Datasets:

mNLP-project

/

gpt2-finetuning

like 0

[ "eppc0qm", "eppbwg2", "eppd8mu" ]

[ "It really depends what you’re trying to research. Finding out dinosaur facts vs inventing a new machine learning algorithm both require research, but they’d be approached in a massively different way. Wikipedia is great for the former, while I’d be reading papers on arxiv or skimming the websites of academics to influence the latter. Research is a very broad term" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

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[ "dgfohd8", "dgfpbrz", "dgfqjm6" ]

[ "A few things to bear in mind: * it is never possible to make a 100% accurate translations, even with languages we know...words in different languages mean slightly different things, which can be difficult to capture * our knowledge of ancient languages is imperfect * the bible was written over centuries, which is enough time for languages to undergo significant changes * Hebrew in particular is difficult, as it lacks vowels, and words were sometimes chosen for their dual meanings or numerological significance * translators, even modern ones, typically have theological motives. Isaiah 7:14 is a good example: *Therefore the Lord Himself shall give you a sign: Behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, and shall call His name Immanuel.* This is a pretty important verse, it is considered to be prophetic and establishes the virginity of Mary, which is pretty fundamental to a lot of Christian theology. However, the word used here for virgin, is \"almāh\", which most Jewish scholars translate as \"young, unmarried woman\", similar to the English word maiden. Such a women would be presumed to be a virgin, but that is not the crux of the word. When the Revised Standard Version came out, they used the latest scholarship and translated it as \"young woman\". This causes a major uproar, particularly among Catholics, and ever since this has been a litmus test for new bibles. If you want your translation to sell, you translated it as virgin, no matter what the scholarship says." ]

[ 37 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "emd4pdx", "emd54r2" ]

[ "Transponders just assign a number to your radar return and broadcast your altitude. Your plane still shows up on radar on account of it being a giant piece of metal. You have the ability to turn them off in case the malfunction and start broadcasting the wrong altitude. That Con-Air bit where they put the transponder in another plane and the FBI starts chasing the wrong plane is complete Hollywood Horse-shit. That's not even remotely how they work." ]

[ 7 ]

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[ "f7evm5x", "f7euc0r" ]

[ "That happens due to multiplexing. Each digit has 7 or 8 segments, so a clock display would be made up of 28-32 individual LEDs. A controller chip with 32 individual outputs would be fairly expensive, so in order to control the display using a less complex, cheaper controller, they use a technique called multiplexing. Picture it like this: First the controller chip activates the first digit and illuminates the segments that need to be illuminated, then it turns off the first segment and moves on to the next digit and does the same. It cycles through the digits very rapidly, so to a human eye it appears that they're all lit at the same time due to the persistence of vision effect. In reality only a is on at any given point. If you move your eyes or you move your fingers in front of the display, the persistence of vision effect breaks down and you can tell that the display is actually flickering very rapidly. [This]( URL_0 ) is how your clock display would look in super slow motion. Note that in this example you only need 11 outputs (7 to address the segments + 4 to address the digits) to control a total of 28 LEDs. Without the use of multiplexing this would require a controller chip with 28 outputs." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [ "http://www.antronics.co.uk/images/4x7seg_slow.gif" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

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[ "eer2g4r" ]

[ "In 1971 the US abandoned the gold standard to make it easier to nudge inflation one way or the other by expanding or contracting the supply of money--while you can't arbitrarily expand or contract the supply of gold, you can basically print as much or as little new money as you like, and make it available to banks to lend. This monetary flexibility is the benefit of fiat currencies. Hope that makes sense so far. Anyhoo, the US sided with Israel in the Yom Kippur War in 1973 in which the Israelis absolutely humiliated their Arab attackers. The Saudis were enraged, and in retaliation they stopped selling oil to the US. They also convinced the other OPEC members to do the same. Naturally oil, gas, and of course, energy prices all went through the roof in the US, and the economy more or less ground to a halt. In 1974 the US, under Nixon, promised to provide military support and protection in perpetuity for House of Saud in exchange for lifting the embargo, and, importantly, a promise to only exchange their oil for US dollars. In other words, if you're China and you want to buy Saudi oil, then your money's no good--you would actually need to buy US dollars, and then use them to buy the oil. In a sense the greenback went from a gold-backed currency to a complete fiat currency, to a more or less oil-backed currency all in the space of just a few years. This was how the \"petrodollar\" was born, and the main reason why US currency has been in high demand throughout the world ever since. Interestingly, there have been efforts by Russia, India, and China to make side deals with other oil producing nations like Iran, and the UAE to use their own currency, and, boy howdy, does this piss off the Americans. Some have theorized that it was Ghadaffi's stated desire to create his own gold-backed currency and use it to sell oil to Africa that suddenly spurred the US to lead a NATO mission to topple his regime." ]

[ 9 ]

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[ "dejgt87" ]

[ "Earth's magnetic field is generated by the movement of molten iron alloys in the outer core. > Why is a magnetic field so important for the planet? It acts to deflect charged particles from the sun, preventing them from pushing off small parts of our atmosphere similar to sandblasting a surface. > Can we restart a planet's magnetic field? Not likely unless you have a way to melt the core of a planet." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "el61w4g" ]

[ "It's not a thing. It's made up jargon to make whatever this dude is doing sound legitimate and scientific. He literally explains what it is. He just asks the person questions and then assigns a score based on how truthful he feels the person is being. There's zero science or credibility behind it. It's pure quackery and charlatanism, which is basically all that a polygraph test is in the first place." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "di0ewko", "di0ezry" ]

[ "You skin is made of several layers of cells. When the DNA in a skin cell get whacked by the sun's ray hard enough, the cell self-destructs and dies (if it doesn't you might get skin cancer). When you get badly sunburned a whole bunch of skin cells in the layer might self-destruct. Other cells in charge of clean up for your body, see that there is a dead cell, so they eat it, cutting it's connection to the living cells. Since the cells in the sun burned layer are dead, there aren't any cells to cut it apart, so the whole patch in the whole layer peels off." ]

[ 6 ]

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[ "dzq1znc", "dzq0342", "dzq2ujq" ]

[ "Cars turn in two dimensions. The road 100% controls the up/down dimension (unless you're driving a rally car or otherwise aren't constantly in contact with pavement). Planes turn in three dimensions. If a car points to the side, unless it's on ice, it will start traveling the new direction. If a plane points to the side it won't immediately start moving that way. Much like a car on ice, a plane trying to turn \"flat\" will slide sideways. Planes turn by banking. It's more like turning a bike, except a bike still has the road to control up and down. If you bank a bike you'll turn that way. If you simply bank a plane you'll sort of turn that way and sort of slide downward that way. The rudder turns the half turn half slide into a controlled banked turn." ]

[ 6 ]

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[ "eejg06b", "eejh47x" ]

[ "The heat in horseradish comes from a highly reactive chemical ( isothiocyanate ). The chemical stays pretty stable as long as it isn't introduced to oxygen. When you chew on horseradish, you crush the plant (saliva also aids in breaking it down) and release this chemical which immediately reacts with the oxygen in the air and THAT is the moment it becomes hot. Now you breath even a little and its in your sinuses and burning ensues. If you breath a lot its in your lungs and you'll get a different crazy ass sensation when that happens. & #x200B; Mustard is similar, but different. It's water that kicks off the reaction there, but the chemical shares a commonality with mustard (the are both phenolic compounds) but that's probably far enough for ELI5. Oh, fun fact, if you put vinegar in Horseradish very early after you grate or crush it, it will stabilize the reaction and keep it more mild." ]

[ 24 ]

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[ "fsy137f" ]

[ "Humidity mostly. An air conditioner removes a lot of the moisture from the air inside which allows your body to cool itself more effectively." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

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[ "dnpsgtn" ]

[ "An impeller is designed to push a fluid outward from the center of rotation (perpendicular to the axis of rotation). A propeller is designed to push a fluid behind the blades to produce thrust (parallel to the axis of rotation)." ]

[ 11 ]

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[ "e79wmkm" ]

[ "Entropy is \"how many ways can the system achieve the same state\". Low entropy configurations, like all the air molecules in the left half of the room, are much less likely than higher entropy configurations, like all the air molecules spread out uniformly. The 2^nd Law says entropy in an isolated system never decreases." ]

[ 17 ]

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[ "dhyki9q", "dhyjdlk", "dhykbtg" ]

