, while it may be intuitive, findings from this pilot study shed light on the scope of differences in ARI patterns including different types and strains of circulating viruses.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

These three infections resulted in 41 viruses detected in 15 subjects clinically, and eight infections detected in five people in the community. Together they infected 94% 15/16, 95% CI 67.7-99.7% of clinical subjects, and 7% 5/75, 95% CI 2.5-15.5% in the community significant difference, p < 0.001 . The most common virus detected in community samples was Coronavirus OC43; this virus was detected in 13.3% 95% CI 6.9-23.6% people in the community and not in any of the clinical samples.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects. The most prevalent virus in the clinical sample coronavirus OC43 was not detected in the community sample. Further, there was a significant difference between prevalence of the most common viruses in the clinical sample parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus and their prevalence in the community.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Despite the small sample size, samples here indicate that circulation patterns in the community may differ from those in the clinic. In addition, this study resulted in unique findings Given that resources are limited for research and practice, we hope these pilot results may motivate further systematic investigations into how community-generated data can best be used in ARI surveillance. Results of this study can inform a larger study, representative across demographic and locations to systematically assess the etiology of infection and differences in clinical and community cohorts.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 . A different strain, Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected among subjects from the clinic 2/16 and not detected in the community. This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

Double, triple and quadruple infections were another common feature of note. We identified ten different respiratory tract viruses among the subjects as shown in Fig. 1 . Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

A total of 33 of the 91 subjects had one or more respiratory tract virus; there were 10 cases of triple infection and 5 of quadruple. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses in the clinical sample; present in 93.8% 15/16 of clinical subjects, and 6.7% 5/75 of community subjects significant difference, p < 0.001 . Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 .

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

2 . We also compared and contrasted the clinical and community results. Parainfluenza virus 4, respiratory syncytial virus B and enterovirus were the most common viruses found in the clinical sample. These three infections resulted in 41 viruses detected in 15 subjects clinically, and eight infections detected in five people in the community.

What was the difference between community and clinic cases of acute respiratory infections?

Samples collected from the Children's specialist hospital showed 100% prevalence rate of infection with one or more viruses. This might not be surprising, as the basic difference between the community and clinic samples was an increased severity of illness in the clinical sample. This may also explain the high level of co-infection found among the clinical subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Recognizing increasing interest in community disease surveillance globally, the goal of this study was to investigate whether respiratory viruses circulating in the community may be represented through clinical hospital surveillance in Nigeria. RESULTS: Children were selected via convenience sampling from communities and a tertiary care center n = 91 during spring 2017 in Ilorin, Nigeria. Nasal swabs were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Efforts worldwide including in East and Southern Africa have been focused on developing community-based participatory disease surveillance methods . Community-based approaches have been shown useful for learning more about emerging respiratory infections such as assessing under-reporting , types of viruses prevalent in communities , and prediction of epidemics . Concurrently, advancements in molecular identification methods have enabled studies regarding the emergence and epidemiology of ARI viruses in many locations e.g.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

In Nigeria, hospitals are visited only when symptoms are very severe. Thus, it is hypothesized that viral information from clinical sampling is insufficient to either capture disease incidence in general populations or its predictability from symptoms . Efforts worldwide including in East and Southern Africa have been focused on developing community-based participatory disease surveillance methods .

