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What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

Depending on the post-translational modification, the murine CD40L is a 32-39 kDa type II membrane glycoprotein that was initially identified as a surface marker exclusive to activated CD4 + T cells . It is a member of the TNF superfamily consisting of a sandwiched extracellular structure composed of a β-sheet, α-helix loop, and a β-sheet, allowing for the trimerization of CD40L, an additional feature of the TNF family of ligands . Since its initial discovery, CD40L has been shown to be not only expressed on CD4+ T cells, but on dendritic cells DCs , B cells , and platelets .

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

In summary, the cotton rat CD40L cDNA that we isolated was a 1104 nucleotide sequence with a poly-A tail containing an ORF of 783 bp which coded for a 260 aa protein. The recombinant cotton rat CD40L was recognized by an Ab against mouse CD40L in direct ELISA, and showed biological activity by upregulating maturation markers CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 as well as I-A d on immature bone marrow murine DCs and moreover, inducing upregulation of IL-6 gene and cytokine expression in these cells. The isolation of the cotton rat CD40L sequence and availability of CD40L has the potential to positively impact basic immunological research and vaccine development, given the critical importance of this protein in orchestrating immune responses .

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

addition of urea treatment would substantially weaken the interaction between the antibody and crCD40L. Since the cotton rat CD40L protein sequence shared 82% identity with the mouse CD40L protein sequence with similar functional domains, we evaluated the biological activity of the recombinant crCD40L on immature murine bone marrow DCs. We conducted experiments based on known functional activities of CD40L in other animal species.

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

However, the genome of cotton rats remains to be fully sequenced, with much fewer genes cloned and characterised compared to other rodent species. Here we report the cloning and characterization of CD40 ligand, whose human and murine counterparts are known to be expressed on a range of cell types including activated T cells and B cells, dendritic cells, granulocytes, macrophages and platelets and exerts a broad array of immune responses. The cDNA for cotton rat CD40L we isolated is comprised of 1104 nucleotides with an open reading frame ORF of 783bp coding for a 260 amino acid protein.

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

Selection and purification of the recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the CD40L construct was conducted in BHK21 cells. Western blot with anti-histidine antibody Ab was used to confirm expression of the CD40L protein construct Fig 4b and S2 Fig. The resulting 36 kDa protein product was found in both the cell lysate and supernatant faint band-48 hours only .

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells . In addition, CD11c is a DC integrin marker and upon stimulation, is down-regulated . Intracellular adhesion marker CD54, along with co-stimulatory markers CD40, CD80, and CD86 are all upregulated upon stimulation with CD40L .

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

We speculate this to be due to the species incompatibility since we are stimulating mouse bone marrow cells with cotton rat CD40L. Nevertheless, the crCD40L was able to promote up-regulation of key co-stimulatory markers on immature DCs promoting DC maturation. The gating strategy used for the flow cytometry analysis is provided in S3 Fig along with overlapping histograms of the intracellular adhesion marker and co-stimulatory markers.

What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells?

Moreover, when CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of DCs, it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells , enabling DCs to mature and effectively induce the activation and differentiation of T cells. When CD40L engages CD40 on the surface of B cells, it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin Ig isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells .Various studies have been conducted to utilize gene delivery of CD40L to DCs and tumor cells for tumor immunotherapy. It was found that expression of CD40L in a small proportion of tumor cells was sufficient to generate a long-lasting systemic anti-tumor immune response in mice that was shown to be dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocytes .

Primary bone marrow cells from Balb/c mice Chicago, IL were thawed and cultured in dendritic cell medium from manufacture Cell Biologics M7711 supplemented with GMCSF Cell Biologics without IL-4 at 4x10 5 cells/well in a volume of 200μl. The cells were treated with 0.5μg/ml recombinant mouse CD40L Preprotech, Montreal, QC or the recombinant crCD40L protein at 0.5μg/ml, 5μg/ml, or 50μg/ml. Forty hours later, flow cytometry was performed on a BD LSRFortessa cell analyser after 2 x 10 5 cells/tube were stained using CD11c-PE-CF594, CD54-FITC, CD40-BV786, CD80-BV421, and CD86-BV711 antibodies.