[ "[Here are some handy visualizations of spectra from various sources]( URL_6 ), stolen from an aquarium forum - which is convenient because aquariums are what I do and how I know about this stuff! Edit: [Here is another set of graphs for various sources of light]( URL_0 ). Human eyes see best in the yellow-green part of the spectrum, which is where sunlight is strongest, but sunlight also contains a lot of frequencies we can't see, like infrared and ultraviolet, and even frequencies we *can* see aren't necessarily very bright for us, like high in the purple. [This is the graph of the spectrum of sunlight]( URL_4 ). When you're measuring how bright a light is, there are a couple of standards you can use, depending on what you're measuring. An Xray machine, for example, is *really bright* in a very narrow part of the EM spectrum, which you can't see at all. So is it really...*bright?* To your eyes, no, but to an Xray detector, yes. **Lumens** are a measurement of the total *visible* light according to the sensitivity of the human eye. It's weighted for what you would experience were you looking at the source. Given the same absolute number of photons being given off by two sources, a source with exclusively yellow-light photons will have a higher lumen measurement than a source with exclusively blue-light photons. This is a *bad* measurement when you're looking at lights to grow plants (and corals, incidentally). The better measurement for growing things is **PAR** or Photosynthetically Available Radiation. PAR is a measurement of the amount of light in frequencies that plants (and coral) use for photosynthesis. The graph of the frequencies that plants need [looks like this]( URL_5 ) (and for anyone wondering, for coral it [looks like this]( URL_1 )...probably, people are still figuring that one out). Notice how different that is from [human eye sensitivity]( URL_2 )? So a light that is bright to plants will not look as bright to humans. Compare the graph of what plants want with the graphs of various types of lights linked earlier in the comment. They really don't match up at all! Recall that when you see a color, that means that frequency is being reflected most, while the other frequencies are being absorbed (more or less). That means a *green* plant is reflecting *green* light, which means it *isn't* absorbing and using that green light. A green light will look very bright to your eyes, but it will be useless for the plant. Table lamps are most often measured in lumens, because we care how bright the light will appear to be *to us*. If the color looks weird, we can splash a little bit of other frequencies here and there to balance it to look more pleasant without actually wasting a lot of energy in frequencies we can't see well. Sunlight, of course, has a lot of *everything* even though it's brightest in the middle of our visible spectrum (ie: yellow-green). For the record plants (and corals) don't really need a lot of UV - or at least, no more than humans do. UV damages them just like us, but they can't exactly get out of the sun so they deal with it. But they *do* need light in the high blue range, which most lamps are not going to provide much of. There are, of course, lamps that *do* provide [what plants crave]( URL_3 ). Metal halide bulbs (the second spectrum in the first link) have a very broad spectrum that can grow most things. Fluorescent lights have been manufactured with, more or less, the right frequencies. LED technology has come a long way, too, and there are LED fixtures these days that will grow plants (and corals). EDIT: I suppose it's worth mentioning *why* plants use the frequencies they use. Higher frequencies have more energy. Blue photons have more energy than red photons. There's also some semi-complicated ways that the physics of light interact with chemistry, but the short version is that the molecules used for photosynthesis only interact with certain wavelengths of light - which are the ones that plants need. EDIT: 'nother set of graphs (because who doesn't love graphs!?) and rearranged some stuff to make it flow better." ]

[ 18 ]

[ [ "https://media.mercola.com/ImageServer/Public/2016/October/led-lighting-2.jpg", "https://www.reefll.com/images/cms/data/4.jpg", "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Eyesensitivity.svg/1163px-Eyesensitivity.svg.png", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFD2ggNxR1g", "http://www.solarmade.com/images/info/solar-spectrum1.jpg", "http://www.supergrowled.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/PAR%20Spectrum%20Graph.jpg", "https://aquariumdigest.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/led-t8-mh-natural-light-2.jpg" ], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

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[ "gdhzz1w", "gdhzhbj" ]

[ "Its called Transient Tinnitus. Tinnitus is when you always have that sound, and is a result of hearing damage. But transient tinnitus is not associated with hearing problems, it is not long term, and seems to show up completely randomly. Its extremely hard to study because it shows up so rarely and lasts a very short amount of time. So we don't really know what causes it. Just that it does seem to happen to pretty much everyone, and its not a sign of any actual problem. It probably is caused by some combination of muscle contractions in your ear and neck and jaw and the like, but there's no actual, conclusive proof behind it." ]

[ 14 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

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[ "dwgf3p9" ]

[ "Because they're based on debts, and sometimes debts don't get paid. I loan my brother $10 and he agrees to pay me back $20 in a month. In the meantime, I come to you and say \"I have this IOU for $20; if you give me $15 now, then when the $20 is paid it will go to you.\" I make $5 profit and get to realize that profit right now; you stand to make $5 profit on this $15 investment. (This is the core of what a derivative is). So right now, on your books, it looks like you have $20 worth of assets. But my brother is a lazy junkie, and he spends his $20 on more pot, and never pays you the $20. So this whole time you thought you had $20, instead you have $0. Multiply this out by tens or hundreds of thousands of debts, and when lots of them default at the same time, billions of dollars can go up in smoke just like your $20 did." ]

[ 3 ]

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[ "ejcl8vr", "ejd117i", "ejcr2oq", "ejcv09c", "ejcnreu", "ejcvj9s", "ejcjsly", "ejd26u3", "ejcnjn7", "ejcjxp2", "ejd5f06", "ejd6e02", "ejcox3u", "ejd0k6n", "ejcyvmv", "ejdbiaj", "ejdo7wn", "ejcvs2r", "ejdervo", "ejckg4f", "ejcueet", "ejcwtp1", "ejczaaf", "ejcu9xf", "ejdfbbt", "ejd33ug", "ejd3dke", "ejdhfzn", "ejddnmo", "ejdb4lx", "ejd696p", "ejcmkb6", "ejcqvbq", "ejdhf8e", "ejd35pb", "ejdhpep", "ejd9nl2", "ejdi0u0", "ejdat4q", "ejco5u1", "ejdi9nz" ]

[ "Yes, they do. Some states have passed laws not allowing this. FYI: this type of training schedule was initially implemented by a guy who was a drug addict—amphetamines or cocaine, I forget which. So staying up for huge stretches of time was not strange for him. For people who are not drug addicts, it can be grueling." ]

[ 5843 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Zion_Law" ], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://twitter.com/acgme/status/1110218582624030736" ], [ "https://youtu.be/kr9_ofPZzRk" ], [], [], [], [], [ "https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/blog/acgme-duty-hours-not-the-only-big-change-in-requirements/" ], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "epl60iz", "eplakcl" ]

[ "There are booster pumps throughout that aid the water to reach the top, simultaneously there are pumps in the drainage to slow down the drop of water/waste" ]

[ 6 ]

[ [], [] ]

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[ "url" ]

[ "duwbdun", "duxwvq4" ]

[ "He means the US doesn't have a ready-to-go Apollo rocket + command module + lander. The last of those contained 70's technology. They were serviced in engineering hangers geared up for 70's technology, running software probably initially written with pencil, probably using communication systems that were turned off in the early 80's. Both the rocket itself and all the infrastructure to support it are long gone. He doesn't mean the US couldn't build the same thing again (well.. he might mean _some_ of the old engineering specs are literally missing) but it would take an immense amount of time and money to get a 21st century version designed and built." ]

[ 19 ]

[ [], [] ]

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[ "url" ]

[ "f5ieyjl", "f5i6tw4", "f5i3ody", "f5ixpgb", "f5iz8qo" ]