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

OBJECTIVE: Recognizing increasing interest in community disease surveillance globally, the goal of this study was to investigate whether respiratory viruses circulating in the community may be represented through clinical hospital surveillance in Nigeria. RESULTS: Children were selected via convenience sampling from communities and a tertiary care center n = 91 during spring 2017 in Ilorin, Nigeria. Nasal swabs were collected and tested using polymerase chain reaction.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Studies of ARI etiology have mostly been generally focused in areas of the world that are more developed , and it is important to note that the availability of molecular diagnostic methods as employed in this study substantially improve the ability to detect viruses which hitherto have not been detected in Nigeria. Further, findings from this work also add to the growing body of research that shows value of community-data in infectious disease surveillance . As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Nigeria is one such place with high prevalence of many of the risk factors implicated in ARI among children including; age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited . These broad risk factors alongside limited resources have indicated the need for community-based initiatives for surveillance and interventions . For ARI surveillance in particular, infections in the community are those that do not get reported clinically.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Concurrently, advancements in molecular identification methods have enabled studies regarding the emergence and epidemiology of ARI viruses in many locations e.g. novel polyomaviruses in Australia , human coronavirus Erasmus Medical Center HCoV-EMC in the Middle East and United Kingdom , SARS in Canada and China , yet research regarding the molecular epidemiology of ARI viruses in Nigeria is limited. Diagnostic methods available and other constraints have limited studies there to serological surveys of only a few of these viruses and only in clinical populations .

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers, who are employed by the State Ministry of Health and familiar with the communities in this study, performed specimen and data collection. Symptoms considered were derived in accordance with other ARI surveillance efforts: sore throat, fever, couch, running nose, vomiting, body ache, leg pain, nausea, chills, shortness of breath . Gender and age, type of residential area rural/urban , education level, proximity of residence to livestock, proximity to an untarred road and number of people who sleep in same room, were all recorded.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

For ARI surveillance in particular, infections in the community are those that do not get reported clinically. Clinical data generally represents the most severe cases, and those from locations with access to healthcare institutions. In Nigeria, hospitals are visited only when symptoms are very severe.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Diagnostic methods available and other constraints have limited studies there to serological surveys of only a few of these viruses and only in clinical populations . Thus, the utility of community-based surveillance may be appropriate in contexts such as in Nigeria, and the purpose of this pilot study was to investigate if clinical cases may describe the entire picture of ARI among children in Nigeria. We performed a cross-sectional study in three community centers and one clinical in Ilorin, Nigeria.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Despite the small sample size, samples here indicate that circulation patterns in the community may differ from those in the clinic. In addition, this study resulted in unique findings Given that resources are limited for research and practice, we hope these pilot results may motivate further systematic investigations into how community-generated data can best be used in ARI surveillance. Results of this study can inform a larger study, representative across demographic and locations to systematically assess the etiology of infection and differences in clinical and community cohorts.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Further, in developing areas both rural and urban , there are increasing risk factors such as human-animal interfaces due to residential-proximity to livestock . These changing epidemiological patterns have resulted in calls for improved ARI surveillance, especially in places of high transmission risk . Nigeria is one such place with high prevalence of many of the risk factors implicated in ARI among children including; age, sex, overcrowding, nutritional status, socio-economic status, and where study of ARIs is currently limited .

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Coronavirus OC43 was the most common virus detected in community members 13.3%, 10/75 . A different strain, Coronavirus OC 229 E/NL63 was detected among subjects from the clinic 2/16 and not detected in the community. This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections.

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections. Text: Acute Respiratory Infections ARIs the cause of both upper respiratory tract infections URIs and lower respiratory tract infections LRIs are a major cause of death among children under 5 years old particularly in developing countries where the burden of disease is 2-5 times higher than in developed countries . While these viruses usually cause mild cold-like symptoms and can be self-limiting, in recent years novel coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome MERS have evolved and infected humans, causing severe illness, epidemics and pandemics .

How can countries enhance public health surveillance?

As most of the work to-date has been in higher resource areas of the world this study adds perspective from an area where healthcare resources are lower. In conclusion, results of this study provide evidence for active community surveillance to enhance public health surveillance and scientific understanding of ARIs. This is not only because a minority of children with severe infection are admitted to the hospital in areas such this in Nigeria, but also findings from this pilot study which indicate that viral circulation in the community may not get detected clinically .