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 2.2% were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen.

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Inclusion criteria were pediatric patients ≤14 years old who presented with at least two of the following symptoms: cough, pharyngeal discomfort, nasal obstruction, rhinitis, dyspnea or who were diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography during the previous week. Chest radiography was conducted according to the clinical situation of the patient. Throat swab samples were collected from the enrolled patients between July 2009 and June 2016 for routine screening for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae MP , and Chlamydophila pneumoniae CP .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The effect of temperature had a delay therefore mean temperature in the preceding month mean temperature 1 month before was also included as an independent variable in the analysis Table 2 . Both regression models were established p < 0.001 and the adjusted R 2 values were 0.373 and 0.231 in the mean temperature in the preceding month model and the current monthly temperature model, respectively. HBoV1 prevalence was positively correlated with temperature coefficient = 0.259 in the current temperature model p = 0.002 , coefficient = 0.328 in mean temperature in the preceding month model p < 0.001 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Throat swab samples were collected from the enrolled patients between July 2009 and June 2016 for routine screening for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae MP , and Chlamydophila pneumoniae CP . The samples were refrigerated at 2-8°C in viral transport medium, transported on ice and analyzed immediately or stored at − 80°C before analysis, as described previously . Meteorological data for Guangzhou, were collected from July 2009 to June 2016, from the China Meteorological Administration, including the monthly mean temperature °C , mean relative humidity % , rainfall mm , mean wind speed m/s , mean air pressure hPa , mean vapor pressure hPa , sunshine duration h .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Data were analyzed using Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test in SPSS 19.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA . Correlation with climate data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. All tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

All tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Eleven thousand three hundred ninety-nine pediatric patients ≤14 years old hospitalized with ARI were enrolled in the study between July 2009 and June 2016. The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

For multiple linear regression analysis of HBoV1 prevalence and meteorological conditions correlation, independent variables of mean air pressure adjusted R 2 = 0.793, p < 0.001 and mean vapor pressure adjusted R 2 = 0.929, p < 0.001 , which linearly associated with mean temperature, and rainfall adjusted R 2 = 0.278, p < 0.001 , which strongly correlated with mean relative humidity, were excluded. The independent variables for the final multiple linear regression analysis included mean temperature, mean relative humidity, mean wind speed and sunshine hours. The effect of temperature had a delay therefore mean temperature in the preceding month mean temperature 1 month before was also included as an independent variable in the analysis Table 2 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Meteorological data for Guangzhou, were collected from July 2009 to June 2016, from the China Meteorological Administration, including the monthly mean temperature °C , mean relative humidity % , rainfall mm , mean wind speed m/s , mean air pressure hPa , mean vapor pressure hPa , sunshine duration h . Real-time PCR for HBoV1 and common respiratory pathogen detection DNA and RNA were extracted from the respiratory samples using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit and QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit Qiagen, Shanghai, China , respectively, in accordance with the manufacturer's protocols. Taqman real-time PCR for HBoV1 was designed based on the conserved region of the NP1 gene, as described previously .

How many samples were obtained?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

In general, the prevalence of viruses varies because of factors such as Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using HBoV1 monthly prevalence as the dependent variable, monthly mean temperature or mean temperature in the preceding month , mean relative humidity, mean wind speed and sunshine duration as the independent variables Data captured in bold are highly significant geographical location, climatic conditions, population and social activity . Epidemiology of HBoV1 in temperate regions has been described in more detail and a high incidence of infection has been observed in children under the age of 2 years in winter and spring . To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 2.2% were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen.

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common . In our study, 45.2% 112/248 of HBoV1-positive patients also tested positive for other pathogens Table 1 . This may be partly caused by coinciding epidemics of HBoV1 and other pathogens. In our study, the HBoV1 seasonal distribution and total positive pathogen distribution were consistent, confirming this inference Fig.