[ "A RCA cable have two wires not just one. One is connects to the inne pin and the other to the outer ring. For all electrics connector you need two conductor. Often the like the 3.5 mm audio connector with 3 wires you have on common ground and a conductor for each audio channel. The number of wire do not directly determine the amount of data it can carry. Look at the cable you use for Cable TV or over the air TV with two conductor but you can have multiple TV channels with sound and video.The amount of data depend more how you encode the data in the conductor. So it is a trade off between complexity of electronic in a device versus number of conductors. Stereo sound uses two pairs because you can then have very simple signals. You can have stereo sound in one pair if you add some electronic to encode it some way that you can later separate them. But if you use two wires you can have signal in the form you get them from a microphone and can drive a speaker or head phones directly after just amplifying it without any complex electronic conversion. So two conductor pars is a cheap way to do stereo sound. The standard is not from TV but from audio equipment where you just have sound in two part and video copied that. One reason is so you could use audio amplifier you own for better sound the a TV can provide. For video the signal you have is complex signal and you have complex electronics in the TV that can convert it into separate red, green and blue signal that is used to control the the screen. The signal is identical to how a a TV channel it transmitted analog over the air or in a cable TV network but is moved from a high frequency to low base frequency. So the complex electronics to split the signal apart exited in all TV. So the simplest way to transfer a video signal was in a format at TV could decode. The composite signal is how the over the air signal is after it is demodulated by the tuner in the TV. So to add a composite in just add a connector on the outside and something that can change the input from the tuner to the outside plug. The tuned have separate output for video and audio so there is not simple way to use only on one wire with converting it to a high frequency radio signal. To convert the signal will require stuff that cost more the two extra wires so you avoid it if you can But it was way to get a VCR or game console into a TV before composite and SCART become standard and then you had sound and image in one wire pair. There is other way it have been done and in Europe you hade the more complex SCART connector with more wires. It transmitted data split into a red, green and blue and a sync signal and had the stereo sound in a single quire large 21 pins connector. The quality of the signal was a lot better and old computer that could use it as a output resulted in superior image quality the a single composite cable that was common in the US. The signal is quite close to how a analog VGA video output from a computer work, the image part is identical but SCART have difference sync. You could get some graphic card to output a SCART compatible signal. So is is not the case that stereo require two pair because cable TV deliver multiple video and stereo audio channels in a singe pair. It is the case that you need less stuff to use to pars. The video is a more complex signal and you can split up version is 4 paris like in SCART. So it is a trade off between complex electronics vs more conductors." ]

[ 40 ]

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[ "efgnytp", "efhhfjl" ]

[ "Hypoxemia is having low oxygen content in your blood, while hypoxia is moreso the effects felt from not having enough oxygen. So in a sense hypoxemia can cause hypoxia" ]

[ 8 ]

[ [], [] ]

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[ "fy2o7zc" ]

[ "Cancer are cells in the body which are growing out of control, when these cells grow an multiply they can then start to break off and drift around the body via the circulation system (metastasize) and deposit themselves in the liver lungs or other organs, when they are in these secondary locations they stop the organs from functioning and that kills people - URL_0" ]

[ 6 ]

[ [ "https://youtu.be/Q5--K1nUOM4" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dtokpus" ]

[ "(England only answer - this is wholly wrong in Australia and Canada certainly, however is similar in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland) Solicitors do all sorts of legal work - conveying property, contracts, family law, estate planning and litigation (whether civil or criminal). They also deal directly with clients. They cannot (without additional qualifications) appear in the higher courts. Traditionally they are more generalists than barristers. Barristers (traditionally) only work on the instructions of a solicitor to provide specialist advice, drafting or advocacy. A solicitor will often use a barrister to appear in court. Barristers cannot hold client money or conduct their client's affairs. These lines are blurred as solicitors can obtain additional qualifications to appear in the higher courts and barristers can obtain permission to deal directly with clients and handle litigation." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [] ]

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[ "df8zs23", "df8z5yk" ]

[ "Because language structures differ too much. Context, syntax, etc. make things too complicated. Modern translators do not use syntactic rules or anything. They use statistical models to try to infer translations based on maximum likelihood. (In easy terms, it obtains the list of words that are more likely to mean the same). How do they achieve this? Well they get trained with thousands of millions of 1-1 translations (e.g. Court transcripts in multi lingual countries) and then they Build these models to calculate likelihoods. Now as of why we can't translate from a to b and back to a giving the original phrase: This is because of language structure and the fact that we are using these probabilistic systems instead of actual mappings. Example I like apples A mí me gustan las manzanas Two identical phrases, In two different languages. The English one has 3 words, the Spanish one has 6. This means that (of course, making things super simple) a. For every English word, there can be more than one correspondence in Spanish. Or b. There are invisible words in the English version but which are needed for context in the other language. In this case, I = mi, like = me gusta, apples = manzanas. \"Me gusta\" meets scenario (a) and the words \"a\" and \"las\" meet scenario (b) This means that translating things will be tricky, statistically a translation like \"Apples are liked by me\" could be provided because of how the models were setup. It is important to mention that we COULD get the original phrase, but this will not always occur because the ORIGINAL PHRASE can have a lower probability in the B to A distribution. ---- Edit: Check URL_0 This finds a translation equilibrium using Google Translate from English to Japanese. It re-translates translations until we find a scenario where translation from A- > B and B- > A correspond to each other. A good example is this guy: URL_0 i-cannot-believe-this-sentence-reaches-equilibrium-12933403" ]

[ 10 ]

[ [ "http://www.translationparty.com/", "http://www.translationparty.com/i-cannot-believe-this-sentence-reaches-equilibrium-12933403" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fulceb2", "ful4otn" ]

[ "Imagine you have two heavy bags you need to carry from the car into the flat. Now you have two possibilities: 1) You carry **both bags at the same time**: The bad thing: this is very difficult, because two bags at the same time weight a lot. On the other side, you only have to walk once. 2) you Walk two times and carry **one bag after the other**: Much easier, but you have to carry a bag for twice the way. This way you can carry even more bags (let’s say 10) to the kitchen. You only need a way to „trade“ „weight“ for „distance“." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [], [] ]

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[ "url" ]

[ "dntjr98" ]

[ "Don't know for certain but I always assumed it was to clean out your urethra, all that thrusting probably jams bacteria up there you know? Can someone who actually knows a thing confirm?" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fux8n8o" ]

[ "Cybernetics can be a lot, a plethora of different categories and systems can fall under the umbrella of cybernetics. A very simple understanding is: machine experiences > machine computes > machine reorganizes > machine repeats The goal of cybernetics, no matter what it is applied to, is to create the most efficient system possible." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "eaaiq7g" ]

[ "If you have pondered something to the point of inaction or indecision, then you have reached the point of 'overthinking' something; because at that point, you consideration is no longer meaningfully contributing to the choice you're supposed to make, as you've ceased to be capable of making ANY choice." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dgdkzo3" ]

[ "No, humans have a menstrual cycle. This means we can conceive once a month, and we do not have a specific period of heat or a breeding season. We don't know exactly when menstruation evolved, but there is evidence of menstruation in humans, apes and old world monkeys, evidence of menstruation in at least one new world monkey species, and possible evidence of menstruation in tarsiers. This might point to the evolution of menstruation happening before all these different species split off. What that means is that a very very very very distant ancestor species of us may have had a breeding season, but we humans and our direct ancestors in the homo line, always menstruated." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

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[ "dz7n59k", "dz7paax", "dz7oazg", "dz7uvbq" ]

[ "Inside a computer, a 1 or a 0 is represented by a voltage. You can think of voltages for electricity like you think of height for water. There are little tiny storage devices (capacitors are very common elements that do this but there are many others such as a magnetic field on a mechanical drive) that store electricity. Going back to the water analog, they would be like water tanks for water. And these \"electricity tanks\" are either full (holding electricity and storing a 1) or empty, (not holding any electricity, storing a 0)." ]

[ 8 ]

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[ "Let's make it more ELI5 than the current best answer: Electricity is weird. There's actually a tiny electrical field *around* your body, and most living things for that matter. We can make super-sensitive sensors that read electrical fields. We can also know what the sensor will \"see\" if no living things are near a device. So we tune those sensors to look for changes in the electrical field around them, and how to recognize what it looks like when an object gets close. It's sort of like how even if your eyes are closed, you can still sort of tell if you're facing towards or away from a lamp. Your eyes are fancy light sensors, and your eyelids let a little light through, so by comparing the amount of \"dark\" you \"see\" through your eyelids, you can still figure out a lot about what you're looking at. This sensor \"sees\" tiny electrical fields. **Update** The biggest contention with my answer seems to be, \"But doesn't the sensor see the phone's electrical field?\" Let's revisit my answer and handle this again. > We can make super-sensitive sensors that read electrical fields. We can also know what the sensor will \"see\" if no living things are near a device. So we tune those sensors to look for changes in the electrical field around them, and how to recognize what it looks like when an object gets close. Yes, the sensor does \"see\" the phone's electrical field. You also \"see\" your nose all day long. But unless you really focus on it, you probably don't *notice* your nose because your brain is used to it being there and removes it from your perception. In the same way, the sensor \"sees\" the phone's electrical field but is trained to ignore that and look for *different* fields. *More technically*, the sensor is really looking for *changes* in the field. So for the first few seconds after the phone is on, the sensor might think there's an object nearby. The people who made the phone are already aware of that, so for those few seconds the sensor is ignored. After a few moments, the sensor settles down and says, \"Hey, the field's not changing anymore.\" THAT is when the phone starts listening. If the field changes, something must have brought a new field within the sensor's range. That *probably* means something with a field is near the phone that wasn't near it before, so the phone assumes an object is near. Later, when that thing moves away, the sensor notes the field has changed back to how it was earlier. Then the phone assumes the object is gone. Yes, that means things other than your face might get picked up. The engineers who made the phone don't care, all that matters is it detects a face within an inch or two accurately. Any other crazy thing that triggers it is probably someone having fun after reading an ELI5 post, and there's no harm if that is a \"false positive\"." ]