Due to the unique nature of the data generated in this study and novelty of work in the setting, it is not possible to exactly compare results to other studies. For example, though we found a similar study regarding ARIs in clinical subjects in Burkina Faso , due to the small sample size from this study it would not be feasible to infer or compare prevalence rates. Studies of ARI etiology have mostly been generally focused in areas of the world that are more developed , and it is important to note that the availability of molecular diagnostic methods as employed in this study substantially improve the ability to detect viruses which hitherto have not been detected in Nigeria.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media. Rapid diagnosis is important not only for timely therapeutic intervention but also for the identification of a beginning influenza epidemic and the avoidance of unnecessary antibiotic treatment . RTIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

URTIs cause non-severe but widespread epidemics that are responsible for continuous circulation of pathogens in the community. LRTIs have been classified as frank pneumonia and bronchiolitis with clinical, radiological and etiological features that usually overlap . Viruses are again the foremost agents of LRTIs often misdiagnosed as bacterial in origin and hence treated with antibiotics unnecessarily .

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Viral respiratory infections continue to be a worldwide health concern. As the clinical symptoms of patients with acute respiratory tract infections do usually not allow a discrimination of viral or bacterial aetiology, rapid and reliable diagnostic tools are required for better antibiotic stewardship and the implementation of appropriate infection control measures . The data presented expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections. The data presented expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections. Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In addition, there is a continuously increasing list of new respiratory viruses that contribute significantly to the burden of acute respiratory infections, such as the recently identified human metapneumovirus HMPV and human Bocavirus HBoV . Acute RTIs are classified as upper UTRIs and lower RTI LRTIs , according to the involved anatomic localization. URTIs cause non-severe but widespread epidemics that are responsible for continuous circulation of pathogens in the community.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

RTIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute RTI is most common in children under five years of age, and represents 30-50% of the paediatric medical admissions, as well as 20-40% of hospitalizations in children. Respiratory infections cluster during winter and early spring months.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The most common viruses detected were RSV and rhinovirus accounting for almost 60% of all cases. Both viruses were reported previously by others as the major aetiology for respiratory viral infections in young children with rhinoviruses being recognized increasingly for their role in lower respiratory tract infections 20, . Our data support the results of similar studies performed in the Middle East region.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Even though this study did not allow for investigating a possible association between multiple infections and disease severity, a review of the literature shows that such a potential association is still subject to controversy, since there are reports showing no relationship of multiple virus infection with respiratoty illness severity on one hand or a significant association on the other. Studies have shown that viral co-infection was significantly associated with longer duration of illness symptoms, but with a decreased severity in hospitalized children regarding oxygen requirement and intensive care unit admission, whereas the findings of other studies have indicated that severe clinical phenotypes were more prevalent in co-infection patients, especially in RSV co-infections that may increase the severity of RSV associated disease in children 25, . Viral respiratory infections continue to be a worldwide health concern.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Viruses are again the foremost agents of LRTIs often misdiagnosed as bacterial in origin and hence treated with antibiotics unnecessarily . The main aim of this study was to determine the aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and assess the epidemiology of the identified viral pathogens over three epidemic seasons. The study was approved by the Cyprus National Bioethics Committee.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Respiratory infections cluster during winter and early spring months. The leading viral agents include respiratory syncytial virus RSV , influenza A and B INF-A, INF-B viruses, parainfluenza viruses PIVs , and human adenoviruses HAdVs . In addition, there is a continuously increasing list of new respiratory viruses that contribute significantly to the burden of acute respiratory infections, such as the recently identified human metapneumovirus HMPV and human Bocavirus HBoV .

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In order to improve clinical management and prevention of viral infections in hospitalised children improved etiological insight is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the spectrum of respiratory viral pathogens in children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

This study for the first time examined the aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children in Cyprus. Four multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR assays were developed in order to detect the most common respiratory viral pathogens in a fast and cost-effective way. The high rate of positive samples 85.8% is evidence of the high sensitivity of the Multiplex-assays used and that the range of viruses included in the analysis is comprehensive.

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

2007. College Station, TX, USA . The present study was a prospective investigation of children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections between November 2010 and October 2013 in Cyprus. The median age of the children was 15 months range: 0-140 months with 243 being male and 181 female male/ female ratio 1.34 .