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies . Serological and nucleic acid test results are generally consistent , showing HBoV1 infection is very common. HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Inclusion criteria were pediatric patients ≤14 years old who presented with at least two of the following symptoms: cough, pharyngeal discomfort, nasal obstruction, rhinitis, dyspnea or who were diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography during the previous week. Chest radiography was conducted according to the clinical situation of the patient. Throat swab samples were collected from the enrolled patients between July 2009 and June 2016 for routine screening for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae MP , and Chlamydophila pneumoniae CP .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 . A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 , and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7–12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 . Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer between June and September and winter between November and December .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

All tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Eleven thousand three hundred ninety-nine pediatric patients ≤14 years old hospitalized with ARI were enrolled in the study between July 2009 and June 2016. The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

In our study, the HBoV1 seasonal distribution and total positive pathogen distribution were consistent, confirming this inference Fig. 2 . Current research shows that HBoV1 infection can lead to the collapse of the first line of defense of airway epithelium , which may lead to a higher susceptibility to other pathogens, explaining the high rate of co-infection.

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

HBoV1 prevalence was positively correlated with temperature coefficient = 0.259 in the current temperature model p = 0.002 , coefficient = 0.328 in mean temperature in the preceding month model p < 0.001 . Conversely, HBoV1 prevalence was negatively correlated with relative humidity coefficient = − 0.126 in the current temperature model p = 0.024 , coefficient = − 0.083 in the temperature delay model p = 0.039 Table 2 . ARI is one of the most common human diseases, predominantly caused by different respiratory viruses .

What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

3 . It is common for pathogen prevalence to fluctuate over time because of a variety factors. In this study, HBoV1 prevalence was relatively low in 2013 to 2014. It might be partly related to the relatively higher mean relative humidity during this period Fig. 3 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 2.2% were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 . A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 , and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7–12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 . Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer between June and September and winter between November and December .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 . The male-to-female ratio was 2.54:1 178:70 in HBoV1-positive patients and 1.81:1 7183:3968 in HBoV1-negative patients p = 0.019 . To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common . In our study, 45.2% 112/248 of HBoV1-positive patients also tested positive for other pathogens Table 1 . This may be partly caused by coinciding epidemics of HBoV1 and other pathogens. In our study, the HBoV1 seasonal distribution and total positive pathogen distribution were consistent, confirming this inference Fig.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies . Serological and nucleic acid test results are generally consistent , showing HBoV1 infection is very common. HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig. 1 , consistent with previous serological and epidemiological reports on the virus 8-11, 15, 16, 39, 44 . This might be because children's immune systems are still under development and maternal antibodies gradually disappear in this age group.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The characteristics of the HBoV1 infection are likely to be a good model for studying the effects of co-infections. In this study, there was a significant difference in prevalence of HBoV1 in patients of different ages p < 0.001 . The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig.

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1?

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

Some limitations of this study should be noted. First, because our study mainly focused on HBoV1 circulation in hospitalized patients with ARI, HBoV1 in outpatients and the asymptomatic population were not included. Second, many factors can affect virus epidemics, meteorological data analysis alone may not serve as a final conclusive interpretation.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a better understanding of the characteristics of HBoV1 infection in children in subtropical regions. Data from this study provide useful information for the future control and prevention of HBoV1 infections. Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

3 . Small peaks of HBoV1 infection occurred in winter, between November and December of each year. This seasonal distribution is similar to the prevalence in subtropical regions reported previously , but different from the HBoV1 epidemics in temperate regions, which mostly occur in winter and spring , as well as from tropical regions, such as India, where no obvious epidemic season has been found .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig. 1 , consistent with previous serological and epidemiological reports on the virus 8-11, 15, 16, 39, 44 . This might be because children's immune systems are still under development and maternal antibodies gradually disappear in this age group.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients were studied in a subtropical region of China. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