[ 6380 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [ "https://blog.semtech.com/cellphone-safety-too-close-for-comfort" ], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ec85kcs", "ec87195" ]

[ "It doesn’t really... look at a picture of a loved one with sunglasses on and you can still tell who it is. Obscuring any part of the face, however, makes it significantly harder to identify an unknown/vaguely known person." ]

[ 16 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ewtebkf", "ewtdu9j" ]

[ "Basically inside an atom there’s a constant struggle between the strong force and the electromagnetic force. The electromagnetic force is constantly trying to push all the positively charged protons apart, and the strong force is trying to hold everything together. As the name implies, the strong force is very strong and so it usually wins, but it only works over very very very short distances, like smaller than atom sized distances. As you move up the periodic table and atoms increase in size they start getting large enough that the strong force can’t reach through the whole center of the atom anymore, which gives the electromagnetic force a bit of an edge when trying to rip the protons apart. This is why we can split atoms like uranium in bombs and reactors, they’re large enough that the strong force barely holds them together, and so they just need a nudge to split apart. With that out of the way, what are the synthesized elements? Well they’re elements that are even larger than atoms like uranium. They’re so large the strong force can’t keep them together naturally, and so normally they just split apart right away, meaning they don’t exist in nature. In a lab though we can force atoms together to make these even heavier elements, and can observe them for the very short times they exist before they break back apart." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dokinfi", "dokfro2" ]

[ "Check out youtube channels Simple Nursing and EmpoweRN. I was having trouble before these and they helped me out a ton." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fz5xe61", "fz60241", "fz5vyn5", "fz5wva4" ]

[ "It's a cultural thing in the sport. The fans enjoy it and it's part of the experience. Players are also less likely to pull cheap shots and tricks if they know a big ass enforcer could beat the shit out of them for it. Realistically though if fighting was a real problem they would implement a red card system like in Soccer and ban the players in no time. The only fight because the sport tolerates it, and the fans expect it." ]

[ 20 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fj4j6eh" ]

[ "Amazon can afford it because of their scale. Amazon gets massive discounts on everything HDD CPU's ect because they don't order 100 HDD they order 100,000,000. Also look at the costs of S3. S3 is 0.023 GB a month. Lets assume Amazon used WD Gold 14TB HDDs. You can pick one up for about 460$ I'm not sure what Amazon pays bout I would say 400$ is totally reasonable it's probably even lower. Including raid 6 on a 8 disk array lets you use 75% of the disk or 10.5TB. At the s3 rate this is 241$ a month. The WD Gold has a 5 year warranty so assuming it dies at exactly 5 years Amazon can make 14,490$ on a disk that cost them 400$. That is a profit of 234$ a month, for every HDD! This doesn't even count your read wright costs. This is where scale comes in. The other costs like the data centers and IT people can be spread out over all the Amazon cloud products so that maybe only 10 or 12 dollars of that HDD profit are spent on IT people and another 8-10 are spent on the data center it's self." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "f7y3qsu", "f7y3ajv", "f7y3v8c", "f7y7nbr", "f7yadq8", "f7y41by" ]

[ "You definitely do have a dominant leg, if you get pushed forward unexpectedly you'll find out which it is." ]

[ 149 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g8w843y", "g8w8vfx", "g8wbdsa", "g8we2ri" ]

[ "* Computer processors used to be made from what are called discrete components. * Literally small individual pieces that had to be wired together. * Then it was discovered that all of those circuit elements could all be made from the same material if we were clever about how we applied certain chemicals to it. * This allowed the circuits to become very very very small (by comparison) to the original designs. * \"Micro\" basically means very small. * Same as microphone and microscope." ]

[ 26 ]

[ [], [], [], [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xQ3oJlt4GrI" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dnqbsdo", "dnq54x0", "dnq56we", "dnqgb39", "dnq9np0", "dnqjpcl" ]

[ "I asked the same question to a group of social workers at a homeless shelter. They said impoverished women have a much easier time finding someone to take them in, whether it's a family member or a kind acquaintance or a romantic/sexual partner. That can open them up to violence, coercion and exploitation, but it does keep them off the streets. I don't think there's a disproportionate number of older homeless people, though. I'm not aware of stats either way, but there are lots of homeless youth and that's a big problem. I think you just don't identify them as homeless on sight." ]

[ 35 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e7upmpa", "e7uq56e" ]

[ "Most things we make have to be pressed or rubbed very thin in order to be sharp. But obsidian due to its molecular structure tends to break along extremely sharp patterns (much like other similar substances like glass and flint). This means it’s breaking in a pattern that is naturally sharp versus on that was merely ground down or shaped as such (sharpening and honing). It is extremely hard to replicate how thin the cutting edge on broken or flint-knapped (breaking it yourself to make a good edge) obsidian. Because making consistent structures that hold together at that size is extremely difficult." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dwh4wzo" ]

[ "Our bodies detect temperature changes using specific temperature receptors. Menthol is the chemical that gives mint it's minty taste and it's structured in such a way that it has the same effect on the receptors as a low temperature would. This is kinda the opposite of how spicy food works too. Spicy food stimulates the receptors in a similar way to how they would be stimulated at high temperatures." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ey7vpby", "ey7w4sl" ]

[ "I think part of it has to do with just the kind of trauma such massive amounts of sudden tissue loss would do to your body. Fat cells need oxygen too so your fat stores have blood vessels running through them. I imagine part of the problem would be the massive amounts of blood loss and vascular destruction you’d be doing. Any tissue loss of that amount could easily result in a patient going into shock and dying very quickly. Though beyond that I’d also say that any operation that would even remotely come close to removing 90% of the body fat from a person that large would require so many incisions at so many different areas you’d be at a huge infection risk. This is partly because body fat isn’t all stored in the same spot. You have subcutaneous fat (the kind you can grab and squeeze relatively easily because it’s just below your skin) and visceral fat (the kind that is deep to your muscles and surrounds your internal organs). Very obese patients have a lot of visceral fat so it would be very dangerous to try to scoop a bunch of it out from around your organs. Going back to infection risk, if you let bacteria in that visceral fat, they are right next to the organs so it could easily become a huge problem. Edit: just saw you clarified “external fat” but the point is that a significant amount of the fat an obese person stores is not external but that deep visceral fat. To get to that fat to do any sort of 90% level massive fat loss operation would require getting to that fat." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [], [ "https://www.sciencealert.com/the-true-story-of-a-man-who-survived-without-any-food-for-382-days" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fgp8ywo" ]

[ "Because your brain wasn't writing it to memory. We don't really know what dreams are, but last I checked the prevailing theory was that they're a result of the \"conscious\" part of our brain trying to translate all the signals running through it into some kind of sensible image. Dreams are a side effect of brain activity, so to speak, and our memory isn't particularly interested in recording that. In order to record it, the brain would have to acknowledge that it's constructing a perceived reality and then record what that is, but most of the time the brain doesn't know that, so it can only write down a few snippets that are particularly strong when you first awaken." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "eh3rx8r", "eh3s3m5" ]

[ "Typically this means you have low blood pressure, and your brain's vision processing center is momentarily low on oxygen. It's a first step toward fainting." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e94i23u" ]

[ "Popcorn kernels hold moisture which when heated causes pressure and it pops. Some kernels dry out so there isn't enough, or any, moisture for them to pop." ]

[ 26 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e2brevt" ]

[ "It doesn't. Children and babies need more sleep because they're still developing and that can take additional resources. But once you settle into the 8ish hours, that doesn't change. What changes is your ability to sleep. As you age you still need sleep, you just don't get it. And cognitive performance suffers as a result." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dj8gu1b" ]