Why do respiratory tract infections pose major public health problems?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses. A viral pathogen was identified in 86% of the samples, with multiple infections being observed in almost 20% of the samples. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV 30.4% and Rhinovirus 27.4% .

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Regarding multiple infections, children less than 3 month of age and those older than 4 years had a significantly smaller risk to present with multiple infections as compared to the other two age groups p-value = 0.014 . A reason for this could be that very young children have limited contact to others reducing thereby the chance for a co-infection, whereas children older than 3 years already established immunity to an increasing number of viruses encountered previously. This study for the first time examined the aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children in Cyprus.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen 58.1% , followed by rhinovirus 20.3% and PIV3 with 8.1% each. The incidence of RSV, however, decreases significantly with increasing age p-value < 0.0001 dropping to 13% in children older than 3 years old, while the reverse relationship is observed for Influenza A and B and HAdV. Rhinoviruses, HBoV and enteroviruses are most frequently observed in children from 4 months to 3 years of age.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Another study has revealed that RSV and PIV3 incidence decreases significantly with age, whereas the opposite is observed for influenza and adenovirus infections, a trend that was also observed in our study . Mixed infections were observed in approximately 20% of all samples, which is in the middle of previously reported rates ranging from 10 to almost 40%. HBoV, HCoV and EV were found most frequently in co-infections.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The most common viruses detected were RSV and rhinovirus accounting for almost 60% of all cases. Both viruses were reported previously by others as the major aetiology for respiratory viral infections in young children with rhinoviruses being recognized increasingly for their role in lower respiratory tract infections 20, . Our data support the results of similar studies performed in the Middle East region.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Rhinoviruses, HBoV and enteroviruses are most frequently observed in children from 4 months to 3 years of age. The age dependency of the virus incidence is visualized in Fig 3 for the seven most frequently observed viruses. The positivity rate also showed a trend according to the age group dropping from 90.5% in the under 3-month old to 78.3% in the 4-12 years old p-value = 0.020 .

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The median age of the children was 15 months range: 0-140 months with 243 being male and 181 female male/ female ratio 1.34 . The age distribution is shown in Fig 1. Out of the 424 samples analysed, 364 85.8% were positive for one or more viruses.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Even though this study did not allow for investigating a possible association between multiple infections and disease severity, a review of the literature shows that such a potential association is still subject to controversy, since there are reports showing no relationship of multiple virus infection with respiratoty illness severity on one hand or a significant association on the other. Studies have shown that viral co-infection was significantly associated with longer duration of illness symptoms, but with a decreased severity in hospitalized children regarding oxygen requirement and intensive care unit admission, whereas the findings of other studies have indicated that severe clinical phenotypes were more prevalent in co-infection patients, especially in RSV co-infections that may increase the severity of RSV associated disease in children 25, . Viral respiratory infections continue to be a worldwide health concern.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses. A viral pathogen was identified in 86% of the samples, with multiple infections being observed in almost 20% of the samples. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV 30.4% and Rhinovirus 27.4% .

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The most frequently detected viruses were RSV 30.4% and Rhinovirus 27.4% . RSV exhibited a clear seasonality with marked peaks in January/February, while rhinovirus infections did not exhibit a pronounced seasonality being detected almost throughout the year. While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

However, as more than 100 different rhinovirus strains have been identified to be circulating worldwide in parallel and successively, a potential seasonality of individual rhinovirus serotypes may be masked by overlapping patterns . The data was further analysed with regard to the age distribution of virus infection see Table 2 . In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen 58.1% , followed by rhinovirus 20.3% and PIV3 with 8.1% each.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In order to improve clinical management and prevention of viral infections in hospitalised children improved etiological insight is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the spectrum of respiratory viral pathogens in children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

2007. College Station, TX, USA . The present study was a prospective investigation of children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections between November 2010 and October 2013 in Cyprus. The median age of the children was 15 months range: 0-140 months with 243 being male and 181 female male/ female ratio 1.34 .

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections. The data presented expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections. Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages.