This seasonal distribution is similar to the prevalence in subtropical regions reported previously , but different from the HBoV1 epidemics in temperate regions, which mostly occur in winter and spring , as well as from tropical regions, such as India, where no obvious epidemic season has been found . To analyze the correlation between HBoV1 prevalence and meteorological conditions, multiple linear regression analysis was performed, with HBoV1 monthly prevalence as the dependent variable and mean temperature or mean temperature in the preceding month , mean relative humidity, mean wind speed and sunshine duration as the independent variables Table 2 . Both regression models were established p < 0.001 and the adjusted R 2 value 0.373 of the temperature dorp 1 month model was greater than the adjusted R 2 value 0.231 of the current monthly temperature model, indicating that the temperature dorp 1 month model had better explanatory power than the current monthly temperature model.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 . The male-to-female ratio was 2.54:1 178:70 in HBoV1-positive patients and 1.81:1 7183:3968 in HBoV1-negative patients p = 0.019 . To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 . A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 , and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7–12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 . Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer between June and September and winter between November and December .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

The effect of temperature had a delay therefore mean temperature in the preceding month mean temperature 1 month before was also included as an independent variable in the analysis Table 2 . Both regression models were established p < 0.001 and the adjusted R 2 values were 0.373 and 0.231 in the mean temperature in the preceding month model and the current monthly temperature model, respectively. HBoV1 prevalence was positively correlated with temperature coefficient = 0.259 in the current temperature model p = 0.002 , coefficient = 0.328 in mean temperature in the preceding month model p < 0.001 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

In some cases, patients develop severe respiratory injury symptoms, which can be fatal . HBoV1 can be detected in fecal samples , blood samples , urine , cerebrospinal fluid , river water and sewage , indicating that HBoV1 may be associate with a variety of diseases. Current in vitro studies modeling tissue-like airway epithelial cells cultures show HBoV1 infection can lead to disruption of the tight-junction barrier, loss of cilia and epithelial cell hypertrophy , similar to lung injury tissue changes in vivo.

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

For multiple linear regression analysis of HBoV1 prevalence and meteorological conditions correlation, independent variables of mean air pressure adjusted R 2 = 0.793, p < 0.001 and mean vapor pressure adjusted R 2 = 0.929, p < 0.001 , which linearly associated with mean temperature, and rainfall adjusted R 2 = 0.278, p < 0.001 , which strongly correlated with mean relative humidity, were excluded. The independent variables for the final multiple linear regression analysis included mean temperature, mean relative humidity, mean wind speed and sunshine hours. The effect of temperature had a delay therefore mean temperature in the preceding month mean temperature 1 month before was also included as an independent variable in the analysis Table 2 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

3 . In this study, two HBoV1 peaks were observed Fig. 2 . The large prevalence peaks of HBoV1 infection occurred between June and September of each year, which are the summer months in Guangzhou, with mean temperatures of higher than 25°C Fig. 3 .

When was HBoV1 first identified?

Text: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 , which belongs to family Parvoviridae, was firstly identified in respiratory secretions of children with respiratory tract disease in 2005 . HBoV1 has been confirmed as an important respiratory pathogen and is found in respiratory infections in children and adults worldwide. The prevalence of HBoV1 nucleic acid detection varies from 1.5 to 33% in patients with acute respiratory illness ARI , according to different studies .

Taqman real-time PCR for HBoV1 was designed based on the conserved region of the NP1 gene, as described previously . Common respiratory pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus RSV , influenza A virus InfA , influenza B virus InfB , four types of parainfluenza PIV1-4 , adenovirus ADV , enterovirus EV , human metapneumovirus HMPV , four strains of human coronavirus HCoV-229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1 , human rhinovirus HRV , MP and CP were detected simultaneously as previously reported . Data were analyzed using Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test in SPSS 19.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA .

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

In some cases, patients develop severe respiratory injury symptoms, which can be fatal . HBoV1 can be detected in fecal samples , blood samples , urine , cerebrospinal fluid , river water and sewage , indicating that HBoV1 may be associate with a variety of diseases. Current in vitro studies modeling tissue-like airway epithelial cells cultures show HBoV1 infection can lead to disruption of the tight-junction barrier, loss of cilia and epithelial cell hypertrophy , similar to lung injury tissue changes in vivo.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Current research shows that HBoV1 infection can lead to the collapse of the first line of defense of airway epithelium , which may lead to a higher susceptibility to other pathogens, explaining the high rate of co-infection. Whether co-infection leads to more severe disease is currently unknown and more research is needed to determine this. The characteristics of the HBoV1 infection are likely to be a good model for studying the effects of co-infections.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Current in vitro studies modeling tissue-like airway epithelial cells cultures show HBoV1 infection can lead to disruption of the tight-junction barrier, loss of cilia and epithelial cell hypertrophy , similar to lung injury tissue changes in vivo. There is currently no vaccine or specific treatment for this virus; prevention and treatment of HBoV1-related diseases still require further research. The prevalence of respiratory viruses is associated with many factors, including local climate, which may impact the survival and spread of the viruses .

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

The characteristics of the HBoV1 infection are likely to be a good model for studying the effects of co-infections. In this study, there was a significant difference in prevalence of HBoV1 in patients of different ages p < 0.001 . The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

In our study, the HBoV1 seasonal distribution and total positive pathogen distribution were consistent, confirming this inference Fig. 2 . Current research shows that HBoV1 infection can lead to the collapse of the first line of defense of airway epithelium , which may lead to a higher susceptibility to other pathogens, explaining the high rate of co-infection.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common . In our study, 45.2% 112/248 of HBoV1-positive patients also tested positive for other pathogens Table 1 . This may be partly caused by coinciding epidemics of HBoV1 and other pathogens. In our study, the HBoV1 seasonal distribution and total positive pathogen distribution were consistent, confirming this inference Fig.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric patients were studied in a subtropical region of China. METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

This study will add to existing epidemiological data on HBoV1 and its relationship with climate conditions in subtropical regions and will play a positive role in HBoV1 control and prevention. The study sites were three tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou, southern China Longitude: E112°57′ to E114 03′; Latitude N22°26′ to N23°56′ . Inclusion criteria were pediatric patients ≤14 years old who presented with at least two of the following symptoms: cough, pharyngeal discomfort, nasal obstruction, rhinitis, dyspnea or who were diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography during the previous week.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

3 . Small peaks of HBoV1 infection occurred in winter, between November and December of each year. This seasonal distribution is similar to the prevalence in subtropical regions reported previously , but different from the HBoV1 epidemics in temperate regions, which mostly occur in winter and spring , as well as from tropical regions, such as India, where no obvious epidemic season has been found .

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer between June and September and winter between November and December . The prevalence of HBoV1 was significantly positively correlated with mean temperature and negatively correlated with mean relative humidity, and the mean temperature in the preceding month had better explanatory power than the current monthly temperature. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a better understanding of the characteristics of HBoV1 infection in children in subtropical regions.

What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection?

HBoV1 can cause both upper respiratory illness URI and lower respiratory illness LRI . Infection with HBoV1 can lead to development of a cough, rhinitis, fever and other common clinical symptoms . In some cases, it can cause respiratory distress, hypoxia, wheezing and other severe respiratory symptoms .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

All tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Eleven thousand three hundred ninety-nine pediatric patients ≤14 years old hospitalized with ARI were enrolled in the study between July 2009 and June 2016. The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 . The male-to-female ratio was 2.54:1 178:70 in HBoV1-positive patients and 1.81:1 7183:3968 in HBoV1-negative patients p = 0.019 . To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The characteristics of the HBoV1 infection are likely to be a good model for studying the effects of co-infections. In this study, there was a significant difference in prevalence of HBoV1 in patients of different ages p < 0.001 . The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

The majority of HBoV1 infections occurred in patients under 2 years old and the peak frequency of HBoV1 infection occurred in patients aged 7-12 months Fig. 1 , consistent with previous serological and epidemiological reports on the virus 8-11, 15, 16, 39, 44 . This might be because children's immune systems are still under development and maternal antibodies gradually disappear in this age group.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Inclusion criteria were pediatric patients ≤14 years old who presented with at least two of the following symptoms: cough, pharyngeal discomfort, nasal obstruction, rhinitis, dyspnea or who were diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography during the previous week. Chest radiography was conducted according to the clinical situation of the patient. Throat swab samples were collected from the enrolled patients between July 2009 and June 2016 for routine screening for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae MP , and Chlamydophila pneumoniae CP .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

METHODS: Samples from 11,399 hospitalized pediatric patients ≤14 years old , with ARI were tested for HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens using real-time PCR, between July 2009 and June 2016. In addition, local meteorological data were collected. RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 . A significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 was found in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 , and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7–12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 . Two HBoV1 prevalence peaks were found in summer between June and September and winter between November and December .

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

This study will add to existing epidemiological data on HBoV1 and its relationship with climate conditions in subtropical regions and will play a positive role in HBoV1 control and prevention. The study sites were three tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou, southern China Longitude: E112°57′ to E114 03′; Latitude N22°26′ to N23°56′ . Inclusion criteria were pediatric patients ≤14 years old who presented with at least two of the following symptoms: cough, pharyngeal discomfort, nasal obstruction, rhinitis, dyspnea or who were diagnosed with pneumonia by chest radiography during the previous week.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

In this study, we investigated the epidemiology of HBoV1 infection in children ≤14 years old hospitalized with ARI in a subtropical region in China over a 7-year period. In addition, we collected climate data to determine if there was a relationship between HBoV1 prevalence and meteorological conditions. This study will add to existing epidemiological data on HBoV1 and its relationship with climate conditions in subtropical regions and will play a positive role in HBoV1 control and prevention.

What are the ages of the patients in this study?

To describe the epidemiology of HBoV1 in Guangzhou, we collected throat swabs from 11,399 children ≤14 years old , hospitalized with ARI and monitored HBoV1 and other common respiratory pathogens over a 7-year period Table 1 . In the current study, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years, with a median age of 1.75 years, indicating that infants and young children were most at risk of ARI, consistent with previous reports . Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 .

This might be because children's immune systems are still under development and maternal antibodies gradually disappear in this age group. The distribution of HBoV1 in patients of different ages will provide important reference for future vaccines and new drug research and development, as well as providing important data for disease prevention and control. Many factors affect the epidemiology of pathogens, such as geographical location and local climate.

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 . The male-to-female ratioes were 1.94: 1 3698:1908 in pathogen-positive patients and 1.72: 1 3663:2130 in pathogen-negative patients p = 0.002 . Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection.

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

All tests were two-tailed and a p value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Eleven thousand three hundred ninety-nine pediatric patients ≤14 years old hospitalized with ARI were enrolled in the study between July 2009 and June 2016. The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 .

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 . The male-to-female ratio was 2.54:1 178:70 in HBoV1-positive patients and 1.81:1 7183:3968 in HBoV1-negative patients p = 0.019 . To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old.

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

Overall, 49.2% 5606/11399 of patients tested positive for one or more respiratory pathogens, 2.2% 248/11399 of patients were tested with HBoV1 infection Table 1 . A higher prevalence of HBoV1 was detected in male patients compared with female patients p = 0.019 , consistent with previous reports . Co-infection with HBoV1 and other pathogens is common .

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

RESULTS: Of the 11,399 patients tested, 5606 49.2% were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen. Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 2.2% were positive for HBoV1 infection. Co-infection was common in HBoV1-positive patients 45.2%, 112/248 .

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

Two hundred forty-eight of 11,399 patients 2.2% tested positive for HBoV1 infection. Of the HBoV1-positive patients, 112 45.2% were co-infected with other pathogens, most frequently with RSV 11.7%, 29/248 Table 1 . The median age was 1 year interquartile range 0.75-1.83 .

What was the male to female ratio for this study?

The male-to-female ratio was 1.82:1 7361:4038 and the median age was 1.75 years interquartile range 0.75-3.83 . Overall, 86.5% 9857/11399 of patients were under the age of 5 years. All the 11,399 patients were tested for all 18 pathogens mentioned, and 5606 49.2% were positive for one or more of those pathogens Table 1 , and had a median age of 1.50 years interquartile range 0.67-3.00 .

To clarify the age distribution of HBoV1, patients were divided into seven age groups; 0-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months, 1-2 years, 3-5 years, 6-10 years and 11-14 years old. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of HBoV1 in patients in different age groups p < 0.001 and the peak prevalence was found in patients aged 7-12 months 4.7%, 56/1203 Fig. 1 .