[ "You're wrong, they do have sharps and flats. B-sharp, E-sharp, F-flat and C-flat are all valid notes. Scales are made of a pattern of whole steps and half steps. A major scale has two half steps, in a pattern of W, W, H, W, W, W, H. For a C major scale, these fall between the E and the F, and the B and the final C. Whenever a flat is printed, it moves the note down a half step. When a sharp is printed it moves the note up a half step. So A-flat and G-sharp sound the same, B-sharp and C sound the same, and F-flat and E sound the same. So why don't we just use flats for every note, and have only one way of spelling every pitch? The answer is basically, musical grammar. When you write a major or minor scale, whatever the key, each note needs a different letter. The correct way of writing an F major scale is, F-G-A-Bb-C-D-E-F. You could write it F-G-A-A#-C-D-E-F, but that would be wrong because you have two A's and no B. When writing a scale like G-flat, Gb-Ab-Bb-Cb-Db-Eb-F-Gb, you'll notice there is a C-flat. It sounds the same as a B-natural, but writing the scale that way would be wrong because there would be two B's and no C's. Triads follow a similar rule. They are built from three notes separated by thirds, in other words skipping every other letter. A C major triad is C-E-G. If you wrote a C-sharp major triad, It would be C#-E#-G#. If you changed that E# to the F that it sounds exactly like, the triad would be spelled C#-F-G#. Triads are supposed to be built from alternating letters, but you now have one spelled with two sequential letters. This is a misspelling, despite sounding the same. Just because it sounds the same, doesn't mean it's spelled right. Chromatic misspellings do sound correct, but it's like writing fisiks instead of physics, or sellfone, instead of cellphone. They sound the same, but are written wrong, and proper spelling matters." ]

[ 23 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ed4f4ss" ]

[ "I work in the field, specifically on these kinds of systems. Wall of text incoming. The most basic method is called panning. It usually as one knob controlling direction by altering the level of the signal in each channel. Something to the left will have a higher volume in the left speaker than the right, and vice versa. Something from in front of you will have the same volume in both speakers. This is because if a sound source is at an angle to your head the distance to one ear is shorter than to the other, and since sound decays with distance it will be louder in one year. Directly in front of you will have the same distance, so it will be the same volume. That difference in volume between each ear is called the interaural level difference (ILD) The next trick is to delay one channel from the other by a small amount. Again, since the distance to one ear is shorter the sound will get there earlier. The time difference between each ear is called the interaural time difference (ITD). Simple effects will do a little math to calculate what the ILD or ITD should be based on the source's angle and distance from the listener, with an approximation of the average distance between each ear (although everyone is different). The problem with that method is that ILD and ITD is not the same for all frequencies. There are two big reasons. The first is that your ear shape acts as a filter, meaning that it cuts or boosts frequencies. Think like an Instagram filter. The filtering done depends on the angle the sound wave hits your ears. The second reason has to do with the shape of your head. When the sound wave hits it, it bends around your head, causing delays between each ear. This effect is called diffraction, and it depends on frequency since lower frequencies have longer wavelengths than higher frequencies. One way to model that behavior is by pretending the head is spherical (or ellipsoidal) and doing some math to create an equation that models how a sound wave would hit it. This A better method uses something called an HRTF, or Head Related Transfer Function, and it's an equation that approximates how a sound wave behaves when it hits your head. These are measured by placing microphones in the ears of a user while they sit in a special chamber and recording sounds from different locations in the chamber. This has been done to a lot of test subjects, and you can create a decent average of an HRTF from that data. HRTFs work alright for some people, and the data is actually biased for certain ethnicities and head shapes so it's not perfect. These methods also only work on headphones, it fails with speakers. A bigger problem is how the sound sources in the game/movie are produced and stored. Your typical stereo recording only covers about a 180° sound field in front of a listener and doesn't help with things like distance or 3D audio. An alternative is called ambisonics, which uses more than 2 signal sources to capture 3D information about the sound source, and then the decoder uses things like panning and HRTFs to generate the stereo signal for the user. There are other 3D formats more commonly used in film and music, like surround sound and its derivatives like Dolby ATMOS and DTS. These use a thing called \"object based audio\" where in addition to the sound source you encode metadata like location (and some other stuff) with the audio, and a hardware decoder translates that in real time to render to your speaker system or headphones. Theres actually a new standard for how this works that will be pushed out to theaters in the next year or two. These work better on speaker systems, but they require you to have at least 9 speakers (and up to dozens) to actually play back in 3D. And positioned properly. There's a lot of work being down to get a good system to do it on traditional 2 channel speakers, like on a phone or laptop. A lot of them suck, but there are a handful with a lot of promise and they all do crazy shit that is secret or outside the scope of an ELI5 post." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e981rs1", "e982f9y" ]

[ "Your eardrum is a reverse speaker - do you ever wonder how you can hear multiple instruments at once? Anyway, the different waveforms just add together and all of the different frequencies are still present. If you look closely at the grooves of a record, the vinyl is just cut to represent that complex shape. When you turn it back into sound, via an amplifier and speaker, the original sound is reproduced with high fidelity." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g9r7hzt" ]

[ "TLDR: it's static electricity. So under normal conditions, air is a great electrical insulator. That ensure that you don't just get electrocuted by a bar wire. However, if you increase the voltage (pressure) at a certain point, there is so much \"pressure\" that the electricity can force its way through the air and create a spark. You see this all the time with normal static shocks and lightning. & #x200B; The difference with a Jacob's Ladder, is that you also have a **source** of voltage so you get a continuous \"spark\"." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g4f2b6h", "g4f44ay", "g4f7fnr" ]

[ "It is an interesting question. Probably been debated through the ages. My thoughts. If a sculptor takes a piece of stone and chips away to form a sculpture of an eagle, was the eagle always embodied in that piece of stone or did the sculptor invent that form through their skill and effort? Similarly, the universe appears to work by some rules. But how those rules are interpreted seem deeply integral to how we perceive the universe. We can only describe it in terms of our language and culture. Could we say for certain that any (say) alien race would more or less arrive at the same interpretation? For certain things, for example the ratio of a circle's perimeter to diameter - this might seem likely. But it might be hard to say this for other mathematical ideas." ]

[ 18 ]

[ [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "epfhhel", "epfg5n1", "epemgju", "epej7c9" ]

[ "According to my psych 101 textbook, it's not well understood. It's called childhood amnesia, though." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fxaezvg", "fxaju89" ]

[ "To work, TikTok needs access to your camera, microphone, photos, video library, and social media profiles. With all of that, it also gets your GPS location, and activity throughout the day, regardless of whether you use the app or not. That’s an enormous amount of useful data to have on anyone. But think of all the celebrities on TikTok... there’s a lot of crappy things you could do with all that data." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dgwlx9z" ]

[ "The air movement increases the rate of evaporation from your skins surface. Because of waters high latent heat of vaporisation, evaporation uses a lot of thermal energy so your skin feels cold" ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "egjpz4j", "egje5ow" ]

[ "MMT theory reverses how most people think about government economics. Most people visualize the government collecting money through taxes, then spending that money to get something done. MMT says that because we have a fiat currency, the government can just create money, spend it however it wants, and taxes are just a way to remove excess money afterwards to prevent inflation. The conclusion they draw is that arguments about how the government pays for anything are irrelevant, because the government can literally print as much money as it wants. The government just has to make sure that the economy has spare capacity to use that money and inflation won’t be a problem. Example: if a car factory can make 1000 cars a month, but is only getting 700 orders a month, the government can pay them to make 300 additional cars without causing inflation. If they paid for 500 cars a month, then the extra 200 would Cassie inflation because demand outstrips supply, raising prices." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [ "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/866-modern-monetary-theory/id290783428?i=1000420536330&mt=2" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fx3v6ts" ]

[ "We don't elect the POTUS by popular vote. The people in each state vote for who they want. Then, a group of people in that state called \"electors\" look at those votes, and then get together and vote for who will actually be president. Some states say all the electors have to vote for whoever got the most votes in their state. Some people want the elector votes to match the states vote (so if you have ten electors, and the people in the state voted 60% for X and 40% for Y, 6 electors would vote X and 4 would vote Y). But in some states, the electors can just vote for whoever they please. This decision affirms that a state can punish them for not voting the way the populace tells them to." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g3ko6kn", "g3krpbb" ]

[ "Manners are fascinating, and the answer depends heavily on the culture and history in question. Western manners are a mix of a few different things. Some manners are developed just because they're practical - you dont want to inconvenience people, so you try not to. Don't put your elbows on the table is one such thing - if it's an unbalanced table, putting your weight on it could cause drinks to spill. However there's a second kind of manners called etiquette. Etiquette comes from the upper class. Upper class people like to distance themselves from the lower class, so they invent rules to live by that would be completely impractical for poor people but that they can afford to do because they have lots of free time and money. These pieces of etiquette filter down to the lower classes as the lower classes seek to emulate the culture of the higher classes, and they're particularly prominent in the middle class which is essentially made up of lower class people who have successfully distanced themselves from their lower class ancestry. You also have rules of etiquette that are developed due to belief systems, particularly things like Feng Shui and Confucianism. These rules and manners are supposed to make life better in some way, or help your relationship with whatever supernatural force you believe in. The Japanese tea ceremony comes from this." ]

[ 16 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fmukgg3" ]

[ "I'm unsure if there's any scientific studies on this specific thing, but as a biologist I'd say it's likely as simple as: leaning forward makes it take up more of your field of vision. Getting closer makes it easier for you to focus on the game because you can see less that might distract you. Similar to turning down the radio while looking for a place to park." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gu6g4xi", "gu66sxy" ]

[ "I like thinking of the stress response as getting ready for a bear fight. Modern stressors are often confusing for this very ancient and primal response. A hard day at the office, for example, is basically like a bear fight with no bear. > in life threatening situation, the mind knows running away is vital but the legs are too wobbly to run. One of the more common misconceptions is that the stress response is fight/flight/freeze. There is a fourth option, when your mind doesnt see any way out- give up and die. Or merely play dead, perhaps. You can absolutely 'shock out', biologically concede as it were, waiting to see if fate intervenes. > Slurring during presentation when the mind is trying its best to push the words out accurately Nature never really expected that you might have to wow the bear with an effective PowerPoint presentation. The stress response hijacks resources from 'non-essential' brain areas; in this case Broca's area, a part of your brain used to process and produce verbal language. This is why it's common to get 'tongue tied' in stressful situations. Those parts of your mind are experiencing reduced function. Somewhat paradoxically, immediate recall is being boosted- on hopes that previous situations might hold insight to strategically outplaying the bear. So you might think of dozens of mishmashed 'things to say in an urgent situation' but without verbal processing, you're going to struggle when it comes to saying them. This may explain the almost universal experience of [l'esprit_de_l'escalier]( URL_0 ); after the situation is over, and normal function is restored, its suddenly much easier to assemble and imagine the perfect thing to say." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [ "https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'esprit_de_l'escalier" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dnvkguw" ]

[ "People find it amazing that something that only has two speakers positioned over your ears can create full 3D sound, but think about it - You only have two ears and yet you can hear stuff in front of and behind you clear as day. How does that work? The answer is the part of your ear called the pinnae. That is the bit you can see, the ear-shaped part, with the wrinkles and folds in it. What they do is modulate the sound based on where it's coming from. That's a big fancy word for 'change' basically. Your ears face forwards, so naturally sounds from behind are going to have a slightly different sound to them. A bit more muffled perhaps, an element to it is going to be changed. It's also about timing between the ears, volume differences between the ears, tonal changes. All of that is enough to be able to give you pretty accurate full 3D surround hearing. How is this relevant? Well introducing something called a [binaural microphone]( URL_1 ). As ridiculous a looking device as that is, it's point is to allow you to record those subtle changes that the outer ear makes on the sound based on the position of the sound source. They can be used directly to make recordings, in which case you end up with things like [this]( URL_0 ) (worth wearing headphones if you listen to that), or they can be used for something a bit more clever. If you play various test tones and other carefully selected sounds from carefully controlled and recorded positions around a microphone like that, you can begin to make a record of what these modulating effects are, for a given location. If you do enough of it, you can create a sort of audio template of how the sound changes based on position all around your head. Once you have that, you can filter audio through it, say surround sound audio for a movie, and you can create a true, two channel 3D sound output." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [ "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUDTlvagjJA", "https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0995/9804/products/FreeSpace_5_WebReady_grande.jpg?v=1486593299" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e0v05lj" ]

[ "Powerline adapters use a very weak signal with a very high frequency on top of the 50/60 Hz AC current. This signal is completely filtered out and ignored by all devices other than those specifically designed to pick it up. As a real world analogy, imagine someone engraving a text in small writing into a concrete road. Cars wouldn't even notice the writing, but you can still read if you know where to look." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dyh3xh5", "dygywo6" ]

[ "You're getting some good explanations as to the theory, but keep one thing in mind; it doesn't always work as well as the theory suggests. Wear and tear from normal use of a firearm changes the patterns left on cartridge pieces that might be used to identify the firearm. The firing pin could leave different marks after another 1000 rounds have been fired, likewise with marks on the bullet from the barrel. Also, markings on casings or bullets aren't like DNA. There is no actual proof that they are always 100% unique. It comes down to degrees of probability. Two models of the exact same pistol for instance, only one number apart in their serial number, meaning they were manufactured one after another, could very well have extremely similar imperfections on the moving surfaces. If they are purchased around the same time, have roughly the same number of rounds through them, and both use the most popular brands of ammunition, there is a good chance the markings on the barrel or firing pin will be pretty similar. Is it similar enough to rule out a different gun? How likely is it that the person who bought the very next gun off the assemble line committed the crime you're accused of with the same gun you own? Well that's for the attorneys to argue about and for the jury to decide. But it's not a perfect science, and it's far from absolute proof." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "euw59lx", "euw5k57" ]

[ "Image file formats, such as JPEG, contain a special section for textual notes to be attached to the file. Exif is a notable one. URL_0" ]

[ 4 ]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" ], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g2q0lor", "g2q0hfi", "g2q0olr" ]

[ "why keep expending energy on something that's not working? In modern life there's plenty of things that you need to work hard on for a long time to get a benefit, but our caveman brains aren't adapted to such long-term thinking." ]

[ 19 ]

[ [], [], [ "https://youtu.be/LRGfGoRXqQY" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "gifm3ju", "gifqcum", "gifpqha", "gig62t3" ]

[ "You do, but you experience it differently. Your conscious mind that thinks about and acknowledges the pain is turned off more or less, but the pain is still there. If something hurts enough it will wake you up and say “ow”" ]

[ 58 ]

[ [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dp0tn7l", "dp17r2h", "dp0tfjp", "dp1ddrm", "dp1ekjf", "dp1da8w" ]

[ "Film noir is a genre of movies from the 1940's and 1950's. These movies were pessimistic, gritty, and dark (noir is French for dark). The characters, even the protagonists, were often corrupt in some form, such as being alcoholics, lonely, or depressed. Common characters were corrupt policemen and corrupt politicians. The plot was often crime based, such as police or a private investigator trying to solve a crime. The protagonist would often fail to accomplish his goals during the movies, sometimes thwarted by a femme fatale, or by a friend he trusted. The cinematography would be dark and menacing, for example, a dark and smoky alley in a big but empty city. Movies like *Double Indemnity* and the *Malatese Falcon* are examples of film noir. Neo-noir is a modern recreation of those movies. It follows the same theme is a noir film, but was made after the 1950's. Movies like *Chinatown* and *LA Confidential* are set in the time period of noir films (the 30's, 40's, and 50s), but were made outside of that time period. *Blade Runner* has the theme of a noir film, but set in the future. Other example is *Who framed Roger Rabbit*, which is a noir film set in the 50's, but has cartoon characters. In short, if a movie has dark cinematography, corrupt protagonists, an unsolvable mystery or conflict, and if the villains wins or at least force to the \"good guys\" to do bad things, then it is noir." ]

[ 1308 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "h0q4wvl" ]

[ "When you sleep parts of the brain are meant to be disabled, one of those being the part that controls speaking. Because it's not disabled in some people, they talk in their sleep." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dht64pd" ]

[ "By rinsing away the capsaicin using saliva. When the capsaicin no longer is present, it no longer stimulates the heat receptors, so the spiciness no longer persists." ]

[ 4 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g8xvewm", "g8xwau5", "g8xwjvw", "g8xw0o5", "g8xx7vv" ]

[ "> and it being placed into a different naming scheme instead of marketed as an \"Efficiency Improvement\" for existing cars is beyond me. Because it *is* different. It's a *hybrid* car -- its propulsion system is not fully electric, and it's not fully gas. It's a *hybrid* of the two, where the electric motors do some of the work, and the gas engine picks up where needed. As for why they're not more popular, well. They're more complicated to manufacture, and they're more complicated to maintain. If you do a fair amount of highway driving, you don't save any mileage." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dm2bfvi" ]

[ "All countries use high voltage for transmission but different levels of transformer to lower the voltage. Its more expensive to step down to 110 or 120v so 3rd world use 220v or 240v for non industrial use" ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g6vnhgk" ]

[ "What kind of debt? A mortgage? A loan? What kind of loan? Secured? Unsecured?" ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "doct1nv", "doct3l2" ]

[ "The executable files of a game are basically just a bunch of machine code. Machine code are instructions executed by your computer. By using a so called Dissassembler, you can turn the machine code into a somewhat human readable format called \"Assembler language\". If you are good, you can then analyse the code and modify to circumvent copy protection mechanisms, e.g. by taking the copy protection code out or jumping over it." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dzpuaon", "dzpvybh" ]

[ "They don't. However, if an airplane was built incorrectly, it is possible that the signals send out by your mobile phone - mostly radio and microwaves - could induce an electric current in either the instruments or control circuit of an airplane, and while this is incredibly unlikely the result could be that you and several hundred of your closest (physically) friends would die. Since the cell network is too short and too slow acting to use while travelling much more than a hundred mph everyone agrees that we'd rather have more battery on arrival than take that chance. Well, everyone except the jerk in 79B that is." ]

[ 29 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g1vldqu" ]

[ "Gate Theory! Imagine there's a doorway between your brain (which registers the pain) and your elbow. Only so many things can fit through the doorway at once, right? Smaller nerves send pain signals, while larger nerves are responsible for things like touch and pressure signals. Activating those larger nerves (by rubbing the area) will block out some of the smaller nerves, \"reducing\" the pain you feel. And as an added bonus, these larger nerves will often trigger the release of endorphins, which do make you feel better, in a way." ]

[ 60 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ebtdhsc", "ebteh05" ]

[ "All things emit radiation at a peak frequency based on their temperature. Cooler objects like animals emit mostly in wavelengths we can't see such as infrared, but hotter objects can start to have peak emissions in the visible range of light. Because this frequency is based on the temperature of the object the color is an accurate indicator of temperature regardless of what the material is composed of." ]

[ 20 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e7xfz4w", "e7x8roz", "e7xg3ti", "e7xj5co", "e7xis9v", "e7xe8lp", "e7xlmd6" ]

[ "In the 60s non leather shoes were becoming more the norm. To fill in business they did a bunch of things, sell hose, stocking and also started cutting keys as ironmongers were disappearing. Ironmongers sharpened your knife and scissors." ]

[ 171 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "f8ucaob", "f8ul1ng" ]

[ "It's about how well the hardware is optimized and how the software is designed. Notice that on the PS4, you're not going to get the same fidelity and smoothness that you would on a high end PC. This is because the port that's built to run on the PS4 is tuned to run on that specific hardware. It can't adapt to better hardware, because the better hardware to run it will never be available. In short, the software made for the PS4 is designed to run, specifically, for the PS4." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e92ud98" ]

[ "Our brains are wired to pattern match. By teaching kids to read, we shortcut the patterns at an early age, and it becomes habit. Try looking at a totally different language and you certainly won’t automatically read it." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e9zdab4", "e9zfo89" ]

[ "They’re tagged by the user uploading them, no?" ]

[ 14 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g486bwd" ]

[ "Actually, there are different ways of saying 'ow' that vary by nationality. Most european countries say 'ai' or 'ow', in Greece it's 'okh', in Italy it's 'ahi', in Russia it's 'oi', in Mandarin Chinese it's 'Āiyā'." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g3sjinm" ]

[ "Basic solely refers to the pH value. If a solution has a hydrogen ion concentration of less than that of pure water (10^(-7)) then it is said to be basic. The opposite of bases are acids. \"Basic\" is also used as a term of comparison. You can say that Acetic Acid is more basic than concentrated sulphuric acid. Just remember the pH scale when you talk about acidity or basicity. Alkaline compounds, however, are salts that contain alkali or alkaline earth metals (the first two groups of the periodic table). Alkaline compounds react with water and air as it's a property of the group elements to react in such a way. There is no pH requirement as there is for bases." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dssowig" ]

[ "Nothing is moving up and down the way EM waves are typically depicted in illustrations. Electromagnetic waves a very different from waves we're more used to seeing. A wave on a spring, whether it is an up and down (transverse) wave or a back and forth (longitudinal) wave requires the bits of the spring to move from one point to another and back again. The propagating distortion is the wave, and many people probably see waves like this in their heads. It's how I see them, but EM waves are not at all like this. An EM wave is a change in the strength of the electric and magnetic fields that propagates through space. No matter (mass, charge, whatever) has to be at the point where the fields are changing strength, so there isn't anything there to move. One major stumbling block students have (even up to early graduate school) is that the field vector we draw at one point in space is meant to describe the field strength and direction *at that point only.* At the very next point, the field can have a different strength and different direction. The vector does not show how far away from the starting point the field extends. It only represents how strong the field is. So, if we want to illustrate a propagating change in the field, we can draw a series of arrows that smoothly vary in size and direction. What we mean, though, is that the field is just getting stronger and weaker and changing directions. Does that help?" ]

[ 3 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "freazca" ]

[ "Players can choose different rubbers for each side that have different effects on how the ball interacts with the paddle but the color lets their opponent know which side they're hitting with. The color and the type of rubber are completely independent, they just let the opposing player tell them apart. The rule that there had to be a black side and a red side was created by the ITTF, the governing body for table tennis." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fkzfbij", "fkzqnts" ]

[ "I mean growth means there is more *value* in circulation, which as far as indicators go, isn't a terrible proxy for overall economic well-being. Growth means there's more *stuff* for people to enjoy. And though we should be skeptical of the infinite growth of *stuff* as an actual source of happiness, because a lot of consumer products are just garbage and don't actually make anyone's lives better; some of that \"stuff\" is vital things like food, medicine, houses, and electricity. And it's usually good when we have more of those things. That said, growth doesn't tell the whole story, particularly when the benefits of growth are not being equitably distributed. Sometimes a small group of people are getting much wealthier, and everyone else is stagnant or getting poorer. In this case, growth isn't particularly great. We'd want to look at indicators like employment, median income, and direct measures of well-being like health and self-reported satisfaction." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "enq5mur", "enpxt6b" ]

[ "This is the very thing that some cybersecurity researchers at Georgia Tech are investigating and the answer appears to be \"Yes\". Although there haven't been any large scale attacks on them and self-driving cars themselves have not been deployed on any mass scale researchers are finding plenty of problems with GPS spoofing and Collision Avoidance Systems that can be exploited." ]

[ 9 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dqej7a1" ]

[ "Because how much light it gives off depends on the amount of electricity goes through it. Changes in temperature can change the resistance of a material, which changes how much electricity goes into the LED, which changed how bright it is." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ej3kvw1", "ej3iu7l", "ej3jk6c", "ej3kf6h", "ej3lqul", "ej3k4k3" ]

[ "The laws of physics, as we currently know them, absolutely forbid going faster than light. Relativity is a hard concept to wrap your head around. But since we are talking about relativistic speeds, relativity is the law that applies here. I'm not sure I understand relativity well enough myself to accurately ELI5 it, but let me try. Going at relativistic speeds \"bends\" time. While from our point of view, light from distant stars travels many, many years before it reaches us - no time passes for the light itself. Zero. It is on every point of its path simultaneously, and at it's destination instantly. And you just can't get faster, than being anywhere in the universe in an instant. If you were faster than that, you would arrive before starting the journey (and in case of light, it would arrive before it even exists) - and by our understanding of the universe that just is not possible. It would break multiple laws of physics which we currently have no reason to believe are inaccurate. (And they'd probably have to be utterly wrong - not just \"inaccurate\"). Due to relativity though, light travels at a constant, measurable speed, when observed by an external observer. And the funny thing is, if I \"stand still\" - and you move very fast (compared to me) - the same ray of light goes the same speed, whether you look at it, or I do. If you fly at the speed of light, and turn on a lamp - the light from that lamp will depart from you position at the speed of light. But from my \"stationary\" point of view, you seem frozen in time, and the light of the lamp moves the same speed as you do - which means it never leaves the lamp. And this total freeze or\"absolute stop\" is - by our current knowledge - just the furthest you can bend time. Relativity does allow for one method of traveling faster than light though: bending space. Bending space would effectively shorten the distance you have to travel. That's the theory of wormholes. The forces needed to achieve that (black hole levels of gravity) would tear you apart on a subatomic level though, if you just went anywhere near the wormhole." ]

[ 18 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ek7prtk" ]

[ "I believe the device you are referring to is actually called a pyrometer (please ignore me if you are talking about something else). Most objects undergo a process called blackbody radiation, which means that they emit light from their surfaces which has a wavelength (a way of classifying light) that depends on the object's temperature. The pyrometer is essentially a very specialised camera that is focussed on a very narrow point in front of it. The camera sees in infrared light instead of optical light because the blackbody radiation wavelength corresponding to temperatures that we might see everyday on Earth is in the infrared part of the spectrum. The camera measures how much of each wavelength of IR it can see and works out the temperature based on which wavelength is strongest." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dc7isgw" ]

[ "LCD screens use a chemical \"shutter\" effect to do their thing. When a current is run through them, the material crystalizes. When the electricity is turned back off, it returns to it's uncrystalley form. In low temperatures, the material gets slower and \"goopier\" similar t a lot of substances that act thicker in low temperatures." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ellbb5c" ]

[ "At the end of the day, what they're ultimately trying to store is binary, 0s and 1s which is just checking whether something is there or not, or switched one way or the other way. In theory, you could represent such data with single molecules, atoms, or even electrons, but the technology isn't quite there yet, though that's where we're heading. So basically, the technology that is storing these values are shrinking, which allows for either smaller devices for the same amount of storage, more storage in the same size devices, or both. We also figure out more efficient ways of storing information. For example, the number 10000000 takes up 8 characters, but you could also represent the value as 10\\^7 which only takes up 4 characters, not that that's how they're stored digitally, but just an example, similar methods can be used on storage to effectively store more data with less information needed to represent it." ]

[ 7 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "e1sw9bm", "e1swybk" ]

[ "It's likely a reference to The Handmaid's Tale, a book my Margaret Atwood that was recently adapted to television. In the book, a handmaid is effectively a sex slave used for procreation following a great (presumed nuclear) war that rendered huge numbers of people infertile. The society depicted is oppressive particularly to women but also to anyone looking to express freedom of thought. It's a dystopia. The book title itself is a reference to the bible, where a \"handmaid\" has a man's child because his wife cannot, and by the magic of God, that child **literally is** the child of the man and his barren wife. A handmaid or handmaiden is just a name for a servant-girl tasked with taking care of another woman. Edit: I should add that my real answer to your question is \"Handmaid doesn't have a specific meaning in the context of feminism. It's likely a simple reference either to the TV show or book by Margaret Atwood, both of which contain a dystopia that merits reference by feminists.\"" ]

[ 16 ]

[ [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dfr1tld" ]

[ "Theoretically, sure, but the mind in there would go insane pretty quick. Sensory deprivation is not good at all long term. You need some way to simulate a body and environment for the brain-in-a-jar, or at minimum give it vision and hearing and control over a computer." ]

[ 26 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ed2cc6y" ]

[ "The same way any store stocks anything. They have a storeroom where they keep medications in bulk bags, boxes, and bottles. If you have a prescription, they just take the prescribed number of pills out of the bulk bag of pills for that drug in the prescribed dose. Liquid medications can be a bit different because the pharmacist might have a concentrated bottle of the medication and have to dilute it to the appropriate concentration or otherwise mix medications, fillers and flavors together. But yea, basically like any other store has so many items" ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ec92aal" ]

[ "At sunrise and set the sunlight is travelling through more of the atmosphere. This absorbs more wavelengths of light and results in the orange colour. Sunsets are generally more colourful as dust and other particles have been kicked up through the day." ]

[ 12 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "fxgaqke", "fxg9mfq", "fxg9t4q", "fxgqnec", "fxhrx16" ]

[ "I wanna preface by saying I have psychosis, which is like diet schizophrenia in a lot of ways, so I don't have it as bad as many others. Picture this. You're on the train, earbuds in, listening to your favorite band. Not a whole lot of other people around. Suddenly, someone was sitting next to you says \"that guy over there is looking at you funny\". You look over to where it came from, but no one is there. Whatever, no big deal. But then it comes from the other side \"no, really, he thinks there's something weird with your face\". Again, you look around but no one's there. Just the guy that's supposedly looking at you, but he's reading a book and seven seats down, with earbuds of his own in. You think to yourself 'great, I'm hearing things again' and try to ignore it. But this goes on all day long. Voices of people who don't exist follow you everywhere, telling you things like \"that person just gave you a nasty look. They think you're ugly.\" and \"that person that just laughed did it because you're a freak.\" and \"everyone thinks you're weird and don't belong.\" You can try and ignore it all you want, but when it's *so* constant, it gets difficult. When that voice, or voices, tell you to do something, you start thinking about doing it just to make the noise stop, then you do it. You don't want to hate yourself, or hurt yourself, or do whatever they're saying to do, but you haven't slept in a week because of the voices and you'll do anything just to make it stop. Just to get a break. At least, that's my experience with voices. To put it in ELI5, pretend you have an imaginary friend, maybe you can see them, maybe not. They keep telling you to do things you don't want to, and won't leave you alone, or let you sleep, or go away until you do what they say. You try to ignore them, but eventually you're just so sick of them that you have to do what they say, just to get them to stop for a while" ]

[ 18 ]

[ [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dochwfw" ]

[ "The Federal Reserve matters because it is the Central Bank of the United States and the lender of last resort for all of our other banks. It has a great deal of power over the economy, primarily through the buying and selling of Treasury Bonds and setting the \"ground rules\" that all other banks follow. It's worth noting that people tend to massively misunderstand what the Fed is. It is not a Private Bank, it is a weird mix of Private and Public. It's Board of Directors is appointed by the President, but the Fed does not have to seek approval for its actions from Congress or the President. So it is an independent agency that ultimately acts on its primary mission - keep the US economy ticking along nicely." ]

[ 6 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "ennvq2g" ]

[ "Here's a [blog by Google]( URL_1 ) that explains how Night Sight works specifically. And here's [a more in-depth article]( URL_0 ) that is less ELI5. In summary: If the phone is still, and the subject isn't moving, the camera just has a longer exposure. If the phone is shaking or there is movement in the shot, the camera takes many short exposure photos and merges them together to create a brighter, better lit picture. AI can help with this process and general image processing. The idea is to take a bunch of pictures. Have a human correct the color manually. Then feed the unaltered photo into the AI and make it learn by using the corrected photos as comparison." ]

[ 3 ]

[ [ "https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/11/night-sight-seeing-in-dark-on-pixel.html", "https://www.blog.google/products/pixel/see-light-night-sight/" ] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "g0mtgjj" ]

[ "\"Carbon neutral\" does not mean that they produce no carbon. Only that the carbon that is released is offset by other means that recapture carbon. For example... planting X trees for every ton of CO2 released. Trees recapature CO2 and convert it into O2 and biomass." ]

[ 8 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dvi1wty" ]

[ "He did not make his investors more money. He paid them off with new investors and then paid those new investors off with funds from one of his companies." ]

[ 5 ]

[ [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]

[ "dx27ihy", "dx266lr", "dx2fxr4", "dx2iugd", "dx2laye", "dx2jtp6" ]

[ "It's partly the same reason why small animals can jump several times their own height and lift many times their own weight. If you scale down yourself, the rate your muscles weaken is not so much compared to the rate your weight decreases. So you'd feel super powerful if you were scaled down, and your energy would last longer. Gravity is just harder on you the larger you are, in a way your larger muscles can't compensate for, so you have to overcompensate with muscles to stay as energetic as a kid. This is also why female gymnasts are typically on their top during their mid teens - it's more beneficial to them to have a light body to work with than it is to build the muscles to be able to handle a larger body (while males can build larger muscles easier to compensate for their growth). And also why children tend to skip at some point around 5 years old instead of walk or run, at a certain body size/weight proportion, it's been shown to be the more efficient, just like astronauts adopted skipping with the moon's low gravity. URL_0" ]

[ 349 ]

[ [ "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gait_(human)#Skip" ], [], [], [], [], [] ]

[ "url" ]

[ "url" ]