How much of a greater risk are children than adults to viral infections?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

RTIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute RTI is most common in children under five years of age, and represents 30-50% of the paediatric medical admissions, as well as 20-40% of hospitalizations in children. Respiratory infections cluster during winter and early spring months.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The most common viruses detected were RSV and rhinovirus accounting for almost 60% of all cases. Both viruses were reported previously by others as the major aetiology for respiratory viral infections in young children with rhinoviruses being recognized increasingly for their role in lower respiratory tract infections 20, . Our data support the results of similar studies performed in the Middle East region.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

RTIs are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Acute RTI is most common in children under five years of age, and represents 30-50% of the paediatric medical admissions, as well as 20-40% of hospitalizations in children. Respiratory infections cluster during winter and early spring months.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen 58.1% , followed by rhinovirus 20.3% and PIV3 with 8.1% each. The incidence of RSV, however, decreases significantly with increasing age p-value < 0.0001 dropping to 13% in children older than 3 years old, while the reverse relationship is observed for Influenza A and B and HAdV. Rhinoviruses, HBoV and enteroviruses are most frequently observed in children from 4 months to 3 years of age.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses. A viral pathogen was identified in 86% of the samples, with multiple infections being observed in almost 20% of the samples. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV 30.4% and Rhinovirus 27.4% .

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Our data support the results of similar studies performed in the Middle East region. A recently published study found that RSV was the most commonly detected virus in nasopharyngeal swabs from children presenting symptoms of RTIs and in addition to that it also showed that RSV infections follow a similar circulation pattern peaking from December to March . Another study has revealed that RSV and PIV3 incidence decreases significantly with age, whereas the opposite is observed for influenza and adenovirus infections, a trend that was also observed in our study .

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Rhinoviruses, HBoV and enteroviruses are most frequently observed in children from 4 months to 3 years of age. The age dependency of the virus incidence is visualized in Fig 3 for the seven most frequently observed viruses. The positivity rate also showed a trend according to the age group dropping from 90.5% in the under 3-month old to 78.3% in the 4-12 years old p-value = 0.020 .

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

However, as more than 100 different rhinovirus strains have been identified to be circulating worldwide in parallel and successively, a potential seasonality of individual rhinovirus serotypes may be masked by overlapping patterns . The data was further analysed with regard to the age distribution of virus infection see Table 2 . In infants up to 3 months old, RSV was by far the most common pathogen 58.1% , followed by rhinovirus 20.3% and PIV3 with 8.1% each.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Regarding multiple infections, children less than 3 month of age and those older than 4 years had a significantly smaller risk to present with multiple infections as compared to the other two age groups p-value = 0.014 . A reason for this could be that very young children have limited contact to others reducing thereby the chance for a co-infection, whereas children older than 3 years already established immunity to an increasing number of viruses encountered previously. This study for the first time examined the aetiology of acute respiratory tract infections in hospitalised children in Cyprus.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

The most frequently detected viruses were RSV 30.4% and Rhinovirus 27.4% . RSV exhibited a clear seasonality with marked peaks in January/February, while rhinovirus infections did not exhibit a pronounced seasonality being detected almost throughout the year. While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

Another study has revealed that RSV and PIV3 incidence decreases significantly with age, whereas the opposite is observed for influenza and adenovirus infections, a trend that was also observed in our study . Mixed infections were observed in approximately 20% of all samples, which is in the middle of previously reported rates ranging from 10 to almost 40%. HBoV, HCoV and EV were found most frequently in co-infections.

What is the most common infection in childhood?

Text: Viral Respiratory tract infections RTI represent a major public health problem because of their world-wide occurrence, ease of transmission and considerable morbidity and mortality effecting people of all ages. Children are on average infected two to three times more frequently than adults, with acute RTIs being the most common infection in childhood . Illnesses caused by respiratory viruses include, among others, common colds, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, viral pneumonia and otitis media.

In order to improve clinical management and prevention of viral infections in hospitalised children improved etiological insight is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the spectrum of respiratory viral pathogens in children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses.